Bio 22 - 3rd Exam Reviewer

Respiratory System – system to transport respiratory gases between cells and external environment O2 is needed for metabolic processes and CO2 is released as waste product Respiration – gas exchange between organism and its environment  Requires: diffusion of gases; moist & semi-permeable membranes Organism Aquatic animals (extract O2 dissolved in water) Terrestrial animals (O2 in gaseous form)

Amphibians (frogs & toads)

Respiratory System Gills Tracheal system (arthropods) – w/ spiracles Book lung (arachnids) Vertebrates (lungs) Lungs (Pulmonary respiration) 2/3 Skin (Cutaneous respiration) 1/3 Mouth and pharynx lining (Buccopharyngeal respiration)

Vocal cord vs. vocal sac Bulk Flow – higher pressure to lower pressure Positive Pressure Breathing - frogs; air is pushed down Negative Pressure Breathing – humans; air is sucked in *based on difference between pressure gradient between atmospheric pressure and alveolar pressure Part Glottis Larynx/Voice Box Bronchi Lungs

Feature/Function Slit-like opening at the floor of the pharynx Hollow cartilaginous; below the glottis Short tubes; connects larynx to the lungs Sac-like, thin-walled and elastic

Special Structures Arytenoid cartilage & ring-like cricoid cartilage Vocal cords

Alveoli – minute compartments w/ walls lined w/ BV

External Respiration (breathing) – environment to the lungs Internal Respiration (cellular respiration) – lungs to the tissues Rate of breathing – velocity at which air is brought into the lungs and out again (metabolic activity) *Forms of CO2 PARTS OF ALVEOLI Physiology A. Mechanics of Breathing B. Breathing rate & amt. of CO2  Accumulation of CO2 caused murky color of lime water (saturated CaOH2 in H2O)  More activity, higher breathing rate, higher rate of color change  CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3-

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2Ca(OH)2 + 2CO2 -> 2CaCO3 + 2H2

C. Vital capacity of the lungs  Improvised wet spirometer (measures air capacity)  Higher vital capacity if needs more O2 (men, people in high lands)  Residual volume prevents collapse of lungs  Vital capacity – 4600 mL (VC = TV + IRV + ERV) o Tidal volume – 500 mL o Inspiratory Reserve Volume – 3000 mL o Expiratory Reserve Volume – 1000 mL Urogenital System = Excretory + Reproductive Organism Protozoans, sponges, cnidarians Flatworms & Roundworms Annelids Crustaceans Insects Embryonic: birds, reptiles, mammals Adult: Amphibians and fishes Adult: most vertebrates

Urogenital System Contractile vacuole - osmoregulation Flame cells/solenocytes (protonephridia) Metanephridia Antennal/Green Glands Malpighian Tubules Mesonephros Metanephros

Hermaphrodite EXCEPTIONS: arthropods, mollusks and nematodes Sexual dimorphism Nephron – basic functional unit of the kidney  Renal Corpuscle = Glomerulus + Bowman’s capsule  Collecting tubules Circulatory System – transport of gases, nutrients and waste products PATHWAY OF BLOOD