Bio Plastics From Fish Scales=]

BIOPLASTICS FROM FISH SCALES

Alvin M. Suarez Julie Ann C. Batarlo Regine Mae F. Afable Kristian Robert S. Cubos Adriel John R. De Leon Mark Lois Anthony P. Eyo Aira Louella M. Manalad

A Research Proposal Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Subject Research I In the Faculty of Department of Science

ii February 2009

iii APPROVAL SHEET

The research proposal attached hereto entitled, "BIOPLASTIC FROM TILAPIA SCALES" prepared and submitted by ALVIN M. SUAREZ, JULIE ANN C. BATARLO, REGINE MAE F. AFABLE, KRISTIAN ROBERT S. CUBOS, ADRIEL JOHN R. DE LEON, MARK LOIS ANTHONY P. EYO, and AIRA LOUELLA M. MANALAD, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject Research I is hereby accepted.

WAJAVINA N. CATACUTAN Adviser

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Subject Research I.

NENITA C. MANALASTAS OIC-Science

iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE PAGE................................................................................................................

i

APPROVAL SHEET....................................................................................................

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS..............................................................................................

iii

INTRODUCTION Background of the Study............................................................................ .......................................................................................................................................

1

Statement of the Problem............................................................................

2

Significance of the Study............................................................................

2

Scope and Delimitations.............................................................................

3

Definition of Terms.....................................................................................

3

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Tilapia ........................................................................................................

4

Bioplastics...................................................................................................

5

METHODOLOGY Flowchart....................................................................................................

7

Collection/ Gathering of Fish Scales..........................................................

8

Accumulation of Biopolymer from Fish Scales..........................................

8

Purification of Biopolymer.........................................................................

8

Production of Bioplastic.............................................................................

9

Statistical tool.............................................................................................. BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................................................................

10

v CURRICULUM VITAE............................................................................................... 11

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study Plastic is the most convenient material man ever discovered due to its relatively cheapness, ease of manufacture, versatility, and imperviousness to water. Plastics are used from paper clips to spaceships, and displaced materials such as wood, metal, bones and horns, stone, leather, paper, even ceramics in most of their former uses. But plastic seemed to create a drastic effect. Because it is composed of chemicals (petroleum-based), takes too long to degrade (considerably non-biodegradable), improper disposal has lead to waste problems and pollution, destructing our environment. A solution was achieved— the bioplastic. Bioplastic is just like plastics, but instead of non-renewable petroleum as source, it uses organic sources like plant sources (corn starch, soybean oil, hemp oil, etc.) and microbial sources. They can be made by using plant sugar conversion, fermentation and cultivation. Unlike petroplastics they are biodegradable when disposed properly, reducing waste production. Scales are simply fish’s protection and substantially useless for people. A waste indeed, but if this can be a source of bioplastics, there will be a help for waste reduction at the same time with fossil fuel consumption, environment conservation and a cheaper alternative from the usual plastic.

2

Statement of the Problem The study aims to produce bioplastic products from scales of Blue Tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) and Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis nilocitus nilocitus) indifferent or better than the first bioplastic products using fermentation process. This study is concerned in finding answers to following questions: 1. Is fermentation a possible way to produce bioplastic from the scales of the 2 tilapia varieties? 2. How much plastic can be obtained from a unit of mass (kg) of fish scales? 3. Is there a significant difference between an ordinary bioplastic product and the produced plastic in terms of : a. Physical Properties b. Biodegradability c. Durability

Significance of the Study Plastic changed our lives for many years, yet not our environment. Even plastic is the best material for almost everything, it has also its negative side. Plastic contributed much on waste production. It worsened pollution, and is also consuming petroleum which reached its critical level these days.

3 Conducting this study can therefore promote and help the alternative for plastic— the bioplastic. If tilapia scales can be a source of bioplastic, then it will be an aid for cutting off fossil fuel usage. Pollution may decline as waste reduction progresses since these polymers are from waste and will decompose.

Scope and Delimitations The study will be operated to determine the possibility to produce bioplastic from two (2) different varieties of tilapia– the Oreochromis aureus (Blue Tilapia) and Oreochromis nilocitus nilocitus (Nile Tilapia). This study includes microbial fermentation as a process to produce plastic from melted scales of tilapia varieties. This study limits itself to the determination of the possibility fish scales as source of bioplastic and does not intend to seek for its effect and further processing for a specific usage.

Definition of Terms a. Bioplastic -Bioplastics are plastic resins developed from renewable agricultural feedstocks or organic sources, such as corn sugar, hemp oil and soy bean oil. b. Tilapia -common name for nearly a hundred species of cichlid fishes from the tilapiine cichlid tribe. c. Scales -small flat bony or horny overlapping plates that cover the bodies of fish.

4 d. Fermentation -breakdown of carbohydrates by the use of microorganisms.

5 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Tilapia Tilapia has become the third most important fish in aquaculture after carps and salmonids, with production reaching 1,505,804 metric tons in 2002. Because of their large size, rapid growth, and palatability, a number of tilapiine cichlids are at the focus of major aquaculture efforts, specifically various species of Oreochromis, Sarotherodon, and Tilapia, collectively known colloquially as tilapias. Like other large fish, they are a good source of protein and a popular target for artisanal and commercial fisheries. Originally, the majority of such fisheries were in Africa, but accidental and deliberate introductions of tilapia into freshwater lakes in Asia have led to outdoor aquaculturing projects in countries with a tropical climate such as Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, and Indonesia. In temperate zone localities, tilapiine farming operations require energy to warm the water to the tropical temperatures these fish require. One method involves warming the water using waste heat from factories and power stations. Cycloid scales are found in the majority of bony fishes like tilapia. The anterior part of each scale is usually overlapped by the posterior portion of the scale in front. This arrangement of imbricate scales gives the fish greater flexibility than those in species with cosmoid and ganoid scales. Cycloid scales consist of two main regions, a surface “bony” layer composed of an organic framework impregnated largely with calcium based salts, and a deeper fibrous layer composed mainly of collagen, a member of biopolymer family, under proteins.

6

Bioplastics Bioplastics are special types of biomaterials. Plastics derived from plant sourcessoybean oil, hemp oil, corn starch etc.-or microbial sources, rather than traditional petrochemical-derived plastics are called bioplastics. Microbial bioplastics are polyesters that are produced by a range of microorganisms cultivated under various growth and nutrient conditions. These polymers, usually lipids, accumulate as storage materials (as mobile, amorphous, liquid granules) meant for microbial survival under stressful conditions. Bioplastics are made from a compound called polyhydroxyalkanoate, or PHA. Bacteria accumulate PHA in the presence of excess carbon source, similar to how humans accumulate fat deposits on their bodies after consuming excess food. Thus microbial PHA accumulators are microorganismal versions of Sumo wrestlers, accumulating storage biopolymers after consuming excess nutrients. Poly 3-hydroxy butyric acid (PHB) is the most common microbial PHA. Bioplastics are regarded as an environmentally responsible alternative to petroleum-based plastics. They rely less on fossil fuels, a non-renewable resource. They also are biodegradable when disposed of properly, reducing waste. Bioplastic products also result in a net reduction of greenhouse gas emissions because the plants used to produce the bioplastic material absorb the same amount of carbon they started with, thus displacing that carbon from being emitted into the atmosphere.

7 Bioplastics are synthetic materials and are sometimes criticized because their manufacturing and processing can result in environmental impacts. Any manufacturing process can be energy intensive, increasing GHG emissions if power is derived from fossil fuels. Other environmental impacts may include water used to irrigate crops, fertilizers and pesticides applied to grow agricultural feedstocks, and pollutants emitted from the transportation of crops and products to manufacturing facilities.

8 METHODOLOGY

Collection/Gathering of Fish Scales

Accumulation of biopolymer from fish scales

Purification of biopolymer

Cell Disruption

Washing and Centrifugation

Drying

Production of Bioplastic

molding

Physical properties

Durability

Biodegradability

9 Collection/Gathering of Fish Scales Scales from the two varieties of tilapia will be collected together in Gapan wet market, San Lorenzo, Gapan city. Collected samples will be washed then dried under the sun until they are fully dried out. The samples will be melted with 250 milliliters (mL) of water using an LPG stove. Temperature will be kept at 100°C. This process will be replicated by using different levels of water-500mL, 750mL, 1L.

Accumulation of Biopolymer from Fish Scales The melted fish scales will be fermented in glass container(s), for three (3) months at a room temperature between 26-38°C. As fermentation takes place, growth of bacteria on the scales will occur, the same with the accumulation of polymer. After fermentation process, the fermented scales will undergo cell disruption, washing, centrifugation and drying to purify the biopolymer.

Purification of Biopolymer A. Cell Disruption The accumulated polymer will undergo cell disruption for one (1) day, specifically chemical permeabilization process in the DOST laboratory at CLSU. B. Washing and Centrifugation The disrupted samples will be subjected to washing process using a Liter (1L) of sterilized deionized water and will then undergo centrifugation process.

10 C. Drying After washing and centrifugation, scales will be dried through the use of a desiccator at the DOST laboratory in Juan R. Liwag Memorial High School. Sodium Hydroxide will be used as the main desiccating agent in the process. (Amount (g) of the desiccating agent will be determined after the mass (g) of biopolymer extracted from the fish scales.)

Production and Molding of Bioplastic The collected biopolymer will be brought at UBC Plastic Factory., Mendoza, Malabon, Manila and will be subjected to injection molding process to produce a bioplastic product. The produced bioplastic will be compared to commercial bioplastics which also undergone to injection molding in terms of: a. Physical Properties a. Color b. Odor c. texture b. Biodegrdability c. Durability

Statistical Tool This study involves Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) as the research design. The study will use Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) as statistical tool.

11 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Internet sites http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioplastic http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilapia#Etymology http://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk1/1993/9313/9313.PDF http://www.fishbase.org http://www.austmus.gov.au/fishes/what/scales/cyccten.htm http://www.millipore.com/sustainability/eco3/bioplastics http://www.physicventures.com/news/making-plastic-out-pollution http://www.kanglaonline.com/index.php?template=kshow&kid=1266 http://www.bioautocouncil.com/News/File.aspx?6567b330-6901-4f38-9b8d0be2f5da5f28 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiccation

12 CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Alvin Mondido Suarez Address: Bayanihan, Gapan City, Nueva Ecija Birthday: August 29, 1994 Birthplace: Gapan City, Nueva Ecija Name of Father: Ariel R. Suarez Name of Mother: Rosemarie M. Suarez Name of Sisters/Brothers: Leira Mae M. Suarez Liliane M. Suarez Ken M. Suarez Educational Background: a. Pre-Elementary: Gapan South Central School (Kindergarten) San Vicente, Gapan City S.Y. 2000-2001 b. Elementary: Gapan South Central School San Vicente, Gapan City S.Y. 2001-2007 c. High School: Juan R. Liwag Memorial High School Bayanihan, Gapan City S.Y. 2007-2009 Favorite Subjects: English, Algebra Ambition: To be a good Agriculturist in the future Philosophy in Life: “It maybe difficult, but possible”

13 CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Julie Ann Calison Batarlo Address: Freedom Park, San Vicente, Gapan City Birthday: August 27, 1994 Birthplace: Gapan City, Nueva Ecija Name of Father: Jovito Batarlo Name of Mother: Lailanie Batarlo Name of Sisters: Jean Mirasol Batarlo Educational Background: a. Pre-Elementary: San Lorenzo Day Care Center San Lorenzo, Gapan City S.Y. 1999-2000 Dela Cruz Kindergarten Dela Cruz, Gapan City S.Y. 2000-2001 b. Elementary: Gapan North Central School San Vicente, Gapan City S.Y. 2001-2007 c. High School: Juan R. Liwag Memorial High School Bayanihan, Gapan City S.Y. 2007-2009 Favorite Subjects: Filipino Ambition: To be a successful writer someday Philosophy in Life: “Education is the best foundation”

14 CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Regine Mae Feliciano Afable Address: Sto. Niño, Gapan City, Nueva Ecija Birthday: January 12, 1995 Birthplace: Good Samaritan, Cabanatuan City Name of Father: Regie C. Afable Name of Mother: Fe F. Afable Name of Sister: Rianna Mae F. Afable Name of Brother: Ramon Miguel F. Afable Educational Background: a. Pre-Elementary: Divina Pastora College (Kindergarten) San Vicente, Gapan City S.Y. 1999-2000 Divina Pastora College (Preparatory) San Vicente, Gapan City S.Y. 2000-2001 b. Elementary: Divina Pastora College San Vicente, Gapan City S.Y. 2001-2007 c. High School: Juan R. Liwag Memorial High School Bayanihan, Gapan City S.Y. 2007-2009 Favorite Subjects: English & Filipino Ambition: To be a successful lawyer someday Philosophy in Life: “Sometimes words aren’t brave enough, so action does the work”

15 CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Kristian Robert Soriano Cubos Address: Pambuan, Gapan City, Nueva Ecija Birthday: December 29, 1994 Birthplace: Gonzales General Hospital, San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija Name of Father: Arturo T. Cubos Name of Mother: Lucila S. Cubos Name of Brother: Marion Ronald S. Cubos Educational Background: a. Pre-Elementary: Pambuan Elementary School (Kindergarten) Pambuan, Gapan City S.Y. 2000-2001 b. Elementary: Pambuan Elementary School Pambuan, Gapan City S.Y. 2001-2007 c. High School: Juan R. Liwag Memorial High School Bayanihan, Gapan City S.Y. 2007-2009 Favorite Subjects: Geometry Ambition: To be a successful engineer Philosophy in Life: “Your attitude, not your aptitude, will determine you altitude”

16 CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Adriel John Reyes De Leon Address: Poblacion San Isidro, Nueva Ecija Birthday: October 23, 1994 Birthplace: Gonzales General Hospital, San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija Name of Father: Johnny E. De Leon Name of Mother: Analyn R. De Leon Name of Sisters: Hannah Abigail R. De Leon Leah Angelica R. De Leon Educational Background: a. Pre-Elementary: General De Jesus College Poblacion San Isidro, Nueva Ecija S.Y. 2000-2001 b. Elementary: General De Jesus College Poblacion San Isidro, Nueva Ecija S.Y. 2001-2007 c. High School: Juan R. Liwag Memorial High School Bayanihan, Gapan City S.Y. 2007-2009 Favorite Subjects: Research Ambition: To be a successful engineer in the future Philosophy in Life: “It’s better to light a candle than to curse the darkness”

17 CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Mark Lois Anthony Polo Eyo Address: Consuelo Subd., Bayanihan, Gapan City, Nueva Ecija Birthday: March 22, 1995 Birthplace: Gapan City, Nueva Ecija Name of Father: Antonio C. Eyo Name of Mother: Lourdes P. Maribuhoc Name of Brothers: Ylan Vhon Muie P. Eyo Michael Lois Andreau P. Eyo Educational Background: a. Pre-Elementary: Village Montessori School (Kindergarten) Bayanihan, Gapan City S.Y. 2000-2001 b. Elementary: Village Montessori School Bayanihan, Gapan City S.Y. 2001-2004 Gapan South Central School San Vicente, Gapan City S.Y. 2004-2007 c. High School: Juan R. Liwag Memorial High School Bayanihan, Gapan City S.Y. 2007-2009 Favorite Subjects: Biology Ambition: To be an engineer someday Philosophy in Life: “Life is a journey”

18 CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Aira Louella Manalo Manalad Address: Sto. Cristo Norte, Gapan City, Nueva Ecija Birthday: May 5, 1995 Birthplace: Good Samaritan, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija Name of Father: Lorwin E. Manalad Name of Mother: Arlyn M. Manalad Name of Sisters: Laureen Anjelique M. Manalad Lianna Aizel M. Manalad Name of Brothers: Lorenz Anjelo M. Manalad Lord Andrei M. Manalad Educational Background: a. Pre-Elementary: Gapan North Central School (Kindergarten) San Vicente, Gapan City S.Y. 2000-2001 b. Elementary: Gapan North Central School San Vicente, Gapan City S.Y. 2001-2007 c. High School: Juan R. Liwag Memorial High School Bayanihan, Gapan City S.Y. 2007-2009 Favorite Subjects: Geometry, Algebra Ambition: To be a successful nurse in the future Philosophy in Life: “The best way out of a difficulty is through it.”