Biology

HSC BIOLOGY Kerri Humphreys

© Science Press 2007 First published 2007 Reprinted 2008 (twice), 2010 Science Press Private Bag 7023 Marrickville NSW 1475 Australia Tel: (02) 9516 1122 Fax: (02) 9550 1915 [email protected] www.sciencepress.com.au

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Science Press. ABN 98 000 073 861

Contents Introduction

v

Verbs to Watch

vi

Dot Points Maintaining a Balance

vii

Blueprint of Life

ix

The Search for Better Health

xi

Communication

xiii

Genetics: The Code Broken?

xv

Questions Maintaining a Balance

1

Blueprint of Life

35

The Search for Better Health

71

Communication

103

Genetics: The Code Broken?

145

Summaries Maintaining a Balance

179

Blueprint of Life

195

The Search for Better Health

211

Communication

229

Genetics: The Code Broken?

247

Answers Maintaining a Balance

265

Blueprint of Life

277

The Search for Better Health

289

Communication

299

Genetics: The Code Broken?

315

Science Press

Dot Point HSC Biology

iii

Contents

Notes ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Science Press

Contents

iv

Dot Point HSC Biology

Introduction What the book includes ,QWKLVERRN\RXZLOO¿QGW\SLFDOH[DPLQDWLRQTXHVWLRQVDQGDQVZHUVDVZHOODVVXPPDULHVIRUHDFKGRWSRLQWLQ the Board of Studies syllabus for the following topics in the Year 12 Biology course: ‡

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Also included are typical experimental results for students to analyse if the third column of the syllabus indicates WKDWVWXGHQWVVKRXOGFDUU\RXWµ¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQV¶ Format of the book The book has been formatted in the following way: 1. Main topic statement (column 1 of syllabus) 1.1etc Syllabus requirement from columns 2 and 3. 1RWHWKDWWKHQXPEHULQJRIWKHVHUHTXLUHPHQWVLVWKHDXWKRU¶VFKRLFHDQGKDVEHHQXVHGWRPDNHUHIHUHQFLQJ TXHVWLRQVDQGDQVZHUVFOHDUHU7KHLQGLYLGXDOUHTXLUHPHQWVDUHQRWQXPEHUHGLQWKHV\OODEXVWKH\DUHVLPSO\ EXOOHWHG±KHQFHRXUXVHRIµGRWSRLQWV¶ZKHQZHUHIHUWRWKHP 1.1.1 )LUVWW\SLFDOTXHVWLRQZKLFKFRXOGEHDVNHGLQDQH[DPLQDWLRQIRUWKLVV\OODEXV  UHTXLUHPHQW 1.1.2 6HFRQGW\SLFDOTXHVWLRQZKLFKFRXOGEHDVNHGLQDQH[DPLQDWLRQIRUWKLVV\OODEXV  UHTXLUHPHQWHWF 7KHQXPEHURIOLQHVSURYLGHGIRUHDFKDQVZHUJLYHVDQLQGLFDWLRQRIKRZPDQ\PDUNVWKHTXHVWLRQPLJKWEH worth in an examination. As a rough rule, every two lines of answer might be worth one mark. Note that in PDQ\DQVZHUVWKUHHOLQHVKDYHEHHQSURYLGHGDVWKHDPRXQWRIZULWLQJUHTXLUHGH[FHHGVWZROLQHVEXWWKH biology involved is worth only one mark. How to use the book &RPSOHWLQJDOOTXHVWLRQVZLOOSURYLGH\RXZLWKDVXPPDU\RIDOOWKHZRUN\RXQHHGWRNQRZIURPWKHV\OODEXV You may have done work in addition to this with your teacher as extension work. Obviously this is not covered, but you may need to know this additional work for your school exams. :KHQZRUNLQJWKURXJKWKHTXHVWLRQVZULWHWKHDQVZHUV\RXKDYHWRORRNXSLQDGLIIHUHQWFRORXUWRWKRVH\RX NQRZZLWKRXWKDYLQJWRUHVHDUFKWKHZRUN7KLVZLOOSURYLGH\RXZLWKDTXLFNUHIHUHQFHWRZRUN\RXVKRXOG spend more time revising later, and allow you to spend your study time more productively. $WWKHHQGRIHDFKVHFWLRQLVDQµ$SSOLHG4XHVWLRQ¶7KLVTXHVWLRQOLQNVVHYHUDOGRWSRLQWVUHTXLULQJ\RXWR DQDO\VHLQIRUPDWLRQDQGVKRZUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQFRQFHSWV+LJKHURUGHUTXHVWLRQVLQWKH+6&H[DPLQDWLRQ UHTXLUHVWXGHQWVWRDQDO\VHDVVHVVHYDOXDWHDQGOLQNFRQFHSWVIURPGLIIHUHQWVHFWLRQVRIWKHV\OODEXV Science Press

Dot Point HSC Biology

v

Introduction

Verbs to Watch account, account for State reasons for, report on, give an account of, narrate a series of events or transactions.

distinguish Recognise or note/indicate as being distinct or different from, note difference between things.

analyse Identify components and the relationships among them, draw out and relate implications.

evaluate Make a judgement based on criteria. examine ,QTXLUHLQWR

apply Use, utilise, employ in a particular situation.

explain Relate cause and effect, make the relationship between things evident, provide why and/or how.

appreciate Make a judgement about the value of something.

extract Choose relevant and/or appropriate details.

assess 0DNHDMXGJHPHQWRIYDOXHTXDOLW\RXWFRPHV results or size.

extrapolate Infer from what is known.

calculate 'HWHUPLQHIURPJLYHQIDFWV¿JXUHVRULQIRUPDWLRQ

identify Recognise and name.

clarify Make clear or plain.

interpret Draw meaning from.

classify Arrange into classes, groups or categories.

investigate 3ODQLQTXLUHLQWRDQGGUDZFRQFOXVLRQVDERXW

compare Show how things are similar or different.

justify Support an argument or conclusion.

construct Make, build, put together items or arguments.

outline Sketch in general terms; indicate the main features.

contrast Show how things are different or opposite.

predict Suggest what may happen based on available data.

critically (analyse/evaluate) Add a degree or level of accuracy, depth, knowledge DQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJORJLFTXHVWLRQLQJUHÀHFWLRQDQG TXDOLW\WRDQDQDO\VLVRUHYDOXDWLRQ

propose Put forward (a point of view, idea, argument, suggestion etc) for consideration or action.

deduce Draw conclusions.

recall Present remembered ideas, facts or experiences.

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recommend Provide reasons in favour.

demonstrate Show by example.

recount Retell a series of events.

describe Provide characteristics and features.

summarise Express concisely the relevant details.

discuss Identify issues and provide points for and against.

synthesise Put together various elements to make a whole.

Science Press

Verbs to Watch

vi

Dot Point HSC Biology

Maintaining a Balance Dot Point

Page

Dot Point

Page

1.

Organisms are active in a limited temperature range

2

2.12 Investigation: TS and LS xylem and phloem

23

1.1

Role of enzymes

2

2.13 Applied Question Section 2

24

1.2

Investigation: Enzymes and temperature, pH, substrate

3

3.

Regulation of concentrations of gases, water and waste products

25

1.3

pH and acidity

6

3.1

25

1.4

Constant internal environment

6

Why water concentrations are maintained in a narrow range

1.5

Homeostasis

6

3.2

Why removal of wastes is essential

25

1.6

Two stages of homeostasis

6



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1.7

Role of nervous system

7

3.4

26

1.8

Investigation: Feedback model

7

Diffusion and osmosis and removing nitrogenous wastes

1.9

Range of temperatures for life

8

3.5

Active and passive transport in mammalian kidney

26

3.6

Filtration and reabsorption in nephron

26

3.7

Investigation: Structure of mammalian kidney

27

3.8

Investigation: Renal dialysis

28

3.9

Roles of hormones aldosterone and ADH

29

1.10 Australian endotherms and ectotherms

8

1.11 Investigation: Australian adaptations for temperature

9

1.12 Plant responses to temperature

10

1.13 Applied Question Section 1

11

2. 

Plants and animals transport nutrients 13 DQGJDVHVLQDÀXLGPHGLXP

2.1

Substances in blood

13

2.2

Advantage of haemoglobin

14

2.3

Structure of arteries, veins, capillaries

14

2.4

Changes in blood composition

16

2.5

Investigation: Carbon dioxide and blood pH

17

2.6

Investigation: Size of red and white blood cells

2.7 2.8

2.9

3.10 Investigation: Hormone replacement therapy

30

3.11 Investigation: Urine concentration of  PDPPDOVDQG¿VK

30

3.12 Investigation: Water concentration and nitrogenous wastes in insects and mammals

31

3.13 Enantiostasis and estuarine organisms

32

18

3.14 Investigation: Salt regulation in different plants

32

Need for oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide

19

3.15 Adaptations of terrestrial Australian plants to reduce water loss

33

Investigation: Current technologies for measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood

19

3.16 Investigation: Structures in plants to conserve water loss

34

3.17 Applied Question Section 3

34

Investigation: Donated blood

21

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2.11 Current theories for movement in xylem and phloem

22

Answers to Maintaining a Balance

265

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vii

Maintaining a Balance

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Maintaining a Balance

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Blueprint of Life Dot Point 1. 1.1 1.2

Page

Evidence of evolution Investigation: Model natural selection Impact on evolution of physical and chemical environment changes and resource competition 1.3 Case study: Environmental change and change in a species 1.4 Supporting evidence for evolution 1.5 Investigation: Vertebrate forelimbs 1.6 Investigation: Technology advances and evolutionary relationships 1.7 Darwin/Wallace theory for divergent and convergent evolution 1.8 Investigation: Historical development of  HYROXWLRQWKHRULHVDQGSROLWLFDOLQÀXHQFHV 1.9 Applied Question Section 1 2. Gregor Mendel and inheritance of characteristics 2.1 Experiments of Gregor Mendel  0HQGHO¶VWHFKQLTXHVDQGKLVVXFFHVV 2.3 Monohybrid crosses and dominance  :K\0HQGHO¶VZRUNZDVUHFRJQLVHGODWHU 2.5 Homozygous and heterozygous genotypes 2.6 Distinguish allele and gene 2.7 Phenotype and dominant and recessive alleles 2.8 Investigation: Family trees and pedigrees  ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ3UREOHPVROYLQJ monohybrid crosses 2.10 Investigation: Hybridisation within a species 2.11 Applied Question Section 2 3. Structure of Chromosomes 3.1 Sutton and Boveri 3.2 Chemical nature of chromosomes and genes 3.3 DNA is a double helix with bases and  VXJDUSKRVSKDWHEDFNERQH 3.4 Chromosomes during meiosis and inheritance of genes 3.5 Investigation: Model of meiosis and crossing over

Dot Point

36 36 36

Page

3.6

Gamete production, sexual reproduction 53 and variability  6H[OLQNDJHDQG0HQGHO¶VUDWLRV   0RUJDQDQGVH[OLQNDJH  3.9 Codominance 55  ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ3UREOHPVROYLQJ   FRGRPLQDQFHDQGVH[OLQNDJH 3.11 Environment and gene expression 56 3.12 Investigation: Effect of environment 56 on phenotype 3.13 Applied Question Section 3 57 4. Structure of DNA 59  '1$UHSOLFDWLRQDQGLWVVLJQL¿FDQFH  4.2 DNA controls production of polypeptides 59 4.3 Investigation: Model for polypeptide 60 synthesis 4.4 Relationship of proteins and polypeptides 61 4.5 Investigation: Experiments of Beadle 61  DQG7DWXPIRUµRQHJHQHRQHSURWHLQ¶ 4.6 Mutations lead to new alleles 62 4.7 Evidence for mutagenic nature of radiation 62 4.8 Investigation: Flow chart for change in 62 DNA changes cell activity 4.9 Understanding source of variation supports 63  'DUZLQ¶VWKHRU\RIQDWXUDOVHOHFWLRQ 4.10 Investigation: Modern example of 63 natural selection  3XQFWXDWHGHTXLOLEULXPDQGJUDGXDO  evolution 4.12 Investigation: Watson, Crick, Franklin 64 and Wilkins 4.13 Applied Question Section 4 65 5. Current reproductive technologies 67  $UWL¿FLDOLQVHPLQDWLRQDUWL¿FLDO  pollination and cloning 5.2 Investigation: Cloning 68 5.3 Producing transgenic species 68 5.4 Investigation: Examples of transgenic 69 species 5.5 Reproductive technologies and genetic 69 diversity 5.6 Applied Question Section 5 70 Answers to Blueprint of Life 277

38 38 41 41 41 42 43 45 45  46  47 47 47 48  49 50 51 51 51 51 52 52

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Blueprint of Life

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Blueprint of Life

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Dot Point HSC Biology

The Search for Better Health Dot Point

Page

Dot Point

Page

1.

What is a healthy organism?

72

4.4

Defence adaptations

87



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1.2

Function of genes, mitosis, differentiation, specialisation and health

72

4.6

Applied Question Section 4

88

5.

MacFarlane Burnet’s work and immunisation

89

1.3

Investigation: Gene expression and maintenance and repair

73



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1.4

Applied Question Section 1

73

5.3

Vaccinations prevent infection

90

2.

Chinese and Hebrews advocated cleanliness and hygiene

75

5.4

Investigation: Vaccination programs including smallpox, diphtheria and polio

91

2.1 

Distinguish infection and QRQLQIHFWLRXVGLVHDVH

75

5.5

Suppression of immune response and organ transplant

92

2.2

Cleanliness and hygiene control disease

75

5.6

Applied Question Section 5

92



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6.

Epidemiological studies and non-infectious diseases

93

2.4

Investigation: Microbes in food or water

77

6.1

Features of epidemiology – lung cancer

93

2.5

Investigation: Treatment of drinking water

77

6.2

Investigation: Cause and effect of smoking and lung cancer

93

2.6

Applied Question Section 2

78

3.

Pasteur, Koch and the search for microbes

79

3.1

Work of Pasteur and Koch

79



,QYHVWLJDWLRQ3DVWHXU¶VH[SHULPHQW with microbes



3.3

Prions, viruses, bacteria, protozoans, fungi, macroparasites

81

3.4



1RQLQIHFWLRXVGLVHDVH±LQKHULWHG nutritional, environmental





,QYHVWLJDWLRQ1DPHGQRQLQIHFWLRXV disease



6.5

Applied Question Section 6

96

7.

Strategies to prevent and control disease 97

7.1

Quarantine in and across Australia

97

7.2

Preventing disease using public health programs, pesticides, genetic engineering

97

7.3 

Investigation: Effectiveness of TXDUDQWLQHLQRUDFURVV$XVWUDOLD

98

7.4

Investigation: Plant pathogens and insect pests

99

7.5

Investigation: Shift from treatment and control to management or prevention of disease

100

Applied Question Section 7

101

Investigation: Cause and prevention of malaria

82

3.5

Investigation: Named infectious disease

82

3.6

Role of antibiotics in infectious disease

83

3.7

Investigation: Problems with antibiotic resistance

83

3.8

Applied Question Section 3

84

4.

Immune response

85

4.1

Barriers to prevent entry of pathogens

85

7.6

4.2

Antigens trigger immune response

86

Answers to The Search for Better Health

4.3

Transplants and the immune response

86

289

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Dot Point HSC Biology

xi

The Search for Better Health

Notes ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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xii

Dot Point HSC Biology

Communication Dot Point 1.

Page

Humans and animals detect a range of stimuli 1.1 Role of receptors in detecting stimuli 1.2 Stimulus, receptor, messenger, effector, response 1.3 Investigation: Range of senses in communication 1.4 Applied Question Section 1 2. Visual communication and the eye 2.1 Anatomy of the eye 2.2 Limited wavelengths detected by humans, a vertebrate and an invertebrate 2.3 Investigation: Dissection of a mammalian eye 2.4 Investigation: Range of wavelengths detected by humans and other animals 2.5 Applied Question Section 2 3. Signal clarity can affect interpretation 3.1 Conditions for refraction 3.2 Investigation: Convex lenses and accommodation 3.3 Refractive media in the eye 3.4 Accommodation and lens curvature 3.5 Investigation: Changes in the shape of the lens and focus 3.6 Refractive power and accommodation 3.7 Myopia and hyperopia 3.8 Depth perception 3.9 Investigation: Cataracts and technology to prevent blindness 3.10 Applied Question Section 3 4. Light signal and electrical impulse 4.1 Photoreceptor cells 4.2 Distribution, structure, function of photoreceptors 4.3 Role of rhodopsin 4.4 Three types of cones 4.5 Colour blindness 4.6 Investigation: Photoreceptors in mammals, insects and another animal 4.7 Investigation: Colour communication in animals

Dot Point

104

4.8 5.

Page

Applied Question Section 4 Sound is an important communication medium 5.1 Why sound is a useful form of communication  6RXQGYLEUDWLQJREMHFWDQGIUHTXHQF\  ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ:DYHOHQJWKIUHTXHQF\ and pitch 5.4 Human larynx and sound production 5.5 Structures used by animals to produce sound 5.6 Applied Question Section 5 6. Organs to detect vibrations 6.1 Detection of vibrations by insects,  ¿VKDQGPDPPDOV 6.2 Anatomy and function of human ear 6.3 Investigation: Structure of mammalian ear 6.4 Role of Eustachian tube 6.5 Path of sound wave through ear 6.6 Organ of corti 6.7 Sound shadow  ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ)UHTXHQFLHVGHWHFWHG by humans and other animals 6.9 Investigation: Hearing aids and cochlear implants 6.10 Applied Question Section 6 7. Electrochemical changes in membranes 7.1 Nerve is a bundle of neurones 7.2 Neurones transmit signals 7.3 Investigation: Nerve and neurone structure 7.4 Threshold and action potential 7.5 Areas of cerebrum 7.6 Investigation: Brain dissection 7.7 Correct interpretation of signals and coordination 7.8 Investigation: Typical action potential 7.9 Applied Question Section 7 Answers to Communication

104 104 105 106 107 107 109 109 110 110 111 111 111 111 112 112 113 113 114 115 116 117 117 117 118 119 119 120

122 123 123   125 126 127 129 129 130 131 131 132 132 133  135 136 137 137 137 138 139 139 140 141 142 143 299

121

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xiii

Communication

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Communication

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Dot Point HSC Biology

Genetics: The Code Broken? Dot Point 1.

Page

The structure of a gene and the code for a polypeptide 1.1 Information from DNA to RNA to polypeptide 1.2 Investigation: Model of DNA 1.3 Current understanding of gene expression 1.4 Applied Question Section 1 2. Multiple alleles and polygenic inheritance provide further variability within a trait 2.1 Characteristics determined by multiple alleles 2.2 Inheritance of ABO and Rhesus blood groups 2.3 Investigation: ABO blood groups and Rhesus factor 2.4 Polygenic inheritance 2.5 Investigation: Example of polygenic inheritance  '1$¿QJHUSULQWLQJIRUHQVLFV paternity and pedigrees 2.7 Applied Question Section 2  2IIVSULQJVWXGLHVUHÀHFWLQKHULWDQFH on different chromosomes and genes on same chromosomes 3.1 Diploid and haploid 3.2 Dihybrid crosses and Mendel 3.3 Investigation: Dihybrid crosses when both traits inherited independently and when linked 3.4 Predict inheritance difference if two genes linked 3.5 Crossbreeding experiments identify relative positions of linked genes 3.6 Chromosome mapping and species relationships 3.7 Investigation: Model linkage 3.8 Applied Question Section 3 4. Human Genome Project  %HQH¿WVRI+XPDQ*HQRPH3URMHFW 4.2 Limitations of data from Human Genome Project 4.3 Investigation: Why Human Genome Project could not be achieved by studying linkage maps

Dot Point

146

Page

4.4 4.5

Procedure to produce recombinant DNA 160 Use of recombinant DNA technology 161 and gene position on a chromosome 4.6 Applied Question Section 4 161 5. Gene therapy and harmful conditions 163  8VHRIJHQHWKHUDS\IRUDQLGHQWL¿HG  disease 5.2 Investigation: Current use of gene therapy 163 5.3 Applied Question Section 5 164 6. Mechanisms of genetic change 165 6.1 Distinguishing between mutations 165 of chromosomes 6.2 Investigation: Effect of one named 165 and described genetic mutation on human health 6.3 DNA repairs itself 166 6.4 Transposable genetic elements 166 6.5 Germ line and somatic mutations 166 6.6 Applied Question Section 6 167 7. Selective breeding is different to 169 gene cloning 7.1 Selective breeding in agriculture 169 7.2 Investigation: History of selective 169 breeding of one species and changes in the species 7.3 Gene cloning and examples 170 7.4 Gene cloning and whole organism 171 cloning 7.5 Use of cloning in animals or plants 171 7.6 Investigation: Processes used in 172 cloning an animal and verifying it is a clone 7.7 Applied Question Section 7 172 8. Timing of gene expression 173 8.1 Genes and embryonic development 173 8.2 Role of gene cascades 173 8.3 Ancestral vertebrate gene homologues 174 8.4 Evolution of genes and their actions 174 8.5 Investigation: Gene analysis and 175 evolutionary relationships 8.6 Applied Question Section 8 175 Answers to Genetics: The Code Broken? 315

146 147 148 149 151

151 151 152 152 152  153 155

155 155 156

156 156 157 157 158 159  159 160

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Genetics: The Code Broken?

Notes ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Dot Point HSC Biology

DOT POINT Maintaining a Balance

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1

Maintaining a Balance

1. Most organisms are active in a limited temperature range. 1.1

Identify the role of enzymes in metabolism, describe their chemical composition and use a VLPSOHPRGHOWRGHVFULEHWKHLUVSHFL¿FLW\RQVXEVWUDWHV 1.1.1

Describe the role of enzymes in metabolism.

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

1.1.2

Describe the chemical composition of enzymes.

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

1.1.3

7KHIROORZLQJGLDJUDPVKRZVDVLPSOHPRGHOWRLOOXVWUDWHWKHVSHFL¿FLW\RIHQ]\PHVRQ substrates. (a)

Name this model.

Substrate .......................................................................................................................

Active site

.......................................................................................................................

(b) 

Enzyme

Explain how this model illustrates the VSHFL¿FLW\RIHQ]\PHVRQVXEVWUDWHV

....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

F 

2XWOLQHKRZWKLVPRGHOKDVEHHQPRGL¿HG

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(d)

List the factors that affect enzyme activity.

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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Maintaining a Balance

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 , GHQWLI\GDWDVRXUFHVSODQFKRRVHHTXLSPHQWRUUHVRXUFHVDQGSHUIRUPD¿UVWKDQG investigation to test the effect of: 

‡LQFUHDVHGWHPSHUDWXUH



‡FKDQJHLQS+



‡FKDQJHLQVXEVWUDWHFRQFHQWUDWLRQV on the activity of named enzyme(s). 1.2.1    

Describe an experiment you performed to show the effect of increased temperature on the activity of a named enzyme. In your answer include: ‡DOLVWRIWKHHTXLSPHQWXVHG ‡DVDIHW\SUHFDXWLRQQHHGHG ‡DVWHSE\VWHSPHWKRG ‡DJHQHUDOGHVFULSWLRQRI\RXUUHVXOWV

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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1.2.2

Some HSC Biology students wished to investigate the effect of pH on the activity of an enzyme. They made up a series of junket solutions and added buffers to the solutions so that the series of test tubes covered a range of pH. They added 5 mL milk to each test tube and then added some of the junket solution to different test tubes. Each test tube was kept in a water bath at 37ºC.

(a)

Explain why the students kept each water bath at 37°C.

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(b)

Identify some of the variables that would have needed to be kept constant in this experiment.

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(c)

The following graph shows the activity of four different enzymes.

Enzyme 1

Enzyme 2

Enzyme 3

Enzyme 4

7

10 11 12 13 14

Activity of enzyme

1

2

3

4

5

6

8 pH

9

Which graph would be most similar to the action of the enzyme rennin? Explain your answer. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(d)

Explain how the students could modify the experiment to improve reliability.

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1.2.3

Some HSC Biology students wished to investigate the effect of change in substrate concentration on the activity of an enzyme. They decided to use the enzyme catalase. Catalase speeds up the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into oxygen and water. Hydrogen peroxide is toxic in the body and is produced in chemical reactions such as the oxidation of fatty acids. The students cut several raw potato cubes each measuring one cubic centimetre (cc). Each cube was ground with a mortar and pestle and then added to a test tube using a spatula. Different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide solution were added to each test tube (e.g. 6%, 3%, 1.5%) and the rate of reaction was observed (the rate of bubble production).

(a)

In this experiment, what was the source of the enzyme catalase?

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(b)

Explain why the students ground the potato with a mortar and pestle.

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(c)

The students observed the rate of bubble production. What gas was being released?

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(d)

The students found that the more concentrated solution (6% hydrogen peroxide) had a faster rate of bubble production than the weaker solution (1.5% hydrogen peroxide). The students made the following inference from their results: ‘The more concentrated the reactants, the greater the rate of reaction’. Suggest a reason why more concentrated solutions have a faster rate of reaction.

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(e)

Draw a generalised graph to show how the rate of reaction changes with change in substrate concentration.

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Maintaining a Balance



,GHQWLI\WKHS+DVDZD\RIGHVFULELQJWKHDFLGLW\RIDVXEVWDQFH 1.3.1

What is pH?

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 [SODLQZK\WKHPDLQWHQDQFHRIDFRQVWDQWLQWHUQDOHQYLURQPHQWLVLPSRUWDQWIRURSWLPDO ( PHWDEROLFHI¿FLHQF\ 1.4.1

Explain why organisms devote a lot of energy to maintaining a constant internal environment.

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 HVFULEHKRPHRVWDVLVDVWKHSURFHVVE\ZKLFKRUJDQLVPVPDLQWDLQDUHODWLYHO\VWDEOHLQWHUQDO ' environment. 1.5.1

'H¿QHKRPHRVWDVLV

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

1.5.2

Identify body processes that are controlled by homeostasis.

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................



([SODLQWKDWKRPHRVWDVLVFRQVLVWVRIWZRVWDJHV



‡GHWHFWLQJFKDQJHVIURPWKHVWDEOHVWDWH



‡FRXQWHUDFWLQJFKDQJHVIURPWKHVWDEOHVWDWH 1.6.1

Identify the two stages of homeostasis.

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1.6.2

Describe how changes from the stable state are detected.

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1.7

Outline the role of the nervous system in detecting and responding to environmental changes. 1.7.1

 HVFULEHWKHVWLPXOXVUHVSRQVHSDWKZD\DQGKRZLWHQDEOHVWKHQHUYRXVV\VWHPWRUHVSRQGWR ' environmental changes.

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1.8

Gather, process and analyse information from secondary sources and use available evidence to develop a model of a feedback mechanism. 1.8.1

The diagram shows a feedback mechanism for thermoregulation in humans. (a)

W

Blood vessels dilate

How is a change in the internal body temperature of humans detected?

X ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................

Cooling centre sends message

Body temperature decreases

............................................................................................................................

(b) Hypothalamus in brain

In this model, what is the effector and how does it carry out a response?

............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................

Heating centre sends message

Temperature increases

(c)

What is meant by negative feedback?

............................................................................................................................

Y

Blood vessels constrict

Z

............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................

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Maintaining a Balance



, GHQWLI\WKHEURDGUDQJHRIWHPSHUDWXUHVRYHUZKLFKOLIHLVIRXQGFRPSDUHGZLWKWKHQDUURZ limits for individual species. 1.9.1

Identify the range of temperatures over which most life is found and give an exception to this range.

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1.9.2

Use an example to show how some species can only survive in a very narrow temperature range.

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1.10 Compare responses of named Australian ectothermic and endothermic organisms to changes in WKHDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHDQGH[SODLQKRZWKHVHUHVSRQVHVDVVLVWWHPSHUDWXUHUHJXODWLRQ 1.10.1 Name an Australian ectotherm and describe how it responds to changes in the ambient temperature to control its body temperature. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

1.10.2 Name an Australian endotherm and describe how it responds to changes in the ambient temperature to control its body temperature. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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1.11 Analyse information from secondary sources to describe adaptations and responses that have occurred in Australian organisms to assist temperature regulation. 1.11.1 Distinguish between ectotherms and endotherms and identify organisms belonging to each group. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

1.11.2 7KHGLDJUDPVVKRZDEOXHWRQJXHOL]DUGDQGDEUXVKWDLOHGSRVVXP

Identify which is an endotherm and which is an ectotherm and describe an adaptation or response of each to assist temperature regulation. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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Maintaining a Balance

1.12 Identify some responses of plants to temperature changes. 1.12.1 Complete the following table to summarise some adaptations of plants for temperature change. Temperature change

Example

What happens

How this assists plant

Becomes much colder

Becomes much colder

Becomes hotter

Becomes hotter

1.12.2 Explain how vernalisation assists plants to live in cold climates. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Science Press

Maintaining a Balance

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Dot Point HSC Biology

1.13 Applied Question Section 1 The following diagram shows a model you have studied. Walls of active site move a little and wrap around part A as it binds

A

A

B

(a)

B

Name this model.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(b)

Explain how enzymes speed up reactions.

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(c)

The diagram shows the graph of the reaction rate of two enzymes against pH. Enzyme B

Reaction rate

Enzyme A

0

1

2

3

4 pH

5

6

7

8

9

10

If these enzymes are found in the human body, suggest possible places where enzyme A and enzyme B could work. Give a reason for each suggestion. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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11

Maintaining a Balance

(d)

The following data was collected when a group of HSC Biology students wanted to investigate the effect of temperature on the action of the enzyme catalase. Catalase is an enzyme found in plants and animals and aerobic bacteria. Catalase is involved in the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and molecular oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide is produced as a waste product of metabolism in many organisms, e.g. hydrogen peroxide is DE\SURGXFWRIIDWW\DFLGR[LGDWLRQ+\GURJHQSHUR[LGHLVWR[LFWRFHOOVDQGPXVWEHTXLFNO\ removed. 2H2O2

catalase

2H2O + O2

The students used a liver suspension as the source of catalase and added 2 drops of suspension to test tubes containing 3 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide and 3 mL of water. Each test tube was then placed in a water bath held at a particular temperature. The test tubes were connected to a pressure sensor and data logger and the following results were the maximum pressures (atm/min) recorded by the students. Student results: Temperature °C

Pressure (atm/min)

10°C

0.4

25°C

0.5

35°C

0.7

40°C

0.8

45°C

0.9

50°C

0.1

(i) Plot these results on the graph.

(ii) Suggest why the students only tested the catalase activity in the temperature range 10°C to 50°C. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Science Press

Maintaining a Balance

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2. Plants and animals transport dissolved nutrients and gases in a fluid medium.    

,GHQWLI\WKHIRUPV LQZKLFKHDFKRIWKHIROORZLQJLVFDUULHGLQPDPPDOLDQEORRG ‡FDUERQGLR[LGH ‡R[\JHQ ‡ZDWHU ‡VDOWV ‡OLSLGV ‡QLWURJHQRXVZDVWHV ‡RWKHUSURGXFWVRIGLJHVWLRQ 2.1.1

Complete the following table to summarise how substances are carried in the blood.

Substance

Form carried in mammalian blood

Carbon dioxide

Oxygen

Water

Salts

Lipids

Nitrogenous waste

Other products of digestion

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2.2

Explain the adaptive advantage of haemoglobin. 2.2.1

Haemoglobin is often described as a ‘respiratory pigment’. What does this mean?

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2.2.2

Explain why the presence of haemoglobin in the red blood cells of mammals is an adaptive advantage.

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2.3

Compare the structure of arteries, capillaries and veins in relation to their function. 2.3.1

([SODLQZK\DUWHULHVQHHGWKLFNHUOD\HUVRIHODVWLFWLVVXHDQGPXVFOH¿EUHV

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2.3.2

Explain why it is incorrect to say that arteries carry oxygenated blood and veins carry deoxygenated blood.

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2.3.3

Complete the following table to compare arteries, capillaries and veins. Feature

Arteries

Capillaries

Veins

Diagram

Definition

Wall structure

Blood pressure

Diameter of blood vessel

Function

Composition of blood present

Valves

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Maintaining a Balance

2.4

Describe the changes in the chemical composition of blood as it moves around the body and LGHQWLI\WLVVXHVLQZKLFKWKHVHFKDQJHVRFFXU 2.4.1

For each of the following locations in the body, identify a chemical that changes concentration at that location and describe why the changes occurs.

Location

Chemical that changes concentration

Lungs

Carbon dioxide

Lungs

Oxygen

Villi of small intestine

Amino acids and glucose

Liver

Glucose

Kidneys

Water

Kidneys

Nitrogenous waste

Gland

Hormones

Why the change in concentration occurs

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 HUIRUPD¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWRGHPRQVWUDWHWKHHIIHFWRIGLVVROYHGFDUERQGLR[LGHRQ 3 ZDWHU 2.5.1    

 HVFULEHD¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ\RXSHUIRUPHGWRGHPRQVWUDWHWKHHIIHFWRIGLVVROYHG ' carbon dioxide on water. Your description should include: ‡DOLVWRIHTXLSPHQWXVHG ‡DVDIHW\SUHFDXWLRQQHHGHG ‡WKHVWHSE\VWHSPHWKRGXVHG ‡GLVFXVVLRQRI\RXUUHVXOWV

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Maintaining a Balance



 HUIRUPD¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQXVLQJWKHOLJKWPLFURVFRSHDQGSUHSDUHGVOLGHVWRJDWKHU 3 LQIRUPDWLRQWRHVWLPDWHWKHVL]HRIUHGDQGZKLWHEORRGFHOOVDQGGUDZVFDOHGGLDJUDPVRIHDFK 2.6.1    

 HVFULEHD¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ\RXSHUIRUPHGWRHVWLPDWHWKHVL]HRIUHGDQGZKLWHEORRG ' cells. Your description should include: ‡DOLVWRIHTXLSPHQWXVHG ‡DVDIHW\SUHFDXWLRQQHHGHG ‡WKHVWHSE\VWHSPHWKRGXVHG ‡GLVFXVVLRQRIKRZ\RXHVWLPDWHGWKHVL]HRIWKH¿HOGRIYLHZ

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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2.6.2

Use the following diagram to identify a red blood cell and a white blood cell and for each of these cells estimate its size.

10 microns



 XWOLQHWKHQHHGIRUR[\JHQLQOLYLQJFHOOVDQGH[SODLQZK\UHPRYDORIFDUERQGLR[LGHIURPFHOOV 2 is essential. 2.7.1

Explain why living cells need oxygen.

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2.7.2

Explain why the removal of carbon dioxide from cells is essential.

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................



 QDO\VHLQIRUPDWLRQIURPVHFRQGDU\VRXUFHVWRLGHQWLI\FXUUHQWWHFKQRORJLHVWKDWDOORZ $ measurement of oxygen saturation and carbon dioxide concentrations in blood and describe DQGH[SODLQWKHFRQGLWLRQVXQGHUZKLFKWKHVHWHFKQRORJLHVDUHXVHG 2.8.1

When researching information from websites, what details should you check to ensure the TXDOLW\DQGDFFXUDF\RIWKHLQIRUPDWLRQ\RXREWDLQ"

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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2.8.2

Describe a current technology that allows the measurement of oxygen saturation in blood and explain the conditions under which this technology is used.

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2.8.3

Describe a current technology that allows the measurement of carbon dioxide concentrations in blood and explain the conditions under which this technology is used.

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2.9

Analyse and present information from secondary sources to identify the products extracted from donated blood and discuss the uses of these products. 2.9.1

Complete the following table to show four products from donated blood and the uses of these products.

Product extracted from donated blood

Is component from plasma or blood cells?

Use

2.10 Analyse and present information from secondary sources to report on progress in the SURGXFWLRQRIDUWL¿FLDOEORRGDQGXVHDYDLODEOHHYLGHQFHWRSURSRVHUHDVRQVZK\VXFKUHVHDUFK is needed. 2.10.1 :  KDWLVPHDQWE\µDUWL¿FLDOEORRG¶DQGZK\DUHEORRGVXEVWLWXWHVRIWHQFODVVL¿HGDVHLWKHU ‘volume expanders’ or ‘oxygen therapeutics’? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2.10.2 , QWKHVUHVHDUFKEHJDQLQWREORRGVXEVWLWXWHV3HUÀXRURFDUERQVZHUHGHYHORSHG DQGPRUHUHFHQWGHYHORSPHQWVLQFURVVOLQNLQJDQGFKHPLFDOPRGL¿FDWLRQKDYHOHGWR haemoglobin solutions. Explain why research is needed in this area. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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2.10.3 Assess a named blood substitute product. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2.11 Describe current theories about processes responsible for the movement of materials through plants in xylem and phloem tissue. 2.11.1 Identify the parts of vascular tissue in plants and their functions. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2.11.2 Describe the process for movement of materials in xylem tissue. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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2.11.3 Describe the process for movement of materials in phloem tissue. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

 &  KRRVHHTXLSPHQWRUUHVRXUFHVWRSHUIRUPD¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWRJDWKHU¿UVWKDQGGDWDWR GUDZWUDQVYHUVHDQGORQJLWXGLQDOVHFWLRQVRISKORHPDQG[\OHPWLVVXH 2.12.1 The diagrams show two ways of cutting plant sections. Method A

Method B

Razor blade Razor blade

Stem Stem Longitudinal section Transverse section

Describe the use of each method. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2.12.2 The diagram shows a stained tissue of plant stem as seen under high power with a light microscope. Name the type of section used to make this slide, the tissue, the material WUDQVSRUWHGE\WKLVWLVVXHDQGLGHQWLI\HDFKSDUWWKDWKDVEHHQLGHQWL¿HGZLWKDQDUURZ (a)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(b) ............................................................................................................................................................ (c) ............................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................

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2.12.3 The diagram shows a student drawing of what was seen under high power of a light microscope after making a thin section of plant stem. What is this section?

..............................................................................................................................................................

Label the different cell types.

2.13 Applied Question Section 2 Compare the transport of water in plants with the transport of water in animals. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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3. Plants and animals regulate the concentration of gases, water and waste products of metabolism in cells and in interstitial fluid. 

 [SODLQZK\WKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIZDWHULQFHOOVVKRXOGEHPDLQWDLQHGZLWKLQDQDUURZUDQJHIRU ( optimal function. 3.1.1

 [SODLQZK\DFKDQJHLQWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIZDWHULQFHOOVFDQKDYHVHULRXVFRQVHTXHQFHVRQ ( cell metabolism.

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................



([SODLQZK\WKHUHPRYDORIZDVWHVLVHVVHQWLDOIRUFRQWLQXHGPHWDEROLFDFWLYLW\ 3.2.1

Identify the main metabolic wastes products and discuss why they need to be removed from the body.

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,GHQWLI\WKHUROHRIWKHNLGQH\LQWKHH[FUHWRU\V\VWHPRI¿VKDQGPDPPDOV 3.3.1

&RPSDUHWKHUROHRIWKHNLGQH\LQPDPPDOVIUHVKZDWHU¿VKDQGVDOWZDWHU¿VK

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 [SODLQZK\WKHSURFHVVHVRIGLIIXVLRQDQGRVPRVLVDUHLQDGHTXDWHLQUHPRYLQJGLVVROYHG ( QLWURJHQRXVZDVWHVLQVRPHRUJDQLVPV 3.4.1

Explain why many organisms do not rely on diffusion and osmosis as the only processes to remove dissolved nitrogenous wastes.

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 LVWLQJXLVKEHWZHHQDFWLYHDQGSDVVLYHWUDQVSRUWDQGUHODWHWKHVHWRSURFHVVHVRFFXUULQJLQWKH ' mammalian kidney. 3.5.1

What is the difference between active and passive transport?

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3.5.2

Describe active and passive transport in the mammalian kidney.

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 [SODLQKRZWKHSURFHVVHVRI¿OWUDWLRQDQGUHDEVRUSWLRQLQWKHPDPPDOLDQQHSKURQUHJXODWH ( ERG\ÀXLGFRPSRVLWLRQ 3.6.1

 [SODLQKRZ¿OWUDWLRQDQGUHDEVRUSWLRQLQWKHNLGQH\PDLQWDLQWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIZDWHUDQG ( salts in the body.

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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 HUIRUPD¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIWKHVWUXFWXUHRIDPDPPDOLDQNLGQH\E\GLVVHFWLRQXVHRI 3 DPRGHORUYLVXDOUHVRXUFHDQGLGHQWLI\WKHUHJLRQVLQYROYHGLQWKHH[FUHWLRQRIZDVWHSURGXFWV 3.7.1    

 HVFULEHD¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ\RXSHUIRUPHGWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHVWUXFWXUHRIDPDPPDOLDQ ' kidney by dissection. Your description should include: ‡DOLVWRIHTXLSPHQWXVHG ‡DVDIHW\SUHFDXWLRQQHHGHG ‡WKHVWHSE\VWHSPHWKRGXVHG ‡ODEHOOHGGLDJUDPRIWKHLQWHUQDOVWUXFWXUHRIDNLGQH\DVVHHQLQWKHGLVVHFWLRQ

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Labelled diagram of kidney:

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3.8

Gather, process and analyse information from secondary sources to compare the process of UHQDOGLDO\VLVZLWKWKHIXQFWLRQRIWKHNLGQH\ 3.8.1

'H¿QHGLDO\VLVDQGRXWOLQHKRZLWFDQDSSO\WRWKHNLGQH\

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3.8.2

Fill in the following table to compare renal dialysis and the kidney.

Feature

Kidney

Renal dialysis

Structure

Function and nitrogenous wastes

Other functions

How often it occurs

Filtration and reabsorption

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 XWOLQHWKHUROHRIWKHKRUPRQHVDOGRVWHURQHDQG$'+DQWLGLXUHWLFKRUPRQH LQWKHUHJXODWLRQ 2 RIZDWHUDQGVDOWOHYHOVLQEORRG 3.9.1

Complete the following table to summarise the hormones aldosterone and ADH.

Feature

Aldosterone

Antidiuretic hormone

Where it is produced

When it is produced

Stored

Travels

Action

Suppression

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 3  UHVHQWLQIRUPDWLRQWRRXWOLQHWKHJHQHUDOXVHRIKRUPRQHUHSODFHPHQWWKHUDS\LQSHRSOHZKR cannot secrete aldosterone. 3.10.1 What is hormone replacement therapy? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3.10.2 Describe the use of hormone replacement therapy for kidney conditions involving aldosterone GH¿FLHQFLHV ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3.11 Analyse information from secondary sources to compare and explain the differences in urine FRQFHQWUDWLRQRIWHUUHVWULDOPDPPDOVPDULQH¿VKDQGIUHVKZDWHU¿VK 3.11.1 Complete the table to summarise the three types of nitrogenous wastes. Feature

O H N

C

H N H

O

C

HN

C

H

O

Ammonia

C

C N H

O

H2N

C

NH2

Urea N H

Uric acid Formation and energy needed for formation

Toxicity

Solubility

Animals releasing this as nitrogenous waste

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3.11.2 In vertebrates, the function of the kidneys is the removal of nitrogenous and other wastes. .LGQH\VDUHDOVRLQYROYHGLQWKHRVPRWLFUHJXODWLRQRIERG\ÀXLGV,GHQWLI\WKHPDLQ nitrogenous waste and where it is removed from the bodies of terrestrial mammals, marine ¿VKDQGIUHVKZDWHU¿VK5HODWHWKLVH[FUHWLRQWRWKHXULQHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIWKHVHDQLPDOV ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

 8  VHDYDLODEOHHYLGHQFHWRH[SODLQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHFRQVHUYDWLRQRIZDWHUDQGWKH SURGXFWLRQDQGH[FUHWLRQRIFRQFHQWUDWHGQLWURJHQRXVZDVWHVLQDUDQJHRI$XVWUDOLDQLQVHFWV and terrestrial mammals. 3.12.1 Leichhardt’s Grasshopper, Petasida ephippigera is a bright red, blue and orange grasshopper found on the eastern side of Australia. The Giant Australian termite, Mastotermes darwiniensis is only found in tropical northern Australia and nearby islands. It is Australia’s most destructive termite and builds large mounds. Grasshoppers and termites excrete uric acid. Explain the relationship between conservation of water and production of uric acid for these insects. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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3.12.2 7  KHVSLQLIH[KRSSLQJPRXVHNotomys alexis lives in the desert and can survive by eating seeds, insects and plant roots and not drinking water. Their urine is one of the most concentrated found in mammals and they eliminate an almost dry faeces. Explain the relationship between conservation of water and the concentration of their nitrogenous waste IRUWKHVSLQLIH[KRSSLQJPRXVH ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

 '  H¿QHHQDQWLRVWDVLVDVWKHPDLQWHQDQFHRIPHWDEROLFDQGSK\VLRORJLFDOIXQFWLRQVLQUHVSRQVHWR variations in the environment and discuss its importance to estuarine organisms in maintaining appropriate salt concentrations. 3.13.1 'H¿QHHQDQWLRVWDVLV ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3.13.2 Describe the main features of an estuarine environment. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3.14 Process and analyse information from secondary sources and use available evidence to discuss processes used by different plants for salt regulation in saline environments. 3.14.1 Describe two different processes to regulate salt levels of named plants that live in saline environments. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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 '  HVFULEHDGDSWDWLRQVRIDUDQJHRIWHUUHVWULDO$XVWUDOLDQSODQWVWKDWDVVLVWLQPLQLPLVLQJZDWHU loss. 3.15.1 Complete the following table to summarise the adaptations of each Australian plant. Plant and feature

Diagram

How feature minimises water loss

Eucalypts Leaves hang vertically.

Spinifex grass Leaf can coil around underside.

Hakea multilineata (grass-leaf hakea) Leaves are long, thin blades.

Carpobrotus rossii (pigface) Leaves are thick, succulent.

Actinotus spp (flannel flower) Leaves have dense covering of pale woolly hairs.

Acacia spp Have extensive root system with root nodules.

Oleander Deep root system below the water table.

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 3  HUIRUPD¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWRJDWKHULQIRUPDWLRQDERXWVWUXFWXUHVLQSODQWVWKDWDVVLVWLQ WKHFRQVHUYDWLRQRIZDWHU 3.16.1 To investigate structures in plants used in the conservation of water, some HSC Biology VWXGHQWVPDGHDWKLQFURVVVHFWLRQRIDOHDIRIVSLQLIH[JUDVV7KH\REVHUYHGWKHVHFWLRQ under low power of a light microscope and drew the following diagram for their results. Low power spinifex grass stem

Identify two features on this diagram and discuss how each structure assists in the conservation of water. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3.17 Applied Question Section 3 Compare an adaptation to reduce water loss in an Australian plant with a mechanism to reduce water loss in an Australian animal. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Science Press

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DOT POINT Answers

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Answers

Notes ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Maintaining a Balance 1.1.1

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1.1.3

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Maintaining a Balance

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1.12.1 Temperature change

Example

What happens

How this assists plant

Becomes much colder

Beech tree

Tree is deciduous, leaves are dropped in winter

Reduces growth rate, less energy is needed and avoids damage to leaves

Becomes much colder

Daffodil

Plant dies back leaving no parts above ground

Bulb is protected underground to survive winter and will sprout when conditions favourable

Becomes hotter

Geraniums

The plant produces smaller leaves to reduce surface area exposed to heat

Leaves have stomates and higher temperatures can lead to increased transpiration which causes plant to dry out

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Hakea

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Seeds are released onto soil covered in ash with less ground cover giving the seeds a higher chance of survival

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Maintaining a Balance

2.1.1 Substance

Form carried in mammalian blood

Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide travels in different forms in the blood – around 7% carbon dioxide dissolves directly in the plasma, about 23% combines with haemoglobin forming carbaminohaemoglobin and about 70% forms hydrogen – carbonate ions (HCO3 ) and travels in the plasma.

Oxygen

Oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin in red blood cells.

Water

Water travels in plasma as water molecules.

Salt

Salts travel as either positive or negative ions, e.g. potsssium ions (K ).

Lipids

Many lipids are water-insoluble and only travel in the blood when they are coated with proteins becoming lipoproteins and travel as high-density lipoproteins (HDL) or low-density lipoproteins (LDL).

Nitrogenous waste

The nitrogenous waste is ammonia, but as this is toxic most mammals convert the ammonia to urea. The conversion occurs in the liver and the kidneys filter the urea from the blood.

Other products of digestion

Many products of digestion are soluble and travel dissolved in the plasma, e.g. amino acids, glucose, vitamins.

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2.3.3 Feature

Arteries

Capillaries

Veins

Diagram Fibrous outer layer Muscle and elastic fibres Endothelium

Single layer of cells

Fibrous outer layer Muscle and elastic fibres Endothelium

Definition

Carry blood away from the heart

Thin-walled blood vessels, e.g. link arteries to veins

Carry blood to the heart

Wall structure

Thick elastic muscular wall with three main layers with muscle and elastic tissue

Walls are only a single cell in thickness with no elastic or muscular fibres

Thin walls with fewer elastic and muscle fibres than the equivalent layers in arteries

Blood pressure

Highest blood pressure is in arteries near the heart, e.g. aorta

Small diameter causes high frictional resistance, restricts blood flow and lowers blood pressure

Lower blood pressure, insufficient to return all blood from extremities to the heart

Diameter of blood vessel

Small bore

Bore is diameter of one red blood cell

Large bore

Function

Distribute blood away from the heart, e.g. to arterioles that carry blood to capillaries

Exchange vessels when chemicals, e.g. gases exchange between blood and interstitial fluid surrounding cells

Return blood to the heart from capillaries to venules to veins

Composition of blood present

Most arteries carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery)

Gas exchange occurs, e.g. oxygen from blood into tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues into blood

Most veins carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein)

Valves

No valves

No valves

Valves present to prevent back-flow

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2.4.1 Location

Chemical that changes concentration

Why the change in concentration occurs

Lungs

Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide increases in concentration as it diffuses into the lungs from the blood returning from respiring body cells.

Lungs

Oxygen

Oxygen decreases in concentration as it diffuses out of the alveoli in the lungs into the blood to be taken to cells for respiration.

Villi of small intestine

Amino acids and glucose

Glucose and amino acids decrease in concentration as they diffuse from the small intestine into the blood to be taken away to be used by the body.

Liver

Glucose

Glucose concentration can decrease in the liver when there is too much glucose in the bloodstream and the glucose is removed to be stored as glycogen. Glucose concentration can increase in the liver when there is not enough glucose in the blood for maintaining stable body conditions.

Kidneys

Water

Water can be removed from blood or reabsorbed back into blood during the filtration process in the kidneys. Osmoregulation maintains a constant water balance in the body.

Kidneys

Nitrogenous waste

Most mammals produce urea as the main nitrogenous waste. It is formed when excess amino acids accumulate after the digestion of proteins and when cells metabolise proteins into amino acids. The excess amino acids cannot be stored and are taken to the liver where they are deaminated. The concentration of urea increases in the kidneys as it is filtered from the blood and accumulated to be excreted.

Glands

Hormones

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into blood, e.g. hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes. The hormone travels around the body in the blood until it reaches the target cell/tissue.

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Maintaining a Balance



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