BIM- Pakistan case study
Short Description
BIM Autodesk Revit...
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DEVELOPMENT OF BUILDING INFORMATION MODEL OF OEC TOWER G-9/4, ISLAMABAD
By MUHAMMAD FAIZAN KHAN
2010-BE-CE-101(Group leader)
USAID ADIL
2010-BE-CE-120
FARZAN SOHAIL
2010-BE-CE-43
UZAIR TAHIR
2010-BE-CE-124
RAJA MEHRAN KHAN
2010-BE-CE-146
(2010-NUST-BE-CIVIL) A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelors of Engineering In Civil Engineering NUST Institute of Civil Engineering (NICE) School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE) National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan. (2013)
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This is to certify that the Report entitled DEVELOPMENT OF BUILDING INFORMATION MODEL OF OEC TOWER G-9/4, ISLAMABAD
Submitted by
MUHAMMAD FAIZAN KHAN
2010-BE-CE-101(Group leader)
USAID ADIL
2010-BE-CE-120
FARZAN SUHAIL
2010-BE-CE-43
UZAIR TAHIR
2010-BE-CE-124
RAJA MEHRAN KHAN
2010-BE-CE-146
Has been accepted towards the partial fulfillment of the requirements for Bachelors of Engineering in Civil Engineering
_______________________ Engr. Zia Ud Din Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, National Institute of Transportation (NIT), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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DEDICATED TO OUR PARENTS
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS
PAGE NO
ACKNOWLDGEMENT .... ........................................................ ................................................ IX ABSTRACT ..................................................... ...................................................... ....................... X LIST OF ACRONYMS ............................................................................... ............................... XI LIST OF FIGURES ................................................. ..................................................... ............ XII LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................. ..................................... XIII INTRODUCTION.................................................... ..................................................... ................ 1
1.1
OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................. 3
1.2
REASONS AND JUSTIFICATIONS ............................................................................. 3 1.2.1 Market Adoption and Growth ..................................................................................... 3 1.2.2 User Experience .......................................................................................................... 3
1.3
ADVANTAGES AND EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES ............................................... 4 1.3.1 Improved Designs ....................................................................................................... 4 1.3.2 Life Cycle Asset Management .................................................................................... 4 1.3.3 Improved Visualization ............................................................................................... 5 1.3.4 Less Wastage .............................................................................................................. 5 1.3.5 Reduced Safety Requirements .................................................................................... 5 1.3.6 Guidelines for Students ............................................................................................... 5 1.3.7 Personal and Social Advantage ................................................................................... 6 1.3.8 Forensic Analysis ........................................................................................................ 6 1.3.9 Facility Management .................................................................................................. 6
1.4
AREAS OF APPLICATION........................................................................................... 6 1.4.1 Improved Communication: ......................................................................................... 6 1.4.2 Shop Drawings ............................................................................................................ 7 iv
1.4.3 Cost Estimation ........................................................................................................... 7 1.4.4 Project Scheduling ...................................................................................................... 7 1.4.5 Conflict, Interference and Collision Detection ........................................................... 7 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................. .................................................... ....... 9
2.1
BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................ 9
2.2
BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING .................................................................. 9
2.3
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF BIM ................................................................................ 11 2.3.1 Clash Controls........................................................................................................... 11 2.3.2 Analyses .................................................................................................................... 12 2.3.3 Time Estimation (4D) ............................................................................................... 12 2.3.4 Cost Estimation (5D) ................................................................................................ 13
2.4
BIM LEVELS ............................................................................................................... 13 2.4.1 Level 0 – Usage of BIM Software ............................................................................ 14 2.4.2 Level 1 – 3D Coordination ....................................................................................... 14 2.4.3 Level 2 – Analyzes, Time and Cost Estimation ........................................................ 14 2.4.4 Level 3 – Integrated Model ....................................................................................... 14
2.5
TECHNOLOGIES IMPLEMENTED IN BIM ............................................................. 15 2.5.1 CAD Technology ...................................................................................................... 15 2.5.2 Object CAD Technology: ......................................................................................... 16 2.5.3 Parametric Building Modeling .................................................................................. 16
2.6
BIM AND PROJECT MANAGER ............................................................................... 16 2.6.1 Communication Benefits .......................................................................................... 17 2.6.2 Quality Benefits ........................................................................................................ 17
2.7
BIM AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT ........................................................ 18 2.7.1 Design Phase ............................................................................................................. 18 2.7.2 Construction Phase.................................................................................................... 19 2.7.3 Management Phase ................................................................................................... 20
2.8
ADVANTAGES OF BIM ............................................................................................. 20
2.9
BIM IMPLEMENTATION IN REAL LIFE ................................................................. 21 2.9.1 Melbourne Stadium ................................................................................................... 21 2.9.2 Water Treatment Plant-Walsh Group ....................................................................... 22 v
2.9.3 Krakow Stadium ....................................................................................................... 22 2.10
BIM TOOLS ................................................................................................................. 23 2.10.1
Autodesk Quantity Takeoff................................................................................... 24
2.10.2
Autodesk Revit...................................................................................................... 24
2.10.3
Autodesk Green Building Studio .......................................................................... 25
2.10.4
Autodesk Navisworks ........................................................................................... 26
METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................... ...................... 27
3.1
SELECTION OF THE TOPIC ...................................................................................... 28
3.2
LITERATURE STUDY ................................................................................................ 28
3.3
SITE SELECTION........................................................................................................ 28
3.4
DATA COLLECTION.................................................................................................. 28
3.5
LEARNING SOFTWARE ............................................................................................ 29
3.6
3-D MODELING .......................................................................................................... 29
3.7
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS SIMULATION ............................................................ 30
3.8
QUANTITY TAKEOFF ............................................................................................... 30
3.9
CLASH DETECTION .................................................................................................. 32
3.10
ENERGY ANALYSIS .................................................................................................. 32
3.11 3.12
ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................... 32 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................. 32
3.13
PREPARING REPORT AND PRESENTAION........................................................... 33 3.13.1
5D Model Submission........................................................................................... 33
3.13.2
Preparation of Presentation ................................................................................... 33
CASE STUDY ..................................................................................... ........................................ 34
4.1
PROJECT INTRODUCTION....................................................................................... 34
4.2
SPECIAL FEATURES OF OEC TOWER.................................................................... 36
4.3
AREA OF OEC TOWER .............................................................................................. 37
4.4
3-D MODEL ................................................................................................................. 37 4.4.1 Architectural Model .................................................................................................. 37 4.4.1.1 Grids.................................................................................................................. 38 4.4.1.2
Levels ................................................................................................................ 38 vi
4.4.1.3
Plan Views ........................................................................................................ 39
4.4.1.4
Walls ................................................................................................................. 39
4.4.1.5
Floors ................................................................................................................ 39
4.4.1.6
Openings ........................................................................................................... 39
4.4.1.7
Doors and Windows.......................................................................................... 40
4.4.1.8
Ceilings ............................................................................................................. 40
4.4.1.9
Ramps ............................................................................................................... 40
4.4.1.10 Columns ............................................................................................................ 40 4.4.1.11 Other Components ............................................................................................ 41 4.4.2 Structural Model ....................................................................................................... 41 4.4.2.1
Floors Slabs ....................................................................................................... 41
4.4.2.2
Beams................................................................................................................ 41
4.4.2.3
Columns ............................................................................................................ 41
4.4.2.4
Walls ................................................................................................................. 41
4.4.2.5
Stairs ................................................................................................................. 42
4.4.2.6
Foundations ....................................................................................................... 42
4.4.3 HVAC Model ............................................................................................................ 42 4.4.3.1
Loading ‗system template‘ ................................................................................ 42
4.4.3.2
Linking architectural model .............................................................................. 42
4.4.3.3
Creating work space .......................................................................................... 43
4.4.3.4
Pipes and ducts.................................................................................................. 43
4.4.3.5
Pipe and duct fittings ........................................................................................ 43
4.4.3.6
Mechanical equipment ...................................................................................... 43
4.4.4 Electrical Model ........................................................................................................ 43 4.4.4.1
System template: ............................................................................................... 43
4.4.4.2
Linking Revit architectural model: ................................................................... 44
4.4.4.4
Types of electrical equipment installed ............................................................ 44
4.4.4.5
Creating a circuit system:.................................................................................. 45
4.5
4.4.5 Plumbing Model........................................................................................................ 46 QUANTITY TAKEOFF ............................................................................................... 47
4.6
SCHEDULE.................................................................................................................. 47 vii
4.7
CLASH DETECTION .................................................................................................. 48
4.8
ENERGY ANALYSIS .................................................................................................. 49
4.9
QUANTITY COMPARISON ....................................................................................... 50
4.10
PROBLEMS FACED ................................................................................................... 50
4.11
SUMMARY .................................................................................................................. 51
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATIONS ................................ ....................................... 52
5.1 5.2
REVIEW OF OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................... 52 CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................... 52
5.3
RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................. 52
REFERENCES................................................ ...................................................... ...................... 53 APPENDIX -1.............................................................................................................................. 55 APPENDIX -2.............................................................................................................................. 56 APPENDIX-3............................................................................................................................... 57 APPENDIX-4............................................................................................................................... 58 APPENDIX-5............................................................................................................................... 59 APPENDIX-6............................................................................................................................... 60 APPENDIX-7............................................................................................................................... 61 APPENDIX-8............................................................................................................................... 62 APPENDIX-9............................................................................................................................... 63
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ACKNOWLDGEMENT We are thankful to Allah Almighty for bestowing upon us the strength to accomplish this project. We would like to express our profound sense of reverence and deep regards to our supervisor Assistant Professor Zia Ud Din. His exemplary encouragement and constant guidance was the driving force behind the successful completion of the project. We are indebted to Consultant Civil Engineer at PRIMACO Mr. Waqas Ather, for providing us the necessary assistance and information regarding the project. Last but not the least we would like to pay our earnest gratitude to our parents and our colleagues for their incredible support and assistance.
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ABSTRACT Time and cost are major constraints of every construction project. But most of the projects fail to complete within the estimated budget and schedule. The main reason behind this failure is lack of coordination between different project stakeholders. With the introduction of CAD technology these hurdles have been minimized. But, still the coordination environment was lacking. Advancements in technology yielded new approach towards construction known as BIM. BIM stands for Building Information Modeling. It is a new way of approaching design and documentation of the building project. It is a comprehensive tool used for designing, initiating, executing, monitoring, controlling and completing a less time consuming and cost effective construction project. It encompasses the entire lifecycle of the building including operations. It provides a 3-D Model that helps in defining and simulating the building, its delivery and operations with the help of integrated tools. The feature of embedding quantity estimation and time scheduling together with a 3-D model makes it a 5-D model. In addition to the 5D model other technical aspects of BIM includes clash detection and energy analysis. 5-d model of a building facility was developed in this project with different features of BIM were analyzed. The tools used in this project were Autodesk Revit, Autodesk Navisworks, Autodesk Green Building Studio and Autodesk Quantity Take off for 3-D modeling, scheduling, clash detection, energy analysis and cost estimation respectively. The project reflected the improvements in quantities and number of change orders with the use of BIM by comparing the actual quantities with results obtained from model developed.
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LIST OF ACRONYMS
3D
Three Dimensional x,y,z
CAD
Computer Aided Drawing
BIM
Building Information Modeling
2D
Two Dimensional x,y
MEP CMM
Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing Capability Maturity Model
4-D
Fourth dimension-Scheduling
5-D
Fifth dimension –Cost Estimation
NBIMS
National
Building
Information
Modeling
Standards IT
Information Technology
PM
Project Manager
OEC
Overseas Employees Corporation
PVC
Polyvinyl Chloride
IPD
Integrated Project Delivery
EOBI
Employees Old-Age Benefits Institution
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1.1 CONSTRUCTION AND NON-FARM LABOR PRODUCTIVITY INDEX........ 2 FIGURE 1.2 AREAS OF APPLICATION OF BIM (DISPENZA, 2010). .................................. 8 FIGURE 2.1 FULLY FUNCTIONAL BIM (JIMÉNEZ ET AL., 2001).................................... 10 FIGURE 2.2 CLASH DETECTION........................................................................................... 12 FIGURE 2.3 COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES (AGC, 2005)..... 15 FIGURE 2.4 BIM MODELS ...................................................................................................... 19 FIGURE 2.5 BENEFITS OF BIM (YAN & DAMIAN, 2008) .................................................. 21 FIGURE 2.6 KRAKOW STADIUM COMPLEX SPIRAL STRUCTURE............................... 22 FIGURE 3.1 FLOW CHART OF THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................ 27 FIGURE 3.2 INTEGRATED MODEL....................................................................................... 30 FIGURE 3.3 QUANTITY TAKEOFF WORKING ................................................................... 31 FIGURE 4.1 OEC TOWER SOUTH EAST ARTISTIC VIEW ................................................ 34 FIGURE 4.2 OEC TOWER NORTH WEST VIEW .................................................................. 35 FIGURE 4.3 OEC TOWER UNDER CONSTRUCTION ......................................................... 36 FIGURE 4.4 SCHEDULE SCREENSHOT ............................................................................... 48 FIGURE 4.5 DUCT BEND AND PLUMBING PIPE CLASH ................................................ 49 FIGURE 4.6 HVAC AND PLUMBING PIPES CLASH ........................................................... 49
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LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1 BIM TOOLS .......................................................................................................... 23 TABLE 4.1 PROJECT STAKEHOLDERS .............................................................................. 35 TABLE 4.2 AREAS OF OEC TOWER .................................................................................... 37 TABLE 4.3 FLOOR LEVELS ................................................................................................... 39 TABLE 4.4 QUANTITY ESTIMATE SUMMARY ................................................................ 47 TABLE 4.5 CLASH DETECTION SUMMARY ..................................................................... 49 TABLE 4.6 QUANTITY COMPARISON ................................................................................ 50
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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION The construction industry in Pakistan has long been criticized all over the world for being inefficient and resource consuming. The reason behind the criticism is their unorthodox approach to construction which is much disorganized and utterly uneconomical (N. Azhar, Farooqui, & Ahmed, 2008). There is a room for improvement in every phase of construction. The construction industry has been facing an alarming situation in terms of labor productivity which is on the decrease since 1960, but it is worth noticing that process industries have increased their labor productivity. Thus, there is a dire need to balance out the situation to prevent wastage and cost overruns (Teicholz, 2004). According to a research, poor project site management, delays between design and procurement phases, incorrect methods of cost estimation and improper planning are one of the major reasons for cost overruns in the construction industry of Pakistan. As it can be seen from the researches the main factor behind the downfall is the lack of project integration and coordination. Thus, with the aid of new technology and digitized environment these hurdles can be triumph over (N. Azhar et al., 2008). Impact of technology on construction industry has been positive. The transformation from manual drafting to computer aided drafting was huge step up in construction industry. It revolutionized the whole construction industry the design issues were reduced and 2-D CAD environment provided the user friendly environment to the users to design the building components. It yielded better results and fewer conflicts than the manual drafting (Hergunsel, 2011). As manual drafting was hectic, user was more prone to errors and to edit these drawings required them to be redrawn. The remedy in the shape of CAD environment was perfect at that time. These 2-D CAD drawings mimic the manual hand drafting in digitized platform which allows the user to edit them, make revisions and to minimize the complexity of drawings with use of layer features. But, as the process industries progressed by leaps and bounds with an aid of modern technology as shown in the figure where we can see that Non-Farm productivity is increasing with the time. CAD could not keep pace with the process industries in the modern era as it can be seen from the figure 1.1 that construction productivity did not progressed and the 1
new technology was required to keep pace with the other industries related to the construction industry (Eastman, Teicholz, Sacks, & Liston, 2008).
Figure 1.1 Construction and Non-Farm Labor Productivity Index (Hergunsel, 2011) To minimize the wastage, cost overrun, inefficiency and conflicts. There was need of a fully coordinated and digitized environment to overcome the limitations of CAD technologies and to increase the labor productivity. Thus, Building information approach was formulated to cater for these limitations and is the remedy for modern era construction issues. Today BIM has revolutionized the construction industry .It is the latest technology which is being widely accepted around the globe. A Building Information Model is a data-rich, objectoriented 3-D representation of the building project, from which appropriate data as per user requirement can be extracted to generate information that can be helpful to make decisions and improve the process of delivering the project (AGC, 2005). Since the introduction of BIM technology, the potential of software in construction management has profoundly increased. A Building Information Model contains as much information related to the building project as can be incorporated. This information can include performance
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information obtained throughout the lifecycle of the project, the building‘s features and characteristics and functions of the building (Yan & Damian, 2008). 1.1
OBJECTIVES
The main objectives of this research were: I.
To develop a 3D Model of a facility using Autodesk Revit for virtual representation of the real Project.
1.2
II. III.
To develop a simulated schedule of the project with the help of Autodesk Navisworks. To perform material takeoff of the project using Autodesk Quantity Takeoff software.
IV.
To perform clash detection between different models using Autodesk Navisworks.
V.
To perform energy analysis of the model using Autodesk Green Building Studio.
REASONS AND JUSTIFICATIONS
The reasons and justifications for selection of the project are: 1.2.1
Market Adoption and Growth
Many experienced users are realizing the benefits of BIM modeling such as better communication, improved productivity, and greater chances of winning over the client. This is because of the fact that BIM helps in improving coordination between different departments in the project team due to increased overlapping and integration. This helps in further improving productivity, enhancing quality control and strengthening communication systems. A survey has shown that out of a 100 BIM experts, 82 experts have responded that BIM usage has been very beneficial in improving the productivity of their firm. BIM usage is not only increasing in the construction industry but many new firms are starting to adopt this technology (Dobson, 2004). 1.2.2
User Experience
The increasing use of BIM corresponds with a wholly pragmatic assessment of the general impact on the BIM users business practices. As users begin to see its vast benefits, they deepen their involvement with BIM. More than half of the users claim that BIM has had a very positive impact on their respective firms. A recent survey shows that in Construction Industry: 3
I.
61% of Contractors believe that BIM is good for their Company.
II.
Many architects see BIM has been helpful in improving their businesses.
III.
Every 4 Clients out of 10 have reported that BIM has been productive for their projects
IV.
Furthermore, it has been found, that expert users are:
V.
More than three times likely to claim that BIM has resulted in improved efficiency for their internal activities (Dobson, 2004).
VI.
More than Four times likely to claim that BIM has resulted in improved efficiency for
their peripheral activities (Dobson, 2004). The ability of a user to perform data analysis and extract information comes with skill and experience in using BIM tools. More experts are shown to use BIM tools for quantity takeoff of materials, scheduling of activities and cost estimation of the project as compared to beginners. 1.3
ADVANTAGES AND EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES
Building Information Modeling will be the lightening beacon in the future construction industry. The advantages of BIM are numerous as it covered every field of the construction from concept to conclusion. It has made a lot of complexities simple and has lightened the burden of drafting, documentation etc. The software evolution and new technologies in construction has been a very helpful tool in promoting BIM (Young, Jones, & Bernstein, 2008). Following are more useful benefits of BIM as discussed in ―Building Information Modeling‖ by McGraw Hill construction (Young et al., 2008): 1.3.1
Improved Designs
Building proposals can be analyzed on basis of cost and quality comparison, design efficiency as well as real time simulations can be performed. Further changes can be made to the already chalked out plans to improve performance and create a better design for the building. 1.3.2
Life Cycle Asset Management
Life cycle of a building is defined as the life of a building from its conception to its construction, maintenance and finally demolition. Building Information models provide the necessary Building information codes to help the user in different activities related to the life cycle of the facility. 4
1.3.3
Improved Visualization
BIM produces models that are far superior in quality as well as in the quantity of data stored in them. For students and clients, BIM is an excellent starting point in helping visualize the physical features and characteristics of a project. This makes communicating the complex aspects of the building design to the new user very easy.
1.3.4
Less Wastage
BIM facilitate in calculating the precise amount of material quantity from the model through quantity takeoff so that neither an excessive order is placed for the materials nor is there any storage problem caused on the project site. The schedule also provides the user with an idea of when the equipments and materials should be brought on site to avoid any delays and also minimize the chance of any damage caused to the materials due to weather or other factors. This in turn results in less material wastage as well as efficient use of labor force and equipment.
1.3.5
Reduced Safety Requirements
Many special features of BIM make the facilities more hazard proof such as a process known as ―Fire Protection Modeling‖. This process ensures that the design can be re evaluated for public
safety and the best possible steps can be taken in order to make the facility more safe for the occupants in case of a fire breakout. Safety risks can also be evaluated before the construction phase even begins. The project manager is free to review the project complex tasks and activities beforehand in order to reduce the risks for any potential injury or damage. 1.3.6
Guidelines for Students
The projects being done on BIM will provide a guideline to newcomers. ―If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday (Pearl S. Buck).‖ Newcomers need not to face all
the problems that are currently being faced. The guideline will include the daily life construction processes etc.
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1.3.7
Personal and Social Advantage
The projects on BIM will be an exposure to the latest technology being used in modern construction industry. This would help the students to work on more productive disciplines rather than textbook disciplines which would pave way for new construction era. 1.3.8
Forensic Analysis
Forensic analysis is the science of analyzing the results obtained after investigating a happened incident and then documenting the causes based on evidences. Forensic analysis can be facilitated significantly using building information modeling as BIM graphically visualizes the potential damages, leaks and evacuation plans (S. Azhar, Hein, & Sketo, 2008). 1.3.9
Facility Management
Facility management is the vast field which includes the coordination of buildings, office blocks, schools, shopping centers, hotels and hospitals in a way to achieve maximum efficient system. BIM in this field is used for the operations of renovation, space planning and maintenance (S. Azhar et al., 2008). 1.4
AREAS OF APPLICATION
Almost every area of construction industry is covered by BIM. Its influence is on every field including the design phase, construction phase and management phase. It provides a platform for the digitized construction which would be very useful in reducing change orders and schedule delays. Areas of application of BIM can be seen from the figure 1.2. The results of this project can be applied for: 1.4.1
Improved Communication:
BIM can greatly improve the cross department communication as well as between different parties like clients, financers etc that are attached to the project and helps to remove any confusions held by the parties. One of the main reasons why project managers and contractors prefer to use BIM over other 3D software is that the 3D model obtained through BIM is a much realistic conception and therefore helps the client in deciding what kind of a facility they want to build. 6
1.4.2
Shop Drawings
BIM helps in generating high quality shop drawings for various building systems and features. The shop drawing produced for the building can be anything from a detailed isometric image of the Plumbing lines in the facility to the site layout. An example is that once the building model design is complete; one can easily produce the MEP (Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing) shop drawings. These shop drawings can be used by the contractors to visualize different components of the building. 1.4.3
Cost Estimation
BIM Software often includes a very useful cost estimation feature. The quantity of all the materials used the facility are estimated by the estimation tool and costs are calculated based on a set standard of prices for each material. The software calculates the costs for all materials and adds them up in the end to give the total cost estimate. The number of labors and their working hours can be used to calculate the total estimate of the project. 1.4.4
Project Scheduling
Project scheduling tool allows the user to link up different sets of activities with the corresponding elements in the BIM model. By linking these activities, the user is able to obtain a bar chart of the project schedule which helps the project managers to find out any conflicts between different activities and plan a clash free schedule. By comparing the planned and real schedules, the project manager is able to better plan the course and speed of activities.BIM also provides the construction project simulation which aids in visualizing the actual construction project. 1.4.5
Conflict, Interference and Collision Detection
BIM models are made in 3-D space so every single object created is visually accessible. Therefore any clash and interference among pipes, beams, columns and electrical wiring can easily be detected (Jiménez, Thomas, & Torras, 2001). These detections help in saving a lot of time and money. This is possible when there are reduced numbers of change orders and the clashes can be easily visualized.
7
All the applications of BIM can be seen in figure 1.2
Figure 1.2 Areas of application of BIM (Dispenza, 2010).
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Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1
BACKGROUND
The development of the country is very much influenced by the advancement in its construction industry. There is a dire need of infrastructure and buildings in every underdeveloped country in order to pave way for the economic growth of the country. Building construction progress has been hampered by the economic losses and decreased labor productivity. The economic losses were caused by the defects in the design due to which the prefabricated components of the building are not suitable thus the whole component has to be replaced when there is a design failure such as constructability issues during the construction. In 1974 Chuck Eastman and five other authors presented a paper in which they explained the chief means of communication used in building design and construction processes which were drawings, including notes and specifications. They mentioned few problems which were i.
In 2D drawings at least two drawings are required for understanding the structure thus one dimension is shown twice. 2D drawings also become redundant as different items are shown in two different drawings at different scale. All this means if a change is to be done in any drawing it has to be changed in all drawings.
ii.
Large efforts are required to keep the design up-to-date. But even with all this hard work there is a possibility that information somewhere is obsolete and non-consistent.
iii.
For analysis of construction, information has to be taken manually from drawings which is laborious work
They also suggested a solution, that is to create a computer system that could save and control design information at great detail. This was named as building description system (Eastman et al., 2008). The solution to the above mentioned problems is BIM and it plays an important role in developing a proper model of a building which represents every aspect and runs the analysis of the building.
2.2 BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING The construction industry has been facing a dramatic change to (I) increase; efficiency,
productivity, infrastructure value, quality and sustainability, (ii) reduce; lifecycle costs, lead 9
times and duplications, via effective collaboration and communication of stakeholders. Digital construction seeks to integrate processes throughout the entire lifecycle by utilizing building information modeling (BIM) systems as it can be seen in figure 2.1 (S. Azhar et al., 2008).
Figure 2.1 Fully Functional BIM (Jiménez et al., 2001). BIM stands for ―building information modeling.‖ It is a new and revolutionary approach for the
designing, construction and management of buildings. BIM is viewed in this proposal according to the following definition of BIM. According to the White paper published by Autodesk BIM is defined as:―Building information modeling is an approach t o building design, construction, and
management. It supports the continuous and immediate availability of project design scope, schedule, and cost information that is high quality, reliable, integrated, and fully coordinated. Though it is not itself a technology, it is supported to varying degrees by different technologies (autodesk, 2003).‖ The main function of BIM is to create a 3-D model in digital form which depicts the real life environments .It provides the features to run the maintenance program after the completion of the building. In order to have maximum control over the project there is a need of different models including Architectural, Structural, MEP, resource management and others including a
10
detailed schedule. So, BIM is referred to a combined model where models from different disciplines are merged (Lahdou & Zetterman, 2011). The purpose of the building construction is achieved when the building is functional. Building is functional when purpose of the facility completely or partly serves. Thus, BIM is a digital depiction of physical and functional characteristics of a facility. It is a shared information resource about a facility forming consistent basis for decisions during its life-cycle (NBIMS, 2007). BIM provides the focal point for the project stakeholders. All the data required by any type of stakeholder will be available through BIM. The project location and the environmental impact on the project is a new feature of BIM. The building location provides the information about the impact of natural surroundings, temperature and effect of sunlight. So, building information model describe the geometry, geographic information spatial relationships, quantities and characteristics of building elements, material inventories, cost estimates and schedule of performance. This model can be used to express the entire building life cycle (Bazjanac, 2006). 2.3
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF BIM
Different BIM functions are explained which are attached to each BIM level support.
2.3.1
Clash Controls
BIM model of different disciplines can be checked at same moment for any type of geometrical design errors. Those areas where these models overlap each other when they are brought together can easily be altered and can be made error free(Eastman et al., 2008). To perform clash controls in BIM Autodesk provides a tool named Autodesk Navisworks. The reports can be generated to identify these clashes and there affects on the structure. The alternatives are also suggested in order to get out of these critical situations with relative ease. Controlling clashes helps in minimizing change orders and redesigns (Eastman et al., 2008). This feature has been very effective as it identifies clashes before construction unlike the manual drafting where the clashes were identified during the construction which caused costly delays and the projects could not be completed within budget. Clash detection feature is shown in figure 2.2.
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Clash pipes
between
Figure 2.2 Clash detection 2.3.2
Analyses
Analyses on energy usage can be done by synchronizing a BIM model to those tools which determine the isolating ability of a structure and it can analyze total usage for heating and cooling for that structure in extreme conditions. This makes the structure more energy efficient and cost economical. (Eastman et al., 2008). 2.3.3
Time Estimation (4D)
The time estimation tool, more commonly known as 4D, links the objects present in the information of a building with plan of time. This link then helps in visualizing the project‘s schedule. Moreover, it can be used by users to simulate the building location and construction at random time frames. Such project modeling provides important data and helps the user in foreseeing errors which rear their ugly head later on creating a problem for the user. Autodesk provide the perfect platform to provide this feature in Autodesk Navisworks. The simulation of construction in real world is run in this tool which makes it easy to communicate and sequence different activities .Schedule from Primavera can be imported into the project (Eastman et al., 2008).
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2.3.4
Cost Estimation (5D)
The cost estimation tool (also known as 5D) allows all the elements in the 3D design to be connected with a set price list for all the materials. Although, price lists are mostly based on the volume cost of materials but it can also include the cost of the laborers and equipment cost. This provides the user with a more detailed cost estimate of the project. Such as detailed cost estimate in the early design phases creates a better understanding of the financial implications in terms of design changes and therefore, decisions regarding materials and construction can be evaluated from an economical standpoint. Autodesk provide this feature in Autodesk Quantity Takeoff (Eastman et al., 2008). 2.4
BIM LEVELS
The capability maturity model (CMM), which was developed by NIBMS, defined the organizational level of a model and provided the users with an opportunity to evaluate their procedures based on a wider array of technical objectives. The basic aim of using CMM is to create a tool for calculating the level of maturity in a building information model by analyzing it against an established criterion and provide that information to the project stakeholders. The term maturity depicts that to which extent the features of BIM are implemented. On the horizontal axis of the matrix there are eleven spheres of concern, for example: data richness, life-cycle views and roles or disciplines. The vertical axis on the other hand contains ten levels of maturity. Ten is considered to be the greatest level of maturity from the Appendix-1. Different communities form their own criteria to calculate the level of maturity regarding the utilization of BIM. The maturity regarding utilization of BIM in Ramboll is described by levels ranging from 0 to 3, where 0 is the lowest and 3 is the highest level of progression. The parts of BIM which are included in BIM levels are specified. What parts of BIM which are included in each BIM level is specified. This proves to be the driving force behind the task managers to progress to next BIM level which makes the projects successful. The task mangers can expedite their projects for some monetary advantages by moving up to next BIM levels. Utilization of BIM is very effective for most of the communities so most communities tend rate their success on the basis of BIM levels (Teicholz, 2004).
13
BIM levels are as follows: 2.4.1
Level 0 – Usage of BIM Software
During this level 3D model is only used in the design phase and there is no coordinated integration with other parametric models or fulfils requirements regarding documenting of all information exchange that takes place i.e. the concept of 5D model is not implemented (S. Azhar, Carlton, Olsen, & Ahmad, 2011) 2.4.2
Level 1 – 3D Coordination
For BIM Level 1, a satisfactory level of coordination of functions between the different disciplines (civil, electrical and mechanical disciplines and project hierarchy) is achieved. Clash controls are performed as models of all the disciplines are integrated (S. Azhar et al., 2011) At this level of BIM information flow within the project team is structured and identified to make common goals which would be achieved later on which would help to achieve the main objective of the project. 2.4.3
Level 2 – Analyzes, Time and Cost Estimation
At level 2 in BIM, level 1 and more additional BIM services which requires multi disciplinary data input are provided. In this level certain services are available which include energy analyzers and basic variant of time and cost estimation (S. Azhar et al., 2011). In this level schedule development and cost estimation are performed with the inclusion of effects due to the building orientation, water harvesting techniques due to which building water consumption will be less and sustainable materials which helps in reduction of materials used. Thus, paving way for energy efficient building (Hergunsel, 2011). 2.4.4
Level 3 – Integrated Model
At level 3, a simpleton model is not enough and further complex models are needed to operate. Services from both level one and two are provided with an extremely well coordinated and integrated model between many disciplines. This level integrates all the data including 5-D model and energy analyzing data, This level needs high level of effort as data needs to be updated periodically so that maintenance program can be run effectively (S. Azhar et al., 2011)
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2.5
TECHNOLOGIES IMPLEMENTED IN BIM
BIM is an approach not a technology so it does requires suitable technologies to implement effectively. Figure 2.3 describe the comparison between different technologies. These technologies are:
Figure 2.3 Comparison between different technologies (AGC, 2005) 2.5.1
CAD Technology
This technology supports drafting automation effectively but modern construction requires high level of competence. Using this software can demand high level of effort by maintaining standards such as layers and naming standards. This requires the user to be efficient, highly skilled and disciplined, due to which high level programmers are required to do this job.
15
2.5.2
Object CAD Technology:
It aims to replicate the building components in CAD drawing, by focusing on the 3D dimensions and geometry of the building facility, the generation of documentation from that 3D drawing and by extracting object data from the building components in order to be able to generate information about object parameters and quantities. (AGC, 2005) In object CAD the 3D geometry is used but this becomes really complex for larger projects as more than one floors are made it also requires a lot discipline and care should be taken while using this technology, not much liberty is provided to make plans with ease. As the manual correction is required in CAD technology it also requires the same pattern to implement the corrections. 2.5.3
Parametric Building Modeling
Parametric building modeling corresponds to the decision support system in the Financial Community. This provides an integrated system that can be used to simulate the behavior of a real-world system. These systems blend a Data model (geometry and lengths) with a Behavioral model (change management). In this technology basically the building model is fully coordinated throughout the model i.e. every building component is related to each other. If there is a change in one component then the consequences of the change is applied throughout the related components such as if the door height is to be altered then automatically the wall above it will be altered accordingly. This provides the basic interrelated information which lessens the work effort. Autodesk Revit is an efficient tool which provides the platform to implement this technology (AGC, 2005). 2.6
BIM AND PROJECT MANAGER
A
Can BIM be used for Project Management? How Project Managers are influenced by BIM? These are some questions which arise in one‘s mind. But after the thorough study of literature it
was concluded that the benefits found in projects using BIM are more than the challenges, moreover the benefits found are aligned with the function of a Project Manager. The literature showed that there is a dire need for integration of Project teams and collaboration of all parties.BIM could be used effectively for the integration of Project teams and collaboration of all Parties. The Project can be performed in a combined manner to save Cost, time and to 16
work within the scope. A survey was carried out to understand the influence of BIM on the role of project manager and it states that 50% of the response showed that project manager should be proficient in BIM and 24% response was that project manager should be in charge of BIMmanagement. Many studies have shown that BIM is a tool that goes far beyond its designed functions. Therefore, the Project Manager should always lead in BIM Management just like he has to lead in all other departments of IT systems in Complex Projects. Although there are some difficulties and challenges faced in the implementation phase of BIM technology but this can be overcome by investing for the sufficient training of Staff in the use of BIM (Jiménez et al., 2001). Another challenge was the existence of certain Software related issues which did not allow the unleashing of full potential of BIM. The research suggested that the PM must contribute towards solving these issues rather than considering it as an excuse to not use BIM (Jiménez et al., 2001). But the main question arises how BIM can benefit the project manager. The task of the project manager is to deliver a successful project. A successful project can be defined as the Project delivered on time, within budget and within the scope. BIM provides certain benefits which would help the project manager to deliver a successful project, the benefits are: 2.6.1
Communication Benefits
The communication between different stakeholders improves with the help of BIM. The main reason behind it is the development of a 3-D model which is easy to understand unlike a 2-D Model which has to be imagined to visualize it in reality and not enough information can be included in such models.BIM allows for less costly and time consuming visualizations which are impossible using traditional modeling. The clarity and depiction of real world model helps to communicate with different stakeholders (Lahdou & Zetterman, 2011). 2.6.2
Quality Benefits
The quality of a project can be improved with the help of a 3-D model which helps all the stakeholders involved to understand their roles and their objectives. The data need to be entered once in the BIM unlike traditional models which makes cumbersome and complex computations. The process of documentations is also improved. Reports can be generated in any format and can include the required data. The clashes can be controlled in a Project as all the models are 17
integrated in one model and clashes are detected and can be corrected. The model includes the input of different stakeholders which provides s[specific information to the respective stakeholders (Lahdou & Zetterman, 2011). The benefits above can create mutual understanding between client and the project manager because of the clear goals and objectives. This takes both client and the project manager on same page. BIM utilized in design phase helps in creating schedules. This helps in calculating the budget. BIM linked with time helps in planning the construction execution process .It provides better control over the project. Cost estimates provides better control of economic aspects of BIM and can optimize the value a client can obtain from the investment (Lahdou & Zetterman, 2011). 2.7
BIM AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
There are three major areas of Construction Management which are as follows: 2.7.1
Design Phase
It is a duty of an architect to balance the scope, cost and schedule of the Project. If there are illtimed changes then it will adversely affect relations between client and the consultant. Using BIM all the data is available straight away and in updated form so that project related decisions can be taken swiftly and effectively. BIM allows project team to make changes in designs during design phase without any backbreaking and manual checking work because when there is a correction to be made in design while not using BIM, the correction needs to be implemented to every related component manually in order to make the design ready. The check and balance is also required to see if all the related areas are corrected but in BIM the change is coordinated throughout the related components and less time will be consumed. All the design and documentation work can be done concurrently rather than one after the other. BIM coordinates the change and its consequences made in the certain point of project throughout the project lifecycle automatically. The design team can deliver the work faster. BIM eliminated the coordination mistakes and improve the quality of work. The three different models are shown in figure 2.4. 18
Figure 2.4 BIM models The four thorough Case Studies of BIM implementation for precast concrete design by mid-sized structural engineering firms, reported by Kaner, Sacks, Kassian and Quitt revealed that the designs were error free which improved the labor productivity with the help of BIM (Eastman et al., 2008). 2.7.2
Construction Phase
BIM makes available concurrent information on Building quality, schedule and cost. Builder can speed up quantification for estimation, production of updated estimates and construction planning. The consequences of procured products can be studied using BIM by using a virtual construction tool of BIM which helps in locating the defects in the building before physical construction is even started, so corrected procured products (e.g. prefabricated beams) can be ordered and plans can be prepared quickly. BIM ensures less time and money is spent on process and administration issues because of high document quality and better construction planning. The digitized nature of BIM releases the complexity of manual documentation process by automatic generation of reports. In a large health care project due to BIM/VDC (software) there were zero-conflicts and 100% prefabrication and maximum labor productivity with zero accident in the field. With 6 months savings on schedule and $9 million on the cost (Eastman et al., 2008).
19
2.7.3
Management Phase
BIM provides digital record of renovation and improve move planning and management. It accelerates the adaption of standard building sample to site conditions for businesses. Physical information about the building is also available such as financial data and furniture inventory etc. Consistent access to this information improves both revenue and cost management in the operation of the build. 2.8
ADVANTAGES OF BIM
Building information modeling supports the continuous and immediate availability of project, design scope, schedule, and cost information that is high quality, reliable, integrated, and fully coordinated (AGC, 2005). The advantages are: I.
Better Coordination
II.
High quality work
III.
Low cost
IV.
Time saving
V.
High labor productivity
VI.
Environmental Impact
VII.
Safety provisions
VIII.
Pre-fabrication
IX.
Less work force
X.
Less conflicts
XI.
Visual aids
XII.
Record Data
XIII.
Maintenance Program
XIV.
Less changes
A research at the Stanford University research center on BIM revealed that i.
Up to 40% elimination of unbudgeted change.
ii. iii.
Cost estimation accuracy 3%. 80% reduction in time taken for cost estimation
iv.
7% reduction in project time 20
v.
10% clash detection which saves the budget.
In many projects millions of dollars have been save by using BIM. Time delays have been provided. Designs have been corrected with the help of contractor‘s services and BIM. This
all is done in a coordinated way so that no time is wasted correcting the remaining of the project. Digital process helps in getting work done without a lot of manpower just few technicians are required to operate this software. The figure 2.5 shows the acknowledgement about BIM from the top eight construction companies in UK and USA.
2.9
Figure 2.5 Benefits of BIM (Yan & Damian, 2008) BIM IMPLEMENTATION IN REAL LIFE
Some of the examples of implementation of BIM in real life are: 2.9.1
Melbourne Stadium
Studies have shown that use of BIM on Projects has resulted in a 500% return on investment, while the use of ―Bentley structural‖ for scheduling and documenting yielded only a 200% return. Final optimization results through BIM have shown a 10% savings in roof tonnage in the steel members with an ideal roof profile. This was possible only due to the optimization studies (time and money saving designs) and the function of BIM to compare different structures which proved helpful in eliminating the errors.
21
2.9.2
Water Treatment Plant-Walsh Group
Using Bentley Structures 20 conflicts in the design and construction phase were discovered. This helped the organization to save $90,000 and 7 weeks of delay due to the comprehensive 3D model of BIM which was easy to understand and revealed minor details which were very effective as a truss was designed incorrectly as it was overlapping a steel beam by 6-inches. 2.9.3
Krakow Stadium
Generative component is an efficient BIM tool provided Bentley systems. A highly complex spiral structure was designed for the stadium within little amount of time and avoided time delays with the ability of BIM software Generative components to design complex geometry without reworking the documentation process allowed them analyze different spiral geometric structures as shown in figure 2.6.
Figure 2. 6 Krakow Stadium complex spiral structure 22
2.10
BIM TOOLS
The table 2.1 shows the BIM tools which are widely used in the construction industry. Area of BIM
Product Name
Manufacturer
Autodesk Revit
Autodesk
ArchiCAD
Graphisoft
Architecture
Structure
BIM Use Creating and reviewing 3D models Conceptual 3D Architectural Model
Bentley Architecture
Bentley
Revit Structure
Autodesk
Creating and reviewing 3D models Structural Conceptual 3D
Tekla Structure
Tekla
Bentley Structures
Bentley
Multi-discipline
Autodesk Ecotect Analysis
Autodesk
Energy Analysis
Autodesk
Energy Analysis
Autodesk Green Building Studio
Modeling
Structural
Sustainability Bentley TAS Simulation
Bentley
Analysis/Detailing, Quantity Take-off, Building Performance
Revit MEP
Autodesk
Shop Drawing
Structural MEP
Bentley Hevacomp Mechanical Design
Bentley
Analysis/Detailing, Quantity Take-off, Building Performance
Scheduling
Primavera
Oracle
Schedules
Autodesk Navisworks
Autodesk
Clash Detection
Table 2.1 BIM Tools 23
The tools used in the current project are Autodesk Revit, Autodesk quantity takeoff, Autodesk Navisworks and Autodesk Green building studio. These software are user friendly and are easily accessible. The tools used in this project are: 2.10.1
Autodesk Quantity Takeoff
Autodesk quantity takeoff helps to calculate and estimate materials more swiftly, accurately and easily. Cost estimators can create synchronized, comprehensive project views that combine important information from building information modeling (BIM) tools such as Revit Architecture, Revit Structure, and Revit MEP with images geometry and data from other tools. It can also calculate areas and count the building components manually or automatically and can export them to Excel and to create DWF format. i.
Take-off in minutes automatically—Perform
a take-off on an entire building
information model (BIM) in just minutes through integration of 2D and 3D design data. ii.
Greater flexibility than typical databases or spread sheets —Perform
interactive
examination of 3D models for material cost estimating purposes. iii.
Dynamic counting—Count and quantify design data quickly and easily.
iv.
More efficient manual take-off—supports
the take-off of JPG, TIF, PDF, and other ― no
intelligent‖ image formats. v.
Share, query, and clarify—Generate
quantities linked to specific objects. Mark up and
―round-trip‖ your comments. vi.
Faster and more insightful quantity reports—Create
summaries and detailed quantity
surveying reports quickly and easily. 2.10.2
Autodesk Revit
Revit software is specifically developed for building information modeling (BIM), enabling design and construction professionals to take ideas from concept to construction with coordinated and consistent model-based approach. Revit is single software that includes features for architectural design, MEP and structural engineering. Its model can be imported into other BIM tools in order to perform other BIM functions such as clash detection, energy analysis and scheduling etc.
24
Some of the features of REVIT are: i.
Bidirectional associability—any change in one aspect of a model is reflected throughout
the model. ii.
Parametric components—it
uses intelligent building components to improve design
accuracy. iii.
BIM platform—provides a platform for building information modeling by exporting the
model to other tools to perform other functions. iv.
Realistic Model—the 3D model obtained depicts the realistic model with an ability to be
edited. v.
Flexibility—the software provides an environment where every designer can work
including an Architect, MEE and structural designer. vi.
Work sharing—provides an environment where a single Project model can
be accessed
by different users and changes can be made in certain areas by the respective users. . vii.
Energy Analysis—support sustainable design decision making.
viii.
Improved schedules—Schedule enhancements with Parameters, Filter & Grand Totals.
2.10.3
Autodesk Green Building Studio
It is energy analysis software which helps designers and architects to perform energy analysis, optimize energy consumptions and work toward carbon neutral building designs during the early processes of the construction project. It is cloud based software. The concept of Green building can be achieved through this software as it allows analyzing buildings and provides the alternative materials to develop a sustainable model. Some of its features are: I.
Building energy analyses—whole building energy analyses calculates total energy use
and carbon emission of a building on annual, monthly and daily basis using global database of weather information II.
Weather Data—it gives user the access to numerous weather stations which are
compiled from many trusted sources. III.
Water usage—estimates water usage inside and outside of the building.
IV.
Solar radiation—visualizes incident solar radiation on window surfaces over any period.
V.
Day lighting—Receive qualification for LEED day lighting credit.
25
VI.
Shadows and reflection— gives the shadows and reflection data with respect to sun
path. 2.10.4
Autodesk Navisworks
Navisworks features enable coordination, construction simulation, and project analysis for integrated project review. It provides users advanced tools to simulate scheduling and perform clash detection. It enables coordination, construction simulation and project analysis for integrated projects. I. Clash detection and interference checking—foresee and avoid possible clash and interference problems before construction, reducing change orders and delays. II.
Model file and data aggregation—Model
publishing and data and model aggregation
tools enable user to integrate design and construction data into a single integrated model. III.
—Simulate 5D project scheduling includes time and cost
construction project
scheduling in 5D to visually analyze project activities and reduce delays and sequencing problems regarding the project. IV.
Photorealistic model rendering—Use
photorealistic model rendering capabilities to
develop animations in 3D and images.
26
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY In order to meet the pre-defined objective, this chapter presents the research methodology adopted. The sequence by which this particular project will be progressed is presented in a flow diagram shown below:
Figure 3.1 Flow Chart of the research methodology 27
The steps followed are explained below:3.1
SELECTION OF THE TOPIC
In order to carry out the project BIM was selected as BIM provides the modern tools for construction and allows the user to maintain the focus on other important issues. 3.2
LITERATURE STUDY
In previous chapter some important terminologies were mentioned and discussed which proved helpful in studying BIM and its uses including better visual effects, prefabrication, project planning and management and cost control. Literature study was facilitated by attending lectures and presentation more over official website of Autodesk and thesis were studied, case studies including Krakow stadium, Marina bay front pedestrian bridge, Melbourne Stadium and research books related to BIM were consulted. This helped to understand and gain the required information about BIM. 3.3
SITE SELECTION
Literature study and site selection were performed simultaneously. For the quest of building site different buildings were visited in Islamabad including MARI Petroleum Ltd. (G-10), State Life Tower (Blue Area), Grand Hyatt Hotel (Constitution Avenue) and OEC Tower, (G-9/4). OEC Tower G-9/4, Islamabad was a suitable site and feasible in all aspects. Thus, with the aid National University of Science and Technology and PRIMACO officials the building was formally selected. 3.4
DATA COLLECTION
Data collection and understanding is very important in order to process the data into very useful in information. Thus, Architectural drawings were provided by the site officials to kick start the project and with the passage of time structural and MEP drawings were provided as per requirements. But data collection requires some official permits to share some confidential data. But still there are some aspects of data which are left to be desired.
28
3.5
LEARNING SOFTWARE
The Project progress depends on a certain tool. Thus, Autodesk Revit , Autodesk Quantity Takeoff, Autodesk Navisworks and Autodesk Green Building Studio were selected tools for modeling, material take off, scheduling and energy analysis respectively. The reasons behind selecting these tools were there availability and special access for students to these tools with the help of student licenses. Different tutorials were used for the process of learning. The main sources for these tutorials were youtube.com, Lynda.com, Autodesk and NUST provided certain resources to learn the software. 3.6
3-D MODELING
3-D modeling can only be performed when the user is familiar with the software. A 3D model is a three dimensional model of three different disciplines of construction i.e. Architecture, Structure, MEP (Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing). Modeling of these three different models was done separately and with the feature of Revit 2013 these three models were linked together. Using copy monitor feature these three models were coordinated. Architectural model consists of basic walls, flooring, finishes openings doors and other architecture components. This model was made with the aid of architectural template available in the internet. The different views of the model can be seen in the Appendix section. Structure model consist of beams, columns, reinforced walls and structural items. Reinforcements were given to the framing components and structural analysis was performed in order to verify the design. MEP model consist of fittings, fixtures, HVAC, electrical and mechanical components which aided for mechanical purposes. A general integrated 3D model can be seen in the figure given below. Plumbing model consists of fire pipes, water pipes, joints, water sprinklers, bends and drainage pipes etc. The HVAC consist of ventilation system of the building and cooling and heating systems of the building with temperature sensors. Electrical systems include electrical wiring, lighting fixtures and sockets etc. All these models were created with a help of manual 2D drawings. A general integrated model is shown in figure 3.2.
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Figure 3.2 Integrated model 3.7
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS SIMULATION
Scheduling is important in order to take note of the time. Autodesk Navisworks Manage was used for scheduling purpose. The integrated 3-D model was exported from Autodesk Revit in a NWC format. The model NWC format file was imported into Autodesk Navisworks Manage. The schedule was imported from Primavera P6 into the model in Navisworks. The activities and building components were linked together to create a simulation using a tool called timeliner. Different project elements were assigned the related activities to form a simulated schedule. The construction process could be visualized over the span of time. 3.8
QUANTITY TAKEOFF
Much BIM software have integrated Cost estimation tools which can easily extract material quantities from the BIM 3-D Model and then use the unit price method to calculate the total cost of all materials. By using the cost estimation tool in BIM construction materials, equipment and labor force needed for work can be co-related with the resources available on the project. For example, for laying the foundation, a concrete Mixer is required, several skilled labors as well as many reinforcement bars and bags of concrete, along with the usual concrete checks and safety 30
precautions needed on the sight etc. BIM can be used to breakdown each work package into smaller units and analyze step by step all the related tasks. This helps the user to optimize the work flow and the quantity of equipment, materials and labor needed for each task such as number of laborers needed for a specific task, which in turn results in greater optimization of the entire construction phase. There are two main fundamentals of cost estimation in BIM, one is pricing and the other is quantity takeoff. The quantity takeoff tool analyzes the 3D BIM model and extracts the quantities of all the materials into a database such as a MS Excel file. A cost estimator needs to have extensive estimation skills and knowledge in order to extract accurate information from the model, even to the point of breaking down of an activity into several components in order to get a better estimation. Once the estimations are extracted from the model, the estimator has to input the unit prices of all different materials, labor hours etc. In this way, the estimation tool can multiply the estimated quantities with the unit prices to produce a highly accurate cost of the project. The other tool used efficiently in BIM is Autodesk Quantity Takeoff. This tool performs the quantity takeoff directly from the 3-D model made in compatible modeling tool. The cost, labor hours and productivity are calculated with the factors added into the software. The working of Autodesk quantity estimation can be seen from the figure 3.3:
Figure 3.3 Quantity Takeoff working
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3.9
CLASH DETECTION
Every Project has design issues. The main design issue is the clash of designs of different disciplines e.g. clash between MEP and structure design. These issues can be costly as they cause delays and costly change orders. The main reason behind these clashes is the lack of coordination between personnel of different disciplines.BIM provides certain tools to minimize these clashes in the design phase. But still a lot has been left to be desired. So another feature BIM provides to identify clashes between different disciplines after the designs have been completed. Thus Autodesk Navisworks was used in this project to identify clashes. Models form different disciplines were imported into Navisworks and process was run in order to identify clashes. The reports of the clashes detected were generated which could be useful to send to other stakeholders to make changes to their design respectively. 3.10
ENERGY ANALYSIS
Nowadays a lot of emphasis is laid on sustainable design and green building. In order to run the energy analysis of the project Autodesk Green building studio was used. The integrated 3-D model was imported in to the software. The location of the building was entered, data period was entered and the energy results were obtained. The heating and cooling loads were identified. The shadow data, water usage and carbon emission data was resulted. 3.11
ANALYSIS
By the end of estimating costs, the aim of having 5D model was achieved. At that stage there was a requirement of checking all the work that was done so far so that errors and omissions could be traced and eliminated. In final review the data obtained from models was checked. The data obtained from the 5-D model was then compared to srcinal site data which yielded the impact of BIM on a certain facility. 3.12
CONCLUSION
After analyzing the project it was crystal clear impact of BIM in managing the project and then the conclusions were drawn about the methods that could be deployed for having a better management and control over the project. 32
3.13
PREPARING REPORT AND PRESENTAION
The final phase of the project included: 3.13.1
5D Model Submission
5D Model of the building was submitted in form of softcopy. 3.13.2
Preparation of Presentation
Presentation for the final defense was prepared and the project was presented and demonstrated.
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Chapter 4
CASE STUDY
4.1
PROJECT INTRODUCTION
All phases of BIM are to be implemented in the Government Project of Employees Old age Benefit Institution (EOBI) in G-9/4 sector, Islamabad named as Overseas Employees Corporation (OEC) Tower. The total covered area of the project is 190,000 square feet. The plot size of the project is 120 X 300. Floor area ratio of the building is 1:3. The build floors consist of two basements, one ground floor and nine floors. Builders Associates is the firm contracted to build the project. This was designed by Sohail A. Khan Associates (SAKA). Pakistan Real Estate Investment & Management Company (PRIMACO) is a firm which represents the client (EOBI) and handles the queries regarding
construction.
The
MEP
consultants of the projects are Fahim, Nanji and desouza pvt. Ltd. The project was started in April, 2012 and was to be completed by November, 2013.But due to Figure 4.1 OEC Tower South East Artistic view some reasons the project was not completed at the targeted date but the latest date proposed for its completion is 20 November, 2014. The detail about the stakeholders can be extracted from table 4.1.
34
Stakeholder
Role
Information
EOBI
Client
www.eobi.gov.pk
PRIMACO
Construction Manager
www.primaco.com
SAKA
Consultant
saka.net.pk
Builders Associates
Contractor
www.buildersltd.com
MEP consultant
www.fnd.com.pk
Fahim, Nanji & desouza Pvt. Ltd. Table 4.1 Project stakeholders
The site can be seen from the following figure 4.2 and figure 4.3.
Figure 4.2 OEC Tower North West view
35
Figure 4.3 OEC Tower under construction 4.2
SPECIAL FEATURES OF OEC TOWER
A few distinct and sustainable features of the building which make it different from other building are:
Vertical Plantations
Solar Panels at the roof
Rain water storage and harvesting
Re-use of building waste water for external irrigation
Drip irrigation
Impulse Ventilation system for car park area
Smoke management system
Water based Fire Suppression system including fire sprinkler system
Dedicated fire water storage to provide 60 minutes of fire suppression capability
Supervision and Monitoring of fire suppression system at fire alarm panel
Waste Management system
Emergency exit tunnel
Storm water drainage system for roof and plot.
36
4.3
AREA OF OEC TOWER
Initially at the time of tender, in June 2011, the project was supposed to be a 10+3 story building. Consisting of 10 floors of office building and below it had to be 3 basements for parking facilities etc. at that time the total covered area was estimated to be 220,000 sft. But due to lack of funds, the scope of project was changed and a basement was removed from the scope of project leaving behind 190,000 sft covered area divided upon a 10+2 story building. Areas of the floor can be seen from table 4.2. AREAS OF OEC TOWER AREA DESCRIPTION
DIMENSIONS (Ft)
TOTAL PLOT AREA BUILT UP AREA
120X300 (Covered area of building & lawns etc)
COVERED AREA
(Building area)
APPROX. AREA
36,000 sft 200,000 sft 190,000 sft
Table 4.2 Areas of OEC Tower 4.4
3-D MODEL
Project yielded a 3-D Model of a Building facility. Using conventional methods, architects are only able to draw a Two-Dimensional Model of the facility whether by Manual Drafting or by using AutoCAD. The end product i.e. the integrated 3D model of the building was of the exact same dimensions and features. Autodesk Revit was used for this task. Models from different disciplines were integrated to develop an integrated 3-D model. The integrated model was used for material takeoff which was used in estimating costs. The clashes between different models were also detected. So the integrated 3-D model was essential for other features of BIM. The integrated 3-D model consisted of following models: 4.4.1
Architectural Model
During the project the architectural model was developed initially. In the process of developing of architectural model different components of the building were involved including walls, 37
floors, stairs, roof, elevators, openings, doors, columns and curtain wall etc. The 3-D views, plan views, section views, the elevations and legends of the architecture model can be seen in appendix-2, the components involved in the model are as follows: 4.4.1.1 Grids
First of all the grids were drawn in order to provide reference to other building components. The vertical grids were given the notation in the form of numbers whereas the horizontal grids were given the notation in the form of alphabets. The same grid was used for other building models. 4.4.1.2 Levels
The levels were drawn in the model after the drafting of grids. Levels depict the elevations of different building floors. Every level was given a specific elevation as provided in the building drawings. The levels were handful in the development of multi storey building. The level 0 in the building depicts the ground level of the building. The ground floor of the building was four feet above the ground level that‘s why it was termed as level 0+4 and the levels go on from level one to roof level, with the twelve feet elevation from the relative previous level. The two basements were given negative elevation as they were below the ground level. These levels and their respective elevations are given in table 4.3. Level
Elevation(ft)
T.O Footing
-24
Basement 2
-18
Basement 1
-7
Level 0
0
Level 0+4
4
Level 1
16
Level 2
28
Level 3
40
Level 4 Level 5
52 64
38
Level 6
76
Level 7
88
Level 8
100
Level 9
112
Roof
124
Elevator
134
Table 4.3 Floor levels 4.4.1.3 Plan Views
Using levels plan views were generated. The plan views consist of floor plans and structural plans. Using the floor plans reflected ceiling plans were also generated. These plan views provide the platform to for the building components. The Area plans were also generated which determine the area of rooms and floors. 4.4.1.4 Walls
The walls were drawn on the plan views. The dimensions and properties of the walls were similar to the walls in the actual project. Different types of walls were used in the project. Concrete walls, block masonry and curtain walls were used. Different materials and finishes were applied to different walls in the project. Walls also differ in the thickness. The walls were given the base constraint and top constraint in order to control their heights. 4.4.1.5 Floors
The floors were provided on every level of the building. The floors were made on the plan view by drawing the boundary of the floors. The floors were assigned the materials as in the actual project. The interior floor was assigned lavender blue marble. Whereas Marble sill was used to provide finish to the projection of the floor. Narrow granite was used in the lavatory. The top level of the floor was three inches above the respective level. 4.4.1.6 Openings
Different openings were provided on the floors. The openings included elevator shaft opening, stair opening, smoke shaft opening and other openings. The openings could be made either by 39
providing inner boundary or using opening tool. Both processes were used to provide openings on the floors. 4.4.1.7 Doors and Windows
Doors and windows are hosted families. They can only be made when there is a suitable host for them. Walls act as the host to the doors and windows. Different type of walls and windows were used. They have different sill levels. The doors and windows families were downloaded from the internet and loaded into the project. 4.4.1.8 Ceilings
Using the ceiling plans, ceilings can be made either by drawing them i.e. by giving a boundary or by automatic ceiling option in Revit. Both processes were used to provide ceilings in the project. There were two types of ceilings used in the project which differ in height as well as in material. Stairs and railings There were two types of stairs in the project. The stairs were drawn by drawing the run of the stairs and also drawing a landing between two runs. The stairs were given a base level and top level with riser and tread specified. The railings were provided automatically to the stairs. But some of the openings need railings around them. So railing was drawn around the openings by providing the path of the railings. 4.4.1.9 Ramps
Two different types of ramps were made in the project. One ramp was a simple straight ramp whereas the other one was curved ramp. Both were provided in the basement. The ramps were made by outlining their boundaries and setting their top and base constraints. 4.4.1.10 Columns
Twelve different types of columns were made in the project. Some columns required the new families to be made. Columns had different heights and thicknesses. As these were structural columns so finishes could not be given to them.
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4.4.1.11 Other Components
Other than basic building components other components were also included in the model such as solar panels, aluminum louvers, water body, entrance gate, elevators, topography, plumbing fixtures etc. Different plug-ins and families were downloaded from the internet and loaded into the project. 4.4.2
Structural Model
The components involved in structural model are: 4.4.2.1 Floors Slabs
Reinforcement was added in floor slabs as given in the drawings. To add reinforcement in floor slabs area reinforcement tool was used in Revit. This process was done in structural plan. Reinforcement bars #3 and #4 were used. Both top reinforcement and bottom reinforcement were added in each floor of the building according to the given drawings. X-axis was chosen as major axis while Y-axis was minor axis and maximum spacing between the bars were added. 4.4.2.2 Beams
Reinforcements were added to the structural framing of beams by using rebar tool in Revit. Cover of 1.5" was provided. Stirrups were also included of #3 and #4 bars and they were added by using maximum spacing option. Rebar of #6, #7 and #8 bars were provided. Rebar were placed by using the fixed no. option in rebar tool. Firstly all the rebar and stirrups were added to horizontal (along X-axis) section later there length was improvised by cutting a vertical (along Y-axis) section. 4.4.2.3 Columns
Reinforcements to columns were also added in structural plan. Firstly stirrups of the column according to the drawing were added and then rebar were added. These reinforcements were then stretched accordingly. Stirrups were added by using the maximum spacing option. 4.4.2.4 Walls
When adding the reinforcement to the walls both area reinforcement and rebar option of Revit 41
was used. Later the sections of the walls were created and lengths were adjusted accordingly. 4.4.2.5 Stairs
Reinforcements were also added to the stairs. Firstly longitudinal section across the Y-axis was made and reinforcements were added by using the rebar tool. Further reinforcements were also added by area reinforcement tool. 4.4.2.6 Foundations
In foundation reinforcements were added by area reinforcement tool. Cover of 4" was used. This process was also done in the structural plan 4.4.3
HVAC Model
Creating a HVAC model in Revit was neither difficult nor very different from architectural modeling. It had similar user interface and same basic modeling techniques as in architectural modeling. However video tutorials available on internet provided further helped to create an efficient HVAC model. The different views of HVAC model can be seen in appendix-3. 4.4.3.1 Loading ‘system template’
Unlike architecture modeling which uses ‗architectural template‘, mod eling of HVAC systems
required ‗System template‘ to be loaded while starting a new project in Revit. In order to see if template is successfully loaded or not, plans and elevations of Mechanical and HVAC were checked. 4.4.3.2 Linking architectural model
In next phase before actual modeling starts, Architectural model was linked with the project. From linked architectural model, Grids, levels and basic wall structure was copy monitored and pasted into HVAC project file. This provided a reference to HVAC components needed to be installed.
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4.4.3.3 Creating work space
Plans were created in accordance with the levels copied from linked architectural file. By using the plans of each and every floor and the linked model was made hidden. HVAC components were installed as per detailed specifications, dimensions and locations provided by client. 4.4.3.4 Pipes and ducts
Three types of pipes and five types of ducts of different diameter and width were used in model. Three types varying size ducts having varying diameter after regular intervals were used on each floor. 4.4.3.5 Pipe and duct fittings
While joining two or more parts of a duct or pipe, Revit required information about the joints and bends for example if they needed to be sharp edged, smooth edged or rounded. In model smooth edged and rounded bends were preferred. 4.4.3.6 Mechanical equipment
Equipment like water tanks, ventilation and exhaust fans etc were also installed on their specified locations. 4.4.4
Electrical Model
To understand the method of installing electrical fixtures, switches and different electrical equipment as well as creating an electrical circuit system, tutorials and training videos were found through the internet. Installing different electrical fixtures and connecting them through wires and circuits was not very difficult, although it was a long and tedious process. This was due to the fact that wiring had to be installed for each and every fixture on all floors individually since unlike in architecture, one cannot simply copy/paste the circuit from one floor to rest of floors. Different views of the model can be seen in appendix-4.
4.4.4.1 System template:
To start off any MEP systems work, such as electrical system in this case , a ‗systems template‘ needed to be loaded. This was done by creating a New Project in Revit and loading the system 43
template file usually named ‗Systems -Default.rte‘. It could be checked that the file is correctly
loaded by viewing the project browser to see if tabs containing floor plans for Mechanical, Lighting, Power etc are showing. If so, then things are good to go. 4.4.4.2 Linking Revit architectural model:
In Revit, all types of modeling (such as HVAC, electrical etc) are done over the architectural model. The new project in systems template is linked with the Revit architectural file of the project through Insert>Link Revit and loading the model. After that, all the grids, levels, floor plans and architectural elements were copy monitored to the new project file. This was done through the tab Collaborate>Copy Monitor>Select Link and copying all the levels. 4.4.4.3 Creating work space
For electrical systems, plan views were created in the following manner: View> Plan views> Floor Plan>Edit Type and electrical template was selected in ‗Template applied to new views‘ and the required floor plans were added.
For smooth working in electrical systems, the Project Browser should contain the following plan views under electrical category: 4.1
Lighting:
Floor Plan (of all floors): To install electrical fixtures/equipment mounted next to walls.
4.2
Ceiling Plan (of all floors): To install electrical fixtures on the false ceiling.
Power:
Floor Plans
4.4.4.4 Types of electrical equipment installed:
The electrical equipments installed are:
Lighting fixtures (two types)
Emergency Lights (Three Types)
Switches
Distribution Panels (Two Types) Heat/Smoke Detectors
CCTV cameras
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Fire Alarm system
Wiring
Each electrical equipment was installed on all the floors according to the specifications given in drawings. To do this, first the systems tab was used and the required object family was loaded. If a required object was not pre-loaded in Revit, it could be searched and download from websites like seek.autodesk.com or revitcity.com. Furthermore objects and families can also be created in Revit, but this was more difficult in case of electrical objects than it was for architectural elements.
Once
the
correct
family
is
loaded,
we
can
proceed
to
install
fixtures/alarms/cameras/switches etc first according to the specified elevations. All fixtures mounted on the ceiling were by default given the elevation height of the false ceiling from the floor i.e. 7‘ 9‖. 4.4.4.5 Creating a circuit system:
To create a circuit system, each fixture was highlighted and their default switch and power option appeared. The switch option was selected and the required switch was connected with the fixtures by ‗select the switch‘ option. Moving the curso r over the switch and pressing tab key
showed a set of dotted lines projected towards all the connected items, hence confirming that the switch was connected right. After this, the switch was connected to the type of distribution panel board required, depending upon the power usage of the electrical item. In this project, two types of distribution panel boards were used.
Lighting and Appliance Panel board 208V
Lighting and Appliance Panel board 480V
After placing the distribution panels on the all the floors, each panel was highlighted and their distribution system was defined. There are two types of distribution systems needed for the project:
120/208 Wye Distribution system
480/277 Wye Distribution system
Once the distribution system was selected, the switch already connected to a set of fixtures was highlighted and its power option was selected. In the power option, the switch was connected to 45
the panel board. The switch connected to small energy savers required less voltage and was connected to 120/208V panel board while the larger, more power consuming tube lights were connected to 480/277V panel board. This process was repeated for all the floors until all fixtures were connected with the right panel board. Once a switch was connected to the panel board, Revit allowed it to be ‗wired‘ directly with the panel board and showed it on the plan views (with an arrow pointing towards the connect panel), unlike in case of fixtures connected with switches (which does not show wires, only dotted lines). The wires could be connected automatically in any one of the following types: Arc wiring
Chamfered wiring
Manual wiring
4.4.5
Plumbing Model
The different views of plumbing model can be seen in appendix-5. Plumbing model was prepared by following the steps given below: 1. System template was opened. 2. Revit Architectural model was linked to provide the host and reference to the fixtures. 3. The floors and walls were copied by using copy/monitor tool. 4. The plan views were generated. 5. Various families were downloaded from the internet. 6. New pipes were made by creating duplicate pipes and editing according to mentioned in drawings. 7. View range of floors was set to work properly on them. 8. Fire pipes were made in mechanical pipes plans whereas other plumbing pipes were installed in plumbing floor plans. 9. Plumbing units like toilets, sinks etc were installed and connected with pipes using a connector. 10. Connecter itself as a family which was downloaded from the above mentioned source.
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4.5
QUANTITY TAKEOFF
Using BIM tools quantity estimate can be generated automatically without the use of manual calculations. Autodesk Quantity takeoff was used to estimate the cost of the project and the results were analyzed. The models were exported from Revit in DWG format. The models were imported into Autodesk Quantity Takeoff. The whole model was selected and using the ―calculate material‖ option the total number of quantities was estimated. The reports were generated automatically using a feature provided by Autodesk Quantity takeoff. Autodesk Revit was also used for estimating quantities. The total reinforcement was estimated using Autodesk Revit. The detailed estimate can be seen in the appendix-6-.The summary of estimated quantities can be seen from table 4.4. Weight
Item
Volume (CF)
Area (SF)
Count (ea)
Concrete
343,802.274
-
-
-
Reinforcement
9724.38
-
-
2165.88
Curtain wall Doors
-
42106.727 -
325
-
Windows
-
-
67
-
Ceiling
-
91323.456
-
-
(tones)
Table 4.4 Quantity estimate summary 4.6
SCHEDULE
The schedule was also generated for the model. The schedule was in the form of a simulation. Autodesk Navisworks was used for this process. Using Autodesk Navisworks, the simulation of the construction processes were visualized. The project model was exported from Revit in the NWC format. The NWC file was then imported into Autodesk Navisworks. Sets of the different components of the models were made. Different tasks were made in the tool called timeliner. The tasks were given start and end dates. Then the tasks were linked with the sets in the model. 47
Then in the simulation tab of the timeliner tool, a simulation was developed which reflected the real construction processes. Screen shots of the simulation can be seen in figure 4.4.
Figure 4. 4 Schedule screenshot 4.7
CLASH DETECTION
The software used for clash detection was Autodesk Navisworks Manage. The different models were exported from Autodesk Revit in NWC format. The architecture model was imported into Autodesk Navisworks. The other models were imported into Navisworks by using append tab to develop an integrated 3-D mode. The clash detective tool of Navisworks detected the clashes between different models. All the rules regarding clash detection were checked and tolerance of 0.001m was allowed. The reports of the clashes were generated due to the use of report generating feature of Autodesk Navisworks. The detailed report of the clashes can be seen in the
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appendix-7. The summary of clashes can be seen in the table 4.5. Some clashes detected between HVAC and Plumbing models are shown in figure 4.5 and figure 4.6.
Model 1
Model 2
No. of clashes
Clash Type
Plumbing
Structure
712
Hard
Plumbing
HVAC
26
Hard
Structure
HVAC
206
Hard
Table 4.5 Clash detection summary
Figure 4.5 Duct bend and Plumbing pipe clash Figure 4.6 HVAC and Plumbing pipes clash 4.8 ENERGY ANALYSIS
To perform the energy analysis the project model was exported into XML format. For exporting the model it was required to specify all the rooms in the project model. The model was then run in Autodesk Revit 2014.Which enabled the energy analysis by providing the Green Building Studio plug in. The model was then uploaded into Green Building Studio. The energy analysis reports were generated by Green Building Studio. The energy analysis report can be seen in appendix-8
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4.9 QUANTITY COMPARISON
Quantities calculated from the manual estimation from the Project officials were compared to the quantities calculated using BIM tools. This process was done in order to check the accuracy of BIM tools and the reliability of the data obtained from the tools. The quantity comparison of some quantities can be seen in table 4.6.The difference in the quantities was due to the manual calculation errors, incomplete drawings and lack of detailing, Manual
Automatic
Estimation
Estimation
120,000 CF
116,790.523 CF
37,300 CF
36,017.709 CF
Reinforcement
1800 tones
2165.88 tones
Ceiling
115278 SF
91,323.456 SF
Curtain wall
36,500 SF
42,106.361 SF
Item
Concrete (foundation) Concrete (columns)
Table 4.6 Quantity comparison 4.10 PROBLEMS FACED
During the project several problems were confronted. The problems faced regarding the project were mostly related to the software used. No assistance regarding the use of software was available. Most of the software used were available on a free student license provided by Autodesk. So limited features of the software were available. The system requirement of the software used was very high. So the process of development of model sometimes got slowed down. The software sometimes crashed and the data was lost. Autodesk Revit was not suitable for the structure model as it slowed down the system very much. Autodesk Quantity Takeoff was suitable for quantity estimation as it crashed a lot of times during the process and useful data was lost. So systems with high specification must be used to develop the models and license of different software must be purchased. The search for alternatives should be performed so that the software limitations could be catered. The blueprints of the project were not clear as there was a lot of vague detail present in it. The other details were not clear. The specifications could not provide the required detail to 50
understand the blueprints. Lots of change orders led to many changes in the srcinal blueprints which were accommodated as the project continued.
4.11 SUMMARY
The project yielded an integrated 3-D model which included architecture, structure, plumbing, HVAC and electrical model. All these models were used to generate a simulation of the construction process. The quantity estimate was performed of structure and architecture model. The clashes were detected between different models in order to reduce the change orders. To check for the energy consumption of the building energy analysis was performed and alternative designs were recommended.
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Chapter 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATIONS
5.1
REVIEW OF OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the project were achieved as the project yielded a 3-D model of a building, a construction simulation was generated and quantities were estimated. The clash detection was performed and energy analysis was also performed. The reports generated using the built-in feature of BIM tools can be seen in the appendices as specified in the project information. 5.2
CONCLUSIONS
BIM is an important aspect of modern construction as it involves digitization. The aspects which BIM provides such as coordination, visualization, accuracy, less work force, reliable documentation and integration are very profitable in the modern construction industry. Implementation of BIM can reduce the cost of the project, reduce the time scheduled of the project, reduce the change orders during the project, provide better communication between the stakeholders and can provide an energy efficient design favorable to the environment. Thus, BIM must be implemented on the construction projects so that the documentation burden can be eased and the projects can be completed within the estimated cost and time scheduled.
5.3
RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended that every Project Manager must have knowledge of BIM so that it could be implemented and supervised. The courses regarding BIM must be teached at undergraduate level so that students can get better understanding of onsite conditions and processes. The license of BIM tools should be readily available for the students so that they can learn the tool and hae better understanding of the tools.
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REFERENCES AGC. (2005). Associated General Contractors autodesk. (2003). Building Information Modeling in Practice,Autodesk building industry solutions. [White Paper]. (white paper), 6. Azhar, N., Farooqui, R. U., & Ahmed, S. M. (2008). Cost overrun factors in construction industry of Pakistan. Advancing and Integrating Construction Education, Reseach & Practice, 499-508.
Azhar, S., Carlton, W. A., Olsen, D., & Ahmad, I. (2011). Building information modeling for sustainable design and LEED< sup>® rating analysis.Automation in construction, 20(2), 217-224.
Azhar, S., Hein, M., & Sketo, B. (2008). Building information modeling (BIM): Benefits, risks and challenges. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 44th ASC
National Conference. Bazjanac, V. (2006). Virtual building environments (VBE)-applying information modeling to buildings. Dispenza, K. (2010). The Daily Life of Building Information Modeling (BIM) Dobson, M. S. (2004). The triple constraints in project management : Management Concepts Inc. Eastman, C., Teicholz, P., Sacks, R., & Liston, K. (2008). BIM handbook: A guide to building information modeling for owners, managers, architects, engineers, contractors, and fabricators: John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ. Hergunsel, M. F. (2011). Benefits of Building Information Modeling for Construction Managers and BIM Based Scheduling. Worcester Polytechnic Institute.
Jiménez, P., Thomas, F., & Torras, C. (2001). 3D collision detection: a survey. Computers & Graphics, 25(2), 269-285.
Lahdou, R., & Zetterman, D. (2011). BIM for Project Managers How project managers can utilize BIM in construction projects. NBIMS. (2007). National Information Modelling Standards: Overview Principles, Methodologies (Vol. 1). United States: National Institute Of Building Sciences.
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Teicholz, P. (2004). Labor productivity declines in the construction industry: causes and remedies. AECbytes Viewpoint, 4(14), 2004. Yan, H., & Damian, P. (2008). Benefits and barriers of building information modelling. Paper presented at the 12th International Conference on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering 2008. Young, N., Jones, S., & Bernstein, H. M. (2008). Building Information Modeling (BIM)Transforming Design and Construction to Achieve Greater Industry Productivity. SmartMarket Report, 48.
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APPENDIX -1 Capability Maturity Model
55
APPENDIX -2 Architecture Views
56
APPENDIX-3 Structure Views
57
APPENDIX-4 HVAC Views
58
APPENDIX-5 Electrical Views
59
APPENDIX-6 Plumbing Views
60
APPENDIX-7 Quantity Estimate Report
61
APPENDIX-8 Clash Detection Report
62
APPENDIX-9 Energy Analysis Report
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