B.LAW UNIT - V

March 27, 2019 | Author: MITESHKADAKIA | Category: Partnership, Piercing The Corporate Veil, Legal Personality, Corporations, Board Of Directors
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B.COM III YEAR NOTES FOR COMPUTERS, HONORS AND GENERALS BUSINESS LAW NOTES...

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Qnjq qni jhhjdrv ch qni fcb{jmt jri oidmg fcmayfqia dm j bjmmir {rieyadfdjl qc qni {yoldf dmqirivq-



Qnjq ot rijvcm ch j bjqirdjl fnjmgi dm qni bjmjgibimq cr fcmqrcl ch qni fcb{jmt-

nqq{5##www-bdqivn`-wiov-fcb

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:1Z- “Qni wdll wdll ch bjecrdqt bjecrdqt byvq {rixjdl‒ {rixjdl‒ Dv qni {rdmfd{li {rdmfd{li ch qni fcb{jmt fcb{jmt bjmjgi bjmjgibimqbimq- Jri qniri jmt i~fi{qdcmvJmv5 Qni bjmjgibimq ch j fcb{jmt dv ojvia cm qni bjecrdqt ryli- Qndv {rdmfd{li qnjq qni wdll ch qni

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fcmhdrbjqdcm ot qni bjecrdqt ch biboirv jma nila qnjq qni {rc{ir {ljdmqdhh hcr wrcmgv acmi qc qni fcb{jmt dv qni fcb{jmt dqvilh jma mcq qni bdmcrdqt vnjrinclairv- Dq hyrqnir nila qnjq qni fcb{jmt fjm jfq cmlt qnrcygn dqv bjecrdqt vnjrinclairvJffcradmg qc qni {rdmfd{li j fcb{jmt dv j vi{jrjqi ligjl imqdqt hrcb qni biboirv wnc fcb{cvi fcb{cvi dq- Jv vyfn dh jmt wrcmg dv acmi qc qni fcb{jmt fcb{jmt dq dv qni fcb{jmt wndfn fjm ordmg jm jfqdcmJaxjmqjgiv ch ryli dm Hcvv xv- Njrocqqli5

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nqq{5##www-bdqivn`-wiov-fcb

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nqq{5##www-bdqivn`-wiov-fcb

:8: j$ Dmeymfqdcm5 Dh qni bcmit limq qc qni fcb{jmt njv mcq oiim v{imq, qni limair bjt giq dmeymfqdcm dmeymfqdcm hrcb qni fcyrq qc rivqrjdm rivqrjdm qni fcb{jmt fcb{jmt hrcb {jrqdmg qni bcmit bcmit jma njv j rdgnq qc rifcxir dq-

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a$ _ifcxirt ch Ajbjgiv5 Qni limair ymair j qrjmvjfqdcm ylqrj xdriv qni adrifqcrv bjt rifcxir  ajbjgiv hrcb qni adrifqcrv hcr orijfn ch qnidr wjrrjmqt ch jyqncrdqt?- Ocrrcwdmg wndfn dv dmqrj xdriv qni fcb{jmt oyq ylqrj xdriv qni adrifqcrv5 Dh qni ocrrcwdmg dv dm

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nqq{5##www-bdqivn`-wiov-fcb

:8?

:-Qc `ii{ jm jyqnimqdfjqia rifcra ch qni qirbv jma fcmadqdcmv ch dvvyi ch vnjriv cr aioimqyriv, jma ?-Qc {dm{cdmq qni riv{cmvdodldqt ch qni {irvcmv dvvydmg qni {rcv{ifqyv hcr vqjqibimqv bjai ot qnib dm qni {rcv{ifqyv[rcv{ifqyv dv qni wdmacw qnrcygn wndfn jm dmxivqcr fjm lcc` dmqc qni vcymamivv ch j fcb{jmt—v ximqyri- Qni db{crqjmq fcmqimqv ch {rcv{ifqyv jri jv hcllcwv5 [jrq D ch vfniayli DD

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[jrq DD ch Vfniayli DD

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:- Dh fcb{jmt fcb{jmt dv wcr`dmg wcr`dmg hcr hcr livv qnim qnim 9 tijrv, tijrv, qnim qnim aiqjdlv aiqjdlv jocyq tijrv tijrv dm wndfn wndfn dq njv wcr`ia wcr`ia vncyla oi gdxim-

nqq{5##www-bdqivn`-wiov-fcb

:86

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nqq{5##www-bdqivn`-wiov-fcb

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cffy{tdmg qni {cvdqdcm ch adrifqcr, ot wnjqixir mjbi fjllia- Dh ni {irhcrbv qni hymfqdcm ch adrifqcr, ni wcyla oi qirbia j adrifqcr dm qni itiv ch ljw ixim qncygn ni bjt oi mjbia adhhirimqlt- J adrifqcr  bjt, qnirihcri, qnirihcri, oi aihdmia aihdmia jv j {irvcm {irvcm njxdmg fcmqrcl cxir qni adrifqdcm, adrifqdcm, fcmayfq, fcmayfq, bjmjgibimq bjmjgibimq .cr$ vy{irdmqimaimfi ch qni jhhjdrv ch qni fcb{jmt‒Myboir ch adrifqcrv5 Jffcradmg qc qni vifqdcm ?9?.:$ ixirt {yoldf fcb{jmt njxi jqlijvq 6 adrifqcrv

jma jffcradmg qc vifqdcm ?9?.?$ ixirt cqnir fcb{jmt .d-i--, j {rdxjqi fcb{jmt dv aiibia qc oi j

nqq{5##www-bdqivn`-wiov-fcb

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 {yoldf fcb{jmt$ jq lijvq ? adrifqcrv- Jffcradmg qc vifqdcm ?9>, qni myboir vc hd~ia bjt oi dmfrijvia .cr$ aifrijvia wdqndm qni ldbdqv {rivfrdoia ot qni Jrqd fliv ot jm cradmjrt rivclyqdcm ch qni fcb{jmt dm gimirjl biiqdmg- Oyq Jffcradmg qc vifqdcm ?94, wniri qni dmfrijvi dm qni myboir aciv mcq bj`i qni qcqjl myboir ch adrifqcrv bcri qnim :?, dq fjmmcq j{{rcxia ot qni fimqrjl gcxirmbimq- Dq dv qni bj~dbyb ldbdq {irbdqqia ot qni Jrqdfliv hcr dqv j{{rcxjl ot qni Fimqrjl gcxirmbimq[cwirv ch Ocjra ch Adrifqcrv5 :- Gimirjl [cwirv5 .Vifqdcm ?4:$ Qni Ocjra ch adrifqcrv ch j fcb{jmt dv imqdqlia qc i~irfdvi jll

 {cwirv jma qc ac jll jfqv jma qndmgv wndfn qni fcb{jmt dv jyqncrduia qc ac- Qni {cwirv bjt oi vyoeifq qc qwc fcmadqdcmv, qnit jri5" j$ Hdrvqlt, qni Ocjra vnjll vnjll mcq ac jmt jfq wndfn dv qc oi oi acmi ot qni fcb{jmt dm gimirjl biiqdmg o$ Vifcmalt, Vifcmalt, qni Ocjra vnjll i~irfdvi i~irfdvi dqv {cwirv vyoeifq vyoeifq qc qni {rcxdvdcmv {rcxdvdcmv fcmqjdmia fcmqjdmia dm qnjq oinjlh  dm qni fcb{jmdiv Jfq, .cr$ dm qni bibcrjmayb .cr$ qni Jrqdfliv ch qni fcb{jmt .cr$ dm jmt rigyljqdcmv bjai ot qni fcb{jmt dm gimirjl biiqdmg?- [cwirv qc oi i~irfdvia cmlt jq biiqdmg5 .Vifqdcm ?4?$ Qni Ocjra ch adrifqcrv ch j fcb{jmt

.{yoldf jv will jv {rdxjqi$ byvq i~irfdvi qni hcllcwdmg {cwirv cm oinjlh ch qni fcb{jmt ot bijmv ch  rivclyqdcmv {jvvia jq qni biiqdmgv ch qni Ocjra5" j$ Bj`i fjllv cm vnjriv, o$ Dvvyi Aioimqyriv, f$ Ocrrcw bcmitv cqnirwdvi qnjm cm aioimqyriv

.d-i--, {yoldf Ai{cvdqv$, a$ Dmxivq qni hymav ch qni fcb{jmt, f cb{jmt, jma i$ Bj`i lcjmvQniri jri firqjdm cqnir {cwirv wndfn byvq oi i~irfdvia cmlt jq qni Ocjra- Qncvi {cwirv jri5" :- Qc hylhdll hylhdll xjfjmfdiv xjfjmfdiv dm qni OcjraOcjra- .Vifqdcm .Vifqdcm ?8?$?8?$?- Qc vjmfqdcm .cr$ .cr$ gdxi fcmvimq hcr firqjdm fcmqrjfqv fcmqrjfqv dm wndfn {jrqdfyljr {jrqdfyljr adrifqcrv, adrifqcrv, qnidr riljqdxiv riljqdxiv jma hdrbv jri dmqirivqia- .Vifqdcm ?47$6- Qc rifidxi mcqdfi mcqdfi ch advflcvyri advflcvyri ch vnjrinclairv vnjrinclairv ch adrifqcrv- .Vifqdcm 6;>$1- Qc j{{cdmq j{{cdmq jv bjmjgdmg bjmjgdmg adrifqcr adrifqcr .cr$ bjmjgir j {irvcm wnc dv jlrijat bjmjgdmg bjmjgdmg adrifqcr adrifqcr .cr$ bjmjgir ch jmcqnir fcb{jmt- .Vifqdcm 6:8 ( 6>8$9- Qc bj`i dmxivqbimq dmxivqbimqvv dm fcb{jmdiv fcb{jmdiv dm qni vjbi grcy{grcy{- .Vifqdcm 67?$67?$_ivqrdfqdcmv cm {cwirv5 .vifqdcm ?46$ Qni Ocjra ch Adrifqcrv ch j {yoldf .cr$ {rdxjqi fcb{jmt

wndfn dv vyovdadjrt ch j {yoldf fcb{jmt, vnjll i~irfdvi hcllcwdmg {cwirv cmlt wdqn qni fcmvimq ch qni vnjrinclairv dm qni gimirjl biiqdmgv5"

nqq{5##www-bdqivn`-wiov-fcb

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:- Qc vill .cr$ lijvi .cr$ .cr$ cqnirwdvi cqnirwdvi adv{cvi ch qni wncli, .cr$ .cr$ vyovqjmqdjllt vyovqjmqdjllt qni wncli, wncli, ch qni ymair  qj`dmg ch qni fcb{jmt?- Qc ribdq .cr$ gdxi qdbi hcr ri{jtbimq ch mjt aioq ayi qc qni fcb{jmt ot jmt jmt adrifqcr6- Qc dmxivq dmxivq qni jbcymq jbcymq ch fcb{imvj fcb{imvjqdcm qdcm rifidxia rifidxia ot qni fcb{jmt fcb{jmt dm riv{if riv{ifqq ch fcb{ylvc fcb{ylvcrt rt jfzydvdqdcm ch jmt ymairqj`dmg .cr$ {rc{irqt ch qni fcb{jmt1- Qc ocrrcw ocrrcw bcmitv bcmitv wniri wniri qni bcmitv bcmitv qc oi ocrrcwia ocrrcwia,, qcgiqn qcgiqnir ir wdqn qni bcmitv bcmitv jlrijat jlrijat  ocrrcwia ot qni fcb{jmt wdll i~fiia qni jggrigjqi ch qni {jda"y{ fj{dqjl ch qni fcb{jmt jma dqv hrii rivirxiv9- Qc fcmqrdoyqi fcmqrdoyqi qc fnjrdqjoli fnjrdqjoli jma cqnir hymav hymav mcq adrifqlt riljqdmg riljqdmg qc qni oyvdmivv oyvdmivv ch qni fcb{jmt .cr$ wilhjri ch dqv ib{lctiiv, jbcymqv i~fiiadmg dm jmt hdmjmfdjl tijr _v-9;;;; .cr$ 9) ch qni jxirjgi miq {rchdqv ch qni 6 {rcfiiadmg hdmjmfdjl tijrv, wndfnixir dv grijqirAyqdiv ch Ocjra ch Adrifqcrv5 Adrifqcrv cffy{t j `it {cvdqdcm dm qni bjmjgibimq jma jabdmdvqrjqdcm

ch qni fcb{jmt- Qnidr ayqdiv jri yvyjllt rigyljqia ot qni Jrqdfliv ch qni fcb{jmt- Qni gimirjl ayqdiv ch qni adrifqcrv ch qni fcb{jmt bjt oi fljvvdhdia jv5" :- Hday Hdayfd fdjr jrt t Ayqd Ayqdiv iv,, ?- Ayqdiv Ayqdiv ch fjri, fjri, v`dl v`dlll jma jma adldg adldgimf imfi, i, :- Hdayfdjrt Ayqdiv5 Qni hdayfdjrt ayqdiv ch adrifqcrv jri ojvdfjllt daimqdfjl wdqn qncvi qc jmt {irvcm

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adldgimfi jv dv rijvcmjolt i~{ifqia hrcb {irvcmv ch qnidr `mcwliagi jma vqjqyv- Qni vqjmajra ch fjri, v`dll jma adldgimfi ai{imadmg y{ cm0" j$ Qni qt{i qt{i jma jma mjqyri mjqyri ch ch wcr`0 wcr`0  o$ Qni adxdvdcm adxdvdcm ch {cwir oiqwiim oiqwiim adrifqcrv adrifqcrv jma cqnir chhdfirv0 chhdfirv0 f$ Qni gimirjl gimirjl yvjgi jma fyvqcbv fyvqcbv ch qnjq qnjq qt{i ch oyvdmivv— oyvdmivv— jma

nqq{5##www-bdqivn`-wiov-fcb

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qni fcb{jmt, jma qni fjvn jq oljm` .cr$ dm njma dmflyaia

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Qc advf advflc lcvi vi ndv ndv dmqi dmqiri rivq vq- SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS  SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS  SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS 

:>Z- Ordihlt vqjqi qni {rcxdvdcmv ch qni fcb{jmdiv Jfq, :498, rigjradmg qni bcai J{{cdmqbimq ch Adrifqcrv ch j fcb{jmt3 Jmv5 Dmqrcayfqdcm5 J fcb{jmt oidmg jm jrqdhdfdjl {irvcm fjmmcq jfq ot dqvilh- Dq njv midqnir j bdma

mcr j ocat ch dqv cwm- Dq byvq jfq qnrcygn vcbi nybjm jgimft- Dm cqnir wcrav, dqv oyvdmivv vncyla oi fjrrdia cm ot vcbi {irvcmv cm dqv oinjlh vyfn {irvcm qirbia jv adrifqcrv- Qni adrifqcrv jri qni  {irvcmv ilifqia ot qni vnjrinclairv qc adrifq, bjmjgi .cr$ vy{irxdvi qni jhhjdrv ch qni fcb{jmtDm cqnir wcrav, „Qni Ocjra ch adrifqcrv jri qni orjdm jma qni cmlt orjdm ch qni fcb{jmt wndfn dv qni ocat, jma qni fcb{jmt fjm aciv jfq cmlt qnrcygn qnib—- Dq dv cmlt „wnim qni orjdm hymfqdcmv qnjq qni fcr{crjqdcm dv vjda qc oi hymfqdcm—Aihdmdqdcm5 Jffcradmg qc vifqdcm ?.:6$ ch qni fcb{jmdiv Jfq, :498, aihdmiv „Adrifqcr— “jv jmt {irvcm

cffy{tdmg qni {cvdqdcm ch adrifqcr, ot wnjqixir mjbi fjllia- Dh ni {irhcrbv qni hymfqdcm ch adrifqcr, ni wcyla oi qirbia j adrifqcr dm qni itiv ch ljw ixim qncygn ni bjt oi mjbia adhhirimqlt- J adrifqcr  bjt, qnirihcri, qnirihcri, oi aihdmia aihdmia jv j {irvcm {irvcm njxdmg fcmqrcl cxir qni adrifqdcm, adrifqdcm, fcmayfq, fcmayfq, bjmjgibimq bjmjgibimq .cr$ vy{irdmqimaimfi ch qni jhhjdrv ch qni fcb{jmt‒-

nqq{5##www-bdqivn`-wiov-fcb

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j$ Qni Qni jrqdfl jrqdfliv iv ch j fcb{jm fcb{jmt t yvyjl yvyjllt lt mjbi mjbi qni hdrvq adrifqcrv ot qnidr riv{ifqdxi mjbiv .cr$  {rivfrdoi qni biqnca ch j{{cdmqdmg qnib o$ Dh qni hdrvq hdrvq adrifqcrv adrifqcrv jri mcq mjbia mjbia dm qni jrqdfliv jrqdfliv,, qni myboir myboir ch adrifqcrv adrifqcrv jma qni qni mjbiv ch qni qni adrifqcrv vnjll oi aiqirbdmia ot dm wrdqdmg ot qni vyovfrdoirv ch qni bibcrjmayb .cr$ j bjecrdqt ch qnibf$ Dh qni qni hdrv hdrvqq adri adrifq fqcr crvv jri jri mcq mcq j{{c j{{cdm dmqi qia a dm qni qni jocx jocxii bjmm bjmmir ir,, qni qni vyov vyovfr frdo doir irvv ch qni qni bibcrjmayb wnc jri dmadxdayjlv oifcbi adrifqcrv ch qni fcb{jmt- Qnit vnjll ncla chhdfi ymqdl adrifqcrv jri aylt j{{cdmqia dm qni hdrvq jmmyjl gimirjl biiqdmg?- J{{cdmqbimq ch Adrifqcrv ot qni fcb{jmt5 .Vifqdcm ?99 qc ?97$ Jffcradmg Jffcradmg qc qni vifqdcm ?99

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j{{cdmq Adrifqcrv ymair xjrdcyv vifqdcmv dm adhhirimq fjviv5" j$ Jv Jaadqdcmjl Adrifqcrv5 .Vifqdcm ?8;$ Qni Ocjra ch adrifqcrv bjt j{{cdmq jaadqdcmjl

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ch crdgdmjl adrifqcr dh qni jrqdfliv jyqncrduiv- Ni ndv j{{cdmqia qc jfq jv j adrifqcr dm {ljfi ch qni crdgdmjl adrifqcr ayrdmg qni jovimq ch crdgdmjl adrifqcr ribjdmv hcr bc ri qnim 6 bcmqnv hrcb qni vqjqi dm wndfn qni biiqdmgv ch qni Ocjra jri cradmjrdlt nila- Vyfn jlqirmjqdxi adrifqcr vnjll ncla chhdfi cmlt qdll qni crdgdmjl adrifqcr riqyrmv1- J{{cdmqbimq ch adrifqcrv ot qndra {jrqdiv5 .Vifqdcm ?99$ Qni Jrqdfliv bjt jyqncrdui qndra

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nqq{5##www-bdqivn`-wiov-fcb

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nqq{5##www-bdqivn`-wiov-fcb

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