^[@ÄZAG 4 AF\ZGL[ÂÎG ............................................................................................ > : JAG@KNÊFAND ........................................................................................... JZKSK HA^\ÞZAD LD JAG@KNÊFAND ............ ......................... .......................... .......................... ................ ... 3 ¿ Ika lk Fkwtgf ............. .......................... ......................... .......................... ................... ..... 4: 8 NAFK@K\ZAD ............................................................................................ 4> 1 LAFD@G@K\ZAD ...................................................................................... 4.4
Hapkrigrlgsk k hapgigrlgsk ............................................................. ::
4>.:
Nacgsk .............................................................................................. :>
4>.>
Ksngiagsk ......................................................................................... :3
DSDIADÂÎG UG^\[ZDI? T[DIA\D\ASD, ............. .......................... .......................... .................. ..... >2
48.4
Afstru`kftg lk ngiktd lds afcgr`dâûks ld dvdiadâîg pgsturdi
qudiatdtavd....... ........................................................................................................ >8 41
HÄJA\G^ UG^\[ZDA^ ......................................................................... ) k Ukzzdrdt kt di. (411>), dtudi`kftk, ds dpiandâûks `das ng`ufs ld Kiktrg`agbrdcad ngfsastk k`? d) Lktkr`afdr g tk`pg lk dtavdâîg lg lg `ÿsnuig= `ÿsnuig= j) @klar g fàvki lk kxnatdâîg, kxnatdâîg, kfqudftg aflandlgr aflandlgr ld cgrâd prgluzald= prgluzald= n) [taiazdr g safdi kiktrg`agbräcangs kiktrg`agbräcangs kfqudftg aflandlgr lk cdlabd.
4;
44 DF\ZGUG@K\ZAD
Cgftk? prkza.ng`
D Dftrgpg`ktrad tk` k` vastd lktkr`afdr ds ndrdntkràstands k ds prgprakldlks lg dpdrkihg igng`gtgr. Gu skod, ngfsastk fd ndrdntkrazdâîg k lktkr`afdâîg lds prgprakldlks ld `dssd ngrpgrdi. G kstulg lg nkftrg lk `dssd lk u` ngrpg á u` lgs kik`kftgs cufld`kftdas fd dfäiask lgs `gva`kftgs. K pdrd tdi skrä fknkssärag lktkr`afdr prkvad`kftk d sud igndiazdâîg. Udrd tdi, skrä fknkssärag rkngrrkr-sk dgs ngfhkna`kftgs grauflgs ld Dftrgpg`ktrad. D dftrgpg`ktrad á u` lgs `átglgs `das usdlgs fd prätand niàfand pdrd dvdiadâîg lg KF lg fd afcêfnad k ld fd ng`pgsaâîg dlgiksnïfnad,ngrpgrdi pgr skrksa`piks, fîgaflavàlug afvdsavd prafnapdi`kftk k lk jdaxg nustg. (HGCC@DF, :554, dpul NGZDLAFK, :54;). :54;).
[`d gutrd ärkd lk aftkrkssk, pdrd d Jag`knêfand, á d ngfstruâîg k dpkrckaâgd`kftg lk kquapd`kftgs k `dtkradas. K, `das u`d vkz, gs ngfhkna`kftgs grauflgs ld Dftrgpg`ktrad skrîg lktkr`afdftks pdrd ikvdr d jg` tkr`gs kssds afvkstabdâûks. D Dftrgpg`ktrad, fg ê`jatg jag`knêfang lkland-sk, cufld`kftdi`kftk dg kstulg lk? D bkg`ktrad ld `dssd ngrpgrdi= G nkftrg lk `dssd lg ngrpg= G `g`kftg lk afárnad lk ndld skb`kftg ngrpgrdi= G nkftrg lk `dssd lk ndld skb`kftg= Ds la`kfsûks k ds prgpgrâûks ngrpgrdas. 43
Kstd ärkd duxaiad fd lksnraâîg k dfäiask lg `gva`kftg, dpgadflg-sk fd ngfstruâîg lk `glkigs dftrgpg`átrangs lg ngrpg hu`dfg, tkflg pgr jdsk ikas `dtk`ätands k càsands, prgnurdflg d gpta`azdâîg lg rkfla`kftg.
4: DSDI DSDIADÂÎG ADÂÎG UG^\[ UG^\[ZDI ZDI
Cgftk? stulagpaidtkstkrksafd.ng`.jr
Ndld aflavàlug dprkskftd ndrdntkràstands aflavaludas lk pgsturd quk pglk` var d skr afciukfnadld pgr värags cdtgrks? dfg`diads ngfbïfatds k/gu dlquaralds, `ä pgsturd, gjksaldlk, dia`kftdâîg afdlkqudld, dtavaldlks càsands sk` grakftdâîg k/gu afdlkqudlds, lastÿrjags rkspardtþrags, lkskquaiàjrags `usnuidrks, crguxalîg c rguxalîg iabd`kftdr k lgkfâds psangssg`ätands. D dfäiask ld pgsturd kfvgivk d alkftacandâîg k d igndiazdâîg lgs skb`kftgs ngrpþrkgs rkidtavgs å iafhd lk brdvaldlk. Á a`pgrtdftk ik`jrdr quk d dvdiadâîg pgsturdi lkvk lktkr`afdr sk u` skb`kftg ngrpgrdi gu drtanuidâîg lksvad-sk lk u` diafhd`kftg pgsturdi alkdi. Ugrtdftg, pglk`gs kftkflkr quk fd dvdiadâîg pgsturdi g pdnakftk lkvk skftar-sk å vgftdlk k kvatdr rabalkz k pgsaâûks fîg-fdturdas. Hä d fknkssaldlk lk skr vasudiazdlg g kquaiàjrag bigjdi lg ngrpg. G cag lk pru`g satud-sk fg pgftg Dftkrgpgstkragr dftkragr dg `diágig idtkrdi k, pdrd gs lksvags idtkrdas, kftrk gs ndindfhdrks.
42
D pgsturd á vastd ng`g u` prgnkssg kstätang, `ds d brdvaldlk k gs `kndfas`gs lk ngftrgik fkurdi prgvgnd` ngfstdftk`kftk u` lksignd`kftg sutai lg diafhd`kftg lg ngrpg, quk fknkssatd lk ngftrgik pgsturd. (JGFLKZ, :551, dpul NDZSDIHG, :544).
Ugsturd Udlrîg, á u`d pgsturd alkdi, dg afvás lk u`d pgsturd `álad. G diafhd`kftg ksqukiátang alkdi utaiazdlg ng`g pdlrîg ngfsastk fgs prafnàpags nakftàcangs väialgs, kfvgivkflg u`d qudftaldlk `àfa`d lk kscgrâg k sgjrkndrbd, k ngfluz å lg ngrpg. G gjoktavg prafnapdi ld dvdiadâîg pgsturdi á alkftacandr gs lkskquaiàjrags `das kvalkftks d ca` lk kvatdr prksnraâîg lk kxkrnànags quk pgssd` var d dnkftudr kssks lkskquaiàjrags. D jgd pgsturd á dqukid quk `kihgr doustd fgssg sastk`d `usnuigksqukiátang, kquaiajrdflg k lastrajuaflg tglg g kscgrâg lk fgssds dtavaldlks laärads, cdvgrknkflg d `kfgr sgjrkndrbd k` ndld u`d lk suds pdrtks. Lavkrsgs prgcassagfdas ld ärkd ngrpgrdi tï` utaiazdlg d dvdiadâîg pgsturdi ng`g cgr`d lk du`kftdr g fÿ`krg lk skrvaâgs prkstdlgs d skus niakftks. 4:.4 Ugsturd
D pgsturd á d ndpdnaldlk lk `dftkr k `gva`kftdr ds pdrtks ngrpgrdas lk `dfkard nggrlkfdld k ngfcgrtävki, sk` pkrlkr d cufnagfdialdlk lgs bkstgs, sk` sgjrkndrrkbdr g sastk`d þstkg-drtanuidr k sk` bkrdr tkfsûks lksfknkssärads. Kssks dspkntgs sîg pknuiadrks d ndld aflavàlug. Fîg hä ng`g kstdjkiknkr u` pdlrîg pgsturdi. D pgsturd lg skr hu`dfg pglk skr lkcafald ng`g d pgsaâîg quk fgssg ngrpg dlgtd fg kspdâg, jk` ng`g d rkidâîg larktd lk suds pdrtks ng` d iafhd lg nkftrg lk brdvaldlk. Ugsturd á u` ng`pgstg lds pgsaâûks lds lackrkftks drtanuidâûks lg ngrpg fu` ldlg `g`kftg. Udrd quk pgssd`gs kstdr k` jgd pgsturd, á fknkssärad u`d hdr`gfad/kquaiàjrag lg sastk`d fkurg`usnuigksqukiátang. fkurg`usnuigksqukiátang. Ndld aflavàlug dprkskftd ndrdntkràstands aflavaludas lk pgsturd quk pglk` var d skr afciukfnadld pgr värags cdtgrks? Dfg`diads ngfbïfatds k/gu dlquaralds, @ä pgsturd, Gjksaldlk, Dia`kftdâîg afdlkqudld, Dtavaldlks càsands sk` grakftdâîg k/gu afdlkqudlds, Lastÿrjags rkspardtþrags, Lkskquaiàjrags `usnuidrks, Crguxalîg iabd`kftdr k Lgkfâds psangssg`ätands. psangssg`ätands. 48
D pgsturd td`já` pglk tkr rkidâîg ng` gs skbuaftks dspkntgs? ^gnagnuiturdas? Ndld nuiturd pglk dlgtdr lavkrsgs häjatgs pgsturdas, tdas ng`g cgr`ds lk lgr`ar, iubdrks gflk lgr`ar, cgr`ds lk nd`afhdr, ldfâdr, skftdr. Usangiþbangs? Ukrnkpâîg pkssgdi k` rkidâîg dg `uflg. Ng`g d pkssgd sk skftk k sk pgrtd k` rkidâîg dgs gutrgs k pkrdftk nkrtds satudâûks. Kstds dtatulks bkrdi`kftk kstîg dssgnadlds å pkrsgfdialdlk lk ndld u`. Jagiþbangs? ^îg ds ndrdntkràstands jagiþbands lk ndld skr hu`dfg. Dspkntgs dfdtü`angs (idrburd, ng`pra`kftg k cgr`d lgs gssgs), casagiþbangs (fàvkas lk cikxajaialdlk, cgrâd, rksastïfnad, ktn.), bkfátangs (lackrkftks ktfads) k jag`knêfangs (cufnagfdialdlk lg `gva`kftg). 4:.: 4: .: Dvdiadâîg pgsturdi pgstu rdi fd prätan prätand d
Ng` g aflavàlug vkstaflg rgupds dprgpradlds k k` pá, pra`kard`kftk á ckatg d `drndâîg/vkracandâîg lgs pgftgs dfdtü`angs. Sastd Idtkrdi? 4. \grfgzkig „ Drtanuidâîg ndinêfkg nujgalkd. :. Ogkihg „ Kpanüflaig idtkrdi lg cï`ur. >. Ngxg ck`grdi „ \rgnêftkr `dagr. . KAD^ „ Kspafhds Aiàdnds Dftkrg ^upkragrks. . Iafhd Aftkrbiÿtkd. .4 Hapkrigrlgsk k hapgigrlgsk
Igrlgsk ig`jdr? D igrlgsk á gutrd nurvdturd fgr`di ld ngiufd vkrtkjrdi. Kid sk lkskfvgivk lkpgas lg fdsna`kftg fds rkbaûks nkrvandi k ig`jdr k á a`pgrtdftk pdrd `kihgr lastrajuaâîg lds ndrbds quk afnalk` sgjrk d ngiufd. ngiufd. Ditkrdâûks fg brdu ld nurvd igrlþtand ld rkbaîg ig`jdr, pdrd `das gu pdrd `kfgs, afland` d prkskfâd lk lksvags pgsturdas, quk pglk` skr lk lgas tapgs? Hapkrigrlgsk? qudflg hä du`kftg kxnkssavg ld nurvdturd pdrd lkftrg lg ngrpg, fd larkâîg ld crkftk lg djlü`kf, g quk lkaxd gs biÿtkgs `das lkstdndlgs (sàflrg`k lg ju`ju` drrkjatdlg) k d jdrrabd `das sdiakftk. G du`kftg ld igrlgsk ig`jdr pglk ng`prg`ktkr d cufâîg lgs `ÿsnuigs cikxgrks lg qudlrai, lgs kxtkfsgrks ig`jdrks k lg brupd`kftg djlg`afdi, diá` lk sgjrkndrrkbdr g iabd`kftg igfbatulafdi dftkragr, lk kstrkatdr g kspdâg lasndi pgstkragr k g cgrd`k aftkrvkrtkjrdi, ng`pra`aflg d lurd-`ätkr, vdsgs sdfbuàfkgs lk rdàzks fkrvgsds. (MA^FKZ, :551, dpul ^AT[KAZD, :54;).
::
Hapgigrlgsk? qudflg kxastk rkluâîg lkssd nurvdturd d pgftg lk prgvgndr
rktacandâîg ld ngiufd fds rkbaûks nkrvandi k ig`jdr. \dftg d hapkrigrlgsk qudftg d hapgigrlgsk pglk` ng`prg`ktkr d `gjaialdlk ld ngiufd fd rkbaîg dcktdld. Ig`jdibad (lgr fds ngstds) á g saftg`d tàpang lkssd lksgrlk`, kspknadi`kftk lkpgas lk dtavaldlks quk kfvgivk` d kxtkfsîg ld ngiufd ig`jdr, ng`g candr skftdlg gu k` pá, a`þvki, pgr `uatg tk`pg, krbukr gu ndrrkbdr gjoktgs pksdlgs sk` gs nualdlgs fknkssärags pdrd prgtkbkr d ngiufd. 4>.: Nacgsk
Nacgsk á g tkr`g quk skrvk pdrd lksabfdr tdftg d nurvdturd casagiþband fds rkbaûks tgränand k sdnrgngnnàbkd ld ngiufd vkrtkjrdi, qudflg vastd lk pkrcai, ng`g d hapkrnacgsk, gu skod, g du`kftg prgfufnadlg ld nurvdturd pdrd träs, fg skftalg êftkrgpgstkragr ld rkbaîg tgränand ld ngiufd. D prafnapdi ndrdntkràstand ld nacgsk tgränand (gu hapkrnacgsk tgränand) á g djduid`kftg lds ngstds prgvgndlg pkig du`kftg kxdbkrdlg ld nurvdturd pgstkragr lkssd pdrtk ld ngiufd. Udrd ng`pkfsä-id, g`jrgs, pksngâg k ndjkâd sîg prgoktdlgs pdrd crkftk, g quk cdvgrknk g dpdrkna`kftg ld igrlgsk ld igrlgsk nkrvandi. D lkcgr`dâîg sk afstdid dgs pgungs k fîg fknkssdrad`kftk vk` dng`pdfhdld lk saftg`ds. Tudflg kiks sk `dfackstd`, gs `das ng`ufs sîg lgr, cdlabd k rabalkz ld ngiufd. D hapkrnacgsk á u` kxdbkrg ld nurvd fgr`di gjskrvdld fd ngiufd tgränand, skflg quk kxastk` värads ndusds pdrd tdi, afniuaflg d tujkrnuigsk þsskd, crdturds pgr ng`prkssîg vkrtkjrdi, lgkfâd lk ^nhkukr`dff, kspgflaiatk dfquaigsdftk, gstkgpgrgsk skfai, tu`grks, ng`pkfsdâîg k` ngfoufâîg ng` d prkskfâd lk hapkrigrlgsk k dfg`diads ngfbïfatds. (@DBKK, :55:, dpul JDZJAKZA, :54
4>.> Ksngiagsk
Ds nurvds k` fgssd ngiufd vkrtkjrdi dould` d pdrtk supkragr lg ngrpg d `dftkr diafhd`kftg k kquaiàjrag dlkqudlgs. Fg kftdftg, qudflg kxastk` nurvds dfgr`das pgr tgld d ngiufd vkrtkjrdi, rkckra`g-fgs d assg ng`g ksngiagsk. D ksngiagsk á u` lksvag ld ngiufd vkrtkjrdi rksuitdftk lk u`d nurvdturd idtkrdi fg pidfg crgftdi, dssgnadlg gu fîg, ng` d rgtdâîg lgs ngrpgs vkrtkjrdas fgs pidfgs dxadas k sdbatda sdbatdas. s. (^G[NHDZL, :55;, dpul UK\ZAFA, :54;).
Kxastk` `uatds ndusds lk ksngiagsk, afniuaflg lkcgr`aldlks ngfbïfatds ld ngiufd, prgjik`ds bkfátangs, prgjik`ds fkurg`usnuidrks k lksabudildlk lk ng`pra`kftg lgs `k`jrgs. Gutrds ndusds lk ksngiagsk afniuk` pdrdiasad nkrkjrdi, kspafhd jàcald, lastrgcad `usnuidr, dtrgcad `usnuidr kspafhdi k tu`grks. @das lk 85% lgs ndsgs lk ksngiagsk, fg kftdftg, fîg tk` fkfhu`d ndusd ngfhknald. Gs saftg`ds pdrd ksngiagsk arîg vdradr k` ndld aflavàlug. Fg kftdftg, dibufs saftg`ds pglk` afniuar g skbuaftk? G`jrgs k` diturds lackrkftks (u`d ksnäpuid `das prgk`afkftk lg quk d gutrd)= Ndjkâd fîg nkftrdld larktd`kftk dna`d ld páivas= Dpdrïfnad lk u` qudlrai prgk`afkftk, ikvdftdlg= Ngstkids ng` diturds lackrkftks= Nafturd arrkbuidr= @uldfâds fd dpdrïfnad gu tkxturd ld pkik sgjrk d ngiufd= Afniafdâîg lg ngrpg aftkarg pdrd u` idlg= Urgk`afïfnad ld ngstkid qudflg lgjrdld. Lkskquaiàjrags? @ÿsnuigs lg idlg gpgstg d nurvdturd digfbdlgs= @ÿsnuigs lg
`ks`g idlg nurtgs k cgrtks cikxgrks idtkrdas lg trgfng larkatg= Dlutgrks lg qudlrai= djlutgrks lg qudlrai ksqukrlg= tajadi larkatg= cikxgr igfbg lg Häiux= cikxgr igfbg lgs lklgs= Cajuidrks igfbgs k nurtg ksqukrlg, tàpand k` aflavàlugs lkstrgs. D ksngiagsk dprkskftd gs skbuaftks tapgs lk nurvdturd? kstruturdas k cufnagfdas, pglkflg dprkskftdr-sk k` cgr`d lk ’N‐ ÿfand nurvd gu ’^‐ lupid nurvd, skflg quk, fkssk ndsg, d nurvdturd `dagr lkvk skr ngfsalkrdld d pra`ärad. (HKJKZ\, :55>, dpul UK\ZAFA, :54;). :54;).
:<
4< DSDI DSDIADÂÎG ADÂÎG UG^\ UG^\[ZDI [ZDI K@ DI DI[FG^ [FG^ LG KF^AF KF^AFG G C[FLD@K C[FLD@KF\DI F\DI
Cgftk? landslk`usnuidndg.grb
Lkslk quk dssu`au d pgsturd krktd, g `dagr lksdcag lg Hg`k` cga candr k` pá sk` sgjrkndrrkbdr d kstruturd þsskd k ds drtanuidâûks. Udrd assg, g ngrpg sk lkckflk ladrad`kftk fd iutd ngftrd d brdvaldlk d ca` lk ng`pkfsdr lkcanaïfnads lk kquaiàjrag gu lgrks (^G[NHDZL, 4113 dpul @DLKAZD kt di, :55:).
D `dagr vdftdbk` ld pgsturd krktd á hdjaiatdr ds `îgs d candr iavrks k gs gihgs d cgndr `das igfbk å crkftk. Ugrá`, ds lksvdftdbkfs afniuk` d sgjrkndrbd du`kftdld sgjrk d ngiufd k gs `k`jrgs afckragrks k lacanuildlks ng`pdrävkas fd rkspardâîg k trdfspgrtk lg sdfbuk å ndjkâd, g quk sk tgrfd sa`piks qudflg sk tk` pgsturd dlkqudld. Ugr lkcafaâîg, pgsturd á d pgsaâîg gu d dtatulk lg ngrpg k` laspgsaâîg kstätand gu g drrdfog hdr`üfang lds pdrtks ngrpgrdas d satudâûks lafê`ands, rksuitdlg ld ndpdnaldlk quk gs iabd`kftgs, näpsuids k tüfus `usnuidr tï` lk supgrtdr g ngrpg krktg, pkr`ataflg d pkr`dfïfnad k` ldld pgsaâîg pgr pkràglgs prgigfbdlgs sk` lksngfcgrtg k ng` jdaxg ngfsu`g kfkrbátang. Fd pgsturd pdlrîg, d ngiufd dprkskftd nurvdturds fgr`das, k gs gssgs lgs `k`jrgs afckragrks cand` k` diafhd`kftg alkdi pdrd d sustkftdâîg lk pksg. D pgsaâîg fkutrd ld pkivk ngfluz dg jg` diafhd`kftg lk djlg`k, trgfng k `k`jrgs afckragrks. G tþrdx k d ngiufd supkragr sk pgsanagfd` lk cgr`d quk d cufâîg alkdi lgs þrbîgs rkspardtþrags skod cdvgrknald. D ndjkâd cand krktd, jk` kquaiajrdld, `afa`azdflg d :;
sgjrkndrbd sgjrk d `usnuidturd nkrvandi. Tudflg g kquaiàjrag fîg dngftknk, surbk` gs lksvags pgsturdas, quk fd afcêfnad pglk` skr trdtävkas. Lksvag Lk svag pgsturdi f d afcêfnad
Särags sîg gs lksvags pgsturdas dprkskftdlgs pkid nradfâd lurdftk d cdsk lk lkskfvgiva`kftg lkvalg ås ditkrdâûks prgvkfakftks lg prþprag nrksna`kftg. Fd afcêfnad k dlgiksnïfnad quk d pgsturd sk kfngftrd k` prgnkssg lk lkskfvgiva`kftg. D pgsturd lkngrrkftk lk `dus häjatgs pglk ndusdr ditkrdâûks fd kstruturd þsskd lurdftk d afcêfnad k d dlgiksnïfnad, bkrdflg ng`piandâûks fg ê`jatg cufnagfdi, grtgpálang, rkspardtþrag k gutrgs, diá` lk dibads `usnuidrks. Gs prgjik`ds pgsturdas qudsk sk`prk tï` sud grabk` fd afcêfnad, prafnapdi`kftk dqukiks rkidnagfdlgs ng` d ngiufd vkrtkjrdi, gs qudas pglk` skr lkskfndlkdlgs pgr trdu`dtas`gs, cdtgrks k`gnagfdas, sgnagnuiturdas k hkrklatärags, gu dafld, pgr aflu`kftärad afdlkqudld. (^DF\G^, 4118, dpul NGZZÏD, :548).
Ds dcknâûks lg sastk`d `usnuigksqukiátang, pdrtanuidr`kftk ds dibads vkrtkjrdas, ngfstatuk` u` prgjik`d tîg sárag fd sgnakldlk `glkrfd quk kquapks `uitalasnapiafdrks prgnurd` lkskfvgivkr fgr`ds pdrd d dlkqudld dvdiadâîg ld ngiufd vkrtkjrdi, d ca` lk ladbfgstandr prkngnk`kftk prgjik`ds rkidnagfdlgs d pgsturd. Dssa`, d dvdiadâîg pdssd d skr lk kfgr`k a`pgrtêfnad fîg dpkfds pdrd g trdtd`kftg, `ds td`já` ng`g cdtgr lk prkvkfâîg lk aftkrngrrïfnads k ckkljdnm. Kxniuaflg-sk ds pdtgigbads lk grlk` trdu`ätand, skfai gu afcknnagsd, dnrklatdsk quk ds lkcgr`dâûks þsskds tkfhd` grabk` kftrk g fdsna`kftg k gs :5 dfgs lk aldlk. Oustacand-sk, ladftk lassg, d a`pgrtêfnad lk ladbfgstandr, fd ápgnd lk dlgiksnïfnad, gs lksvags pgsturdas quk gngrrk`. G ladbfþstang prkngnk, prafnapdi`kftk lgs lksvags ld ngiufd vkrtkjrdi, á cufld`kftdi. Á dngfskihävki quk tglds ds nradfâds skod` kxd`afdlds pkragland`kftk, k ng` `dagr dtkfâîg fd cdsk c dsk lg nrksna`kftg räpalg. Lkvk-sk candr dtkftg ås ditkrdâûks pgsturdas kfngftrdlds k` nradfâds fd cdaxd ktärad lk 2 d 4: dfgs pgr skr u` pkràglg aftkr`klaärag kftrk g pra`karg kstarîg lk nrksna`kftg, quk gngrrk lg fdsna`kftg dtá g >¿ dfg lk aldlk, k g skbuflg, quk dngftknk fd dlgiksnïfnad. :3
Nradfâds k` aldlk ksngidr pdssd` kftrk qudtrg k nafng hgrds fd ksngid k pkr`dfknk` skftdlds d `dagr pdrtk lg tk`pg, k d ksngid tk` sk tgrfdlg g d`jakftk quk `das cdvgrknk d pgsturd lk sustkftdâîg fd pgsaâîg skftdld, tkflg k` vastd quk d nradfâd pkr`dfknk dssa` lurdftk hgrds. Fd afcêfnad k dlgiksnïfnad, d pgsturd kfngftrd-sk k` prgnkssg lk lkskfvgiva`kftg. Fkssk pkràglg, qudiqukr ditkrdâîg cufnagfdi k` cufâîg ld `ä pgsturd arä rkpkrnutar fkbdtavd`kftk fg cuturg. D pdrtar ldà, vk` d fknkssaldlk lg dvdfâg fd rkcikxîg lds prafnapdas ndrdntkràstands quk kfvgivk` d `ä pgsturd. Udrd lktkntdr gs lksvags pgsturdas, lkvk skr rkdiazdld dvdiadâîg pgsturdi pgr `kag lk u` lgs värags afstru`kftgs lk ladbfgsk rkidtdlgs fd iatkrdturd. Dpþs d dfäiask lgs rksuitdlgs, subkrk-sk quk ds nradfâds skod` dtkflalds lk dngrlg ng` ds fknkssaldlks, pglkflg skr kfnd`afhdlds d gutrgs prgcassagfdas, ng`g casagtkrdpkutd gu grtgpklastd. Gutrds ditkrdâûks `usnuigksqukiátands sîg ng`u`kftk kfngftrdlds fd skbufld afcêfnad, tdas ng`g ds ditkrdâûks fgs ogkihgs, skflg ds `das crkqukftks? g ogkihg vdibg gu vdrg, quk dprkskftd kstäbags fgr`das lurdftk g lkskfvgiva`kftg lgs `k`jrgs afckragrks. Afanadi`kftk, gngrrk u` vdras`g, skbualg lk vdibuas`g kxtrk`g, quk rkbralk brdldtavd`kftk dtá nklkr iubdr å pgsaâîg fgr`di lg vdibuas`g, fg `kag k fg cafdi ld skbufld afcêfnad, g ogkihg rknurvdtg. (J[ZF^, 4111, dpul NGZZÏD, :548). :548).
Fd ksngid, pgr `kag lds duids lk Klundâîg Càsand, pglk skr pgtkfnadiazdlg g cgrtdikna`kftg lk `usnuidturds crdbaiazdlds k g digfbd`kftg ldqukids kfnurtdlds, oä quk gs kxkrnànags tkrdpïutangs sîg g prafnapdi `kag pkig qudi g kquaiàjrag `usnuidr á rkstdurdlg. Diá` lassg, cand nidrd d fknkssaldlk lk lkskfvgivkr d ngfsnaïfnad ngrpgrdi. D aldlk ksngidr ng`prkkflk d cdsk alkdi pdrd rknupkrdâîg lds lascufâûks fd ngiufd vkrtkjrdi lk `dfkard kcanakftk, pgas d ngrrkâîg prkngnk fkssk `g`kftg pgssajaiatd pdlrûks pgsturdas ngrrktgs fd vald dluitd k á g pkràglg lk `dagr a`pgrtêfnad pdrd g lkskfvgiva`kf lkskfvgiva`kftg tg `usnuigksqukiátang lg aflavàlug. G du`kftg sabfacandtavg lk prgjik`ds pgsturdas k` nradfâds lk tglg g `uflg sk lkvk å `ä pgsturd lurdftk d dtavaldlk ksngidr, ng`g usg afngrrktg lk `gnhaid ksngidr, fd `dagrad lds vkzks pkig kxnkssg lk pksg lk iavrgs k ndlkrfgs, utaiazdâîg lk ndiâdlgs afdlkqudlgs, sklkftdras`g k gjksaldlk. D dvdiadâîg pgsturdi á lk cufld`kftdi a`pgrtêfnad pdrd g pidfkod`kftg lg trdtd`kftg casagtkrdpïutang k pdrd g dng`pdfhd`kftg ld kvgiuâîg k lgs rksuitdlgs :2
lg trdtd`kftg. Fgr`di`kftk, d dvdiadâîg pgsturdi á ckatd pkig `átglg niässang, quk ngfsastk ld dfäiask vasudi lg dspkntg dftkragr, idtkrdi k pgstkragr lg ngrpg, ng` g suokatg k` trdoks su`ärags, dfdiasdflg gs lksfàvkas lk g`jrg, nidvànuids, `d`aig, nafturd, kspafhds aiàdnds, ogkihgs k pás. G digfbd`kftg `usnuidr, dpdrkftk`kftk, pdrknk skr u` prgnkla`kftg `uatg sa`piks. Fd vkrldlk, kfvgivk `kndfas`gs kxtrk`d`kftk ng`pikxgs lk rkbuidâîg pkracárand lg `gva`kftg, gs qudas fk` sk`prk sîg jk` kxpigrdlgs (NHKJKI, :558, dpul ^DF\G^, :543). :543).
Kftrk ds värads iksûks pgsturdas kfngftrdlds fd cdsk ksngidr, d prafnapdi á d ksngiagsk, quk sk lkcafk ng`g lksvag fg kaxg sdbatdi ld ngiufd ngrrkspgflkftk d vdigrks `dagrks quk 45 brdus. D ditkrdâîg afanad-sk fd afcêfnad k dlgiksnïfnad pglkflg dndrrktdr, sk fîg trdtdld lkvald`kftk, u`d afstdidâîg lkcafatavd lkssd dfg`diad vkrtkjrdi, dcktdflg lrdstand`kftk d dpdrïfnad càsand k pgssavki`kftk kfnurtdflg d kxpkntdtavd lk vald. Urafnapdi`kftk fg pkràglg lk 2 d 4: dfgs lk aldlk, qudflg gngrrk d jusnd lg kquaiàjrag pdrd ds fgvds prgpgrâûks lg ngrpg, quk sk kvalkfnad` ds trdfscgr`dâûks pgsturdas. 45
[`d pkssgd quk cand skftdld gu lk pá pgr pkràglgs igfbgs tkflk d tkr `ä pgsturd. Assg pglk rksuitdr k` u` lkskquaiàjrag `usnuidr. Uglk`gs natdr dibufs prgjik`ds `usnuigksqukiátangs (rkckrkftks dg sastk`d igng`gtgr) k fkurg`usnuidrks (rkckrkftks dgs fkrvgs pkracárangs k dgs `ÿsnuigs) rkidtdlgs pgr `ÿsangs. ^îg kiks? lgr= lgr`ïfnad gu cgr`abd`kftg= cdlabd gu crdqukzd `usnuidr= lastgfadpgrcgndi - g tkr`g usdlg pdrd lksnrkvkr u` brupg lk lgkfâds ndrdntkrazdlg kspds`gs `usnuidrks afvgiuftärags quk prgluzk` `gva`kftgs k pgsturds dfgr`das= prgjik`ds fgs fkrvgs pkracárangs (sdk` ld `kluid fkrvgsd k vîg pdrd gs `k`jrgs) kftrk gutrgs, `uatds vkzks ndusdlgs pkid "^àflrg`k lk ^gjrkndrbd gu usg kxnkssavg" gu "^àflrg`k lk ^upkrusg", quk gngrrk qudflg g kstrkssk fds kstruturds lg ngrpg á `dagr lg quk dqukid quk pglk` supgrtdr. (DFLZDLK, :555, dpul DISK^, :54:).
Klundâîg càsand á sdÿlk k sîg cufld`kftdas pdrd g dprkflazdlg lgs diufgs k pgr assg kiks dpdrknk` lksnratgs fgs Udrê`ktrgs Nurranuidrks Fdnagfdas. Ng` d klundâîg càsand gs kstuldftks jusnd` `dagr ngfhkna`kftg sgjrk g ngrpg, ngrpg , prkvkfâîg. G Lkskquaiàjrag quk dng`ktk ds nurvdturds casagiþbands ld ngiufd vkrtkjrdi á bkrdlg pkids tkfsûks `usnuidrks, `dus häjatgs pgsturdas, lascufâîg pgsturdi, sklkftdras`g, ndusdflg `glacandâûks ld ngiufd du`kftdflg d hapkrkxtkfsîg lds nurvdturds Igrlgsk k Nacgsk, dng`ktkflg sàflrg`ks lgigrgsds rkidnagfdlds d `ä pgsturd. D ngiufd vkrtkjrdi pgssua qudtrg nurvdturds casagiþbands? igrlgsk casagiþbands? igrlgsk nkrvandi, nacgsk tgränand, igrlgsk ig`jdr k nacgsk lg sdnrg. Ndld u`d lkids tk` d sud cufâîg, `ds, qudflg g êfbuig ld nurvdturd á djkrtg gu cknhdlg lk`das, kids pglk` ndusdr prgjik`ds dg pdnakftk. pdnakftk. G diufg quk dafld kstä fd cdsk ksngidr skftd `uatds `uat ds vkzks krrdlg prkoulandflg d ngiufd ig`jdr, gflk kstä satudld d igrlgsk, quk qudflg cand `uatg tk`pg fkstd pgsaâîg hä pgssajaialdlk lk ditkrdr d igrlgsk pdrd Hapkrigrlgsk. D Hapkrnacgsk pglk kstdr dssgnadld d u` kfnurtd`kftg lgs `ÿsnuigs pkatgrdas k d u` du`kftg lk tkfsîg fg brupg djlg`afdi. D Hapkrigrlgsk pglk skr lkcafald ng`g ’d dnkftudâîg ld nurvdturd igrlþtand casagiþband, pglkflg gngrrkr k` fàvki nkrvandi gu ig`jdr ]...P‐. Kssks lksvags sîg
ndrdntkrazdlgs pgr du`kftg k rktacandâîg lds nurvdturds fd rkbaîg nkrvandi k ig`jdr, gflk gs `dus häjatgs lk skftdr-sk krrdlg k pgsanagfdr afngrrktd`kftk. Gutrg prgjik`d quk sk tgrfd brdvk k` qukstîg dgs lksvags ld ngiufd vkrtkjrdi á d Ksngiagsk, á lkcafalg ng`g u` lksvag idtkrdi ld ngiufd vkrtkjrdi gu sa`piks`kftk u`d nurvdturd idtkrdi ld ngiufd, lkpkflkflg g idlg quk sk ditkrd cgr`d ’^‐ gu ’N‐= >4
kid pglk skr nidssacandld k` Ksngiagsk Idtkrdi å Larkatd gu Ksqukrld, tdftg Ig`jdr qudftg \gränand. Tudftg dg ladbfþstang pglk skr ckatg pkig `átglg sa`piks lk dvdiadâîg pgsturdi ng` u` prgcassagfdi lk Klundâîg Càsand k dtrdvás lk kxd`ks rdlagbräcangs sgianatdlgs pgr u` `álang. D Afdlkqudâîg lg `gjaiaärag ksngidr k` rkidâîg dg pksg k kstdturd lds nradfâds k g pksg kxnkssavg lds jgisds k `gnhaids ksngidrks td`já` dbrdvd` d dquasaâîg gu g du`kftg lgs prgjik`ds pgsturdas ld ngiufd skflg cänai gjskrvdr quk ds nradfâds cand` tglds tgrtds ng` u`d a`kfsd `gnhaid, ndrrkbdld lk `dtkradi ksngidr. D dvdiadâîg pgsturdi fd ksngid lkvk skr ksta`uidld pkig prgckssgr lk klundâîg càsand fu`d cgr`d lalätand quk skod pgssàvki d ng`prkkfsîg lgs diufgs k pdrtanapdâîg. Á pgssàvki cdzkr kssk trdjdihg tr djdihg `ks`g quk hdod kvdnudâûks lgs diufgs fds hgrds k` quk ds duids lk Klundâîg Càsand sîg vavkfnadlds. Ugr ca`, d dvdiadâîg pgsturdi ld ngiufd vkrtkjrdi pglk skr dpiandld pgr qudiqukr prgcassagfdi ld ärkd ld sdÿlk. Lk `dfkard bkrdi lkftrg ld ksngid quk` cand rkspgfsävki pgr kssk prgnkssg á g prgckssgr lk Klundâîg Càsand. Kik pglk grakftdr k` dg diufg häjatgs lk dtatulks sdulävkas= sk g ndsg cgr sárag, dikrtdr gs cd`aiadrks quk jusnd` trdtd`kftg dlkqudlg. 43 DSDI DSDIADÂÎG ADÂÎG UG^\[ UG^\[ZDI ZDI K@ DL[I\G^
Cgftk? dnkssd.ng`
>:
G kstaig lk vald dtudi tgrfd ds pkssgds `das sklkftärads lg quk fg pdssdlg qudflg, dg kxpkra`kftdr värags tapgs lk jrafndlkards, prg`gvad` u` `dagr kquaiàjrag kftrk d `usnuidturd kstätand k lafê`and, kvatdflg brdflks rktrdâûks `usnuidrks k caxdâûks lds drtanuidâûks. Gs dluitgs tï` u`d brdflk tkflïfnad d lkskfvgivkr kssds rktrdâûks k caxdâûks, pgr ndusd lg tk`pg k` quk pkr`dfknk` kxkrnkflg dpkfds u` tapg lk pgsturd, k` sdid lk duid, fd crkftk lg ng`putdlgr, vàlkg bd`ks, trdjdihgs lg`ástangs, ksnratþrag kftrk gutrds dtavaldlks laärads. @das tdrlk ng`kâd` gs prgjik`ds lk ngiufd. Gs kspgrtks `das prdtandlgs fk` sk`prk sîg u`d bdrdftad lk quk fîg lkskfvgivkrîg dibu` prgjik`d lk ngiufd. ^k g aflavàlug prdtandr dpkfds u` kspgrtk lurdftk u` igfbg pkràglg pglk td`já` kstdr kxpgstg d u` lkskquaiàjrag kftrk ds ndlkads `usnuidrks. Ditkrdâûks pgsturdas sîg gngrrïfnads sabfacandtavd`kftk prkskftks fds pkssgds, ldà d fknkssaldlk lk dvdiadâûks pkraþlands lkslk nklg, pdrd quk ng`pgrtd`kftgs quk pgssd` ndusdr gu dbrdvdr kssds ditkrdâûks skod` ngrrabalgs prkvkftavd`kftk, k pdrd kvatdr d prksnraâîg lk kxkrnànags k kspgrtks quk pgssd` var d dnkftudr kssks prgjik`ds. D pdrtar ld dvdiadâîg lk u` prgcassagfdi kspknadiazdlg, pglkrîg skr `kihgr grakftdlds qudftg ås prätands prkvkftavds k ngrrktavds lds qudas pglkrä sk jkfkcanadr. Ng` d supkrvasîg lkstk kspknadiastd, á pgssàvki lkskfvgivkr prgbrd`ds lk grakftdâîg k aftkrvkfâîg a`kladtd fd ksngid, trdjdihg k dtavaldlks càsands ngrrktavds pdrd gs lkskquaiàjrags pgsturdas. G ogkihg tk` ng`g cufâîg sustkftdr brdflks cgrâds, gckrknkr kstdjaialdlk k brdflk d`piatulk lk `gva`kftg. D `gjaialdlk á cgrfknald pkid kstruturd þsskd, k d kstdjaialdlk á cgrfknald pkigs tknalgs tkn algs `giks, iabd`kftgs, `ÿsnuigs k ndrtaidbk` (DI@KALD= O[FAGZ, :545, dpul @DZNADFG, :548). :548).
Udas k k`prksds skrîg ksta`uidlgs d ngfsnakftazdr skus caihgs k pdrks pdrd d a`pgrtêfnad lk jgfs häjatgs pgsturdas fds dtavaldlks rgtafkards ng`g, skftdr å crkftk lg ng`putdlgr, \S, fg trdjdihg, fg trdfspgrtk, fd rkdiazdâîg lds tdrkcds lk ndsd, kfca`, k` tglds ds dtavaldlks laärads. G trdjdihg prkvkftavg á sk`prk g `das kcktavg k g quk trdz rksuitdlgs `das sdtascdtþrags d igfbg prdzg. Ngftulg, fd prkskfâd ld ditkrdâîg oä afstdidld k hdvkflg >>
d fknkssaldlk, prgnurk dng`pdfhd`kftg.
u` kspknadiastd
pdrd
dvdiadâîg, trdtd`kftg
k
42 DSDI DSDIADÂÎG ADÂÎG U UG^\[Z G^\[ZDI DI K@ ALG^G ALG^G^ ^
Cgftk? casagwkj.ng`.jr
Ugsturd Ugsaâîg gu dtatulk lg ngrpg, d laspgsaâîg rkidtavd lds pdrtks lg ngrpg pdrd u`d dtavaldlk kspknàcand, gu u`d `dfkard ndrdntkràstand lk sustkftdr g prþprag ngrpg. D jgd pgsturd á ngfnkatudld ng`g d pgsaâîg quk g ngrpg dssu`k fg kspdâg k` cufâîg lg kquaiàjrag lk vártkjrds, lasngs, drtanuidâûks k `ÿsnuigs. Lkvk kfvgivkr aftkrdâûks ng`pikxds kftrk gs gssgs, ds drtanuidâûks, g tknalg ngfouftavg, gs `ÿsnuigs ksqukiátangs k gs sastk`ds fkrvgsgs nkftrdi k pkracárang. ^djk-sk quk g ngftrgik ld pgsturd á u` brdflk lksdcag pdrd g ngrpg hu`dfg, sgjrktulg k` algsgs, pgas g prgnkssg lk kfvkihkna`kftg trdz värads ditkrdâûks dfdtü`ands k casagiþbands, ng`g lastÿrjags fd ngiufd vkrtkjrdi, quk dprkskftd ds nurvdturds? nkrvandi (ngfndvaldlk pgstkragr), tgränand (ngfvkxaldlk pgstkragr), ig`jdr (ngfndvaldlk pgstkragr) k sdnrd (ngfvkxaldlk pgstkragr). Gs lastÿrjags lg kquaiàjrag lkngrrkftks lg kfvkihkna`kftg ditkrd` gs sastk`ds skfsatavgs, vasudi k kcktgr k dafld kstîg dssgnadlgs ås lgkfâds nrüfang- -lkbkfkrdtavds k dg d`jakftk k` quk g algsg kstä afskralg, bkrdflg afstdjaialdlk pgsturdi k rasng lk quklds. (BGFÂDISK^, :551, dpul NDZSDIHG, :54:). :54:).
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D skfksnïfnad ndrdntkrazd-sk ng`g u` prgnkssg lk ng`prg`kta`kftg k lkndlïfnad lds cufâûks `gtgrds k ngbfatavds, lk `glg quk gngrrk` `glacandâûks casagiþbands fg sastk`d fkurg`usnuigksqukiátang, ds qudas dssgnadlds d lgkfâds nrüfang-lkbkfkrdtavds, pglk` ikvdr d lácanats lk kquaiàjrag k ditkrdâûks fd `drnhd, afciukfnadflg fd dquasaâîg lk lksvags pgsturdas g quk prklaspûk` å gngrrïfnad lk quklds, gndsagfdflg brdvks ngfskquïfnads sgjrk g lksk`pkfhg cufnagfdi, jk` ng`g fd rkdiazdâîg lk dt avaldlks lk vald laärad (DSL‑s). G ng`pgfkftk skfsgragpkrnkptudi á rkspgfsävki pkig ngftrgik ld pgsturd k lg kquaiàjrag, kstä bgvkrfdlg pgr afcgr`dâûks dckrkftks lk trïs sastk`ds? g vasudi, g vkstajuidr k g prgpragnkptavg= ndld u` lkiks á larabalg d u` sastk`d lastaftg lk nggrlkfdlds kxtkrfds k fkfhu` lkiks pkrnkjk g nkftrg ld brdvaldlk lg ngrpg larktd`kftk. Oä g aftkbrdlgr nkftrdi cdz ds ksngihds lds afcgr`dâûks skod` kids, ngrrktds gu afngrrktds, pdrd quk assg gngrrd á fknkssärad u`d dâîg aftkbrdlgrd lg sastk`d fkrvgsg nkftrdi. Fg algsg pglk-sk gjskrvdr u`d la`afuaâîg ld aftkbraldlk lkstks ng`pgfkftks, ndusdflg ng`pkfsdâûks dg diafhd`kftg ld ngiufd vkrtkjrdi, quk á afciukfnadld pkid la`afuaâîg lg drng `kladi lg pá, u` du`kftg lds nurvdturds ld ngiufd, jk` ng`g d la`afuaâîg fg td`dfhg ld ngiufd vkrtkjrdi, lkngrrkftks lk pkrlds lg iàqualg fgs lasngs lds drtanuidâûks aftkrvkrtkjrdas. @uatds lkstds ditkrdâûks sîg gndsagfdlds pkigs kscgrâgs suj`ktalgs dg lkngrrkr ld vald, `dus häjatgs dia`kftdrks k/gu sklkftdras`g. G grbdfas`g pdssd pgr `uldfâds càsands k casagiþbands ng` g pdssdr lg tk`pg. Astg rksuitd k` pkrlds cufnagfdas prgbrkssavds, bkrdlds pgr cdtgrks ng`g? `utdâûks bkfátands, d`jakftdas, surba`kftg lk lgkfâds k lkniàfags fgs sastk`ds lg ngrpg. Lkftrk ds kstruturds lk pkrld cufnagfdi kfngftrd`-sk gs tkflûks k iabd`kftgs, quk sgcrk` rkluâîg lg ngftkÿlg lk äbud k, ng`g lkngrrïfnad, du`kftg ld rabalkz lkssds kstruturds, k gs gssgs, quk sgcrk` u`d ngfsalkrävk ngfsalkrävkii ditkrdâîg, fg quk laz rkspkatg å lkfsaldlk `afkrdi k d `anrgdrquatkturd þsskd lurdftk g kfvkihkna`kftg, hdvkflg dafld ditkrdâîg fg lasng aftkrvkrtkjrdi. D tdxd `álad lk la`afuaâîg fd diturd á lk nkrnd lk :n` pgr lándld, k` hg`kfs k `uihkrks kftrk 35 k 85 dfgs, pglkflg dtafbar dtá 4: n` k` ndsgs `das kxtrk`gs lk pkrld þsskd.
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Ds iksûks k g kfvkihkna`kftg rkluzk` arrkvkrsavki`kftk d ndpdnaldlk lk djsgrâîg lk äbud pkigs lasngs, rksuitdflg fu`d la`afuaâîg fd sud ndpdnaldlk lk djsgrâîg lk nhgquk. Kssds ditkrdâûks gngrrk` `das prkngnk`kftk fd ngiufd vkrtkjrdi, prafnapdi`kftk fg ngrpg ld vártkjrd, lg quk fgs `k`jrgs, dcktdflg lk cgr`d `das dnkftudld g sastk`d gstkg`agdrtanuidr, rkspgfsävki pkigs sastk`ds þsskg, `usnuidr k drtanuidr. 42.4 42 .4 Ditkrdâûks Dit krdâûks lkbk lkbkfkrdtavds fkrdtavds dssgnadlds å aldlk
Uglk` dcktdr prklg`afdftk`kftk g lasng vkrtkjrdi lk dibufs pdnakftks, kfqudftg k` gutrgs pglk` dcktdr prafnapdi`kftk ds drtanuidâûks dpgcasärads. D `dagrad lgs lasngs `gstrd dibufs safdas lk lkbkfkrdâîg ng` d aldlk, skflg quk ng`jafdlg ng` d la`afuaâîg ld diturd lg ngrpg vkrtkjrdi, rksuitd fu`d la`afuaâîg ld kstdturd lg algsg. Zkssditd td`já`, quk d lkbkfkrdâîg lg lasng k sujskqukftk`kftk d rkluzald ndpdnaldlk lk djsgrâîg lk nhgquks ld ngiufd vkrtkjrdi, ngftrajua pdrd d cgr`dâîg lk gstkþcatgs. Ng`g u`d cgr`d lk `afa`azdr kssks kckatgs g grbdfas`g prgluz g gstkþcatg, quk á u`d fgvd cgr`dâîg þsskd k` tgrfg ld vártkjrd, tk` g gjoktavg lk cgrtdiknkr d rkbaîg iksdld, kssd cgr`dâîg lgs gstkþcatgs pglk ngfstrafbar gs ndfdas pgr gflk pdssd` gs fkrvgs pglkflg ikvdr d u`d ikvk pdrdiasad `usnuidr (T[AF\DFAIHD, :55:, dpul ZA__XA, :54;).
Gs gstkþcatgs sîg u`d ’cgr`dâîg þsskd dfgr`di, `uatg crkqukftk, quk á
prgluzald fd prgxa`aldlk lds drtanuidâûks vkrtkjrdas, pglkflg tkr gutrds igndiazdâûks. Á g rkspgfsävki pkig nhd`dlg ’jang lk pdpdbdag‐. Lkpkflkflg lg td`dfhg lkstks gstkþcatgs, pglk gngrrkr u`d rkstraâîg lg `gva`kftg ld ngiufd vkrtkjrdi, ng`u` k` aflavàlugs algsgs. Dibu`ds ditkrdâûks fds nurvdturds ld ngiufd vkrtkjrdi ng`g hapkrnacgsk tgränand k hapkrigrlgsk ig`jdr, qudsk sk`prk kstîg prkskftks k` aflavàlugs algsgs. D hapkrigrlgsk ig`jdr pglk kstdr rkidnagfdld å gjksaldlk, crdqukzd lgs `ÿsnuigs djlg`afdas k d `ä pgsturd `dftald k dafld d dftkvkrsîg páivand. D hapkrnacgsk pglk skr rksuitdlg lk cdtgrks d`jakftdas, gnupdnagfdas, futranagfdas k rdnadas, k pglk dndrrktdr fd rkluâîg fgs `gva`kftgs lg trgfng pdrd ds rkspgstds rkspardtþrads k `gtgrds, fd prgtrdâîg ksndpuidr k pglk prgvgndr pdtgigbads fg g`jrg. >3
D hapkrnacgsk gndsagfd u`d prgokâîg ld ndjkâd fg skftalg lk `dftkr g gihdr hgrazgftdiazdlg. Gutrg prgjik`d pgsturdi quk dng`ktk gs algsgs á d ksngiagsk, lkcafald ng`g u` lksvag idtkrdi ld ngiufd, k dprkskftd ng`g ndusds lkslk `glacandâûks fg pgsanagfd`kftg lgs pás, fg ng`pra`kftg lgs `k`jrgs, fg pgsanagfd`kftg páivang, rktrdâûks `usnuidrks, `di cufnagfd`kftg ld D\@, kftrk gutrds. Ds ditkrdâûks pgsturdas pglk` td`já` ndusdr lgr, ng`g ig`jdibad k nkrvandibad, k rkluâîg lg `gva`kftg ld ngiufd vkrtkjrdi, sgjrktulg gs `gva`kftgs sutas lk rgtdâîg kfvgivalgs fg rgid`kftg skb`kftdr k pdlrîg rknàprgng fgr`di lgs `k`jrgs fd `drnhd fgr`di. 48 DSDIADÂÎG U UG^\ G^\[ZDI? [ZDI? T[ T[DIA\D\ASD, DIA\D\ASD,
Udrd sk cdzkr u`d jgd dvdiadâîg pgsturdi qudiatdtavd, lkvk-sk tkr dibufs prafnàpags? Ugssuar u` jg` rkckrkfnadi lk ditkrdâûks ditkrdâûks pgsturdi, ng`g u` rk rktafänuig tafänuig gu sa`aidr pdrd lksfàvkas= G dvdiadlg lkvkrä pgssuar d `kfgr qudftaldlk lk rgupd pgssàvki, gu skod, pdrd hg`kfs ndiâîg lk jdfhg (sufbd) k `uihkrks sufquàfa gu jaquàfa= Ugssuar u` êfbuig lk vasîg lk fîg uitrdpdssk dibufs `ktrgs pdrd fîg pkrlkr d lkcafaâîg lds ditkrdâûks= Afanad-sk ng` g dvdiadlg fd pgsaâîg pgstkragr pdrd g dvdiadlgr ng` gs pás prþxa`gs= D dvdiadâîg afanad-sk sk`prk lk jdaxg pdrd na`d, gu skod, gjskrvdflg gs ndindfhdrks dtá dtafbar d ndjkâd= Lkpgas sk pgsanagfd g dvdiadlg k` qudiqukr pkrcai, pdrd lkpgas gjskrvdr g gutrg= Ugr ÿita`g, g pkrcai dftkragr, sk`prk ng` d `ks`d kstrdtábad, gu skod, lk jdaxg pdrd na`d= Dfgtd`-sk tglds ds gjskrvdâûks k` pdpki prá-caxdlg ds vdraävkas k qudiacandflg lk dngrlg ng` dibufs rkckrkfnadas. Ds qudiacandâûks pglkrîg skbuar lavkrsgs nratárags. G a`pgrtdftk á quk sk nrak u` k g dssu`d pdrd tglds ds cuturds dvdiadâûks. Ugas fîg dladftk gjskrvdr u`d dnkftudâîg lg drng igrlþtang ig`jdr, sk` nidssacand-id k` quk brdludâîg kstd sk dprkskftd. Ugas u`d ngasd á tkr u`d pkqukfd dnkftudâîg k gutrd á u`d skvkrd dnkftudâîg. Udrd d prksnraâîg lgs kxkrnànags, astg rkdi`kftk á `uatg a`pgrtdftk. Lasnrktd (brdu A)? A)? qudflg d gjskrvdâîg á ckatd ng` `uatg lktdihk pdrd sk nhkbdr ås ngfniusûks. \k`-sk lacanuildlk lk kfngftrdr dqukid ditkrdâîg ld fgr`dialdlk= >2
@glkrdld (brdu AA)? AA)? Tudflg d gjskrvdâîg á cänai lk skr gjskrvdld, sk` brdflks prkgnupdâûks gu lÿvalds, pgrá` sk` skr dibg quk nhd`k `uatd d dtkfâîg= ^kvkrd (Brdu AAA)? AAA)? Tudflg g dvdiadlgr sk kspdftd ng` td`dfhd ditkrdâîg. Nhkbd d skr vasàvki pdrd qudiqukr ikabg, skflg fknkssärag sk`prk u`d gpafaîg `áland pdrd `kihgr ladbfþstang. 48.4 48 .4 Afstru`kftg Afstr u`kftg lk ngiktd lds afc afcgr` gr`dâûks dâûks ld dvd dvdiadâîg iadâîg pgsturdi pgst urdi qudiatdtavd qudiatdta vd
Fkstk afstru`kftg, jdstd dpkfds dssafdidr k` qudi qudiacandâîg ihk pdrknk g qudlrg k lkpgas afcgr`dr g idlg k` quk kstä, sk á quk ndjk kstk tapg lk dfäiask fd rkbaîg gjskrvdld. Uá ndvg? dnkftudâîg lg drng pidftdr. Sastd fg pidfg crgftdi ng` gs pás dcdstdlgs= Uá pidfg? rkluâîg lg drng pidftdr. Sastd fg pidfg crgftdi ng` gs pás dcdstdlgs= dc dstdlgs= \grfgzkig prgfdlg? vastg fg pkrcai pgstkragr fg pidfg ngrgfdi, qudflg g ndinêfkg bard pdrd lkftrg k` rkidâîg d pkrfd= \grfgzkig supafdlg? Kxdtd`kftk g gpgstg lg dftkragr= \grfgzkig djluzalg? Tudflg d ngxd kstavkr diafhdld fg `drng zkrg, k g pá kstavkr iabkard`kftk rgldlg kxtkrfd`kftk. Sastd fg pkrcai supkragr fg pidfg trdfsvkrsg= \grfgzkig dluzalg? kxdtd`kftk g gpgstg lg dftkragr= \àjad vdrd? vastg fg pkrcai dftkragr pidfg ngrgfdi, á qudflg hä u`d dnkftudâîg ld nurvdturd ld tàjad sk tgrfd kvalkftk= Ogkihg vdibg? Ng` u`d iafhd a`dbafärad kftrk d pkrfd k d ngxd, cgr`d-sk u` êfbuig kxtkrfd`kftk, prgoktdflg gs ogkihgs pdrd lkftrg= Ogkihg vdrg? kxdtd`kftk g gpgstg lg dftkragr= Ogkihgs rknurvdtu`? vastg fg pidfg sdbatdi, d iafhd quk a`dbafd`gs a `dbafd`gs kftrk pkrfd k ngxd, á cgr`dlg u` êfbuig afckragr d 485¿ fd pdrtk dftkragr, prgoktdflg gs ogkihgs pdrd träs= Ngxd k` rgtdâîg kxtkrfd? `uatg ngfcuflald ng` pás djluzalgs. Ik`jrk-sk quk g pá fîg djluz k sa` g tgrfgzkig. Gjskrvk sk gs pgsanagfd`kftgs lgs pás kstîg rkidnagfdlgs ng` d ngxd. ^k tglg g skb`kftg (pdtkid, ngxd) kstavkrk` k` rgtdâîg, pglk tkr nkrtkzd quk cga d ngxd quk` rglgu. Ngxd k` rgtdâîg aftkrfd? kxdtd`kftk g gpgstg= >8
Ukivk lksfavkidld? Afniafdâîg ld nrastd aiàdnd k` rkidâîg d gutrd pdrd u` lgs idlgs, tgrfdflg-d `das ditd. Bkrdi`kftk lkvalg d lackrkfâd lk skb`kftgs. Gjskrvk g idlg `das ditg= Dftkpgsaâîg páivand? Ugsaâîg dlquarald lkvalg d kxtkfsîg ig`jdr k cikxîg lk ngxgck`grdi= Zktrgpgsaâîg páivand? kxdtd`kftk g gpgstg= Nafturd ksndpuidr lksfavkidld? Ng`g fd pkivk, dprkskftd-sk ng` d kikvdâîg lk u` lgs g`jrgs. Bkrdi`kftk prgvgndld pkid ksngiagsk, `ds td`já` pglk skr k` cufâîg lgs kfnurtd`kftgs `usnuidrks= Dnkftudâîg igrlþtand ig`jdr? D nurvdturd casagiþband ig`jdr, quk á d igrlgsk, cga dnkftudld. Sastd fg pkrcai sdbatdi. Uglk-sk dtrajuar brdus lk afniafdâîg. Fîg usdr g tkr`g hapkrigrlgsk lkiajkrdld`kftk. Zktacandâîg igrlþtand ig`jdr? G gpgstg. Tudflg d nurvdturd lkaxd lk kxastar k` cufâîg lk u` fgvg pgsanagfd`kftg lds vártkjrds. ^ubkrk-sk dftkpgsaâîg páivand= Dnkftudâîg nacþtand tgränand? @ks`g quk fd ig`jdr. Ugrá` g dng`kta`kftg sk lä k` u`d nurvdturd lk ngfvkxaldlk pgstkragr, tgrfdflg g suokatg afniafdlg pdrd crkftk. Zktacandâîg nacþtand tgränand? G gpgstg dg dftkragr. D vastd skrä d pgsturd `das krktd, pgrá` fîg casagiþband= Dnkftudâîg igrlþtand nkrvandi? Ng`g fd ig`jdr, prgvgnd prgk`afïfnad ld sáta`d vártkjrd nkrvandi gu d pra`kard tgränand. Ngstu`d prgoktdr td`já` d ndjkâd å crkftk= Zktacandâîg igrlþtand nkrvandi? [`d pgsturd quk fgr`di`kftk prgvgnd ditkrdâûks k` tglg g rkstg lg ngrpg, lkvalg dg pgsanagfd`kftg ld ndjkâd= \raêfbuig lk tdiks? dg lksfavkidr d pkivk, hdvkrä u`d djkrturd `dagr kftrk u` lgs jrdâgs k g trgfng. t rgfng. Fgr`di`kftk lg idlg gpgstg d afniafdâîg= Zktrgpgsaâîg ld nafturd ksndpuidr? Tudflg g ng`pikxg rktrgdbk k` cufâîg lk kfnurtd`kftg `usnuidr gu pkid pgsturd rktacandld ld nacgsk tgränand. \kflk d prgoktdr gs g`jrgs pdrd träs. Sastd fg pidfg sdbatdi= Dftkpgsaâîg ld nafturd ksndpuidr? G gpgstg dg dftkragr. Fîg hä rkidâîg larktd ng` d dnkftudâîg ld nacgsk, `ds pglkrä kstdr prkskftk=
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G`jrgs k` rgtdâîg aftkrfd „ D land á gjskrvdr d aftkriafhd drtanuidr lg ngtgvkig pkig pkrcai dftkragr, pgas ndsg hdod d rgtdâîg aftkrfd, kstd fîg á vasàvki fkstk pkrcai, pkrca i, gu sk tk` brdflk lacanuildlk lk sk gjskrvdr= G`jrgs k` rgtdâîg kxtkrfd „ Dg ngfträrag ld dftkragr, ng` cdnaialdlk lk gjskrvdâîg ld iafhd aftkrdrtanuidr, k td`já` ng` d pdi`d ld `îg vgitdld pdrd crkftk= Ndjkâd dftkpgsanagfdld „ ng`g g fg`k subkrk, d ndjkâd sk tgrfd prgtusd, pglk skr bkrdld pkid cikxîg lk nkrvandi, gu pkid kxtkfsîg, pgas d nkrvandi pgssua lgas paidrks. A`pgrtdftk á gjskrvdr sk u` pgftg pkrtg lg `kdtg dnÿstang kxtkrfg kstä `uatg prgoktdlg å crkftk= Ndjkâd rktrgpgsanagfdld „ kxdtd`kftk g gpgstg ld dftkragr= Ksnäpuids „ kstd pglkrä kstdr pgsanagfdld lk lavkrsds cgr`ds, `ds kstd á cänai pkrnkjkr pkig quk subkrk g prþprag fg`k.
41 HÄJA\G^ UG^\[ZDA^
Cgftk? m`paidtks.ng`.jr
Udrdr k gjskrvdr d cgr`d ng`g prdtand`gs pkqukfds ngasds k` fgssd rgtafd á, sk` lÿvald, dibg quk pdssd lksdpkrnkjalg pdrd d brdflk `dagrad lds pkssgds. [`d dtkfâîg k pkqukfgs nualdlgs pglk` `kihgrdr fgssd qudialdlk lk vald, d pgsturd sdulävki lk fgssgs caihgs, trdzkflg jk`-kstdr k `afa`azdflg pgssàvkas pdtgigbads. , dpul BIDFKZ, :54:).
D `dagrad lgs prgjik`ds lk ngiufd sîg ndusdlgs pkigs vànags pgsturdas k pkid `ä ngflutd lk pgsturd. D `usnuidturd lg trgfng á kstätand, gu skod, utaiazdld dpkfds pdrd sustkftdâîg k fîg pdrd `gjaialdlk, ng`g pkrfds k jrdâgs. ^ku `gva`kftg á rkdiazdlg qudflg ksta`uidlg, skflg dssa`, qudftg `kfgs `gva`kftä-ig, `das crdng sk tgrfdrä k `das lacanuildlk hdvkrä dg rkdiazdr g `gva`kftg. Lkvk`gs ng`kâdr d gjskrvdr (k kvatdr) lkslk g pgsanagfd`kftg lg jkrâg, dibg `uatg a`pgrtdftk, pgas d nradfâd sk`prk arä pkrnkjkr k prgnurdr d iuz k g jdruihg, `uatds vkzks vardflg d ndjkâd sk`prk pdrd g `ks`g idlg, jk` ng`g sku ngrpg. G nkrtg á pgsanagfdr g jkrâg lk tdi cgr`d quk d nradfâd fîg prknask cdzkr kscgrâg dibu` pdrd kfxkrbdr d iu`afgsaldlk (fk` dna`d, fk` dträs, fk` dg idlg), k gs pás ld nradfâd caquk` lk crkftk pdrd d pgrtd. Fd cdsk lk nrksna`kftg k lkskfvgiva`kftg á pra`grladi kid quk tkfhd u`d pgsturd dlkqudld, pdrd quk skus `ÿsnuigs sk cgr`k` cgrtks k sud kstruturd þsskd àftkbrd. Ugrtdftg, värads trdfscgr`dâûks pglk` skr kvatdlds, sk fgtdlds gu prkvkfalds prkngnk`kftk. Ugsturd Ugstur d pdlrîg pdlrîg vastd vast d idtk idtkrdi rdi
Ikvk`kftk dftkragr dg `diágig Ikvk`kftk dftkragr dg ogkihg Ikvk`kftk pgstkragr dg qudlrai= Nkftrg lds vártkjrds ig`jdrks= Nkftrg drtanuidr lg g`jrg= Nkftrg ld `dagrad lds vkrtkjrds nkrvandas= @kdtg dulatavg= ikvk`kftk pgstkragr d suturd ngrgfdi. :5.< :5 .< Ugsturd Ugstur d pdlrîg pdlrîg vastd vast d idtk idtkrdi rdi
Ukivk k ngiufd ig`jdr= Zkidâîg kftrk d pkivk k qudlrai= Ukivk pglk afniafdr-sk dftkragr k pgstkragr`kftk sgjrk g kaxg ld drtanuidâîg lg qudlrai=
:5.; :5 .; Ugsturd Ugstur d pdlrîg pdlrîg vastd vast d idtk idtkrdi rdi Tudlrai k Ogkihg? G drrdfog drtanuidr kftrk g qudlrai k g ogkihg lktkr`afd` d
kstdjaialdlk ld pkivk= sk d iafhd ld brdvaldlk pdssdr cgrd ld pgsaâîg fkutrd, surbk u` `g`kftg ciktgr gu kxtkfsgr dg rklgr lds drtanuidâûks= ^ustkftdâîg lgs `g`kftgs lkvk skr ngrrabald pgr cgrâds `usnuidrks k/gu pgr gutrds kstruturds (kxk`pig? iabd`kftgs). \grfgzkig k Uás? Idtkrdi`kftk, d iafhd lk rkckrïfnad ld brdvaldlk pdssd ikvk`kftk dftkragr dg `diágig idtkrdi k dprgxa`dld`kftk dtrdvás lg äpank lg drng pidftdr= fd pgsaâîg krktd, g êfbuig lk lgrsacikxîg á lk dprgxa`dld`kftk 45 brdus, qudflg g suokatg kstä sk` ndiâdlg= gs pás lkvk` kstdr fu` diafhd`kftg quk ngrrkspgfld d dprgxa`dld`kftk 8 d 45 brdus ld iafhd `álad. Ndjkâd k U Uksngâ ksngâ g? G diafhd`kftg alkdi á dqukik k` quk d ndjkâd kstä fu`d
pgsaâîg kquaiajrdld k á `dftald ng` `àfa`g kscgrâg `usnuidr= Fd vastd idtkrdi d iafhd lk rkckrïfnad ngafnalk ng` g igjg ld grkihd k g pksngâg pgssua u`d nurvdturd dftkragr fgr`di. Fd vastd pgstkragr, d iafhd lk rkckrïfnad ngafnalk ng` d iafhd `álad ld ndjkâd k ng` gs prgnkssgs kspafhgsgs lds vártkjrds nkrvandas. G diafhd`kftg ld ndjkâd, k` `uatgs ndsgs lkpkflk ld dâîg `usnuidr lgs kxtkfsgrks lg pksngâg.
G`jrg k Nafturd ksndpuidr? D pgsaâîg lg g`jrg lkpkflk ld pgsaâîg ld
ksnäpuid= ds ksnäpuids cand` pidfds, ngftrd d supkrcànak tgränand k dcdstdlds dprgxa`dld`kftk 45 n`= D iafhd lk rkckrïfnad pdssd fd iafhd `álad ngafnalk ng` g nkftrg lds ksnäpuids. Ngiufd tgränand? Fu` jg` diafhd`kftg, d ngiufd tgränand sk nurvd pgstkragr`kftk (ngfvkxd)= lkstd cgr`d ditkrdâûks ld ngiufd tgränand pglk` skr
rkciktalds fd ngiufd nkrvandi= G diafhd`kftg ld ngiufd tgränand td`já` lkpkflk ld nurvdturd ld ngiufd ig`jdr= kxastk` kckatgs ng`pkfsdtþrags sastï`angs. :4 NGFNI[^ÎG
Jag`knêfand á d naïfnad quk afvkstabd g `gva`kftg sgj dspkntgs `knêfangs, suds ndusds k skus kckatgs fg ngrpg. Á g kstulg lds cgrâds `knêfands quk kstîg kfvgivalds fgs `gva`kftgs lg ngrpg hu`dfg, afniuaflg d aftkrdâîg kftrk gs aflavàlugs k sku `kag d`jakftk càsang. D Jag`knêfand lg Kspgrtk sk lkland dg kstulg lg ngrpg hu`dfg k lg `gva`kftg kspgrtavg k` rkidâîg d ikas k prafnàpags càsang-`knêfangs, afniuaflg gs ngfhkna`kftgs dfdtü`angs k casagiþbangs lg ngrpg hu`dfg. Ndld aflavàlug dprkskftd ndrdntkràstands aflavaludas lk pgsturd quk pglk` var d skr afciukfnadld pgr värags cdtgrks? dfg`diads ngfbïfatds k/gu dlquaralds, `ä pgsturd, gjksaldlk, dia`kftdâîg afdlkqudld, dtavaldlks càsands sk` grakftdâîg k/gu afdlkqudlds, lastÿrjags rkspardtþrags, lkskquaiàjrags `usnuidrks, crguxalîg iabd`kftdr k lgkfâds psangssg`ätands.
-1:, `dag/dbg. :545. DISK^, N.S., Udlrûks càsangs afdlkqudlgs fd pkrcgr`dfnk `usandi lk kstuldftkss lk vag iafg , :54:. kstuldftk D@DLAG, D. N. N. Cufld`kftgs ld jag`knêfand lg kspgrtk? ngfsalkrdâûks sgjrk d dfäiask nafátand k dspkntgs fkurg`usnuidrks lg `gva`kftg . \ksk (iavrk lgnïfnad) - [favkrsaldlk lk ^îg Uduig, 4113. D@DLAG, D.N., @ktglgigbad Jag`knêfand pdrd g kstulg lds cgrâds aftkrfds dg dpdrkihg igng`gtgr? a`pgrtêfnad k dpiandâûks fg `gva`kftg hu`dfg . ^îg Uduig, Klatgrd Kstdâîg Iajkrldlk, :555. D@DLAG, D.N., ÄSAID, D.G.S., B[A@DZÎK^, D.N.^., LDSAL, D.N., @G\D, N.J. @átglgs lk `klaâîg k` jag`knêfand lg kspgrtk? lksnraâîg lk prgtgngigs pdrd dpiandâîg fgs fg s nkft nkftrgs rgs lk kxnkiïfnad kspgrta kspgrtavd vd (Z (Zklk klk N Nkfksp kfksp -@k -@kt), t), :54;. DFLZDLK, K. T.= CGF^KND, O. B. @. Dr Drtata stdst d- dt dtikt iktd? d? rkc rkcikx ikxûks ûks sg sgjr jrk kdu utataiaia zdâîg lg ngrpg fd pkrcgr`dfnk lgs afstru`kftgs lk ngrld . Ukr @usa, Jkig Hgrazgftk, :?448-4:8, :555. JDNM. N.@._., Casagt Casagtkrdpad krdpad fd Ksngid? Dvdiadâîg Ugstur Ugsturdi di. :553. 84 c. @gfgbrdcad. [favkrsaldlk lg ^ui lk ^dftd Ndtdrafd, \ujdrîg, :553. JDZJAKZA, I.B., BG@K^, O.\, ^DZDASD, I.B., JDZJAKZA, L.B.C.S., B[A@DZDK^, L.C., Zkvasîg aftkbrdtavd sgjrk hapkrnacgsk? dfäiask lgs trdtd`kftgs casagtkräpangs , :54)?42;-428, `dag-ouf. :55;. . Ugrtubuksd LK I[ND, N. G usg ld kiktrg`agbrdcad lk supkrcànak k` jag`knêfand . Udikstrd @k`gradi Rdtkfwkaikr. ^gnakldlk Aftkrfdnagfdi lk Jag`knêfand, 411>. LGJIKZ, Bùftkr. Nafksagigbad „ cufld`kftgs, prätand k ksquk`ds lk tkrdpad . Klatgrd @dfgik, :55>. LGF^MGA, L. & _D\^AGZ^MQ, S. S. Jag`knêfand lgs kxkrnànags càsangs . @gsngu? @dlrubdld. 4188. L[DZ\K, @. Kstulg ng`pdrdtavg lg êfbuig lk Ngjj k lg êfbuig pgr tdfbkftk tdfbkftk pdrd dvdiadâîg dvdiadâîg ld afciuïfnad afc iuïfnad ld jd jdfldbk` fldbk` cufnagfdi cufna gfdi sgj sgjrk rk d dss nurv nurvdturds dturds ig`j dr k tgränand. Lasskrtdâîg (@kstrdlg k` Casagtkrdpad) „ Cdnuildlk lk Naïfnads ld ^dÿlk ld [favkrsaldlk @ktglastd lk Uardnandjd, Uardnandjd, :55. CKZZKAZD,
[email protected]., Zdstrkd`kftg Ksngidr ld Ksngiagsk? @klald pdrd g Ladbfþstang Urkngnk. Zkvastd Jrdsaikard Nrksna`kftg Lkskfvgiva`kftg Hu`dfg. (Uksquasd Grabafdi), ^îg Uduig, 41(>)? >;2->38. >;2 ->38. :551. RBdtk. :554. CAIHG, J.O.Z., Zk Zkklundâîg klundâîg pgsturdi pgst urdi . CasagRkj RBdtk. CA\D^, D.O.^., Gs Urafnàpags lk Fkwtgf, dibufs ng`kftärags (Ura`kard pdrtk, d Dxag`ätand), 4113, Sártank, 2:, 34-38. CG[ZFAGI, D., Ud Udnakftks nakftks kspknadas . ^îg Uduig? ^dftgs= 4118.
:3 p. HD@AII, O. & MF[\_KF, M.@., Jdsks jag`knêfands lg `gva`kftg hu`dfg . Klatgrd @dfgik, 4111. HDFLK@, U. lk N., @ktglgigbad? Aftkrprktdflg dutgrks ->. kl. ^îg Ndktdfg, lg ^ui, ^U? Qkflas Klatgrd, :558. HKJKZ\, ^., XDSAKZ, Z., Grtgpklad k trdu`dtgigbad? prafnàpags k prätand. 4ª kl. (^U)? Drt`kl= :55>. HGCC@DF, L.O., HKQ@^CAKIL, ^.J., RDA\_JKZB, L.F., Ng`pgsaâîg Ngrpþrkd. Futraâ îg grdi, k kftkrdi ftkrdi k pdrkftkrdi pdrkftkrdi fd prätand niàfand . ^îg Uduig? Dthkfku= :554. MKFLDII, C= @nNZKDZQ, K= UZGSDFNK, U. @ÿsnuigs? prgvds pr gvds k cufâûks. ¿ kl. „ \rdluâîg Iaiad Jrktkrfatz= 4¿ kl. Jrdsaikard. ^îg Uduig? @dfgik Itld, 4118. MA^FKZ, N., NGIJQ, ID. Kxkrnànags tkrdpïutangs . ^îg Uduig? @dfgik= :55;. MA^FKZ, N., NGIJQ, I., Kxk Kxkrnànag rnànag s \krd \krdpïutang pïutang s Cufld`kftgs k \ánfands \ánfands . ;ª kl. ^îg Uduig? @dfgik= :551. IDUAKZZK, D.
Zkklundâîg
càsand?
nafksagigbad,
rkklundâîg
pgsturdi,
rkklundâîg psang`gtgrd. 3ª kl. Sgi. AA, ^îg Uduig? @dfgik, 418:.
24-3, fgv. :55:.
@DBKK, L., Lascufâîg `ÿsnuig-ksquk ` ÿsnuig-ksqukiátang. iátang. >ª kl. ^îg Uduig? @dfgik, :55:. @DZNHK\\A, J.S., A`pgrtêfnad ld kxpkraïfnad niàfand pdrd d `kfsurdâîg ld nurvd ksngiaþtand lk nradfâds pkid tánfand lk Ngjj , :541. @DZNADFG, O.G.^., ÊFBKIG, D., GIASKAZD, @.C.I., Df Dfäia äia sk ld ja jag` g`knêf knêfaa nd lg dbdnhd`kftg dbdnhd`k ftg iavrk i avrk ng` jdrrd jdrr d fd `usnuidâîg `usn uidâîg , :548. @DZNGFA, @. lk D.= IDMD\G^, K.@., @ktglgigbad Nakftàcand. „ ;¿ Kl. „ . Z[DZG, D kt di. Kstulg ng`pdrdtavg kftrk luds tánfands lk gstkgtg`ad fg trdtd`kftg lg häiux vdibg? dfäiask niàfand k rdlagbräcand. Zkvastd Jrdsaikard lk Grtgpklad, ouihg, :555, [`udrd`d, UZ. ^DIG@ÎG, G. kt di. Häiux vdibg k pá pidfg? kstulg rdlagbräcang k` 435 pdnakftks. Zkvastd Jrdsaikard lk Grtgpklad. Oufhg, 411>, ^îg Uduig. ^DF\DFD, @. I.N., Cd Cdtgrks tgrks dssgnadlgs dssgna dlgs d quklds k k` ` algs gs ng` cr dturd lg ngig lg cï`ur. cï`ur. CasagRkj RBdtk. :552. ^DF\G^ B^ K\ DI. Klund Klundâîg âîg pgsturdi `klad `kladftk ftk u` trdjd trdjdihg ihg t kþrang. Zkv Jrds Dtav Cas ^dÿlk 4118. ^DF\G^, N. kt di. Gngrrïfnad lk lksvags pgsturdas k` ksngidrks lg kfsafg pÿjiang cufld`kftd cufld`kftdii lk Odbudraÿfd, ^îg Uduig. Zkvastd Uduiastd lk Ukladtrad, v. :2, f. 4. ^îg Uduig? `dr. :551. ^DF\G^,
[email protected]., FK\G, N.L.@., NDZSDIHG, D.B., I[NKFD, B.R.S., IKA\K, @.O., BGFÂDISK^, U.N., Dv Dvdia dia dâîg ld c gr grâd âd `u `usn sn ui uidr dr `df `dfudi udi dtrdv dt rdvás ás lg lafd`ü`ktrg k` rkspgstd d trïs lackrkftks tk`pgs lk pkr`dfïfnad lk digfbd`kftg kstätang , :543.
^HKNH\@DF, G.= BK^\KRA\_, I.= MA@JIK, N. Ngfcadjaialdlk k vdialdlk lg lafd`ü`ktrg , LyfKx. O. Hdfl. \hkr, v.48, f.>, p.>>1->. RBdtk. ^G[_D OßFAGZ, O.S., Ukrcai lgs Lksvags Ugsturdas ld Ngiufd Skrtkjrdi k` Dlgi Dl giksn ksn kft kftks ks lk Ksngi Ksn gids ds Uÿj Uÿjii ands an ds lg @uf @ufàna ànapa pag g lk Ou Oudzkar dzkarg g lg Fgrtk Fgr tk „ NK. Casagtkrdpad k Uksquasd. ^îg Uduig, v. 48, f¿44 „ >43, gut-lkz. :544. [K^, @. K.= @GZDK^, O.U.lk. Ksngid pgsturdi pdrd d tkrnkard aldlk. UZDXA^\KZDUAD - Sgi. SAAA „ F¿ 8 - Ouihg lk :55> - - Zkvastd lk Casagtkrdpad ld [favkrsaldlk lk Nruz Ditd. SDIIDLÎG, Z., IA@D, U.C.N.= JDZZG^G, D.Z., D Klu Klundâ ndâîg îg Càsa Càsand nd Ksn Ksngi gidr dr fd Urkvkfâîg Urkvk fâîg lk lkcgr lkcgr`aldlks `aldlks ld ngiu fd vkrtkjrdi, :551. RKA^^ HZ, FKBZAFA ^, ZABG @, MG\RANMA \, HDRK^ @N, BZASD^ \J, kt di. Aflandâûks pdrd `dfkog ngfskrvdlgr ld ksngiagsk (larktrazks). Ksngiagsk Lastÿrjag ld ngiufd, :553. RAK^\, L.@., ^k ^kvkraldlk vkraldlk ld lascufâ lascufâîg îg tk`pgrg` tk`pgrg`dflaju dflajuidr idr k sud rkidâî rkidâîg g ng ` d pgsturd ngrpgrdi , :541.
_AFFA, O.S. ^= U[^^A, C.D., G pdpki pdpki ld Casagtkrdpad Casagt krdpad fd prkvkfâîg prkvkfâîg ld afs tdjaia tdjaialdlk ldlk k qukld k` algsg algsgs. s. CasagRkj RBdtk. :55
