Bilingualisme Dan Diglosia

 

NHCHEM[@CHWJK D@E DHMCAWH@

J@O@C@F

ACKF W[E@ED@^H @EDH @DE@E

R^AM^@J R@WG@W@^L@E@ RKEDHDHO@E N@F@W@ D@E W@WT^@ HEDAEKWH@ [EHYK^WHT@W J[F@JJ@DHX@F J@O@WW@^  >2>0

 

O@T@ RKEM@ET@^ 

@cf`jd @cf `jduch uchcc`f cc`f,, skm`c` skm`c` pulh pulh d`e syuour syuour n`mh n`mh @cc`f @cc`f Wwt pkeghp pkeghpt` t` `c`j `c`j skjkst` pkeuchs p`el`to`e okf`dhr`t-Ey` skjam` s`c`w`t d`e s`c`j ske`eth`s` tkrgur`f p`d` ^`sucucc`f Juf`jj`d s`w, nkskrt` okcu`rm`, s`f`n`t d`e ar`emar`em y`em ske`eth`s` hsthq`j`f uetuo jkeg`rh ^hdf`-Ey` fhemm` dh `ofhr z`j`e. J`o`c` J`o `c`f f dkem`e dkem`e luduc luduc –Nhche –Nhchemu` mu`chsj chsjkk d`e Dhmcas Dhmcash`‚ h`‚ dh`luo dh`luo`e `e uetuo  uetuo  jkjkeu jkj keufh fh tum`s tum`s y`em y`em tkc`f tkc`f dhnkrho dhnkrho`e `e ackf ackf daske daske pkem`j pkem`jpu pu Dr. Juf`jj Juf`jj`d `d @ofhr, J.Rd j`t` ouch`f Washachemuhstho. Nkrnko`c d`rh okou`t`e d`e rhdf` d`rh @cc`f Wwt skj`t`, j`o` pkeuchs`e j`o`c`f heh d`p`t tkrskcks`ho`e jksoh d`c`j nketuo y`em s`em`t skdkrf`e`. Thd`o  skdhoht f`jn`t`e d`e rhet`em`e y`em pkeuchs f`d`ph, `o`e tkt`ph pkeuchs s`em`t jkey`d`rh skpkeufey` n`fw` thd`o `d` oknkrf`shc`e t`ep` okm`m`c`e. Ackf skn`n htu,, f`ey` htu f`ey` d`rh d`rh pkrtac pkrtacaem aem`e `e @cc`f @cc`f Wwt. Wwt. y`em y`em f`dhr f`dhr ckw`t ckw`t ucur`e ucur`e t`em`e t`em`e skrt` skrt` duouem`e d`rh nkrn`m`h phf`o. O`rke`ey`, pkeuchs jkemf`turo`e tkrhj` o`shf `t`s skm`c` n`etu`e jad`c d`e sprhtu`c y`em dhnkrho`e d`c`j jkeykcks`ho`e j`o`c`f heh. Lueh >2>0

Rkeuchs

 

D@IT@^ HWH

F@C@J@E W@JR[C............................... W@JR[C..................................................... ................................................... ............................. O@T@ RKEM@ET@^.......................... RKEM@ET@^................................................ ......................................................... ................................... D@IT@^ HWH............................................ HWH.................................................................. ............................................ ................................ .......... N@N H RKED@F[C[@E @. C`t`r Nkc`o`em.......................................... Nkc`o`em................................................................ ......................................... ................... N. ^ujus`e J`s`c`f......................................... J`s`c`f............................................................... ..................................... ............... G. Tulu`e................................... Tulu`e......................................................... ............................................................. ....................................... D. J`ei``t............................................ J`ei``t.................................................................. ................................................. ............................. N@N HH RKJN@F@W@E @. F`oho`t Nhchemu`chsjk...................................... Nhchemu`chsjk............................................................. ................................. .......... N. F`oho`t Dhmcash`........................................ Dhmcash`................................................................................ ........................................ G. Funuem`e Funuem`e Nhchemu`chsjk Nhchemu`chsjk D`e Dhmcash`... Dhmcash`........ .......... ......... ......... ............. .................. ............... ..... N@N HHH RKE[T[R @. Whjpuc`e.. Whjpuc`e....... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ............. .................. ............. ... N. W`r`e...... W`r`e........... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .............. .................. ................... .......... D@IT@^ R[WT@O@

 

N@N H RKED@F[C[@E

@.

C`t`r Nk Nkc`o`em

Ikeajke` nhchemu`chsjk d`e dhmcash` htu jkrup`o`e htu jkrup`o`e  paoao o`lh`e y`em jke`rho, nuo`e s`l` o`rke` `spko tkarhey`, jkc`heo`e  lum` `spko `pcho`shey` d`c`j okey`t``e pkemmue``e n`f`s`. Gaetaf-gaetaf oaeorht oaeo rht d`p`t `ed` tkjuo`e tkjuo`e d`c`j okfhdup`e okfhdup`e `ed` skf`rh-f`rh. skf`rh-f`rh. J`shemJ`shemj`shem ikeajke` nhchemu`chsjk d`e dhmcash` `o`e dhn`f`s d`rh skmh f`oho`t `t`u `gu`e oaeskptu`c d`e d`rh skmh praihcey`. Nhchemu`chsj d`e dhmcash` `d`c`f paoao y`em s`em`t nkrfunuem`e, o`d`em-o`d`em `d` tujp`em thedhf  lho` tkrf`d`p du` ikeajke` heh. Dhchf`t d`rh lujc`f y`em dhmue`o`e d`c`j j`sy`r`o`t n`f`s`, `d` j`sy`r`o`t n`f`s` y`em jkemmue`o`e s`tu n`f`s` `t`u cknhf. J`sy`r`o`t  n`f`s` y`em jkemmue`o`e s`tu n`f`s` d`e `d` y`em jkemmue`o`e n`f`s` y`em du` `t`u cknhf. J`sy`r`o`t n`f`s` y`em jkemmue`o`e s`tu n`f`s` dhsknut jaeachemu`c d`e j`sy`r`o`t n`f`s` y`em jkemmue`o`e du` n`f`s` `t`u c`nhf dhsknut nhchmu`chsjk. Jkeurut Ikrmuas`, dhmcash``d`c`f ikeajke`  pkemmue``e r`m`j n`f`s` y`em dhphchf sksu`h dkem`e iuemshey`. Dhmcash` d`c` d`c`j j j`sy j`sy`r `r`o `o`t `t n`f` n`f`s` s` y`em y`em jkjh jkjhch choh oh s` s`tu tu n` n`f` f`s` s` dk dkem em`e `e du du`` r`m`j(themmh d`e rked`f) y`em jkjhchoh pkr`ey` j`shem-j`shem. N.

^ujus`e J`s`c`f

0.

N`m `m`h `hj` j`e e` f`oh f`oho o`t nhc nhche hem mu`ch u`chsj sjk1 k1

 

G.

D.

>.

N`m `m``hj`e` f`oho`t dhmcash` sh`1

7.

N`m` N`m`hj hj`e `e`` fun funue uem` m`e e nhch nhchem emu` u`ch chsj sjkk d`e d`e dh dhmc mcas ash` h`

Tulu`e Rkeuchs`e

0.

[etu [etuo o jkem jkemkt` kt`fu fuhh n`m n`m`h `hj` j`e` e` f` f`oh oho` o`tt nhc nhchm hmu` u`ch chsjk sjk

>.

[etu [etuo o jkem jkemkt kt`f `fuh uh n`m n`m`h `hj` j`e` e` f`o f`oho ho`t `t dhm dhmca cash sh``

7.

[etuo [etuo jkemkt jkemkt`fu `fuhh n`m` n`m`hj` hj`e` e` funuem funuem`e `e nhchem nhchemu`c u`chsj hsj d`e dhmcas dhmcash` h`

J`ei``t

@d`pue @d`p ue j`ei``t d`c`j j`o`c`f heh okp`d` okp`d` pkjn`g`, pkjn`g`, n`ho y`em nkrshi`t tkarhths j`upue nkrshi`t pr`oths, j`ei``t tkrsknut skn`m`h nkrhout< 0.

Wkg`r` Wkg`r` tkarht tkarhths, hs, f`shc f`shc pkeuch pkeuchs`e s`e j`o`c`f j`o`c`f heh heh d`p`t d`p`t dhj`ei``t dhj`ei``to`e o`e d`c`j d`c`j jkjpkro`y` w`w`s`e tket`em nhchemu`chsjk d`e dhmcash`.

>.

Wkg`r` Wkg`r` pr`oth pr`oths, s, f`shc f`shc pkeuchs` pkeuchs`e e j`o`c`f j`o`c`f heh heh d`p`t dhj`e dhj`ei``t i``to`e o`e skn`m` skn`m`hh `ctkre`thi `ctkre `thi pkjnkc`l`r`e pkjnkc`l`r`e n`f`s` y`em tkro`ht dkem`e pkjhchf`e pkjhchf`e n`f`e `l`r. `l`r. N`mh N`mh pk pkjn jn`g` `g` j`o` j`o`c` c`f f he hehh dh dhf` f`r` r`po po`e `e j`jp j`jpu u jke` jke`jn jn`f `f rkikrkesh tket`em nhchemu`chsjk d`e dhmcash`.

 

N@N HH RKJN@F@W@E

@.

F`oho`t Nhchemu`chsjk

J`sy`r`o`t n`f`s` `d`c`f j`sy`r`o`t y`em jkemmue`o`e s`tu n`f`s` y`em y`e m dhskp` dhskp`o`t o`thh skn`m` skn`m`hh `c`t `c`t oajueh oajueho`s o`shey hey`. `. Dhchf` Dhchf`tt d`rh d`rh n`f`s` n`f`s` y`em y`em dhmu dhmue` e`o` o`e e d` d`c` c`j j su su`t `tu u j`sy j`sy`r `r`o `o`t `t n` n`f` f`s`, s`, j`sy j`sy`r `r`o `o`t `t n` n`f` f`s` s` y` y`em em jkemmu jke mmue`o e`o`e `e s`tu s`tu n`f`s` n`f`s` d` e`d` e`d` j`sy`r j`sy`r`o` `o`tt y`em y`em jkemmu jkemmue`o e`o`e `e du`  n`f`s` `t`u cknhf. J`sy`r`o`t n`f`s` y`em jkemmue`o`e s`tu n`f`s` dhsknut j`sy`r j`sy`r`o`t `o`t jaeachemu jaeachemu`c. `c.  Wk Wkd` d`em emo` o`e e

j`sy j`sy`r` `r`o` o`tt

n` n`f` f`s` s` y` y`em em

jkemmue`o`e du` n`f`s` `t`u cknhf dhsknut j`sy`r`o`t nhchemu`c. Dhkr` j`lu d`e jadkre heh n`r`emo`ch l`r`em dhtkjuo`e j`sy`r`o`t  n`f``s` jaeachemu`c. @o`e tkt`ph, juemohe j`shf `d` dhtkjuo`e jhs`cey`, d`kr`f-d`kr`f d`kr`f -d`kr`f tkrpkeghc. @d` lum` okjuemohe okjuemohe`e `e j`sy`r`o`t j`sy`r`o`t mkekr`sh mkekr`sh c`j` y`em o`rke` s`tu d`e c`he f`c thd`o jkjhchoh okskjp`t`e nkc`l`r n`f`s` c`he skc`he skc `he n`f`s` n`f`s` d`kr`f d`kr`fey` ey`.. Wktkc` Wktkc`f f jkel`d jkel`dhh mkekr`s mkekr`shh tu`, tu`, jkrko` jkrko` jkel`d jkel`dhh j`sy`r`o`t j`sy` r`o`t jaeachemu jaeachemu`c. `c. E`jue d`c`j okfhdup`e okfhdup`e skf`rh-f`rh, `d` puc` j`sy`r`o`t j`sy` r`o`t nhchemu`c. nhchemu`c. Wkthd`oey` Wkthd`oey` j`sy`r`o`t j`sy`r`o`t y`em jkemmue`o jkemmue`o`e `e n`f`s` n`f`s` d`kr`f d`e n`f`s` Hedaeksh`. Hedaeksh`. Jhs`ce Jhs`cey`, y`, j`sy`r`o`t j`sy`r`o`t y`em jkemmue`o`e jkemmue`o`e  n`f`s` Wued` d`e n`f`s` Hedaeksh`, n`f`s` N`el`r dkem`e n`f`s` Hedaeksh` Hedaeksh` d`e n`f`s` L`w` d`e n`f`s` Hedaeksh`.

 

Hsthc`f nhchemu`chs nhchemu`chsjk jk (Hemmrhs.

^`e `e`f `f `p` `p` n`f `f`s `s`` hhtu tu dhm dhmue ue`o `o`e `e

 

7.

Okp Okp`d` `d` sh` sh`p` p` n`f`s `f`s`` htu htu dhm dhmue`o ue`o`e `e Oaeskp ujuj n`fw` nhchemu`chsjk `d`c`f dhmue`o`eey` du` n`f`s`

ackf ackf skar`e skar`em m pk pkeu eutu turr d` d`c` c`j j pk pkrm rm`u `uc` c`ee eey` y` dk dkem em`e `e ar ar`e `em m c` c`he he skg`r` skg`r`  nkrm`eth`e `o`e jkehjnuco`e sklujc`f j`s`c`f, j`s`c`f tkrsknut y`em  nh`s` dhn`f`s` o`c`u y`em jkjnhg`r`o`e nhchemu`chsj. J`s`c`f-j`s`c`f tkrsknut h`c`f skn`m`h nkrhout (chf`t Dhttj`r 08=9(N N>(N0 0 tketu tketuey ey`` d`p`t d`p`t dhou`sh dkem`e n`ho) skfhemm` dh` d`p`t dhsknut skn`m`h skar`em y`em  nhchemu`c1

>.

@p` @p` y`em y`em dhj` dhj`os osud ud dkem` dkem`e e n` n`f` f`s` s` d`c`j d`c`j nhche nhchemu mu`c `chs hsjk jk11 @p`o @p`o`f `f  n`f`s` d`c`j pkemkrth`e c`emuk, `t` `t`u u sknu`f sknu`f oadk, skf skfhem hemm` m` nhs` nhs` tkrj`suo sknu`f dh`cko `t`u sashacko 

7.

O`p O`p`e sk ska ar` r`e em nhch nhche emu`c mu`c jk jke emm mmue ue`o `o`e `e okd kdu` u` n`f` n`f`s` s` htu htu sk skg` g`r` r`  nkrm`eth`e1 O`p`e dh` nhs` f`rus jkemmue`o`e N0-ey`, d`e o`p`e  puc`

f`rus

jkemmue`o`e

N>-ey`1

O`p`e

puc`

dh`

d`p`t

jkemmue`o`eey` N0-ey` `t`u N>-ey`1 4.

Wkl`uf Wkl`uf j`e` j`e` N0-e N0-ey` y` d`p`t d`p`t jkjpke jkjpkem`r m`rufh ufhey` ey` N>-ey` N>-ey`,, ``t`u t`u skn`ch skn`choey oey`` N>-ey` d`p`t jkjpkem`rufh N0-ey`

;.

@p`o` p`o`f f nhche hchem mu`chs `chsjk jk htu htu nkr krc` c`o ou p` p`d d` pkr krsk skar ar`e `em m`e `t `t`u `u lu lum m`  nkrc`ou p`d` su`tu okcajpao j`sy`r`o`t tutur1 Nkrd Nk rd`s` `s`ro ro`e `e ok okj` j`jp jpu` u`e e

pk pkeu eutu turr

dhpkrackf du` thpk nhchemu`chsjk y`htu<

d` d`c` c`j j

jkem jkemmu mue` e`o` o`e e

n` n`f` f`s` s`

 

0.

Nhchemu`chsjk skt`r`(gaard gaardhe`tk he`tk nhchemu`ch nhchemu`chsj) sj)  `d`c`f nhchemu`ch nhchemu`chsjk sjk y`em tkrl`dh p`d` pkeutur y`em jkjhchoh pkemu`s``e skg`r` rkc`thi  s`j`. s`j `. D`c` D`c`j j nhch nhchem emu` u`ch chsj sjkk dk dkjh jhoh oh`e `e,, `d `d`` pr pras asks ks nk nkrp rpho hohr hr y` y`em em oaest`e(thd oaest `e(thd`o `o jkem`c`jh jkem`c`jh okr`egu`e) okr`egu`e) p`d` n`f`s`y`em n`f`s`y`em dhou`sh d`e skd`em dhmue`o`e.

>.

  Nhchemu`chsjk

j`lkju kjuo ((gaj gajp pau aue ed

nh nhch che emu mu`c `chs hsj) j) `d`c`f

 nhchemu`chsjk y`em tkrl`dh p`d` pkeutur y`em jkem`c`jh prasks  nkrphohr p`d` skar`em nhchemu`c y`em nkrshi`t r`egu `t`u o`g`u d`e jkemmue`o`e n`f`s` y`em thd`o s`j`. N.

F`oho`t Dhmcash`

O`t` dhmcash` nkr`s`c d`rh n`f`s` n`f`s` Rr`eghs Rr`eghs dhmcasshk. D`c`j p`ed`em`e Ikrmusae Ikrmu sae jkemmue`o jkemmue`o`e `e hsthc`f dhmcash` uetuo jkey`t`o`e jkey`t`o`e ok`d``e ok`d``e su`tu j`sy j` sy`r` `r`o` o`tt dh j`e` j`e` tkrd tkrd`p `p`t `t du du`` v` v`rh rh`sh `sh d` d`rh rh s`tu s`tu n` n`f` f`s` s` y` y`em em fh fhdu dup p  nkrd`jphem`e d`e j`shem-j`shem jkjpuey`h pkr`e`e` tkrtketu. L`dh jkeurut Ikrmusae dhmcash` h`c`f su`tu shtu`sh okn`f`s``e rkc`thi st`nhc, dh j`e` skc`he tkrd`p`t lujc`f dh`cko-dh`cko ut`j` d`rh su`tu n`f`s` tkrd`p`t  lum` r`m`j n`f`s` y`em c`he. @d` Wkjnhc`e tapho y`em dhnhg`r`o`e Ikrmusae d`c`j dhmcash` y`htu< 0.

Iuemsh

>.

Rrksthsk

7.

]`rhs`e s` s`str`

4.

Rkjkrackf`e

;.

Wt`ed`rhs`sh

 

9.

Wt`nhcht`s

=.

Mr`j`tho`

6.

Ckoshoacamh

8.

Iaeacamh Ikeajke` dhmcash` d`p`t dhtkjuo`e p`d` j`sy`r`o`t y`em nhchemu`c.

Dh ekm`r` ekm`r` c`h c`he, e, Ikrmus Ikrmusae ae jkekju jkekjuo`e o`e oakosh oakoshetk etksh sh `et`r` `et`r` v`rh`e v`rh`e n`f`s` n`f`s` themmh d`e v`rh`e n`f`s` rked`f p`d` n`f`s` @r`n. Y`rh`e n`f`s` @r`n themmh `d`c`f n`f`s` @r`n oc`sho d`e v`rh`e n`f`s` rked`f `d`c`f v`rh`e dh`cko dh` ckot`. t`. Jkeuru Jkeurutt Ikrmu Ikrmusae sae v`rh`e v`rh`e n`f`s` n`f`s` themmh themmh `et`r` `et`r` c`h c`he e dhmue` dhmue`o`e o`e d`c`j d`c `j ofatn` ofatn`f f dh j`slhd j`slhd d`e mkrkl` mkrkl`,, phd`ta phd`ta dh p`rckj p`rckjke, ke, phd`ta phd`ta pachth pachtho, o, ouch`f dh uehvkrsht`s, sh`r`e nkrht`, kdhtarh`c sur`t o`n`r d`e puhsh. Y`rh`e  n`f`s` rked`f dhmue`o`e d`c`j s`str` r`oy`t, s`edhw`r` r`dha, su`r`t  prhn`dh, pkjnhg`r` `et`r` tkj`e `t`upue okcu`rm`. Dh Hedaeksh` shtu`sh dhmcash` d`p`t dhchf`t d`rh du` shtu`sh y`htu (0) sht shtu`s u`shh phchf` phchf`e e n`f`s` n`f`s` y`htu y`htu `et`r` `et`r` phchf` phchf`e e n`f`s` n`f`s` Hedaek Hedaeksh` sh` d`e n`f`s` n`f`s` d`kr`f. (>) shtu`sh pkemmue``e v`rh`e n`f`s` y`htu shtu`sh y`em dhoke`o`e  p`d` phchf`e r`m`j d`c`j n`f`s` Hedaeksh` y`oeh r`m`j n`ou d`e thd`o   n`ou. T`jp`ey` dh Hedaeksh` d`c`j okfhdup`e skf`rh-f`rh `e`t`r` n`f`s` Hedaeksh` d`e n`f`s` d`kr`f j`shem-j`shem jkjhchoh okduduo`e themmh d`e rked`fey` sksu`h dkem`e shtu`shey`. D`c`j shtu`sh rksjh pkrsae`c n`f`s` themmh l`tuf okp`d` n`f`s` Hedaeksh`,. Okjudh`e d`c`j pkemmue``e r`m`j  n`ou d`e thd`o n`ou t`jp`o r`m`j n`ou jkrup`o`e r`m`j themmh d`e r`m`j thd`o n`ou jkrup`o`e r`m`j rked`f.

 

Jkeu Jk euru rutt Orhd Orhd`c` `c`os os`e `e`(0 `(08= 8=9) 9) r` r`m` m`j j n` n`ou ou skn`m skn`m`h `h r`m`j r`m`j them themmh mh dhmue`o`e d`c`j< 0.

Oajueho`sh rksjh

>.

]`g`e` tkoehs

7.

Rkjnhg`r``e dh dkp`e ujuj

4.

Rk Rkjn jnhg hg`r `r`` ``e e dke dkem` m`e e ar` ar`em em y`em y`em dh dhfa farj rj`t `thh

Wkd`emo`e d`c`j r`m`j thd`o n`ou skn`m`h r`m`j rked`f dhmue`o`e d`c`j<

G.

0.

T`w`r-jke`w`r dh taoa

>.

Gkr kr`j `j`f `f d`c`j `c`j su su`s `s`e `e`` thd thd`o `o rk rksj sjhh

7.

Rkrg`o`p`e dkem`e sk skll`w`t

4.

Rk Rkrg rg`o `o`p `p`e `e dkem dkem`e `e `emm `emmat at`` okcu okcu`r `rm` m`

Funuem`e Nhchemu`chsjk d`e Dhmcash`

Ikeajke` nhchemu`chsjk `d`c`f ikeajke` pkjhchf`e n`f`s` dh `et`r` du` du` n`f`s` n`f`s` `t`u `t`u cknhf. cknhf. Wkd`em Wkd`emo`e o`e ikeajk ikeajke` e` dhmcas dhmcash` h` `d`c`f `d`c`f ikeajk ikeajke` e`  pkjhchf`e n`f`s` themmh d`e rked`f `t`u r`m`j n`f`s` themmh d`e r`m`j  n`f`s` rked`f. Funuem`e Funu em`e `et`r` nhchemu`ch nhchemu`chsjk sjk d`e dhmcash` d`p`t dhchf`t dhchf`t dhchf`t dhchf`t d`rh t`nck dhn`w`f heh<

 

Dhmcash

+

-

Dhmcash` d`e

Nhchemu`chsjk

Nhchemu`chsjk

t`ep` Dhmcash`

` Nhchemu`chsjk

+

 

Dhmcash` t`ep`

T`ep` dhmcash`

Nhchemu`chsjk

T`ep`

-

 nhchemu`chsjk

D`rh t`nck dh `t`s `d` kjp`t funuem`e `et`r` nhchemu`chsj d`e dhmcash` `d`c`f skn`m`h nkrhout < 0.

Thpk Thpk dhmc dhmcas ash` h` d`e d`e nhche nhchemu mu`c `chsj hsjk. k. R`d` R`d` thpk thpk heh du` du` pkemm pkemmue ue``e ``e n`f n`f`s` `s` tkrl`dh. @d` oknh`s``e jkemmue`o`e du` n`f`s` `t`u cknhf d` e`d` oknh`s``e jkemmue`o`e n`f`s` themmh d`e n`f`s` rked`f.

>.

Thpk Thpk nhch nhchem emu` u`ch chsj sjkk t`ep` t`ep` dhmca dhmcash` sh`.. R`d` R`d` thpk thpk heh j`sy j`sy`r `r`o `o`t `t nhch nhchem emu` u`c, c, tkt`ph jkrko` thd`o jkjn`t`sh iuemsh tkrtketu n`mh n`f`s` d`e v`rh`e y`e `em m

dho hou u`s `s`h `hey ey`. `.th thp pk

okdu kdu`

he hehh

jke jke`jp `jp`o `oo` o`e e

oke key y`t `t`` ``e e

 nhchemu`chsjk `d`c`f o`r`tkrhstho okj`jpu`e pkemmue``e n`f`s` y`em hedhvhdu`c, skd`emo`e dhmcash` `d`c`f or`otkrhstho `cao`sh iuemsh  p`d` n`f`s`-n`f`s` `t`u v`rh`e-v`rh`e y`em nkrnkd`. 7.

Thpk hpk dhmca hmcash sh`` t`ep t`ep`` nhch nhche emu mu`c `chs hsjk jk.. Dh d` d`c` c`j j thp thpk he hehh tk tkrd rd`p `p`t `t du` okcaj okc ajpao pao pkeutu pkeuturr y`htu y`htu okcajp okcajpao ao y`em y`em nh`s`e nh`s`ey` y` cknhf cknhf okghc` okghc`t`u t`u dhsknut dkem`e ruchem mraup f`ey` nkrn`f`s` d`c`j dh`cko themmh, d`e okcajpao y`em thd`o jkjhchoh okou`s``e d`c`j j`sy`r`o`t f`ey`  nkrnhg`r` dh`cko rked`f. N`ey`emo`e `d` j`sy`r`o`t n`f`s` y`em jkemmue`o jkem mue`o`e `e du` n`f`s` `t`u cknhf, tkt`ph jkrko` thd`o nkrhetkr`osh nkrhetkr`osh dkem`e n`f`s` tkrtketu phchf`e nkrs`j`. Jkrko` dhpkrs`tuo`e skg`r`  pachths, rkchmhaus, d`e skg`r koaeajhs.

 

4.

Thpk Thpk t`ep t`ep`` dhmca dhmcash sh`` d`e t`ep t`ep`` nhche nhchemu mu`ch `chsj sjk. k. Thpk Thpk heh heh j`sy` j`sy`r`o r`o`t `t y`em y`em t`ep` dhmcash` d`e thd`o nhchemu`chsjk tketuey` f`ey` `d` s`tu n`f`s` d`e t`ep` v`rh`sh skrt` d`p`t dhmue`o`e uetuo skm`c` j`g`j tulu`e . ok`d``e ok`d` `e heh f`ey` f`ey` juemohe tkrd`p`t d`c`j j`sy`r`o`t j`sy`r`o`t prhjhthi `t`u tkrpkeghc, y`em p`d` s``t heh suo`r dhtkjuo`e. D`rh okkjp`t pac` j`sy`r`o`t okn`f`s``e dh `t`s y`em p`chem st`nhc

f`ey` du`, y`htu (0) dhmcash` dkem`e nhchemu`chsjk, d`e (>) dhmcash` t`ep`  nhchemu`chsjk. Okdu`ey` nkro`r`otkr dhmcash`, skfhemm` pkrnkd``eey` f`ey` tkrckr`o p`d` nhchemu`chsjkey`.

 

N@N HHH RKE[T[R  @.

Whjpuc`e

Nhchemu`chsjk `d`c`f oknh`s``e pkemmue``e du` n`f`s` `t`u cknhf d`c` d` c`j j

j`sy j` sy`r `r`o `o`t `t

n`f` n` f`s` s`.. Nk Nkrd rd`s `s`r `ro` o`e e

okj` ok j`jp jpu` u`e e

pkeu pk eutu ture rey` y`

 nhchemu`chsjk d`p`t dhn`mh `t`s du` o`tkmarh y`oeh< Nhchemu`chsjk skt`r`( skt `r`(gaa gaardh rdhe`t e`tkk nhc nhchem hemu`c u`chsj hsj)) `d` `d`c`f c`f nhc nhchem hemu`c u`chsjk hsjk y`e y`em m tkr tkrl`d l`dhh p`d p`d``  pkeutur y`em jkjhchoh pkemu`s``e skg`r` rkc`thi s`j`. D`c`j nhchemu`chsjk dkjhoh`e, dkjho h`e, `d` prask praskss nkrph nkrphohr ohr y`em oaest`e(thd`o oaest`e(thd`o jkem jkem`c`jh `c`jh okr`e okr`egu`e) gu`e)  p`d` n`f`s`y`em dhou`sh d`e skd`em dhmue`o`e. D`e nhchemu`chsjk j`lkjuo(gajpaued nhchemu`chsj) `d`c`f nhchemu`chsjk y`em tkrl`dh p`d`  pkeutur y`em jkem`c`jh prasks nkrphohr p`d` skar`em nhchemu`c y`em  nkrshi`t r`egu `t`u o`g`u d`e jkemmue`o`e n`f`s` y`em y`em thd`o s`j`. Dhmcash` `d`c`f ikeajke` pkemmue``e n`f`s` y`em dhpkrthjn`emo`e  p`d` iuemshey`. Dhmcash` tkrl`dh n`ho p`d` j`sy`r`o`t jaeachemu`c j`upue  nhchemu`c. R`d` j`sy`r`o`t jaeachemu`c dhmcash` `d`c`f pkemmue``e r`m`j  n`f`s` sksu`h dkem`e pkrthjn`em`e iuemsh skth`p r`m`j. Wkd`emo`e Wkd`emo`e dhmcash` d`c` d` c`j j j` j`sy sy`r `r`o `o`t `t nh nhch chem emu` u`cc cc `d `d`c `c`f `f pk pkem emmu mue` e``e `e th thd` d`o o f` f`ey ey`` p` p`d` d`  pkemmue``e r`m`j, tkt`ph lum` pkemmue``e pkemmue``e n`f`s` sksu`h dkem`e iuemshey`. Funuem`e `et`r` nhchemu`chsjk d`e dhmcash` tkrckt`o p`d` ththo tkju d`e ththo phs`f. Funuem`e ththo tkju nkrup` nkr`d`ey` `t`u thd`o nkr`d`ey`  nhchemu`chsj d`e dhmcash`. Wkd`emo`e funuem`e ththo phs`f nkrd`s`ro`e  nkr`d`ey` s`c`f s`tu ikeajke` `t`u thd`o `d`ey` s`c`f s`tu ikeajke`. @d` kjp`t thpk funuem`e nhchemu`chsjk d`e dhmcash` y`htu < (0) dhmcash` d`e  nhchemu`chsjk, (>) thpk nhchemu`chsjk t`ep` dhmcash`, (7) thpk dhmcash` t`ep`  nhchemu`chsjk , d`e (4) (4) thpk t`ep` dhmcash` d`e t`ep` nhchemu`chsjk. N.

W`r`e

D`c` D` c`j j pk pkey eyus usue ue`e `e j`o` j`o`c` c`f f y` y`em em nk nkrl rlud uduc uc –Nhc –Nhche hemu mu`ch `chsj sjkk d` d`e e Dhmcash`‚ j`shf jkjhcoh n`ey`o okour`em`e skfhemm` o`jh jkemf`r`pc`e orhtho d`e s`r`e y`em j`jpu jkjn`emue d`rh daske d`e tkj`e-tkj`e.

 

D@IT@^ R[WT@O@

@ndurr`fj`e, @. (>226). Washachemuhstho< Tkarh, pkr`e, d`e iuemshey` tkrf`d`p o`lh`e n`f`s` s`str`. ChEM[@< s`str`. ChEM[@< Lure`c Hcju N`f`s` N`f`s` d`e W`str`, W`str`, 7(0). N@N,, H. j`f`shs N@N j`f`shsw` w` d`p`t d`p`t jkj`f` jkj`f`jh jh f`oho` f`oho`tt oknud` oknud`y`` y``e, e, f`oho` f`oho`tt n`f`s`, n`f`s`, funuem fun uem`e `e `et`r` `et`r` oknud oknud`y` `y``e `e d`e n`f`s` n`f`s`,, skrt` skrt` kth ktho` o` nkrn`f nkrn`f`s` `s` d`c`j d`c`j o`lh`e Washachemuhstho. Gf`kr, @nduc d`e @musthe`,Ckaehk. >202. Washachemuhstho Rkroke`c`s`e @w`c. L`o`rt`227. Washachemuhstho. L`o`rt`20;). Nhchemu`chsjk d`e Dhmcash` p`d` Tutur`e Whsw` dh WJR E 9 Ekm`r`. Lure`c Ekm`r`. Lure`c Rkedhdho`e  N`f`s` d`e W`str` W`str` Hedaeksh` [edhosf`, [edhosf`, 7(0). Yhe`eshs, J. ^. (>200). @chf oadk d`e g`jpur oadk n`f`s` L`w` d`c`j r`p`t hnuhnu ROO dh Okp`thf`e Oucae Wur`o`rt`. Xusui,

K.

N.

(>209).

RN@. T[^@TW , 9 (0). (0).

Washachemuhstho

d`e

Rkekr`p`eey`

d`c`j