Biology Essay Points

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@  
    ALLAH HELPS THOSE WHO HELP THEMSELVES







Y  AND VE A+ BI L Y PREPARED BY : îY V
D IKVAL BIN ASVNI îY NR
AFIZA
BINTI SAZALI 

 

c


 

)' *  rY R##$ $$ "'+ rY "'$*#' * + rY #+  '"   $"  # '"     + rY R#" $   $," *."$ "' ##$ + rY R##$ " $   "# '$ "$, + rY R$,  *"$ $ $ '$**$  "* $**+ rY R "'" "$ "  *#+

Simple Diffusion rY i,"  " ' " ' " " " ' " " " "+ rY  "'$" " " "'$ ""  "-      ,$+ rY R# $  $-* '*+ rY R " " "'$ "#, $ "'*,  ""$  +

Facilitated Diffusion rY     !!     "  "  # $ % "& "   $& " $"$' ( rY @ ) " rY R   # " "  " *  "$ "'      # '#"+ rY R   ,     # "    #      + rY    "$      # "  , + rY @ # " "' #"$ #    '  #"+

Active Transport XY ,"  "' "  " " "'$ "  #"+ XY -   # ""$ .#"$ "'*+ XY á"'*R)%$" "  ##( '"$$ "' #  " "  "$ + XY   ,   "$R)  + XY R  # " "'#" ##'#R)   "$  XY R" ,$  #"+

 

smosis: the diffusion of water rY i,"*, "' ' " " " "' " ' " " "' î# "+!! rY i,"' "  ' " " "' "  " " "+!! rY i,"*#"  ' "*#" ' "+  //@"*"

 Animal and plant cells in an isotonic solution rY — " "  " " " - *#  $+ rY $  ""$  -+ rY i","+ rY @ " "#+

 

c


 


potonic solution @" " " $   " " " " " $ +  "   rY  $*#"  "+ rY @# $ "*#"  "+ rY i," " ,   + rY @#+ rY ".**#" &   ,"* rY @"" "$ #   "#"+ rY á+'1$$ %* (  )"  rY À" rY  ' $ + rY $  ",  ,   + rY @#"$ ' $ rY R'# "#"+ rY —## "'#"+ 

 


pertonic solution Preservation of fish and vegetables R " " " " "     '" " " "  " rY    ,$* "    + *#" $* $! ! +  rY $   " "    ",  + rY i," " $ rY   *$$+  $ + rY ),"  ' "  + rY @ " !! ,& ""# rY c    $ + #*$!! "$+ rY $$  $ "*#"  rY ),"$ *!"'+  "&  " "$#  "  " #+ 0' rY @"$'" " "+ rY 0' $ ", "'    $ !!#+ )"  rY 0 "'$  ",' + rY $ ,  + rY 0'   $ !! rY 0 "$ *# " "$# #+ "#* + rY ),"  ' " + rY R #  $#* + rY )," "'$ *!!"'+ rY @  $+

0 

c


 

 

Differences"facilitated diffusion"$active transport  À á À  á À0 á0 À  À À  

Facilitated diffusion À" " " "'$ "  , ' " " " " " "  , "$   " # "   ",'## "!"$   # " iR)!"'*$   ",'## "  "$ "'  "$  # ""$## "# ," @$  ,-    i$#"$$ " #  "

Similarities between facilitated diffusion and active transport rY c%*"# "("$   # "+ rY R "$   ! "!!.# rY c"##   "*+ rY c   # ",#      " + rY c#   " , "' + rY c   # ""$! " "' #" , +

But

The Importance of water rY  # "$  ,"+ rY R"#$  "$& *# &. *"$$ ' , *"$ ",   #"+ rY $       "+ rY # " "+ rY '! " " "'$*#+ rY ), $ "'## + rY  ' " ""$  "+ rY ), $ "' %# *   , (+ rY  " " "' " "$ ' $ *+

Active transport ' " " " "'$ "  , " " "  ' " " "  , ""$   " # "  ,'  # "  R)!"'* $ á"'*"$$ "$ "'! "$   ,  i$  # ""*#,"  "  ,-   ! "  " À#"$" #  "!"'*

eneral characteristics of enzmes rY #$#     " rY  "" "'$"$  "+ rY À"$*$*  "* *$+ rY ,#    $  ,   "$ #  + rY i$$ "-"  + rY   ",  rY @"$$"##$* "  +á+'1$"$ * rY - # & $  + rY "'"   1& ## rY
'"   1,  "& c,  "+

 

c


 

rY

rY rY rY rY

rY

rY

rY rY rY rY rY rY rY

Extracellular enzme á. "* #$ $ " & "# $"$ $ +  *   " $ + ".# *+ R"  " "Ài     " "*" "*+ ) "*" $  "#$' #   "'á+ ) "$#'á ##$ ", $ "'á+ R"#, "  "'' ##"$ #*  "" " "# + R# "$  $$ "'  "# "' ##+ .#& *$$$$ # "'* # "+ — *,  " " "' $  $# "$'  ##"$,# "+ á"*$+ Prophase @ ""  "$"+ @##"$ + @"    $4 "$ "+ —# "$ ' "+ @"  '## #+ "$&" $ ##"$ " "$  "'+

rY rY rY rY rY rY rY

rY rY rY rY

 

͚Lock and ke hpothesis R   "  ,  "* + R 2 *3  " "*2 3+ 0 *#"$ *$'" "$ " "$$ "  ,  "'"*î  #.+ 
"  #. $&"* "' #$ + R#$ ,  , + R"* "$*  " "$  "$+

Effects of temperature on enzme activit rY #&  " #  *+ rY # " &,"  " + rY "   "   $ "'   "$   ,  "*+ rY # #&  "  . + rY c*"$# #&   " " " + rY c"$$"* ' "  + rY   , $*$+ rY á"*$"$+

Vetaphase @ '"# #!!- #!! $$ +   # "$*$+ R   $  $ "" "+ á"$" "$ , $+ 

Anaphase rY R   $# "+ rY —   $#$###  #+ rY @ $$$' +

  

c


 

 

 Telophase rY @ ## #  + rY @"  "$,  ."$$%  "(+

rY rY rY rY rY rY rY rY

Animal cloning rY —  %*'"$ (,$"$'" " + rY @#$ , $ "'"$"""î$ , "' #+ rY J"  $''  "$+R"   $&, "' *#"$ '" "* + rY á  #  " "  "$''   " + rY @$ , $#$* "'" *+ rY R* " #"$ " '+ rY R "$#   $" "+

Ctokinesis )  *# $ ,  "+ c' "" $ ,  "  #$+   " "$ "   "'+ @" "$ " # "' #" "$+ , ,'# "  -""  + 0 4 " #+ @#'"  $'  #" +@ $ , $+ @#$ $*  "'"" +

Tissue culture rY —##"  +á+'1&$+ rY R#  $.#"+ rY á"*$$ '   + rY @" $%##(+ rY á.#"!## $" # $ "' " "  " " " " "+ rY @$ %' & " $(+ rY ## $   '" %  (+ rY #"$##  ,+ rY á.#"$ , $*  + rY À,# " + rY @$,# " * %#"(+ rY R""$ '+

rY rY rY rY rY rY rY rY

ncontrolled mitosis @$ , $'  #$*   "+ )$  "  + @"  '" $  $* " "$  + À # "  * + @"  $ , $*"$ " "*" $ "'  * + R  # "$ "' " "'*"$" "+ @"  $+ R ",$"$$*" ' "' +

Advantages of cloning rY c  "'  #* #  '" "+ rY @" "#$ $ "  "$ "'"+ rY @"$#"&,& "#$ $ "$   "# $+ rY @"- *+ rY À*$ #" "'+ rY À""$# " "''"+ rY )#' " " # "* + 

 

c


 

 



rY rY rY rY rY rY rY

Disadvantages of cloning "'î $ "* ""+ *"$'" "+À # "-   " *+ @"$""*'"  ,  "+ , " $  "$ + @ ""'"  # " "'"  " $+ R'"*"$$ ', +R$$"   " $+ @"$"  #"+

+Y

+Y 0+Y

+Y

Veiosis I À "'## &' # #%*"# ("$  "',"""   $ + À "'# &'  '"# #%-& $$( + À "'"# &' #"$, ## #+—   $   $'"$," + "$R# &# $ $' $+á $' "*" *# & #" " +

+Y

+Y

0+Y

+Y

Veiosis II À "')# &*"#  ' "$  "' ,"""î   $$ " # + À "'# &  "  "'   $ '" ##%-! $$(  + À "'"# &   $ #&  "'$' ,##  #+ "$R# &# $ $' $+á $' " # $  #$ $ "   & "* "   $+

  —*" "* +Y R " "*" "*   $*Ài îY R-" "Ài $ # " +Y "" &Ài$ ." "$"$.# "$*" "'i%i("$ îY R"'i *" $ $ "' "  ""Ài 0+Y R"'i"," "$,  +Y R"'i    îY R   " "'i îY R"'i " " " "  $-"  " $ +Y R '"  " " "$ "# * #  # " +Y á  " $ "$$"."$&  " " $%#*## $( $"$ $* " *#+  

5 

c


 

rY rY rY

Digestion in mouth —  " ,*#   ,*'"$ — , " ""* ,* * c' "*$*  +  — ,**  

 —  rY "$$  "$ ' ,#   "' "* " ",' + rY #  " "$ +î5+

rY rY rY rY rY

Digestion in stomach á#   " "'  " " ' '"$+ R'"$ ' 4 + @"  &@"$"* ## ""$" "+ @ #"$+7+  ' $ *$*  +  $ *#  , * ,* *"*+

 ## "  ) " #*## $  rY " " '  * ", "'   # "&  "'" "   "+ rY —  ""  î $ $ *+ rY @*'$*"$$"+     

rY

rY rY rY rY rY rY rY rY rY rY rY

rY rY rY

 

Digestion in small intestine À$"  ,$ *  "$  "'$$"$ #" + — &# ""$ # $$ '$+ c  #$ $* ,"$ $ "'$$" $$",  $ + c #"  $  *"$ #  #"*  " " $$"+ c   * # $& "' $" " "*$#+ ), $ "' 'R—$ ' "+ )"  #"  4  " $$", #"  $ + )"  4  " "#"   *&*# ""$ #+ )"  * # $ ' " + R*# "$ '#*## $ " ## $+  # #$ ' " # $ " * $"$'* + "$ " % " "(   " "4   " " $ ' ,"*"$$ # $ ' "## $"$$   $+ )# $$ '$*# " " "  $+ $ '$* "' + À   $$ '$* ""* ""  $"$' +

 6 

c


 

rY

rY rY rY rY rY

rY rY rY rY rY rY rY

Digestion of cellulose b ruminant ) * $$ #$ "%' #"  (+ @  "$"*  #$ $*  + ) $"#$  $*  &*+ $" + @"$'*$* + R "" & $ $& "'' $ *  " '* $+ #""$ $" &  "'        "+ R $ $"$,$ + &'# $  "$" "#  * #  +  ,$ $+ $# ,$ "&   ""+%+'1 (+  4  #$ ' " # ""$$" + R$"#' " "$ '$"$$ " "*+

rY rY rY rY rY rY

Digestion of cellulose b rodent @ "$##"$ ."'$  î$ ' "'  + R $"#$ #'  "* " + R  "  * #$ $" '+  ""' "+R #$    $"+ R "$  $  "$$ + $"%' ,.#( , " " "  *  +

 

Digestion rY ) " îY " &## " $" # " "#*## $+ îY @ "' $#, $ $  $ $ ' " + îY "$$"&*# " $" #*## $ "## $+ îY " " "&# " $" ## $ " " $+ rY  îY c  "'# " $# "$$"+ îY "$$"! " "& #   # $ "* $"$ '* +

 rY @*$ îY "& ,***$*   "+ îY "$$"&#"  * *$*  "+ îY " " "&*$*  "' +

 



8 

c


 

rY rY rY rY rY rY rY

Absorption of digested food Assimilation of digested food á.# "   "' "$ " $ # "$ '$$  " "$* + +   ! " $ "  *$  " rY   . $ $#$ "'*& $ #  + "$ . $"$*  R " "'' ! " $ #  "+   ,*"# "$ #  + rY  " $ $*"  $ #   ",' "#  ##% #"" (+c* #, "& $ ,%"$  *"  *" $ "##$*(+  "''+ * "$* $$  rY  " $ "$*"  #     " "' ("$ "*&"" $*+  "$#+ * $"$'* ""  %*# *(+ " $  , ", "+

 

Formation faeces rY    " "$$  $ " " " "'&.  " "$ # '"" "*  "#  + rY " "& $+R "$ '$$ $$"   + rY   " ""$ '  $  "# $ ' ""$ # "" " #  "  " "+ 

 



7 

c


 

rY

rY rY rY rY rY rY rY

Photosnthesis mechanism R "  "#" * # #*"    " #+ R' "#*"   '"$$   "+  '  "1 )01R #  "'"+ ) 1@#* # '"'*  .  " #*   '"'*,+ )1 ". $& " " , #* + ) 1 '"'* $#    "*$'" "%("$ *$.* "%
î(%)* (+ )51R*$'" ""  "   "$* #* *$'"+ 

rY

rY rY rY rY rY rY rY rY

Photosnthesis mechanism )61R"'*. $ " $"'*î   $" " ##!R)+ )81*$.* "" " *$.*'#+R  " "   ,$* #*+ )71R*$.*'#"  " "$'.*'"+ À   "1 )1R #  "+ )1À"-  '"'*+ )01R*$'"$ . "$ . $ "   " *$*#*" "* ) 1"$ $$  " " $ . $ "' + )1R' """$' "$" "    # *$ ' " " #+

rY

rY

rY

rY

 

 

ses of enzme (Chapter 4) á"*$ '  $'"+ 9)$'$ '$# " "î  "## $+ 9 #$'$  " " * $"$'* + 9*$'$  " î  "#*  $"$'+  á"*$ " "' "$*+ 9) $ " $" # " "#$  "    + 9* $ " $"  '  " "'  $&""$+  á"*$ "$  $+ 9R*# " $,$  "$ ""$+ 90 "*$ "  "+  á"*$ " "$  1 9R*  ,+ 9R* #"$*+ 9R* "î$&"* ""$$+ 9R*$":-  '#  & $  +



 

c


 

rY rY rY rY rY rY

rY rY

   R)

Aerobic respiration @" "##*.*'"+   . $ $* .*'"+ @# $"'  " #" .*'"+ '""'*$+ @"$ . $"$#$ $ #$ + "'*$ $ *" $" " ##%R)( $" "$ ##%À)("$ "'" ##+ R)  """'* + R) " ##"$  " * "$" "'*+ á"'*$ À)##"'*

Anaerobic respiration in human muscle rY À "', '. %"" "'(&  "'  " $+ rY R  ##*.*'"  # $  "  "+ rY ,&##*.*'"    " "+ rY "$ , *  " #  ""'*+ rY R'   ",$ "   $&  "*  $""'*  "'#$ $+ rY ".*'"$ $# "$*& "".*'" ""'*#$  "+ rY  ',   $ "   + rY "" "'& # $*"$$#*"" "* "+ rY R  ,*# $7 " "   7 "".*'"  # $ $ "' #  "+ rY !    $ . $ $ " $ . $&"$"'*+

rY rY rY rY rY

 

Anaerobic respiration in east "*#  *+ J"$"  "$  "&* * " #  "+ )$ "+ )  """ "+ @*$*"**+ îY îY

á"#$ $ "$ "  "' ""$+ "$ "'& "$ . $ $$ "'" "* $' +

 Similarities between the sturucture of digestive and digestion process of ruminants and rodents  — rY c "* " " "  !# ) rY R . "*!!$ ' ) rY R$ '  "'  — rY c,'  ) rY R " $  "!!*$*$$   

 

c


 

 

Differencesbetween the sturucture of digestive and digestion process of ruminants and rodents Aspects i   —    c   i *$# '   '' $

À á À á À0 á0 À  á  À 

Ruminant (has)    ,$ '  —!!   À"$ '  "    "* R  R #$ ' "!! R  " , * 

But

Rodent (has)    À",$ '  c '!!"'    # $ '  "     "*
"  R$ '$$
"  " , *

 Breathing mechanism in man rY À #'   " $* , *# "'. $"+ rY  " "&  $ #' " & "'   $+ rY R # " ,   , *"$$ #   , *+  " "'+ rY " $ #' .& "  $ "$  "& $ "',  , *"$ "  "'#   , *+   $ "'+ rY R "  ""  "  + rY À "' " "." "   " "$   +

Breathing mechanism in man (continuation) rY R # " ,   , *"$$ #   , *+  ""'+ rY À "'. "." "    " & "   ' "#  "&$ #   , *+   $"'+ rY R,  "î$    "'+ rY R "$$*"  #  + rY À "' " ",  $   "$'. "' " , "$ #  + rY
.*'", $  " #    "$ . $$   #   ", +

Transport of  and C  in human bod rY . "' ,  *$  "+ rY À  "'$#"$"$ "  "# #"' "+ rY R# #! " " " .*'" " ,   ' #$# #! " " ".*'" "$ #  + rY R&.*'"$    ,"$$ #   "$+ rY R"#.*'"   $* $  **+ rY
.*'"  " # * # '" $' " "$ $ + rY R.*' "+ rY "$#$   # #.*'"&  0



c


 

Transport of rY rY rY rY rY rY

and C  in human bod (continuation)
.*' "$   .*'"+ @"$ . $$*#  "'  ""#$*$ , "$ . $ "$#+ c "$' "+   "' "+ " " "+ @"$ . $ .#$  ,#"'+

Explain how energ flows through the food chain and how it is lost to the environment.



 

Colonisation and succession in mangrove swamps rY R# "# "', ##+"$ #+ rY R#"  # '$* "'#* ", ""  +R." ,* #"#"$   $ "& " $ "''"  $ * "'#"#+ rY  #&   # "$ +R  "$  " ,' #+ $* #+#  # "# + rY R##*  #+# "$$&  "'    , + rY R'"$  '+&   $     '$*+ rY R "$  ""    ! #+&  #  #+ rY R*  ! #+# ."$  # "$$+ rY $ "$# $& ."$+R $ "* "$   '"$+ rY
, & #"  #"$" #+' " #  ! #+

  rY á"'*'$  " "" $   "+ rY "$  "&#" #$ &  # * "&"    "$* ""$'   * "+ rY "$  "&#" #$ &  # * "&  $  "$* ""$ " !'  * "+á  ,$  "  $# ,+ rY á"'* "$"# , "# ,+ rY ""'* "$"#  ,", 87;  "'* "$ "$* # * " $     ,  "$+ rY 
"*7;"'* ""'"   #$"'" ".#  ,+

    

c


 

reen house effects rY " + rY J, %,($  "  $*"$  $ # " ! "$+ rY  "$$  " ""  $ #+ rY c   ##$*'" ' @
&" '"$ . $"$ "+ rY ! "$$  + rY á# " +

 

Explain briefl wh humans carr out the activit as shown in diagram above

Y

 rY R"## "'# $*+R $"$$"$ "', " $+ rY 0 $ ' "$  ##+ rY J"  ""$ "$   ", $ $ $ "  ""$ "'+ rY À "  $* $"$ "$$+ 

 

Explain the impacts of the activit shown above on the environment rY À "   "& "$ $&$"$'  "'+ rY @  "$ + rY  #  "'"#"&   .#$  "$ "$ "+ rY R#*  $* '$** "+ rY R   ""  "+ rY —  " $# "  " &    " "$"  ' + rY "$ $*##""#  $ $ "',* "+ rY    "- *"$ #*  + rY  ,"$$ " $"$   $+ rY R& ""$"$  $ " $ "' "*"+



 

c


 


uman blood vessels

Circulator sstem in fish and human   —     ÕY  $* ÕY , $   " ÕY "#$- *& '# ÕY , ÕY   "*  " "$$  À "  ÕY  "'"$ &  ,"   " @#    "'   " $   " ÕY  "$$, $ , $ "  $ , $$ "  ÕY # $'. "', $  "   ÕY " "&"$" —# " —# #" . "'$  À.*'"$$ À.*'"$$ ÕY "     0 " '  "' ÕY $" #  
.*'"$$
.*'"$$ ', " '  "' ÕY $ "# $*   ÕY ,'""$,,%#,"  (  Difference between blood and lmph Tpe of immunit îY *#'"*# * ÕY   , " *&$*#$  " #$ " $  "#"  "* "" '" îY *# * #$ $**#"$ ÕY # , " *&$*  ," "*#* " $  $  îY *# "".*'" #$ 

îY îY

îY

îY

îY

 

Blood clotting #$#&$'$ &  "'    ,%# "(   ,'    ""$ ,  "'"#$  ÕY ,* "' "'*$ # ÕY # "'"   %#    $ " '" 4"$ "(#$$""$# ÕY  '"$* "  "'   ÕY  "''"%"! $"*(!! èY "*     >$  ' "" "'"$$*  ÕY  "$$*#>$    "'"$ ""  "  * "  ÕY #>, $ "  " èY " ""*"' $ "  $* '$ "' " "' '"$    "* "  ÕY $ "$$*>$  ÕY     " &  "  "' $ "  . ÕY * !0>#$   "'"  *  "* ""'"    " ÕY   > " "*" * " ÕY *$ # ÕY  " "$" ##  èY $"$," "> #  "',$ #,"!# "* "'"$   "' ," "  ÕY  ""$ " èY   ">#, $"$ ÕY #, $#  " "$   "   èY #, ""$#  ">  ÕY "* " & '  !$" * . ""'"    " ÕY , " , $ ÕY   " $ " "  "  "



7 

c


 

Support is achieved in submerged and floating plants

steoporosis and osteoarthritis happen prevented

—'$#"
#  ÕY #    ","$ ÕY $  " " $ $ ##"*# ' " "$"$ #"$ '  ÕY  " "$##&# * ÕY *" *#, $## ",'""# ÕY ,,*$* !,  ÕY $ #"#"$"   #$ ."&'" ÕY  "!"!. ,>#, $  ÕY " ""  "  $# $  "'#" ÕY &" "$  ÕY ,#"*   ÕY "#,"$* ÕY " * #* " èY $ "' 'î "'. &  "'" "$" ÕY $",$*  èY  "'$   "  & ÕY "*" *# ##"$,  "À ÕY ,$,  èY  " ",  "@& " " .   "'"$*,    " èY  " "' "'
   ÕY
   #' "'#  $"$  '" "  "4 " ÕY ) "# "&"  "   $ *  ,  % "'&   "'( ÕY "  ,# "& '" "# $'$4 "    "$#     

 

Important to have health musculoskeletal sstem - was maintaining a health musculoskeletal R  "*"&  & '""$"$" '    " "',"  ÕY   "### $* ÕY "*#* "4$&  .# " $  &# ""$   * ÕY  '""$#* '  #  "$*%#  "!$ ' "(  

 

c


 

Important to have health musculoskeletal steoarthritis and arthritis gout occur - effect of sstem - was maintaining a health the diseases musculoskeletal * " "  $*#* ÕY , "'" $$ +R $   " ÕY  $* "'$ $ # "&,  "&@"À'  ÕY  "! "'   "%  &##" "( ÕY * "  $ "'"'"+À " "' ÕY   >   $$ $" ÕY  "#" ! "'!# " ," ÕY $#'$# "$ "'&
#    "'& "'"$ # "' ÕY "$  "   $*"  " "$*  $" *" *##$+R   #" ÕY  "' "' "  $# #"$ ÕY "  #" "$# ""$ ÕY "*#"*"     "" "  " ÕY "-" >  ""'"%"'&"$ ( ,!!$  " " ', ÕY ## $ *  ,  +  !!#$# "$  +R '  ,"+"  "' ' $*$+ R "  &""$

""$" $&  "'# " ,," ÕY  "'#  "$ "', '   ,   ÕY #    "$ " -" .  "'#,"  "4    ""*   

 

Support sstem in wood plants differs from that of non-wood plants i"î$*#"% #"( ÕY %## " #" (#, $$ *' $ * #" *! " *  ÕY %" "' " '"$(   "*  "$ ' $ ÕY R'# $ " , #  ""!# "' "  ÕY @ "'## !!, ÕY R " " "'$    ! " * ' ,##  #"

 

c


 

Support sstem in wood plants differs from that of non-wood plants $*#" ÕY $*#",#  $  ! " * !.* ,+  $' ,## ÕY  ,   ,$#  '" "$$$"' ÕY  " * ,,*  %$"#'( ÕY % $$ ( "  "  #, $## ÕY *,,  '" "  $# $$ "'#"3  "$*' ÕY R '"  $.*, $*  ÕY R  #""'"$ #, $###" ÕY R  $$$    "$,*$  ÕY R*"$ .*,"$ '*###"

 

Snapse ʹ The event as a nerve impulse is transmitted across a snapse 'Y —*"# "'#""."  ""$$"$ " $4 """+   $* """ " #  *"#+R    $ ""   'Y R"  " " "  *"# ",, ", "    '" "   '" " ""  'Y i"  #$ $ ",  ""#." " $*"#  " 'Y —*"#  " " ""$"   "$ "'""'* "  " 'Y "" # ,$*"# 

"&,  ""  "*"# 'Y R""  $   *"#$"$  """ 'Y R$"$ """   $ ''" #  ,$""'""

 

Knee jerk ÕY

ÕY

ÕY

ÕY

ÕY

ÕY

 "4   " ",,*# """$""$" "" " "$" "" -$ #  " ' " "'  &   -$ # "$    # " &  '' "'", # """"  " " -$ # "$  "  "''$ # "  "'' $&  "$ # "3 ",*  "  " "'  "#"&  # "3",* "  " ##*



0 

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hen the hand touches a hot object

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