Biomimetica, Revisión Bibliográfica

 

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Vmvosoùe Fofcog`rîloin

Fogdodïtoin; uen vän pnrn rgdpmr pnrnho`dns Vmiofohg pnrn Nrfotrnkm; Nimptnhg pnrn Rufcoinioùe; 66/20/62><

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Incntrnvn Grndns, C. N.>  

Cotmrnturm rmvomw

Fogdodmtois; n pntj lgr frmnaoe` pnrnho`ds >.  Rrglmsgr Xotucnr, Iîtmhrn hm Ghgetgcg`än Gpmrntgron, Lniuctnh hm Ghgetgcg`än, ]eovmrsohnh imetrnc hm \memzumcn, Inrnins. Igrrmspgehmeion;; cincntrnvngBjgtdnoc.igd Igrrmspgehmeion cincntrnvngBjgtdnoc.igd  

Oetrghuiioùe Cn hmdnehn pniometms pgr rmstnurniogems mstïtoins g soe irmiometm dmtnc, kuetg ige hm mc cgs oetmrïs pmrdnemetm hm cn prglmsoùe pgr dntmroncms qum prmsmrvme cgs tmkohgs, jn hmrovnhg me mc hmsnrrgccg rmnc hm rmstnurniogems nhjmsovns, mstnfcmiomehg icnrndmetm qum ms pgsofcm ue eumvg melgqum fogdodïtoig pnrn cn ghgetgcg`än rmstnurnhgrn dmhonetm mc usg grhmenhg hm dntmroncms –pnrmiohgs n cgs hometms—

(rmsoens igdpumstns y imrîdoins) y cn `memrnioùe hm nhjmsovgs n cgs tmkohgs hurgs (msdnctm y hmetoen). Cgs mstuhogs iometäloigs y cn mxpmromeion icäeoin jne vncohnhg mc usg hm mstns rmstnurniogems mstïtoins nhjmrohns, y pghmdgs jnfmr metrnhg me cn hmegdoenhn "mrn pgst-ndnc`ndn">.

 

Cn ghgetgcg`än Fogdodïtoin g hm fog-mducnioùe jn pmrdotohg cn nsgionioùe hm hgs pnrîdmtrgs luehndmetncms me cgs trntndometgs tmrnpïutoigs nituncms; cn prmsmrvnioùe hmc tmkohg y cn nhjmsoùe. Mstm igeimptg igetmdpgrîemg jnim qum smn pgsofcm mc dnetmeodometg hm cn oetm`rohnh hm cn dîxodn inetohnh hm tmkohg hmetnc pgsofcm, nc tomdpg qum glrmim cn cge`mvohnh icäeoin mximpiogenc, y cgs dîxodgs rmsuctnhgs mstïtoigs, niimhomehg n cn igesmrvnioùe hmc dmhog fogcù`oig-mstïtoig, fogdmiîeoig y cns prgpomhnhms lueiogencms hmc msdnctm y cn hmetoen1 ms hmior, ms icnrndmetm pgsofcm mc hmsnrrgccg hm prmpnrniogems qum pmrdotme cn igesmrvnioùe igesmr vnioùe hm cgs tmkohgs tmkohg s hurgs, ige mc loe hm ueor, nhjmror rmstnurniogems pnrioncms, pnrioncms, me cgs smitgrms netmrogr y pgstmrogr6. Mc igeimptg hm mducnr cn enturncmzn utocoznehg ue melgqum jostgnentùdoig dmhonetm ue neîcosos mstruiturnc y hm säetmsos vosunc, jn ccmvnhg n hmsnrrgccgs nhoiogencms, oeigrpgrnehg cn lusoùe metrm cn icäeoin y cn tïieoin. Jmdgs nprmehohg n nhquoror jnfocohnhms pnrn cgs hmtnccms dgrlgcù`oigs oetroeinhgs, nsä igdg tïieoins hm mstrntoloinioùe pgco irgdîtoins qum tomeme su gro`me me cn dmsn hmc cnfgrntgrog hmetnc. Nc dosdg tomdpg, cgs tïieoigs hmetncms jne rmncoznhg oevmsto`niogems iometäloins fnkg cn `uän hm sus pnrms icäeoigs ige mc loe hm vncohnr cn utocohnh hm cns tïieoins igevmeiogencdmetm mstnfcmiohns. Rgr cg tnetg, ms icnrndmetm pgsofcm mc hmsnrrgccg hm prmpnrniogems qum pmrdotme cn igesmrvnioùe hm cgs tmkohgs fuincms. Cgs gfkmtovgs hm cn ghgetgcg`än fogdodïtoin sge;9  (>) Irotmrogs hm däeodn oevnsoùe nc mcodoenr cn oelmiioùe me cn hmetoen, n trnvïs hmc hon`eùstoig y cn mcodoenioùe nhmiunhn hm cn inroms1 (6) Mvotnr cns losurns g `romtns me cn hmetoen, n trnvïs hmc neîcosos y mc trntndometg hm igdprgdosgs mstruiturncms, prmvoeomehg tmesogems oetmrens1 (9) Irmnr uen lumrtm igemxoùe nhjmsovn metrm cgs tmkohgs1 (8) Vmsostor mc hms`nstm y cn mrgsoùe n trnvïs hm cn prmpnrnioùe igesmrvnhgrn nhmiunhn hmc hometm y mc hosmþg hm cn rmstnurnioùe1 (=) Lueiogenr igrrmitndmetm hmetrg hm cn rmcnioùe gicusnc hurnetm cgs dgvodometgs hm cn dnstoinioùe. Mc indoeg jnion mc cg`rg hm mstgs gfkmtovgs sm hosiutorî me mstm nrtäiucg.

 

Cn oevnsoùe däeodn Cn prmpnrnioùe hm cn invohnh igevmeiogenc, igevmeio genc, igdg oehoiù @\ Fcnia, yn eg sm igesohmrn igesmrvnhgrn. O`uncdmetm cgs proeiopogs `memrncms hm lgrdn hm rmtmeioùe y hm rmsostmeion sge n vmims oeûtocms, hmfohg n cn ueoùe cg`rnhn ige cgs prgtgigcgs nhjmsovgs fogdodïtoigs qum pmrdotme cn ueoùe n cns mstruiturns hmc hometm, odotnehg nc enturnc. Mc dnemkg vo`metm hm cn inroms, ige trntndometgs hm oetmrvmeioùe däeodn, sm fnsn me uen igdprmesoùe nituncoznhn hm su prgimsg, nsä igdg mc hmsnrrgccg hm cns eumvns tmiegcg`äns pnrn su hon`eùstoig y cgs dghmregs dntmroncms rmstnurnhgrms. rmstnurnhgrms. Mstm melgqum utocozn cn mvncunioùe hmc roms`g hm inroms, mvotnr cn rmstnurnioùe hm hometms dmhonetm cn prmvmeioùe tmdprnen y cn oetmrimpioùe hm cn melmrdmhnh 8,=. Cn Oevnsovn kuetgpnrnho`dn ige cn ntmeioùe me Ghgetgcg`än mc pniometm Däeodndmetm sm jn hmlmehohg igdg nituncimetrnhn me cgs trntndometgs. Jny mvohmeion qum cgs melgqums prmvmetovgs, eg oevnsovgs, sge mloinims y nhmdîs jne hmdgstrnhg smr fmemloiogsgs me pniometms hm roms`g dmhog y nctg hm hmsnrrgccnr inroms hmetnc, me igdpnrnioùe ige cn ntmeioùe mstîehnr g trnhoiogenc me cn prîitoin ghgetgcù`oin provnhn g hm smrvoiogs nsostmeioncms hmc mstnhg g sostmdns hm sm`urgs provnhgs. ]e mstuhog rmiometm me Nustrncon igdpnrù cgs rmsuctnhgs nituncms, ige ue oelgrdm prmvog hm cgs smrvoiogs sgfrm cn `rnvmhnh hm cns cmsogems, y dgstrù qum pgig sm jn indfonhg me mc dnemkg hm cmsogems hm inroms me cgs ûctodgs tomdpgs, n pmsnr hm cns tmehmeions tmehmeio ns jnion uen dnygr oehoinioùe hm prgimhodomet prgimhodometgs gs hon`eùstoigs y prmvmetovgs. Xndfoïe jny qum smþncnr qum cn tnsn hm sudoeostrg hm smrvoiogs hm rmstnurnioùe jn pmrsostohg me eovmcms nctgs hurnetm ue cnr`g pmräghg2. Cn ueoùe hmetoen-msdnctm (HMK), ms cn rm`oùe metrm cn hmetoen y mc msdnctm mxtmrogr hm cgs hometms igegiohn pgr sus prgpomhnhms fogdmiîeoins ûeoins, qum prgpgriogen uen fnrrmrn pnrn cn hmtmeioùe hm lrniturns pgr lnccns lgrdnhns me mc msdnctm lrî`oc. Mc pnpmc luehnd luehndmetnc metnc hm mstn rm`oùe, rm `oùe, ms cn prmvmeioùe hm `romtns lgrdnhns me mc msdnctm inusnehg lrniturns hmetnrons intnstrùloins. Cns `romtns tomehme n pmemtrnr me cn HMK (ùptoin) y sm hmtomeme iunehg metrne mc dnetg hm cn hmetoen dîs hurg, qum hmsnrrgccn ue fcoehnkm. Ym jn smþncnhg qum mc nvneim hm cn lrniturn ms nctndmetm oelcumeionhg pgr mc hmsnkustm hmc dùhucg mcîstoig metrm mc msdnctm y cn hmetoen y, pgr tnetg, mc lmeùdmeg hm cn hmtmeioùe hm `romtns me cn HMK pghrän mxpcoinrsm igdg igesmiumeion hm mstm hmsnkustm hmc dùhucg mcîstoig>>. Igdg igesmiumeion hm mstns `romtns, cns lumrzns gicusncms pumhme nc lcmxogenr, ccm`nr n inusnr uen losurn hm cn mstruiturn hmc hometm, cg qum oelcuym g hn cu`nr n cn smesofocohnh, so mc pcneg hm cn lcmxoùe prgvgin mc dgvodometg hm lcuohgs hmetrg hm cgs prgimsgs ghgetg`ïeoigs, y mvmetuncdmetm, prgvginr lrniturns me mc pcneg hm cns tmesogems>6. Hmetrg hm cgs gfkmtovgs hm mstm proeiopog fogdodïtoig, mstî ohmetoloinr cns `romtns fnkg nudmetg (cupn) y tnccnrcns ige uen lrmsn eûdmrg 8 ù < pnrn mvotnr su prgpn`nioùe. Cn ghgetgcg`än hm däeodn oevnsoùe eg sm rmlomrm sgcg n cn prmpnrnioùe hm invohnhms, tndfoïe sm jn prgpumstg, -- me cu`nr hm cn prmpnrnioùe igevmeiogenc hm igrgens, me insgs hm rmstnurnioùe hm hometms netmrogrms supmrogrms igdprgdmtohgs,-igdprgdmtohgs,-- oehoinr hgs inroccns (vmstofucnr y pncntoen) qum mvotne cn mximsovn mcodoenioùe hm cn mstruiturn hmetnron y cn pïrhohn hm cn votncohnh hmc hometm. Netm prm`uetns sgfrm cn cge`mvohnh hm mstm eumvg melgqum hm trntndometg, hmfohg nc mstnhg oeoionc eg lnvgrnfcm hm cgs hometms n smr rmstnurnhgs (pgr mkmdpcg, cn lnctn hm msdnctm mrgsoùe, cgs sustrntg hm hmetoen msicmrùtoin icäeoins igrtns), pgr pcnetmne nutgrms hm mstm rmpgrtmy igrgens qum mc

 

rmehodometg icäeoig hm cgs hometms trntnhgs so`uomehg mc melgqum Ynehwoij pnrmim prgdmtmhgr, yn qum eoe`ueg hm cgs hometms trntnhgs pmrhoù su votncohnh, eg sm hmtmitù eoe`uen lnccn me cns c ns rmstnurniogems, rmstnurniogems, y cn sntoslniioùe `memrnc hm cgs pniometms lum nctn. Igeicuyme sgfrm cn emimsohnh hm dîs oevmsto`nioùe pnrn hmtmrdoenr mc rmehodometg icäeoig n cnr`g pcnzg hm cn dghncohnh hm trntndometg hmsirotg, pmrg cgs rmsuctnhgs ncmetnhgrms n dmhog pcnzg (fogcù`oigs, mstïtoigs y hm ïxotg dmiîeoig) iumstogene icnrndmetm, so cns igrgens igevmeiogencms me cgs sm`dmetgs dnxocnrms netmrogrms tghnvän pumhme sm`uor somehg igesohmrnhn cn dmkgr y ûeoin gpioùe pnrn mc trntndometg hm mstn pgfcnioùe pnrtoiucnr hm pniometms (pgr mkmdpcg ige hms`nstms smvmrgs ige votncohnh)>9.

·Mcodoenioùe pnrionc hm inroms7 Cn prglmsoùe hmfm nimptnr y npcoinr cgs igegiodometgs qum glrmim nituncdmetm cn iomeion sgfrm mc tmdn hm inrogcg`än y mc trntndometg hm cn cmsoùe prgluehn hm inroms. Yoe mdfnr`g cgs indfogs hm tnc hodmesoùe ms ue rmtg pnrn cn prglmsoùe y sm emimsotnrî tomdpg pnrn pgemrcg me prîitoin dnsovndmetm, dnsovn dmetm, yn qum supgehrî uen igesohmrnfcm dgholoinioùe hm cn lgrdn me qum sm prnitoin nituncdmetm cn hosiopcoen hm cn gpmrntgron hmetnc. Netm tghg, dmhonetm cn mhuinioùe, mc pniometm tomem qum mstnr igevmeiohg hm cn prmsmeion hm cn melmrdmhn melmrdmhnh h y hm metmehmr qum mccgs, cgs nlmitnhgs, sge cgs ûeoigs inpnims hm igetrgcnrcg >8, >=. Cn prmgiupnioùe sgfrm cn igcginioùe hm smccnetms me inroms hmetncms tmdprnens qum pumhn igehuior n uen dnygr prg`rmsoùe hm cns cmsogems cmsoge ms hm inroms eg hmfm mxostor. Cgs rmsuctnhgs hm mesnygs icäeoigs igetrgcnhgs npgrtne prumfns qum cn cmsoùe eg nvnezn so cn supmrloiom sm smccn fome. Melntozne qum cn rmtmeioùe hmc smccnetm ms ue lnitgr odpgrtnetm pnrn hmtmrdoenr mc ïxotg>0. Rgr gtrg cnhg, cn mvohmeion nitunc, hmtmrdoen qum cgs ghgetùcg`gs eg emimsotne trntnr cn mcodoenioùe hm inroms jnstn cn hmetoen hurn me cn prgxodohnh hm cn pucpn me hometms votncms. Me su cu`nr, cn mcmiioùe hmc irotmrog g dïtghg hm mcodoenioùe hm hmetoen inronhn hmfm `uonrsm pgr

 

cgs rmquosotgs icäeoigs y cgs rmsuctnhgs. Me msm smetohg cgs prgimhodometgs hm mcodoenioùe pnrionc hm inroms sm oehoine icäeoindmetm, me ue oetmetg pgr igesmrvnr cn mstruiturn hmetnron y prmvmeor mc hnþg hm cn pucpn. Hmetrg hm mstm melgqum, sm mcodoen cn hmetoen inronhn oelmitnhn, pnrioncdmetm hmsdoemrncoznhn y sm igesmrvn cn hmetoen nlmitnhn qum sm smccn ige dntmroncms qum dmkgrne cn rmdoemrncoznioùe. Cgs Ogeùdmrgs hm vohrog, nhjmsovgs fognitovgs qum cofmrne lcugrurg, sm jne utocoznhg igdûedmetm ige mc prgpùsotg hm prgdgvmr cn rmpnrnioùe hm cn hmetoen n trnvïs hm hovmrsns mstrntm`ons, qum oeicuyme cn cofmrnioùe hm ogems hm In-R y cn rmdoemrncoznioùe tosucnr `uonhn g rmdoemrncoznioùe fogdodïtoin hm cn hmetoen >:. ]e mstuhog rmiometm rntoloiù qum cn mcodoenioùe hm tghn cn fogdnsn rmfcnehmiohn jnstn cn hmetoen hurn ms icäeoindmetm oemloinz, me iunetg n roms`g hm igdpcoiniogems. Eoe`ueg hm cgs mstuhogs oeicuohgs me ïstm dmtn-neîcosos oehoin qum cn rmncoznioùe hm cn prmsuetn mxinvnioùe "igdpcmtn" tomem vmetnkns me igdpnrnioùe ige cn mcodoenioùe hm cn hmetoen sunvm (oelmitnhn). Fnsnhg me cn mvohmeion nitunc, sm pumhm igeicuor qum mc eûdmrg hm fnitmrons rmstnetms eg pnrmim hmtmrdoenr cn prgfnfocohnh hm ïxotg icäeoig. Rgr cg tnetg, cn vncohnioùe hm cgs dïtghgs hm mcodoenioùe hm cn hmetoen inronhn g irotmrogs sgfrm mc eûdmrg hm fnitmrons rmdnemetms g so mc posg hm cn invohnh rmsuctnetm ms hurg y smig, (–`rotg hmetoenrog—) pghrän smr oeigrrmitg, yn qum ndfgs eg

mvncûne rmsuctnhgs icäeoigs rmcmvnetms y eg jne hmdgstrnhg qum smne vîcohgs. Igeicuyme qum cn mvohmeion npgyn, qum nc eg mcodoenr tghn cn hmetoen rmfcnehmiohn pghrän rmhuior mc roms`g hm igdpcoiniogems. Nlordne qum cn mcodoenioùe quädoig - dmiîeoin (Inrosgcv g Rnpninrom) pnrmim vmetnkgsn ige rmspmitg n hgcgr, pmrg giupn dîs tomdpg, y eg sm meigetrù fmemloiogsg ige rmspmitg n cgs rmsuctnhgs icäeoigs>?. Cgs puetgs hm mcodoenioùe hm inroms ohmnc oeicuyme; cn irmnioùe hm uen zgen hm smccnhg pmrolïroig y mvotnr cn mxpgsoioùe pucpnr me hometms votncms. Mstn zgen hm smccnhg pmrolïroig sm cg`rn nc gftmemr uen hmetoen supmrloionc egrdnc, cn ueoùe hmetoen-msdnctm (HMK), y mc msdnctm sneg ige sm gftomem lumrznhm hmcnueoùe hm 8=DRn.). DRn nMstn == DRn odotncgcniunc rmsostmeion n cnuen trniioùe HMK (=>,= zgenqum hm

 

smccnhg pmrolïroin hmfm smr igelordnhn pgr cn nusmeion tgtnc hm inroms. Cgs mstuhogs jne hmdgstrnhg qum cn hmetoen inronhn oetmrogr pumhm ccm`nr n smr rmdoemrncoznhn pgr ue prgimsg fogcù`oig egrdnc hmspuïs hmc trntndometg ige ue sostmdn hm rmsoen nhjmsovn 62. Mstgs irotmrogs hmfme igdmeznr cgs eumvgs nc metrnregvmcms me cn prglmsoùe, dometrns qum mcige ghgetùcg`g hmmstuhonetms dnygr mhnh, rmqumrorîî cn rmigevmrsoùe n trnvïs hm iursgs hm mhuinioùe igetoeun qum rmqumror jn`ne joeinpoï me cn prmdosn fîsoin hm mstm pnrnho`dn, ms hmior, qum ms msmeionc igdmeznr mc trntndometg hmc pniometm ige cn mcodoenioùe hm cn melmrdmhnh, tmeomehg me iumetn cn rmpnrnioùe hm cgs hnþgs inusnhgs pgr cn melmrdmhnh. Nhmdîs mstgs dntmroncms dghmregs hm rmstnurnioùe hm igcginioùe hormitn hmfme oetmrnitunr ige cns mstruiturns hmetncms qum sge n dmeuhg igdprgdmtohgs pgr inromssuloiometm g trnudn.tmeniohnh Mc dntmroncy hmfm smccnr nc cn oetmrlnz dometrns qum prgpgriogen rmsostmeion hms`nstm, n cn lueioùe, pnrn ohmncdmetm igesmrvnrsm me mc tomdpg hm vohn hmc pniometm. Yoe huhn, sm emimsotne dntmroncms rmstnurnhgrms hormitgs dmegs smesofcms n cns tïieoins qum cgs sostmdns nituncms >:. Rgr tghg cg netmrogr melrmetndgs ue dgdmetg hgehm cn dosoùe hm cgs prglmsogencms hm cn sncuh fuinc hmfm imetrnrsm me cn prgdgioùe hm cn sncuh y cn prmsmrvnioùe hm cgs hometms snegs, me cu`nr hm igetnr mc eûdmrg hm prgimhodometgs hm rmstnurniogems rmncoznhns. Rnrn mccg hmfmdgs dnetmemrhmsnitovnioùe cn votncohnh pucpnr, mcodoenr oelmiioùey hmetoenron,nhmdîs ige mcodoenioùe, g smccnhg hm cnscnfnitmrons prmsmrvnr cn mstruiturn snen. Rnrn mccg sm hmfm irmnr cn zgen hm smccnhg pmrolïroig (msdnctm, cädotm ndmcg hmetoenrog y hmetoen supmrloionc). supmrloionc).

Mstnfcmimr uen ueoùe msdnctm- hmetoen sm`urn hgs mstrntm`ons; `rnfnhg tgtnc y nutg `rnfnhg 6>  Cn ueoùe nhjmsovn nudmetn cn rmtmeioùe y dmkgrn mc smccnhg dnr`oenc, nsä igdg lgrtncmim cn rmstnurnioù rmstnurnioùe e y hn dnygr rmsostmeion nc hometm. ho metm. Cgs nhjmsovgs hm `rnfnhg tgtnc oeicuyme uen lnsm smpnrnhn hm `rnfnhg y

 

cnvnhg. Mstgs sostmdns igetomeme mtnegc g nimtgen. Ym irmm qum mstgs sgcvmetms gr`îeoigs hmspcnzne mc n`un hm cn supmrloiom hmetoenron y hm cn rmh hm igcî`meg jûdmhn, prgdgvomehg mc oeloctrnhg hmc dgeùdmrg n trnvïs hm cgs eneg-mspniogs hm cn rmh hmesn hm igcî`meg. Cn ro`ohmz hmc igcî`meg nudmetn n dmhohn qum mc igetmeohg hm n`un hosdoeuym. Xndfoïe cns prgpomhnhms tmesogencms hmc igcî`meg sge holmrmetms so mstî me mstnhg smig g jûdmhg. Rgr cg tnetg, hmspuïs qum cgs irostncms hm johrgxonpntotn sge rmdgvohgs pgr mc îiohg, ms odpgrtnetm dnetmemr mc tmkohg jûdmhg pnrn prmvmeor qum cn mstruiturn hm igcî`meg igcnpsm. Cgs Yostmdns hm nutg`rnfnhg sm fnsne me usg hm ue dgeùdmrg îiohg qum igehoiogen m odprodm soductîemndmetm soductîemndmet m cn hmetoen y mc msdnctm. Cns prmsmetniogems dîs igduems oevgcuirne hgs pnsgs ige mc –Rrodmr— hm nutg `rnfnhg sm`uohg hm uen rmsoen nhjmsovn, rmsuctnehg me ue sostmdn hm hgs pnsgs hm nutg `rnfnhg. Cn prmgiupnioùe ms qum eg pghräne `rnfnr mc msdnctm mlmitovndmetm. Nc`uegs rmigdomehne qum sm hmfm utocoznr cn –Xïieoin hm `rnfnhg smcmitovg— hm dnemrn hm `nrnetoznr uen dmkgr nhjmsoùe nc msdnctm. Cgs ûctodgs me mc dmrinhg hm nhjmsovg sge cgs ccndnhgs "nhjmsovgs "nhjmsovgs ueovmrsncms." ueovmrsncms ." Me tmgrän, mstgs sostmdns tomeme mc pgtmeionc pnrn sodpcoloinr y n`ocoznr so`eolointovndmetm cgs prgtgigcgs nhjmsovgs. Mc `rnfnhg hmc msdnctm smcmitovg netms hm cn npcoinioùe hm ue nhjmsovg ueovmrsnc ms uen mstrntm`on igevmeometm pnrn cn gptodoznioùe hm cn ueoùe y mvotnr cn smesofocohnh hmetoenron66. Xndfoïe mxostme tïieoins qum dghucne mc prgimsg hm pgcodmroznioùe pnrn doeodoznr cgs prgfcmdns hm igetrniioùe. N igetoeunioùe sm hosiutorîe nc`uens hm mccns. LNIXGV I M OEXMEYOHNH HM CN C][ ]e C][ ]e lnitgr odpgrtnetm pnrn rmhuior cns tmesogems hm pgcodmroznioùe ms mc lnitgr hm igelo`urnioùe hm cn invohnh. Ym jn gfsmrvnhg qum iunetg dnygr ms mc lnitgr hm igelo`urnioùe, dnygr ms cn tmesoùe me cn oetmrlnim nhjmsovg, oehmpmehometm hm cgs oeirmdmetgs hm vgcudme hm rmsoens nitovnhns quädoindmetm. Rnrn ncovonr mstns tmesogems hmfm jnfmr ue îrmn

 

igesohmrnfcmdmetm cofrm (fnkg I-Lnitgr) y uen lnsm dîs cnr`n prm-`mc qum pmrdotn ue dmkgr lcukg hm cn rmsoen y mc ncovog hm cn tmesoùe. Gtrg lnitgr odpgrtnetm pnrn igetrgcnr cns tmesogems hm cn igetrniioùe hm pgcodmroznioùe ms cn oetmesohnh hm cn cuz. ]en oetmesohnh oeoionc hm cuz fnkn, nudmetn mc pmräghg me mc iunc cn rmsoen sm dnetomem ige ue fnkg dùhucg hm mcnstoiohnh (lnsm hm prm-`mc), cg qum pmrdotm ue ncgkndometg dgcmiucnr y ncovonr cn tmesoùe hm igetrniioùe 69. ]YG HM DNXMVONCMY DNXMVONCMY HM HM FNKN IGEXVNIIOÙE IGEXVNIIOÙE F]CA-LOCC) F]CA-LOCC) Cn  Cn tïieoin hm mstrntoloinioùe sm jn hmlmehohg pnrn cns rmsoens igdpumstns pgstmrogrms, hm dnemrn hm rmhuior cn igetrniioùe hm pgcodmroznioùe y pmrdotor cn nhmiunhn prgluehohnh hm iurnhg. Vmiometmdmetm, sm jne oetrghuiohg rmsoens igdpumstns qum pmrdotme igcginrcns me oeirmdmetgs hm 8 dd. Cns prumfns oeoioncms hm mstgs dntmroncms jne hmtmrdoenhg qum pumhme gftmemr uen prgluehohnh hm iurnhg nhmiunhn y mc mstrïs hm igetrniioùe ms igdpnrnfcm ige uen igevmeiogenc, me oeirmdmetgs hm 6-dd. Cns rmsoens Fuca-locc sm oetrghukmrge ige uen igesostmeion lcuohn y cum`g sm jne lgrducnhg ige dnygr vosigsohnh. Nc`uegs hm mstgs dntmroncms eg mxjofme suloiometm rmsostmeion nc hms`nstm y hmfme iufrorsm ige ue dntmronc hm rmsoen igdpumstn trnhoiogenc trnhoiogenc me mc îrmn igrrmspg igrrmspgehometm ehometm nc msdnctm 68. ]XOCO[NIOÙE HM LOFVNY HM \OHVOG FOGCOEMV Cns FOGCOEMV Cns eumvns tïieoins jne indfonhg cgs dïtghgs hm trntndometg igevmeiogencms1 cgs oeirmäfcms nvneims me cn oevmsto`nioùe hm dntmroncms hmetncms, cn quädoin y cn mstruiturn hm cns rmsoens, cn enturncmzn hm cn lofrn hm vohrog qum rmlumrzn cgs sostmdns hm rmsoens igdpumstns sge dgtovg hm mstuhog me rmcnioùe ige sus prgpomhnhms, oeicuymehg dmiîeoin, läsoin, tïrdoin, fogigdpntofocohnh, smesofocohnh hm cn tïieoin, mc dghg y cn tnsn hm lrninsg hm cns rmstnurniogems, hgehm sm npcoine me cn icäeoin 68. Mxostme vnrogs topgs holmrmetms hm dntmroncms hm rmlumrzg hm lofrn; Amvcnr, inrfgeg, vohrog, pgcomtocmeg hm pmsg dgcmiucnr uctrn-nctg (]JDPRM), y vohrog trntnhg ige socneg qum prgpgriog prgpgriogen en ue rmlumrzg hm cn lofrn. ]en igelo`urnioùe hm tmkohg lordm prmvï mc rmlumrzg dîs lonfcm hm cn rmsoen, uen dnygr lniocohnh hm dnemkg icäeoig hurnetm cn

 

igcginioùe hormitn y uen dmkgr inpniohnh hm mvotnr cn lrniturn hm cn rmsoen igdpumstn. Iunehg cn lofrn eg pumhm nhnptnrsm mstrmijndmetm n cgs hometms, mc dntmronc qumhn `rumsg me mc hometm, prgpgriogenehg uen hosdoeuioùe hm cn cge`mvohnh hmc dntmronc rmlgrznhg hurnetm su lueioùe icäeoin Cn igcginioùe hm cn lofrn tne imrin hmc hometm igdg smn pgsofcm prgpgriogen ue dmkgr rmlumrzg y mstnfocoznioùe hm cn mstruiturn cndoenhn 6=,6. Nc`uegs mstuhogs jne hmdgstrnhg qum mc väeiucg metrm cgs sostmdns nhjmsovgs- hmetoen rmioïe prmpnrnhn, rmsuctn dmkgr qum me cgs insgs hm hmetoen igetndoenhn pgr cgs prgimhodometgs hm prgvosogencoznioùe, qum pumhme igehuior n cn doirgloctrnioùe, mc lrninsg hm cn jofrohnioùe me mc imdmetnhg y cn smesofocohnh 96-98. Mstm melgqum rniogenc hm nhjmsoùe tndfoïe tomem uen oelcumeion pgsotovn me cn yigesmrvnioùe hm cn nmstruiturn hmchm hometm, cn igdghohnh hmc pniometm, cn supmrvovmeion cnr`g pcnzg cns rmstnurniogems nhjmrohns oehormitns, yn qum cns prmpnrniogems hm hometms pnrn rmstnurniogems oehormitns pumhme `memrnr mxpgsoiogems hm hmetoen so`eolointovgs. Ym rmigdomehn qum oedmhontndmetm cum`g hm cn prmpnrnioùe, sm `rnfm ige îiohg lgslùroig nc 90% metrm = y >= sm`uehgs cn supmrloiom eg igetndoenhn mxtmehomehg mc `rnfnhg > g 6 dd me mc msdnctm rmdnemetm, pnrn nsm`urnr cn luturn nhjmsoùe.9> Hmfohg nc lmeùdmeg hm tmesoùe supmrloionc mc nhjmsovg igrrm sgfrm cn supmrloiom, pmrg sm hmtomem me mc îe`ucg n`uhg hmc dnr`me. Cum`g hmc pgcodmroznhg sm igcgin `coimroen me mximsg y sm igcgin cn cuz pgr >2 sm`uehgs pnrn pgcodmroznr cn inpn hm gxo`meg oejofohg 9=. Loencdmetm sm rmncozn cn rm-prmpnrnioùe hm cgs fgrhms hm msdnctm y cn odprmsoùe loenc. Cn prmpnrnioù prmpnrnioùe e hmfm smr ro`urgsndmetm noscnhn ige ue dmhog smpnrnhgr (vnsmcoen) hurnetm cn mcnfgrnioùe hm cgs prgvosogencms. Eg hmfme usnrsm imdmetgs prgvosogencms n fnsm hm rmsoen pgr cn rmtmeioùe dmiîeoin Kustg netms hmc imdmetnhg hmloeotovg sm rmigdomehn rmncoznr ru`gsohnhms me mc nhjmsovg ige lrmsns hm hondnetm n fnkn vmcgiohnh g ige ue doirg-fnþg hm nrmen. Xndfoïe sm jn oehoinhg codponr cn prmpnrnioùe iuohnhgsndmetm ige ue impoccg

 

sunvm y pomhrn pùdmz. Ige mstm prgimhodometg eg jny qumkns hmc pniometm me cn mtnpn hm prgvosogencms, `memrncdmetm `memrncdmetm eg ms emimsnrog mc usg hm nemstmson me mc dgdmetg hm cn oesmrioùe hmloeotovn hm cn rmstnurnioùe y sm rmhuim cn smesofocohnh pgst gpmrntgron 9.

 

Cn hmiosoùe nimrin hm so g eg iufror uen iûspohm (prgtmiioùe iuspohmn) sùcg pumhm jnimrsm hmspuïs hm ue neîcosos ductolnitgronc, qum oeicuym hodmesogems hm cn invohnh y mc mstnhg fogdmiîeoig hmc hometm rmsuctnetm, nsä igdg cgs lnitgrms gicusncms y mstïtoigs 86. Ige cn hospgeofocohnh hospgeofocohn h hm dntmroncms hm nctn rmsostmeion dîs rmiometms igdg cns tmiegcg`äns hm hosocointg hm cotog, INH / IND y mc incgr-prmsoùe, cns rmstnurniogems hm nctn rmsostmeion eg sùcg sm dmzicne n cn pmrlmiioùe ige cn hmetoioùe enturnc, y sgpgrtne cns lumrzns gicusncms, oeicusg pgstmrogrms. ]e \gecny ms ue jäfrohg hm ue gecny ige uen supmrloiom hm inroccn fuinc mxtmehohn me rm`ogems igdg foiûspohms y suloiometm msdnctm pnrn nhjmrorsm 89. Mstn gpioùe, sm`ûe DiCnrme, mt nc. rmquomrm uen prmpnrnioùe duijg dmegs oevnsovn qum uen igrgen hm igfmrturn tgtnc, y nlordne cgs nutgrms qum glrmim cns dosdns vmetnkns mstruiturncms. Yoe mdfnr`g, ms odpgrtnetm cn oevmsto`nioùe oe vovg sgfrm cgs eumvgs dntmroncms, prmpnrniogems y su cge`mvohnh me gicusoùe1 cn prglmsoùe tomem cn rmspgesnfocohnh hm oesostor me cn dmkgrn hm cn cge`mvohnh hm tghgs cgs dntmroncms hm rmstnurnioùe. Ncineznr mc ïxotg me cn ghgetgcg`än rmstnurnhgrn ms ue hmsnläg me igestnetm mvgcuioùe. Eg jny hgs pniometms qum smne o`uncms1 tghgs tomeme sus prgpons igdfoeniogems hm so`egs y säetgdns. Ms rmspgesnfocohnh hmc icäeoig mxndoenr nhmiunhndmetm y hon`egstoinr, ige mc loe hm tgdnr hmiosogems hm rmstnurnioùe nhmiunhns. Nhoiogencdmetm cn ghgetgcg`än hmfm pnsnr hm ue dghmcg iurntovg inhn vmz dmegs nsmquofcm, n ue dghmcg igstg-mlmitovg igstg-mlmit ovg prmvmetovg fnsnhg me cn mvohmeion. mvohmeion . Mc gfkmtovg ms nyuhnr n cns pmrsgens n igesmrvnr cgs hometms enturncms snegs hurnetm tghn su vohn, igdg uen pnrtm msmeionc hm cn dmkgrn hm su sncuh me `memrnc.

Igeicusogems >.  Mc so`cg nitunc jn gfco`nhg rmpmetoendmetm n cn ghgetgcg`än, n nhgptnr ue eumvg pnrnho`dn me rmcnioùe ige cgs mstîehnrms mspmrnhgs pnrn cn ntmeioùe n cgs pniometms 89.

 

6.  Mc igeimptg fogdodïtoig sm fnsn me ue melgqum igesmrvnhgr, qum jn ncineznhg rmsuctnhgs sntoslnitgrogs y mstïtoigs. 9.  Mc nfrudnhgr pmsg hm cn mvohmeion igetmdpgrîemn lnvgrmim cn ghgetgcg`än däeodndmetm oevnsovn (hmspuïs qum cn prmvmeioùe jn lnccnhg), y uen ndpcon `ndn hm mquopgs, dntmroncms y tïieoins mstî hospgeofcm pnrn igesmrvnr cn dîxodn inetohnh hm tmkohg hmetnc sneg / rmpnrnfcm y pmrdotor uen rmstnurnioùe fogcù`oindmetm fogcù`oindme tm nimptnfcm. 8.  Cn dosoùe hmfm smr prmsmrvnr cn mstruiturn hmc hometm, y rmstnurnr sùcg iunehg smn emimsnrog. Oeicusg iunehg sm oehoqum uen rmstnurnioùe, cn mcodoenioùe hm cgs tmkohgs hurgs hmfm smr imetrnhg me cn cmsoùe y mc gfkmtovg prmsmrvnr, me cn dmhohn hm cg pgsofcm cn mstruiturn snen hmc hometm. Vmlmrmeions fofcog`rîloins >.  Dn`em R.Igdpgsotm rmsoes neh fgehmh pgrimcnoe; tjm pgst-ndnc`nd mrn7 K Incol Hmet Nssgi. 622< Lmf198(6);>9=-80. 6.  Xorcmt @, Irmsimezg J, Irmsimezg H, Fnzgs R Imrndoi nhjmsovm rmstgrntoges neh fogdodmtoi hmetostry; tossum prmsmrvntoge neh nhjmsoge. Oet K Mstjmt Hmet. 62>8 Nutude1?(9);9=8-