BIO-018. Practica 4 - Niveles de Organizacion de Los Organismos Vivos

 

\edvlrsdhbh Butóeakb hl Sbeta Hakdefa

Ibcujtbh hl Cdlecdbs Lsculjb hl Odajafëb

BSDFEBX\_B7 JBOA_BXA_DA HL ODAJAFËB OÂSDCB (ODA->2=)

 ^râctdcb 8

 Edvljls hl arfbedzbcdóe arfbedzbcdóe odajófdcb odajófdcb

Dkbfle takbhb hl7 mttps7/urj?.cj/ww\?2

Lstrljjb hlj Kbr Xleb y  G. Hbvdh Mlreâehlz Mlreâ ehlz Kbrtdcm Lsculjb hl Odajafëb Ibcujtbh hl Cdlecdbs \edv. Butóeakb hl Sbeta Hakdefa (\BSH) Slklstrl7 ?>?>-2> Ybjdhbha par7 _lfdebjha Fóklz

 

Aogltdvas hl bprlehdzbgl  

_lcaeaclr jas edvljls hl arfbedzbcdóe hl jb vdhb le jb Xdlrrb. Letlehlr qul jb plrkbelecdb hl jb odahdvlrsdhbh y jas lcasdstlkbs hlplehl hl jb lxdstlecdb y oule iuecdaebkdleta iuecdaebkdleta hl edvljls hl arfbedzbcdóe deilrdarls.

^rlfuetbs hl rlilxdóe

±Cóka sl arfbedzb jb vdhb le jb Xdlrrb1 ±Ruä sdfedidcb cakpjlgdhbh crlcdletl, y cóka sl rljbcdaeb lstl caeclpta cae jbs cbrbctlrëstdcbs lklrfletls le jas edvljls hl arfbedzbcdóe hl jb vdhb1 ±Cuâj ls jb uedhbh bebtókdcb (a lstructurbj) y idsdajófdcb (a hl iuecdaebkdleta) hl jas slrls vdvas1 ±^ulhls eakorbr bjfueas sdstlkbs hl órfbeas le tu culrpa y hl ueb pjbetb1

Detrahuccdóe

Xahas jas slrls vdvas y aogltas lstâe cakpulstas par kbtlrdb. Ls hlcdr, jas slrls vdvas lstâe caeiarkbhas par jas kdskas ljlkletas qul pulhle lecaetrbrsl le jb kbtlrdb ea vdvb0 par lglkpja, lj cbroaea, lj edtróflea, lj mdhróflea, lj iósiara, lj cbjcda y tahas jas hlkâs ljlkletas pulhle lecaetrbrsl le lj bdrl, lj sulja y hdsuljtas le lj bfub. Sde lkobrfa, ±le quä sl hdilrlecdbe jas slrls vdvas hl jas aogltas sde vdhb1 Jas slrls vdvas y jas aogltas debedkbhas hdidlrle, letrl atrbs casbs, le jb kbelrb le qul sus ljlkletas sl uele pbrb iarkbr cakpulstas. Jb kbtlrdb vdvb caeiarkb lstructurbs kajlcujbrls cakpjlgbs, haehl lj âtaka hl cbroaea ls lj ljlkleta prdkarhdbj. Mbstb lj kakleta, sl mbe hlscrdta kâs hl 4> ljlkletas quëkdcas, 8> hl jas cubjls sl leculetrbe 2

 

caka pbrtl hl jas slrls vdvas. Jas ljlkletas quëkdcas qul cakpaele jb kbtlrdb vdvb rlcdole lj eakorl hl odaljlkletas. ^ar atra jbha, ueb hl jbs cbrbctlrëstdcbs kâs sarprlehletl hl jas slrls vdvas ls su arfbedzbcdóe hl sus lstructurbs. ^lra ±quä qudlrl hlcdr qul le jas slrls vdvas tlefbe arfbedzbcdóe lstructurbj1 ±y quä sl letdlehl par edvljls hl arfbedzbcdóe hl jb vdhb le jb Xdlrrb1

Edvljls hl arfbedzbcdóe

Jb vdhb caka jb caeaclkas le jb Xdlrrb lstâ arfbedzbhb le cbtlfarëbs glrârqudcbs, jbs cu cubj bjls ls pahl pahlka kas s ca caef efja jakl klrb rbrr yle tr trls ls fr frup upas as prlsletbkas hl kl klea earr bquë, b kbya kbhlshl yarr ca cakp jlgdgdhb hbh7 h7 arfbedzbcdóe quëkdcb, odajófdcb lcajófdcb, caka ljkpjl edvlj kâs sdkpjl qul ls lj âtaka qul iarkb jbs kajäcujbs mbstb jb odasilrb qul ls lj edvlj kâs cakpjlga, y lstâ iarkbha par tahas jas odakbs.

2lr Edvlj7 Arfbedzbcdóe lcajófdcb

?ha Edvlj7 Arfbedzbcdóe odajófdcb

9/tlgdha.pef

8. Sd Sdst stlk lkbb hl hl órf órfbe beaa

\e sdstlkb ls ue caegueta hl órfbeas qul trbobgbe hl iarkb caarhdebhb pbrb cukpjdr ueb iuecdóe vdtbj. Sd plesbkas le jbs iuecdaels vdtbjls a qul eas kbetdlele vdvas, pahrlkas hlhucdr jas eakorls hl jas sdstlkbs qul jas rlbjdzbe. ^ar lglkpja, jb iuecdóe hl rlprahuccdóe ls jjlvbhb b cboa par lj sdstlkb rlprahuctar le lj cbsa hl jb kuglr lstâ cakpulsta par jb vbfdeb, lj ÷tlra, jas avbrdas y jbs trakpbs hl Ibjapda. Le cbkoda, jb

 

sdstlkbb rlspdrbtar rlspdrbtarda da iarkbha par jbs iasbs ebsbjls, rlspdrbcdóe lstâ caetrajbhb par lj sdstlk pujkaels,, trâqulb, oraequdas. ±Ruä atras sdstlkbs hl órfbeas caeacls1 pujkaels tdpas hl arfbedskas bedkbjls y 2> tdpas hl arfbedskas vlfltbjls qul saja lxdstle le eulstrb Dsjb Mdspbedajb, ls hlcdr qul sae lehäkdcas hl eulstrb dsjb. ±Ruä rljbcdóe lxdstl letrl arfbedska y lsplcdl1 3. Edvljls hl arfbedzbcdóe lcajófdcb

Cbhb arfbedska sl rljbcdaeb cae lj bkodletl le lj qul sl hlsbrrajjb. Sl rljbcdaeb tbeta cae atras arfbedskas hl jb kdskb lsplcdl, caka cae arfbedskas hl atrbs lsplcdls y cae cakpaeletls bodótdcas (sde vdhb) hl jb ebturbjlzb ebturbjlzb.. ^aojbcdóe Ls lj prdklr edvlj hl arfbedzbcdóe lcajófdcb yb qul ls ue caegueta hl arfbedskas hl jb kdskb lsplcdl qul mbodtbe le ue jufbr pbrtdcujbrr hleakdebha mâodtbt. pbrtdcujb Lglkpjas hl paojbcdaels slrëb lj caegueta hl pjbetbs hl caca a Cacas as euc eucdil dilrb rb) qul ca cacat catlra lrass (Cac qul sl lec ecu ulet etrb rbee le ueb pjby jbyb hltlrkdebhb a lj caegueta hl catarrbs qul sl leculetrbe le ue hltlrkdebha oasqul. Cakuedhbh

\eb cakuedhbh ls lj caegueta hl paojbcdaels qul detlrbct÷be letrl së le ue mâodtbt hltlrkdebha00 par ja tbeta, caetdlel dehdvdhuas hl hdilrletls lsplcdl hltlrkdebha lsplcdls. s. ^ar lglkpja, le jb pjbyb haehl lstâ ueb paojbcdóe hl pjbetbs hl caca mby atrbs paojbcdaels hl slrls vdvas caka ueb paojbcdóe hl cbefrlgas, ueb hl cbrbcajls y ueb paojbcdóe hl pjbetbs hl uvb hl pjbyb0 tahbs lsbs paojbcdaels iarkbe ueb cakuedhbh hl lsb pjbyb. Letrl jbs paojbcdaels hl lsb cakuedhbh pulhl mbolr hdilrletls tdpas hl detlrbccdaels. hlprlh rlhbcd bcdóe óe (ueb lsplcdl sl bjdkletb hl jb atrb), jb ^arr lglkp ^a lglkpja, ja, pulh pulhll lxdst lxdstdr dr jb hlp cakpltlecdb (has lsplcdls hdilrletls cakpdtle par ue kdska rlcursa caka lspbcda pbrb bedhbr) y lj kutubjdska (has lsplcdls sl olelidcdbe hl jb rljbcdóe). Lcasdstlkb

\e lcasdstlkb cakprlehl tahas jas dehdvdhuas hl ueb cakuedhbh y jbs rljbcdaels qul sl hbe tbeta letrl ljjas caka letrl jas slrls vdvas (cakpaeletls odótdcas) y jas

 

cakpaeletls bodót cakpaeletls bodótdcas dcas hlj mâodtbt qul acupbe, tbjls caka lj bfub, lj sulja a lj bdrl. ^ulhl slr hlidedha tbkodäe caka ueb cakuedhbh y su letarea ea vdva.

Lglkpjas hl lcasdstlkbs sae7 jbs pjbybs, jas oasquls, jas jbfas, jbs jbfuebs, jas rëas, jas pbtdas, letrl atras. Lglkpjas lsplcëidcas sae7 lj jbfa Lerdqudjja y lj rëa Azbkb. ±Ruä  lcasdstlkbs lsplcëidcas caeacls le _lp÷ojdcb Hakdedcbeb1  Kbrdea, hl bfub hujcl, hlsärtdca, kaetbòasa, iarlstbj, brtdidcdbj, tlrrlstrl , broustdvas, mlrobclas, kdcraodbeas

Odasilrb

Jb odasilrb lstâ iarkbhb par lj caegueta hl tahas jas lcasdstlkbs hlj pjbeltb.

±^ar quä ls dkpartbetl caeaclr jas edvljls hl arfbedzbcdóe odajófdcb1

Sl trbtb hl ue jlefubgl cak÷e utdjdzbha pbrb lxpjdcbr aoslrvbcdaels le lj lstuhda hl jb vdhb. Hdbrdbkletl, le jbs rlvdstbs, plrdóhdcas a rlpartbgls tljlvdsdvas lscucmbkas a jllkas lxprlsdaels caka jbs sdfudletls ‚lj câeclr ls ueb leilrklhbh qul sl ardfdeb le cäju jujb jbss hl eu sdstlk lkbb dekueajófdca hl jbs jbs cä euls lstr traa cu culr lrpa pa‛‛ a ‚l ‚ljj SD SDHB HB bi bilc lctb tb lj sdst plrsaebs‛, ‚jas brrlcdils hl carbj sae lcasdstlkbs kuy hdvlrsas‛, ‚jbs paojbcdaels hlj sajleahaetl lstâe sdleha bklebzbhbs par jb hliarlstbcdóe‛, ‚lj cbjletbkdleta fjaobj odasilrb odak odakbs bs pael pa el le ueb pljdfra pljdfbjtb ra jb ca caesl eslrvb rvbcdó cdóe‛e hl jb ‛ a ‚Ja ‚Jass kb kbef efjbr jbrls ls sae qul odahdvlrsdhbh bjolrfbe

 

May hëb, cakprlehlr y utdjdzbr jb deiarkbcdóe ls kuy dkpartbetl pbrb cubjqudlr prailsdaebj. Jas tärkdeas rlsbjtbhas hlole slr letlehdhas par qudle hlsll hlslevajvlrsl bhlcubhbkletl le cubjqudlr cbkpa prailsdaebj le jb sacdlhbh bctubj. ^ar atra jbha, tl plrkdtl letlehlr, par lglkpja, qul jb vdhb le jb Xdlrrb hlplehl y sl kbetd kb etdle lell hl ueb ueb kb kbelr elrbb glrârq glrârqud udcb. cb. Sd qulrl qulrlka kass ca caesl eslrvb rvbrr jb odasil odasilrb, rb, hl hlolk olkas as caeslrvbr jas odakbs, ja cubj dkpjdcb qul tlelkas qul caeslrvbr jas lcasdstlkbs y sus cakuedhbhls cae sus paojbcdaels0 plra lsa ea pulhl acurrdr sd ea pratlflkas b jas dehdvdhuas, pbrb ja cubj tlelkas qul fbrbetdzbr qul iuecdaele odle sus sdstlkbs hl órfbeas, jas cubjls ea pulhle iuecdaebr odle sd mby ue praojlkb b edvlj hl ue órfbea, ja cu cubj bj hlpl hlpleh ehll hl hljj ou oule le lstb lstbha ha hl ja jass tlgd tlgdha has, s, jas jas cubj cubjls ls hlpl hlpleh ehle le hlj hlj oule oule

 

iuecdaebkdleta hl jbs cäjujbs. Idebjkletl, sde lj bfub y jas kdelrbjls hlj sulja (y le ueb arfbedskas as vdvas ea pulhle lxdstdr. frbe pbrtl hl jas arfbedskas vdvas, sde lj bdrl) jas arfbedsk Kbtlrdbjls Le lstb prâctdcb, utdjdzbrlkas iatafrbiëbs rlbjdzbhbs cae lj kdcrascapda hlj jboarbtarda hl jb uedvlrsdhbh y iatafrbiëbs hl pjbetbs pbrb dhletdidcbr hdilrletls edvljls hl arfbedzbcdóe odajófdcb.

Bctdvdhbhls

Sl rlbjdzbrâe has bctdvdhbhls pbrb dhletdidcbr hdilrletls edvljls hl arfbedzbcdóe odajófdcb.   Bctdvdhbh B AOSL_YBCDÓE HL CÄJ\JB HL XLGDHA L^DHÄ_KDCA

^brb rlbjdzbr jb sdfudletl iatafrbiëb obga lj kdcrascapda, sl takó ueb magb hl jb pjbetb hl kbfulydta karbha y sl rlbjdzó ue cartl le jb suplridcdl takbeha ue plhbza hl tlgdha lpdhärkdca hlj leväs (pbrtl karbhb hl jb magb hl kbfulydta).

^jbetb hl kbfulydta karbha

Aoslrvb jb sdfudletl iatafrbiëb hlj tlgdha lpdhärkdca hl jb magb hl kbfulydta takbhb le lj kdcrascapda. Lsl tlgdha lstâ caeiarkbha par cäjujbs lpdhärkdcbs qul sae pajdfaebjls

 

y hl cajar karbha y cäjujbs acjusdvbs. Lstbs ÷jtdkbs bpbrlcle sdlkprl le pbr caka ueb mbodcmuljb bodlrtb0 letrl ljjbs mby ue lspbcda (lstakb) qul sdrvl pbrb letrbr a sbcbr fbsls hl jb pjbetb (axëflea, hdóxdha hl cbroaea y vbpar hl bfub). Jbs cäjujbs acjusdvbs caetdlele cjarapjbstas. ±Ruä iuecdóe tdlele lstas cjarapjbstas1 Hlspuäs hl aoslrvbr jb iatafrbiëb, hdougb le lj rlcubhra hlj kbeubj hl jboarbtarda has cërcujas7 le uea hdougb hletra ueb cäjujb lpdhärkdcb dhletdidcbhb le jb iatafrbiëb y le atra hdougb ueb pbrtl hlj tlgdha lpdhärkdca qul pulhls vlr le jb iatafrbiëb. Cäjujb acjusdvb

Lstakb

Cäjujb lpdhärkdcb

Xlgdha lpdhärkdca hl jb magb hl jb pjbetb hl kbfulydta (iatafrbiëb takbhb cae lj kdcrascapda cakpulsta). Hdougb le lj rlcubhra hlj Kbeubj hl Jboarbtardas hl Odajafëb Oâsdcb hl jb sdfudletl iarkb7

Cäjujb

 

Xlgdha

 

 

Bctdvdhbh O7 AOSL_YBCDÓE HL Ó_FBEAS T SDSXLKBS HL Ó_FBEAS LE ^JBEXBS

Le lstb bctdvdhbh, dhletdidcbrlkas jas órfbeas hl ue sdstlkb hl órfbeas hl ueb pjbetb. ^brb letlehlr quä edvlj hl arfbedzbcdóe odajófdcb lstbrlkas aoslrvbeha, mby qul rlcarhbr qul jb pjbetb ls ue arfbedska iarkbha par sdstlkbs hl órfbeas. ^ar lglkpja, jb jbss rbëc rbëcls ls sa saee órfb órfbea eass qul qul iarkb arkbee lj sdstlkb rbhdcujbr a rbhdcbj. Le jbs pjbetbs cae ijarls, jb ijar ls lj sdstlkb rlprahuctar, ls hlcdr, jb ijar ls ue sdstlkb hl órfbeas iarkbha par hdvlrsas órfbeas cuyb iuecdóe ls lj praclsa hl rlprahuccdóe. Bjfuebs ijarls tdlele lj órfbea ilkledea, atrbs saja tdlele lj órfbea ilkledea, y atrbs tdlele bkoas (sae mlrkbirahdtbs). Iata hl pjbetb hl cbyleb ragb a ‚sbefrl hl Crdsta‛

Xaklkas lj lglkpja hl jb ijar hl cbyleb a ‚sbefrl hl Crdsta‛, jb cubj ls mlrkbirahdtb pbrb vlr órfbeas hlj sdstlkb rlprahuctar ilkledea y órfbeas hlj sdstlkb rlprahuctar kbscujdea. Aoslrvbrlkas ueb iatafrbiëb hl ueb ijar hl cbyleb (sdstlkb rlprahuctar hl jb ijar).

Le lsb ijar,

drlkas

Lstbkorl Betlrb Idjbkleta

^dstdja Lstdfkb Lstdja Avbrdas Óvujas

Säpbja

Carajb

_lclptâcuja

dhletdidcbeha jas hdilrletls órfbeas hl cbhb sdstlkb7

4

 

Fdelcla (Sdstlkb rlprahuctar ilkledea hl jbs ijarls)

Jas órfbeas hlj sdstlkb rlprahuctar ilkledea qul pahlkas dhletdidcbr le jb ijar hl cbyleb sae7       

Lstd Lstdfk fkbb Lstd Ls tdja ja Avbrda7  hletra lstâe bjagbhas jas óvujas, qul sae jbs cäjujbs slxubjls ilkledebs. Lstfkb

Lstja

Dkbfle hlj vëhla hl jb hdslccdóe hl ueb ijar (cbebj lxplrdkletatlcb) mttps7//www.yautuol.cak/wbtcm1 v;h6lVGx]\jif

Lj avbrda lstâ le lj detlrdar pratlfdha par pätbjas y

Dkbfle hlj vëhla hl jb hdslccdóe hl ueb ijar (cbebj lxplrdkletatlcb) mttps7//www.yautuol.cak/wbtcm1 v;h6lVGx]\jif

 

Avbrda slccdaebha a pbrtdha par jb kdtbh cae ue odsturë a cae ueb ebvbgb hl bildtbr le lj qul sl pulhle aoslrvbr jas óvujas le su detlrdar  (Iatafrbiëb bkpjdbhb 2] cae kdcrascapda cakpulsta).

YËHLAS _LCAKLEHBHA _LCAKLEHBHAS7 S7

 

2. Lxpj Lxpjdcbc dcbcdóe dóe hlj sdstlkb sdstlkb rlprah rlprahucta uctarr kbscujdea kbscujdea y ilklede ilkledeaa hl jb ijar cae ueb kbqultb  kbqultb  mttps7//www.yautuol.cak/wbtcm1v;H^2\9=2>>YL

?. Hdslccdóe hl ueb ijar hl cbyleb dhletdidcbeha dhletdidcbeha sus pbrtls pbrtls (buequl (buequl ccbhb bhb pbrtl pbrtl dhletdidcbhbb bpbrlcl lscrdtb le partufuäs dhletdidcbh partufuäs sl letdlehl par su pbrlcdha cae lj lspbòaj.)  mttps7//www.yautuol.cak/wbtcm1v;H^2\9=2>>YL lspbòaj.)

 

^ratacaja

 

Bmarb qul mbs tlrkdebha jb jlcturb y jas lglrcdcdas, jjleb lj pratacaja qul bpbrlcl bj idebj hl jb prâctdcb le lj Kbeubj hl jboarbtardas hl Odajafëb Oâsdcb (ODA->2=) .