BIOLOGY Form 4 Chapter 5 Cell Division

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4551/2 Chapter 5:Cell division

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5.1 Mitosis The meaning and significance of mitosis No (a)

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Trial Kedah 2008 Trial selangor 2010

Marking scheme State three importance of mitosis to living organism 3m P1- mitosis increases the number of cells in organism (during growth process) P2- mitosis important for replacing dead / worn out / damaged cells. P3- Injured organ can be repaired P4- Some organism can regenerate lost parts of their bodies/ reproduction through Mitosis P5- mitosis ensures that new cells that are formed will have exactly the same genetic information and characteristic as it parent cell. Explain the important of the process (mitosis) to the living thing Essay & Structure F1-increase the number of cells(during growth process) P1-replacing dead cell/repair the damaged tissue/organ P2-for growth/development in living organism F2-to produce genetically identical for daughter cells P3-asexual reproduction (for unicellular organism) P4-maintain the chromosomal number (of daughter cells) any 2 F+P Give two significant of mitosis P1-Mitosis allow a zygote to produce more cell in order to grow into a a multicellular organism P2-Mitotic cell division allows damaged cells to be repaired replaced and regenerated P3-Mitosis is the basis for asexual reproduction in unicellular organism

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Where do processes (mitosis) occur in an animal?/ Name the type of cell in human where mitosis take place Somatic cells

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Give three example of cells named in (c) Muscle cells Connective cells //blood cell/nervous cells

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Chromosomes and chromosomal number No (a)

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State the chromosomal number of each daughter cell produced at the end of the division shown in diagram 3 12chromosomes Trial Johor 2011 Based on your biological knowledge, give a reason for answer E2-During meiosis, the cell undergoes two nuclear division but the chromosomes/DNA of each chromosomes only replicates once E3-each daughter cell receives half the number of chromosomes from the parent cell Any one E The chromosome number in somatic cell of this organism is 12 state the chromosome number in each of the daughter cell in Z A-Six(chromosomes) R-(during meiosis) the daughter cell/ n receive half the daughter chromosome from the parent cells/2n//daughter cell haploid/n, daughter cell haploid/2n

The cell cycle No (a)

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Phase V

Name phase U and V Phase U: Interphase Phase V: Mitotic cell division/M phase (b)

(c)

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Phase U is further divided into three sub phases, X, Y and Z. Describe what Happens at sub phases X, Y and Z. X : Cell synthesizes protein / new organelles formed Y : DNA is synthesized / is replicated / 2 sister chromatids formed Z : Cell accumulates energy / synthesize energy / prepare forcell division The number of chromosomes present in the nucleus of a somatic cell is 6. Diagram 2.2 shows a stage of cell division to produce gametes. Complete the diagram to show the chromosomes for a daughter cell produced

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4551/2 Chapter 5:Cell division

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at the end of sub-phase Q 2

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No. of chromosomes are haploid / 3 chromosomes Types of chromosomes/ non homologous New genetic combination any 2

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Name stage Q Interphase Explain the importance of stage Q 2/State what happen in cell during U phase F1-Replication of DNA occurs P1-to produce two genetically identical sister chromatids F2-Synthesis ATP //accumulate energy

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Interphase Interphase G1

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Name phase P and state the process that occurs in this phase 2 P1-G1/growth phase 1 P2-synthesis of new protein /organelles occurs in the cell S phase G2

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Describe what happens at S phase DNA is synthesized / is replicated / 2 sister chromatids formed Describe what happens at G2 Cell accumulates energy / synthesize energy / prepare for cell division Module Biology Trial paper collection

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4551/2 Chapter 5:Cell division

The phase of mitosis in animal cells

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Trial Johor 2010 Trial Kedah 2008 Trial Pahang 2007

Trial PP 2012 No (a)

(b) (c)

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What is meant by Mitosis P1-The division of cell nucleus forms two daughter cell P2-Each with same chromosome number and type of chromosome as the parent State the type cell division involved in the cell cycle/ What type of nuclear division is Mitosis/Mitotic cell division State one reason for your answer(refer to the question got answer there) e.g. mitosis occur in root cell /somatic cell P1-has 4 phase : prophase /metaphase/anaphase/telophase P2-Only 2 daughter cells are formed / produced P3- Chromosome number in the daughter cells are same as parents State two characteristic of daughter cell when parent cell undergoes P(mitosis) P1-The daughter cell has a similar number of chromosome to the parent cell P2-The daughter cell has similar genetic content to the parent cell

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In diagram 2 which chromosomes labeled A,B,C,D is homologous to chromosomes x E Explain why root tip is used for preparing slide to shows this cell cycle2m F :Root tip is growing region/root tip has meristem P: the cell are actively dividing by mitosis

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Arrange the stages in Diagram 1 according to the correct sequence of events during cell division. L, N, K and M State one organs where this type of cell division occurs Ovary//testis

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Marking scheme Name the stages labeled L/ What stage of nuclear division is Prophase State the characteristic of the of phase (prophase) P1-the chromosome become shorter and thicker P2-Each chromosome consists of two identical thread called chromatids Explain what happen at stage L P1-chromosomes thicken and shorten P2-the nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear P3-The spindle fibres form Name the stages labeled N/ What stage of nuclear division is Metaphase Explain the behavior of chromosomes during stages K and N./ Give a reason for your answer Homologous chromosomes line up / align at metaphase plate

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Explain the chromosomal behavior in stage Q F-Q is metaphase E1-Chromosome align at metaphase plate/equator of the cell E2-spindle fibres fully formed E3-Attach to centromere of the chromosome Any 2 For a plant cell where 2n=4, draw three separate diagram to show Metaphase, mitosis

D- Chromosome are line up on the spindle fibre State the important of the chromosomal behavior in mentioned in (b) (i) P1-to ensure new cells produced are identical in chromosomal number P2-to ensure the sister chromatids can separate /move to the opposite side Name the stages labeled K/ What stage of nuclear division is Anaphase Explain the behavior of chromosomes during stages K and N. K : Sister chromatids separate and move towards the opposite poles

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Name the stage Y Early telophase

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Name the stages labeled M / What stage of nuclear division is Telophase

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Draw the chromosomes in daughter cell I and daughter cell II produced through mitosis

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Draw a daughter cell of cell P after both cells have completed the cell division. in the boxes provided below 2

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NOTE : Number of chromosome ,n = 2. 1 The type (colour) of chromosomes 1 State the number of daughter cells and number of chromosomes (i) Number of daughter cells 4 (ii)

Number of chromosomes

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Cytokinesis No

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Structure v is form during cytokenesis bur in animal cell, actin filament in cytoplasm contract to pull a ring of the plasma membrane inward forming a groove. Name the groove Cleavage furrow

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Explain the process (cytokinesis) occurs (plant cell) F-Cytokinesis,which is the division of cytoplasm P1-A cell plate is formed at the cell equator, that enlarged and eventually combines with the plasma membrane P2-A new cell wall is formed

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Describe how cytokinesis occurs in plant and animal cells to produce two daughter cells. F-process of cytoplasmic division P1-begins before nucleus division is complete / during telophase to form two daughter cells P2-in animal cells, actin filaments in the cytoplasm contracts P3-to pull a ring of the plasma membrane inwards P4-forming a groove called a cleavage furrow P5-the cleavage furrow pinches at the equator of the cell and deepens progressively until two daughter cells are separated P6-in plants cells, the membranous vesicles are formed along the equator between the two nuclei P7-the vesicles fuse to form a cell plate P8-the cell plate grows outwards until its edges fuse with the plasma membrane of the parents cell P9-at the end of cytokinesis , cellulose fibres are produced by the cells to strengthen the new cell walls

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Cytokinesis takes place both in animal cell and plant cell State two similarity and one different between the cytokinesis in animal cell and plant cell during mitosis 1 Similarity-F1-Both involved the division of the cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells 1 F2-Both produced two nuclei each with an identical chromosomes Differences F1-Inanimal cells cytokinesis occurs ny formation of cleavage furrows/actin 1 filament while in plant cell cytokinesis occurs by formation of cell plate Module Biology Trial paper collection

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The effect of uncontrolled mitosis No (a)

Trial Melaka 2009 Trial Melaka 2008

Marking scheme Diagram 2.1 shows the formation of tumor in lungs. Trial Kedah 2008 Tumor is an abnormal mass of cells that can invade and destroy neighboring cells.

Explain the formation of tumor P1-When cell divides through uncontrolled mitosis P2- caused by severe disruptions to the mechanism that controls the cell cycle / give example // mutation P3- cancerous cells will be formed P4-Cancer cells compete with surrounding normal cells to obtain nutrients (and energy) for growth P5-Cancer cells will grow to form tumor, an abnormal mass of cells // Cancerous cell undergoes mitosis to produce more Cancerous cells. P6- tumor can spread/expand and destroy neighboring cells. (b)

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Explain one activity that can cause tumor in lung. F1 : Expose to radiation/ x-ray/ example E1: Consist/ carry high level of energy E2: Destroy/disrupt the chromosome structure Or other suitable example

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Cancer is genetic disease caused by uncontrolled mitosis. Name two chemical substances which cause a cancer P1-benzo-alpha pyrene P2-nicotine/any suitable Name the process occurred and state a factor that causes it Process deletion Factor F1-Rays: X-rays/gamma rays/UV rays/nuclear radiation /radioactive rays F2-chemical: benzene/formaldehyde/carbon tetrachloride/asbestos/mustard gas/ tar/pesticides

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Explain how radiotherapy affected cell cycle in cancer treatment. F : Radiotherapy uses radiation / high energy rays E1 : destroy the nucleus of cancerous cells E2 : cancerous cells die / cannot divide mitotically E3 : cell cycle stops Ahmad has been exposed to gamma rays which results in the failure of structure R to be formed F1 : Structure X is the spindle fibre P2: If structure X fails to be formed, chromosomes cannot be pulled to the opposite poles. P3 : This causes the reproductive cells to have either extra or less number of chromosomes Which process related to the formation of cancerous cells? Mitosis

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Explain how cancerous cells are formed in human body. F: The cancer cells occur due to severe disruption of mechanism that controls the cell cycle. E: The cells divide without control and regulation to form cancerous cells// uncontrolled division of cells forms cancerous cells

(i)

State two ways to prevent from being exposed to factor you have named in above P1-prevent form exposure to radioactive rays//use sun block P2-Prevnet from taking food containing flavor /coloring /additive/ preservative

Cloning No (a)

(b)

Trial Johor 2010 Marking scheme

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Define cloning P1-process of producing new genetically identical organism (refer to the question needed eg. Frog ) P2-Through asexual reproduction P3-by stem/leaf cutting/layering/grafting/tissue culture Explain the principles used in the cloning technique P1 : Cloning is an asexual reproductive process of producing clones//does not involve gamete P2 : A clone is a group of cells//organism//a population of organisms produced from a single ancestral cell. P3 : A clones genetically identical P4 : The technique can be used to produce high quality of organism / orchids/ oil palm / cocoa plants.

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(f) (g) (h)

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Based on Diagram 2, state the meaning of cloning. Cloning is a process to produce a new frog identical to its parent by mitosis Name the type of reproduction shown in Diagram 2. Give a reason for your answer. F-Asexual reproduction. P-The production of offspring is not involving the process of fertilization. Describe why a mature intestinal cell is used in this experiment P1-Mature intestinal cells are able to undergo cell division P2-have all the necessary factors required for a complete cell division. Based on Diagram 2, name the species of frog that will be produced at the endof the experiment Species Y Explain your answer in (g) (i). The nucleus of the frog is obtained from species Y. Describe a cloning technique in a production of dairy cow. F1-Somatic cells from the cow are extracted from the mammary glands/any somatic tissue and placed in culture medium(low nutrient) F2-An egg cell is extracted from the ovary of female cow/surrogate mother F3-The nucleus of egg cell is then sucked out/removed F4-The nucleus of somatic cell fused into the anucleated/ egg cell without nucleus F5-Stimulating them with electric pulse F6-The fused cell/ new cell divides repeatly by mitosis ( in the medium) to form an embryo F7-Th embryo is then implanted into surrogate mother/female cow F8-The embryo develop into a new individual and born as a cloned animal MAX 7 Module Biology Trial paper collection

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Tissue culture No (a)

(b)

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Trial melaka2007 essay Explain how the plant being cloned Technique-tissue culture P1-Small pieces of tissue of (explants) Taken form sterilized parent plant P2-The explants are then placed inside a test tube containing nutrient and growth hormones P3-Plant divide by mitosis to form a callus(undifferentiated mass of tissues) Cells in the callus develop into embryo and later into plantlet P5-The rooted plantlets are then transferred to the soil and kept in controlled environment until they grow into adult plants P6-From one original plant , hundreds of genetically plants could be produced

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Skill of application Q1-Must have P2&P4&P5 Diagram 6.3 shows an experiment to show the different between two ginger plants which is obtained from tissue culture and are planted in two different environment

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A piece tissue is taken from the parent plant

Plantlet is planted in the open ground (loam soil),spaced 30 cm apart and exposed to bright sunlight. the plantlet is watered on alternative days

Plantlet is planted in flower pots (sandy loam soil), spaced 10 cm apart and place under the tree shade. The plantlet is watered on alternate days

Explain the role of tissue culture in this experiment 2 F1-Plantlets from tissue culture have the same genetic material P1-This is to show /ensure/proof the different of the plants in Set A and Set B are caused by abiotic factors

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(c)

Diagram 6.1 is a new variety of vegetable which has a great commercial value Diagram 6.2 is the original parent of the plant Based on the above diagram and with your biological knowledge, explain how a farmer can propagate this variety to give a large scale of yield and at the same tome maintain its quantity 6 P1-the technique used is issue culture technique P2-A piece of tissue / explants is taken from the young part of the parent plant eg. Root and cut into smaller pieces P3-The tissue are sterilized (with dilute sodium hypochlorite solution o prevent the growth of pathogens /bacteria/fungus P4-Each pieces of sterilized tissue ia placed onto a growth medium / gel containing nutrient (eg. Glucose, amino acids, mineral etc.) And hormone/ auxin with optimum pH level P5-The apparatus and culture, medium used must be in sterile condition and keep under the suitable temperature/30oC-35oC P6-the tissue cells then divide repeatedly by mitosis to produce mass of undifferentiated cell/callus P7-After several weeks, callus differentiated to produce shoots and roots /organogenesis P8-once the roots grow , the plantlets/ little plant removed and transferred t the soil for growth into the adult plant P9-the plantlets produce this way are genetically identical and known as clones P10-Therefore, all adults’ plans that develops from them fruits

Advantage of cloning No (a)

(b)

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Trial Johor 2010 Trial Melaka 2009 Marking scheme

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State one advantage of cloning Advantage P1-large number of offspring can be produce P2-in a short time P3-All the good characteristic of parent can be maintained in offspring

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A farmer wants to breed a good variety of banana plants for commercial production. Suggest a suitable method to be used and explain how the method named can increase the crop yield. 3 T : Tissue culture / Cloning E1 : Large numbers of clones can be produced E2 : Within a short period of time / any time Module Biology Trial paper collection

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E3 : Clones inherited good characteristics/ resistance to diseases / fast growth rate / large fruit / good genetic traits A farmer wants to breed a good variety of pineapple plants for commercial production Suggest a suitable method to be used which is involved the cell cycle in diagram 2.1 cloning Explain how the method named can increase the crop yield F-large numbers of clones can be produced E1-Within a short period of time / any time E2-clones inherited good characteristic E3-example on good characteristic /resistance to disease /fast growth rate/large fruit ANY 2

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Disadvantage of cloning No (a)

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Trail Johor 2010 Trial Melaka 2009 Marking scheme

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State one disadvantage of cloning Disadvantage P3-The offspring produced do not show any genetic variation P4-the offspring produced have same level of resistant to certain disease/pests P5-All the offspring can be destroyed by a disease if they do now have the resistance State a problem that can occur when using this method(cloning) Clones can be destroyed completely if they do not have the resistance to new diseases / pest.//No variation

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5.2 Meiosis The significant of meiosis No (a)

Marking scheme State the importance of processes P and Q.

(b)

P : To produce haploid gamete cell Name two cells produced through meiosis in humans P1- ovum / egg cell P2- sperm / spermatids

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Where do processes P (meiosis) occur in an animal? P: In reproductive organ// ovary// testis 77

The necessity for the production of haploid gametes the type of cells that undergoes meiosis Module Biology Trial paper collection

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No (a)

(b)

2014

Marking scheme

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Trial Kedah 2012 Trial Pahang 2008 Trial PP 2012 Trial SBP 2012

Based on diagram 3.1, name the type of cell division / What type of nuclear division is Meiosis State your reason P1-The crossing over process occur during prophase P2-The tetrad(sister chromatids) are formed

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(c) Membrane V

(a) Name the structure labeled P, Q and membrane V. P : Centriole Q : Chromatid Membrane V : nuclear membrane (d) (e)

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State the function of centromere Hold two sister chromatid together What happen to the homologous chromosomes in (i)First cytoplasmic division The homologous chromosomes separate in opposite direction (ii)Second cytoplasmic division The chromatids separate into two to form a haploid form

The stage of meiosis I Phase Prophase I

Trial Pahang 2008 Trial PP 2012 Trial SBP 2012 Trial selangor 2010 Marking scheme

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Name stage X/ Name phase X Prophase I

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Explain one important event that takes place using stage X(Prophase I) / Explain the chromosome behaviour during this phase 1 F1-crossing over 1 E1-An exchange of segment of DNA between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes 1 E2-which result in new combination of genes on a chromosomes AN Y 2 Module Biology Trial paper collection

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Metaphase I

Trial Johor 2011 Trial Kedah 2012

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Explain how the chromosome behavior contributes to the survival of animal species P1-(crossing over) cause variation to occur among animal species 1 P2-this will enhance the ability to adapt in different environment 1 State the event that occur during stage X in diagram 3.1 Crossing over 1 Explain one important event in stage X ( crossing over) P1-(the crossing over results) exchange of genetic material between non-sister 1 chromatids of a bivalent 1 P2-result in the new combination of alleles on a chromosome//cause variation Explain the process /chromosome behavior that occur in stage X Essay & Structure 1 P1-Chromosome become shorter thicker 1 P2-Homologous chromosome (come together) to form bivalent 1 P3-through a process synapsis (sometimes no marks given) 1 P4-Non sister chromatids exchange segment of DNA/genetic material// 1 P5-through Crossing over 1 P5-nucleus membrane disappears P6- Spindle fibres form Name stage /phase Y// Describe the behavior of chromosomes in X and Y Metaphase I 1 Explain the chromosomal behavior during phase T P1-Homologous chromosomes are arranged in line 1 P2-at the metaphase plate//cell equator 1 Explain events during metaphase I which contribute to variation in organism P1-Independent assortment of chromosomes 1 P2-which are randomly arranged during metaphase I, produce different haploid 1 gametes Draw the chromosome behaviour in stage Y L-Location of homologous chromosomes 1 P-correct pairing 1 For a plant cell where 2n=4, draw three separate diagram to show Metaphase I, meiosis, and

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Describe the chromosomes behavior in stage R P1-Homologous chromosomes P2-move to opposite poles Module Biology Trial paper collection

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Cell wall-1 homologous chromosome line uo at metaphase plate -1 Anaphase I

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State one significance of the movement of the chromosomes in Cell B. When homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposites poles of Cell B, the chromosome number is halved.

Explain the process that occurs in stage Stage S: Telophase 1

P2-spindle fibre disappears

Phase Prophase II

Anaphase II

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P1- chromosome arrive at the poles

The stage or meiosis II

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Trial selangor 2010

Marking scheme Draw the chromosome behavior in stages D and E in the space provided D :Chromosome are in prophase II

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For a plant cell where 2n=4, draw three separate diagram to show Metaphase, meiosis in three different cells of the same plant.

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1 Telophase II Trial Kedah 2012 Trial Melaka 2008 Selangor 2008

State the occurrence at Telophase II P1-four daughter cells formed P2-each daughter cell has two chromosome/haploid/n

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Trial Johor 2011

Based on diagram 3, draw one of the cell daughter cells produced at the end of the division

Any one daughter cell with the correct combination of chromosomes Correct drawing of chromosomes (number and combination)-D1 Correct drawing of the cell (chromosomes are enclosed in a nuclear-D2

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Draw the possible chromatids that occur after the non disjunction in diagram 3.1 81

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D:all correct the number of sister chromatids formed S:al correct the sequence of sister chromatids formed Module Biology Trial paper collection

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Draw a daughter cell of cell P and Q after both cells have completed the cell Division. in the boxes provided below

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NOTE: Number of chromosome, 2n = 4. The type (color) of chromosomes

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The different between meiosis I and meiosis II No (a)

Marking scheme Trial Johor 2011 Selangor 2008 Based on diagram 3, state two different between the chromosomal behaviour in stage X and Y

Prophase I D1-Homologous chromosomes are arranged randomly D2-The centromeres of the chromosomes are not hold by/attached to any spindle fibre. D3-(the homologous chromosomes paired and) crossing over take place (b)

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Metaphase I Homologous chromosomes are arranged on the metaphase/equator plate The centromeres of chromosomes are hold by/attached to the spindle fibre (the homologous chromosomes paired and) crossing over does not take place

Meiosis consists of two spate division; meiosis I and meiosis II .there are a lot of different between both division .Give two differences between prophase I and Prophase II Prophase Prophase II P1There is no synapsis occurs Synapsis occurs between homologous chromosomes P2The chromosome do not crossing over Corssing over occurs between homologous chromosomes

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State the different between meiosis I and meiosis II based on stage P, Q, R dan S. Stage Meiosis I Meiosis II Prophase P

Homologous together

form

chromosome bivalent

come chromosome locate at random no

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through crossing over

synapsis.There is crossing over Metaphase Q Anaphase R Telophase

Pairs of homologous chromosome

chromosome arrange at metaphase

arrange at metaphase plate

plate in a straight line

Homologous

chromosome

move Chromatid move to opposite poles

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towards opposite poles Chromosome arrive at the poles

Chromatid arrive at poles

The differences and similarity between mitosis and meiosis No (a)

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Trial Melaka 2008 Kelantan 2008

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Trial Melaka 2008 Diagram 3.1 shows cell P and cell Q undergoes one of the stages for two types of cell division

(a) (i) State the type of cell division shown in diagram 3.1 P : Meiosis Q : Mitosis (b)

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According to the stage metaphase anaphase telophase in the cell division , differentiate the event happening during mitosis and meiosis Stage Mitosis Meiosis Metaphase D1-homologous chromosome are D2-homologous chromosome line up arranged in linear sequence side by side at the metaphase plate /randomly at the mata phase plate D3-seperation f sister chromatids D4-seperation of homologous Anaphase to the opposite pole// the chromosomes to the opposite centromere of each chromosome pole//sister chromatids still remain divide into two and allows sister attached to each other during chromtids to move to opposite pole movement to the opposite pole Module Biology Trial paper collection

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D5-two daughter nuclei are formed D7-Four daughter nuclei are formed D6-Diploid (2n) number of D8-diploid (2n) number of chromosome is remain chromosomes is reduced to haploid D6-daughter cells are genetically D9-daughter cells are differ from the identical to each other and to the parent and from each other// variation parent cell occurs among daughter clls 1m each= max 4 marks State a function of the two cell divisions mentioned in (a)(i). P : Meiosis is important in producing gametes Q : Mitosis is important in replacing dead // damaged cells // asexual reproduction // increasing the number of cells (growth) State one differences between process P (meiosis) and Q (mitosis). Telopase

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P1- crossing over occur in P but not in Q 1 P2-Process P produces 4 daughter cells whereas process Q produces 2 daughter cells. 1 P3-Daughter cells produced in P have variation whereas daughter cells produced in Q are 1 identical to parent cell. Any two State the different processes U (Meiosis) and V (Mitosis) 2 P1-Number of chromosome of daughter cells is halved in U compared to process V which has 4 1 P2-crossing over occurred in process U but in V, the daughter cells are genetically identical 1 P3-Daughter cells are variant in process U but in V , the daughter cells are genetically identical 1 ANY 2 Explain the differences between mitosis and meiosis, by using appropriate diagram Mitosis Prophase

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Meiosis Prophase I 1

location of chromosome is at random

homologous chromosome synapsis 1

no crossing over/ no chiasmata

crossing over/ chiasmata

Metaphase

Metaphase I

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chromosome are arrange at the middle of cell

homologous chromosome are arrange at the middle of cell

Anaphase

Anaphase I

chromatid move to the opposite pole

homologous chromosome will move to the

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1 opposite Telophase

Telophase I 1

Each daughter cell has the same number

Each daughter cell has half number

of chromosome

1

2 daughter cell that is 2n

4 daughter cell that is n

only one division

two times division

does not cause genetic variation

cause genetic variation Diagram: 4

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Exp: 6 = Max: 10

10

The important of meiotic cell division No (a)

Marking scheme

Marks

85

Explain why the sperm has 24 chromosomes P1-Homologous chromosome fail to separate equally(during anaphase I)

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(b)

(c)

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P2-due to exposure to mutagen //any example of mutagen Explain the genetic disease faced by offspring P P1-offspring has 47 chromosome P2-Down syndrome P3-Chromosome number 21 has three chromosome P4-Has short tongue/broad face//any suitable characteristic any 2 Trial melaka2007 Mitosis, differentiation and growth

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2

2

Juvenile (2n)

Mitosis differentiate and growth Zygote (2n)

Adults (2n)

Meiosis Sperm (n)

Fusion to form zygote

(d)

Egg (n)

Meiosis

Haploid stages diploid stages

Explain the importance of meiosis in maintaining the number of chromosomes in human in diagram 7.1 The important of cell division P1-Meiosis is the process of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in new cells //meiosis halved the number of chromosomes in the parent cell P2-Meiosis produce haploid reproductive cell or gamete P3-each gamete receive one chromosomes from every pairs of homologous chromosomes P4-the gamete contain only 23 chromosomes/haploid number of chromosomes P5-sexual reproduction involved the fusion of two haploid gamete during the fertilization P6-this result in the formation of a diploid zygote with 46 chromosomes (similar number of chromosomes with parent) Explain briefly how meiosis involved in genetic variation. F1 - crossing over during prophase I of meiosis E1 – non sister chromatids of homologous chromosome break at the chiasma E2 – segments of the chromatids exchange places E3 – segment of the marternal chromatids become attached to the paternal chromatids E4 – new combinations of genes are produced on these chromatids F2 – independent assortment of chromosome

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E1 – at metaphase I the homologous pairs of chromosomes arranged on the metaphase plate at random E2 – each homologous pair of chromosomes is positioned relative to the poles of the cell independent of other pairs E3 – there is independent assortment of maternal and paternal chromosomes into daughter cells E4 – result in a variety of gametes each with different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosome

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5.3 Appreciating the movement of chromosome during mitosis and meiosis Trial Kedah 2012 No (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Marking scheme

Marks

Trial Johor 2011 Explain what will happen in human if the chromosomes fail to separate during stage Y 2 E1-One of the daughter cells produced might contain one extra chromosomes/one lesser chromosome E2-During fertilization , if the cell with an extra /lesser chromosome fuses with an normal sperm the zygote shall contain one extra/47//one lesser/45 chromosomes E3-producing down/klinefelter’s//turner’s syndrome baby/offspring ANY two

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Name the disorder that may occur when normal gamete fertilize with the no disjunction affecting human chromosomes 21that occur as in diagram 3..2 Down syndrome This child is suffering from a type of genetic disorder/ he has a moon face , slated eye, a short neck and protruding tongue/ Uncontrolled meiosis leads to gamete produced both abnormal number of chromosomes .Name one disease caused by uncontrolled meiosis 1 Down syndrome /turner syndrome /klinefelter Based on the information above , name the type of genetic disorder shown by the child Down’s syndrome

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3

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The ovum in diagram 22 carrier 24 chromosomes. Which chromosomes has an extra copy Chromosomes number 21 Explain how the abnormal chromosomal number in the ovum can cause the genetic disorder mentioned in P1-Chromosomes number 21 fails to separate during anaphase I//non –disjunction of chromosomes number 21 during anaphase I P2-When fertilization occurs, 24 chromosomes in the ovum will fused with 23 chromosomes in the sperm P3-produce zygote with 47 chromosomes // trisomy 21

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