Bhopal Institute Of Technology New Lab Manual

BHOPAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL(M.P) DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG. LAB

MANUALS

S.N. SUBJECT CODE

SUBJECT NAME

SEMESTER

1

BE-104

BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENNG.

I & II

2

EX-303

ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTION

III

3

EX-304

ELECTONICS DEVICIES & CIRCUIT-I

III

4

EX-305

NETWORK ANALYSIS

III

5

EX-306

JAVA

III

6

EX-404

ELECTRO MECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION- IV I

7

EX-405

ELECTONICS

8

EX-406

SOFTWARE LAB MATLAB

IV

9

EX-502

MICRO PROCESSOR & MICHRO CONTROLLERS

V

10

EX-503

ELECTRICAL MACHINE-II

V

11

EX-504

POWER ELECTRONICS DEVICES & CIRCUIT

V

12

EX-505

POWER SYSTEM -1

V

13

EX-506

ELE.ENGG.SIMULATION

V

14

EX-602

CONTROL SYSTEM

VI

15

EX-603

SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION

VI

16

EX604

ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION

VI

17

EX-701

POWER SYSTEM-2

VII

18

EX-708

ELECTRICAL SIMULATION LAB

VII

19

EX-801

COMP.ADD ELE.M/C DESIGEN

VIII

20

EX-802

ELECTRICAL DRIVES

VIII

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DEVICIES& CIRCUIT-II

PAGE NO.

IV

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BHOPAL INSTITUE OF TECHNOLOGY

LAB MANUAL Version No.

Basic Electronics and Electrical

Subject

Basic Electronics and Electrical

Subject Code

EX-104

Scheme

New

Class/Branc h

I & II Semester / all

Author

Mr. Kritarth Shrivastav

Institution

Bhopal Institute of Technology

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COURSE: BE104 Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering

List of Experiment 1.Verifications of Thevenin‟s Superposition theorem. 2.Study of Transformer, name plate rating,Determination of ratio and polarity 3.Determination of equivalent circuit parameters of a single phase transformer by O.C. And S.C. tests and estimation of voltage regulation and efficiency at various loading conditions and verification by load test. 4. Separation of resistance and inductance of choke coil.

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5.Measurement of various line & phase quantities for a 3-phase circuit.

6. components.

Identification

7.Observing rectifiers .

input

of

different

and

output

Electronics

waveforms

of

8.Verification of truth table for various gates.

9. To study the transistor characteristics of CB, CE , CC.

EXPERIMENT NO. 1 AIM: - To verify Thevenin‟s theorem. APPARATUS REQUIRED: - Experimental Kit, Connecting Probes. THEORY: - Sometimes it is necessary to find a particular branch current in a circuit as the resistance of that branch is varied while all other resistances, voltage sources and the current sources remain the same. This theorem states that,” Any two terminal network containing a number of e.m.f. sources and resistances can be replaced by an equivalent series circuit having a voltage source V TH in series with a resistance RTH.” Where, VTH = Open circuit voltage between two terminals. RTH = The resistance between two terminals of the circuit obtained by looking in at the terminals with removed and voltage sources replaced by their internal resistances, if any. The load current is given by:

IL =

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Fig no.1

Fig no.2

Fig no.3

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Fig no.4

PROCEDURE:1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig 1. Measure the values of load current at different load resistance. It is IL1, IL2 & IL3. 2. Connect the circuit as shown in fig. 2. Disconnect the load resistor (R L) from output terminals and measure the open circuit voltage (VTH) by connecting analog voltmeter. Open circuit voltage will appear across 100Ω resistor:

V= 3. For measurement of Thevenin‟s resistance across open circuit terminals X-Y, disconnect the 12V voltage source and short the voltage source open circuit terminals A-B as shown in fig. 3. Connect the digital multimeter across terminal X-Y. Find the value of RTH. Now measure the resistance across X and Y.

RTH 4.Now, above circuit between X & Y can be replaced by Thevenin‟s equivalent circuit as shown in fig 4. VTH = 1.8 V, www.earnrupees4you.com

RTH = 173.4 Ω Page 6

For RL = 25 Ω = ……….mA

IL1 = For RL = 50 Ω

= ……….mA

IL1 = For RL = 75 Ω

= ……….mA

IL1 = 5.

Compare the calculated and measured values.

OBSERVATION TABLE:S.NO.

EQUIVALENT VALUES

1.

RTH,VTH

2.

RTH,VTH

3.

RTH,VTH

MEASURED VALUES

CALCULATED VALUES

RESULT:

PRECAUTIONS:  The positive & negative terminals of the power supply should not be connected together.  Supply for the experimental kit should be switched ON only after the connections are verified.  Avoid parallax error.  Check the polarities of the meter before the observations are noted down.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 01 AIM: To verify Superposition theorem. APPARATUS: Experimental Kit, Connecting Probes. THEORY: When there is only one source of e.m.f. or only one current source, then it is very easy to calculate the current or the voltage. But in a complex circuit where there are a number of sources acting simultaneously, then it is very difficult to calculate the current or the voltages. In these situations superposition theorem is used. The theorem states that, “If a number of current or voltage sources are acting simultaneously in a linear network, the resultant current in any branch is the algebraic sum of the currents that would be produced in it, when each source acts alone replacing all other sources by their internal resistances.”

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. 01

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Fig no.2

Fig no.3

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig 1. Measure the current i1, i2 and i3. 2. Connect the circuit as shown in fig. 2. Consider only one voltage source at a time, first 12V. Short the second 5V source. Measure the current i1 ‟, i2‟ and i3 ‟ (One ammeter is connected at a time, other ammeter is shorted). 3. Connect the circuit as shown in fig. 3. Consider only 5V voltage source. Short the second 12V source. Measure the current i1‟‟, i2‟‟ and i3 ‟‟. 4. Calculate the value of i1 ‟ , i2‟ , i3‟, i1‟‟, i2 ‟‟ and i3 ‟‟. 5. Compare the calculated and measured values. www.earnrupees4you.com

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OBSERVATION TABLE: Sr. No.

Measured Value

Calculated Value

i1’ i2’ i3’ i1” i2” i3” i1 i2 i3

CALCULATIONS: Consider only one voltage source at a time, first 12V.

RT = 50 +

= 50 + 8.33 = 58.33 Ω

ITH = IT = i1’ i3’ = i2’ = i1’ - i3’ =………. Therefore, i1’ =………. i2’=………. i3’=……….

Now, considering 5V voltage source only: RT = 50 +

= 50 + 8.33 = 58.33 Ω

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ITH = IT = i3’’

i3’ =

i1’ = i3’ - i2’ =………. Therefore, i1’ =………. i2’=………. i3’=……….

According to superposition theorem, Current through resistance R1 = i1‟ - i1‟‟ =………. Current through resistance R2 = i2‟ – i2 ‟‟ =………. Current through resistance R3 = i3‟ – i3 ‟‟ =……….

RESULT: PRECAUTIONS: 

The positive & negative terminals of the power supply should not be connected together.



Supply for the experimental kit should be switched ON only after the connections are verified.



Avoid parallax error.



Check the polarities of the meter before the observations are noted down.

EXPERIMENT -2 OBJECTIVE:- Study of transformer name plate rating. Apparatus Required:-Transformer. Theory:- The transformer specifications give the rating and performance expectations of the www.earnrupees4you.com

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transformer. These are broadly as below: 1.KVA rating 2. Rated voltage 3. Number of phases(1-Փ or 3- Փ). 4. Rated frequency. 5. Connections(------). 6. Tappings if any 7. Type of core (core or shell). 8.Type (power or distribution). 9. Ambient temperature (generally average 40 0 c) 10. type of cooling[(a) cooling medium -air ,oil or water (b) circulation type -natural or forced (c) simple or mixed cooling].11. Temperature rise above ambient in 0c depending upon the class of winding insulation.12. Voltage regulation[(a) percent or pu (c) reactance percent or per unit] 13. No load Current in amperes or percent of rated current at rated voltage and rated frequency.14. Efficiency -in percent or per unit at full load,1/2 load,3/4 load at unity pf or .8 pf. The specifications items and limitations are laid down by the following IS specifications: IS : 1180-1964: specifications for outdoor type three phase distribution transformer upto and including 100 Kva and 11 kv. IS :2026-(PART I,II,III.IV 1977: Specificatins for power transformers beyond Kva.

(a) Outdoor type distribution transformers (IS : 1180-1964) According to this the standard ratings for distribution type transformers are 16,25,40,50,63,80and Kva. The no load voltage ratios are 3300/433v,6600/433v and 1100/433v. The tapping shall be provided on hv side and shall be in 5 steps. The ranges shall be + 2.5 and +5%.Off load tap changers are used. CONNECTIONS :------- with neutral brought out to a seperate insulated terminal. Cooling is by low viscocity transformer oil. Conservator tank is provided on transformer of rating 50 Kva or above. LIMITS OF TEMPERATURE RISE : The following temperature rises shall be permitted over the ambient temperature of 450c.  Temperature rise in winding mmeasured by resistance method -550c.  Temperature rise in oil measured by thermometer in the top oil-450c. The above temperature rises are for ON, OB AND OW type cooling. IMPEDENCE: The percentage impedence at 750c is 4.5% subject to the tolerence limits of +10%. 

Power transformers(IS 2026-1962) The standard Kva ratings for 3-Φ transformers are 25,40,63,100,125,160,200,250,315,400,500,630,800,1000,1250,1600,2000,2500,3125,4000,6300 ,8000,10000,12500,16000,20000,25000,31500,40000,50000,63 000,and 80000 Kva.

The standard ratings for 1-phase transformers are 1,2,5,10,16 and 25 KVA. Above 25 kva ,the standard rating for single phase transformers shall be one-third of the value given for 3-phase transformers. TAPPINGS : The standard tapping ranges are +2 1/2% and +5%. Tap changing is carried out by means of an externally operated off-circuit switch capable of being locked in positions. If required ,the transformers may be equipped with on-load tap -changer.

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EXPERIMENT NO.2 OBJECTIVE: - To find the polarity of primary and secondary winding on a single phase Transformer.

PRE-REQUISITS:(1.) Basic knowledge about Xmers. (2.) Concept of primary & secondary winding. (3.) Concept of polarity.

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DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS:S.NO

NAME

TYPE

RANGE

QTY.

1.

VOLTMETER

M.I.

0-300

02

2.

VOLTMETER

M.I.

0-600

01

3.

TRANSFORMER

-

2KVA

01

4.

VARIAC

1ɸ

260V

01

5.

CONNECTING WIRE

-

-

-

UNDERLYING CONCEPTS:POLARITY: - Each of the terminal of primary as well as secondary windings of a transformer is alternately positive and negative with respect to each other . It is essential to know the relative polarities at any instant of the primary and secondary terminals for making correct connections under the following type of the transformer. (I) When two single phase transformer are to be connected in parallel to share the total load on the system (II) For connecting the 3 single phase transformer to form a 3 phase bank with proper connections of primary and secondary windings. Referring fig , if at any instant , the induced emf E1 in the primary acts from the terminals marked A2 to A1 the induced emf E2 in the secondary winding will act from a2 to a1 i.e. if at any instant A1 is positive and A2 negative with respect to the applied voltage V1 across the primary winding then the terminal voltage V2 across the secondary winding will be positive at a1 and negative at a2 .

If the two winding are connected by joining A1 to A2 as shows in fig, and an alternating voltage V1 applied across the primary, then the marking are corrected if the voltage V 3 is less than V1. Such a polarity is generally termed as. Subtractive polarity, in which the induced emfs in the primary and secondary winding are subtractive. The standard practice is to have subtractive polarity for transformer connections, because it reduce the voltage stress between the adjacent loads. In case V 3 is grater than V1, the emfs induced in the primary and secondary windings have an additive polarity.

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MI (0 - 600)V

V3 S1

P1

1- ø, 260 V 50 Hz AC Supply

V1

V2

MI (0 - 300)V

P2

MI (0 - 300)V

S2

POLARITY TEST

PROCEDURE :- a) Polarity test: 

Connect the circuit as per fig. Switch on single phase ac supply.

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

Record the voltages V1, V2 and V3. It is advisable to use a single voltmeter with probes to measure these three voltages. In case V3 V1, which indicates additive polarity.



Switch of the ac supply.

As V3 > V1 Additive Polarity As V3 < V1 Subtractive Polarity

Observations: - May be tabulated as follows:-

S.No.

(a). additive polarity V1

V2

S.No. V3

(b).Subtractive Polarity V1

V2

V3

RATIO TEST OBJECTIVES: - To measure voltage ratio of primary and secondary windings PRE-REQUISITS:1) Basic knowledge of transformers. 2) Concept of voltage ratio.

DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS:www.earnrupees4you.com

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S.No.

NAME

TYPE

RANGE

QTY.

1.

VOLTMETER

MI.

0-300V

02

2.

TRANSFORMER

1Ø

1 KVA

01

3.

VARIAC

1Ø

0-270V

01

4.

CONNECTING WIRE

-

-

-

UNDERLYING CONCEPTS:Voltage Ratio:The induced emf per phase in the primary and secondary winding of a transformer is given by, Induced emf in primary, E1 = 4.44 f Φm T1. Induced emf in secondary, E2=4.44 f Φm T2 However, E1 = V1 and E2 = V2 Hence, the voltage ratio, V2/V1 = T2/T1

Circuit Diagram -: Given in fig www.earnrupees4you.com

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86.6% 1- ø, 260 V 50 Hz AC Supply

V1

V2

50%

MI (0 - 300)V

28.8%

MI (0 - 300)V

RATIO TEST Voltage Ratio test:Procedure:1. Connect the circuit as per fig. 2. Switch on ac supply. 3. Record the voltage V1 across the primary and V2 across various tapping of the secondary. It will be preferred, if all the voltage are measured by the same voltmeter. 4. Switch off the ac supply.

Observation Table:SNO.

V1

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V2

V1/V2

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EXPERIMENT No- 03 AIM: - To Perform Open Circuit and Short Circuit test on transformer. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Sr. No.

NAME

RANGE

QUANTITY

1

Ammeter

0-5AMP

1

2

Ammeter

0-1 AMP

1

3

Voltmeter

0-300V

1

4

Autotransformer

0-270V

1

5

Wattmeter

0-375Watt

1

6

Single Phase Transformer

2KVA,220V,50Hz

1

THEORY: - In various experiments, transformer is being operated normally under one of the following condition. 1. NO LOAD OR OPEN CIRCUIT: - Generally high voltage Winding is open circuited is open circuited.

Such a test is performed at rated voltage applied to low voltage winding no load test is performed to find out the no load / core losses. 2. LOAD:-Load on the secondary winding varied in steps to ascertain behaviour of transformer under

loaded conditions. 3. SHORT CIRCUIT: - Low voltage winding is generally short circuited and quite low Voltage applied to

high voltage winding. Such a test is normally performed under full Load current condition. This test is performed to find out full load losses.

PROCEDURE:(a). Open circuited test :-

1

Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2

Ensure that the setting of the variac is at now output voltage.

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3

Switch on the supply and adjust rated voltage across the transformer circuit .

4

Record no load current, voltage applied and no load power, corresponding to the rated voltage of the transformer winding.

5

Switch off the AC supply.

(b)Short circuit test :-

6

Connect the instruments as per the circuit diagram.

7

Adjust the setting of the variac so that the output voltage is zero.

8

Switch on the AC supply to the circuit.

9

Increase the voltage applied slowly till the current in the winding of the transformer is full load rated value.

10 Record short circuit current, corresponding applied voltage and power with full load current under short circuit condition. 11 Switch off the AC supply.

(0-150/300)W (0-1/2)A

A

1- ø, 260 V 50Hz AC Supply

V

M

L

C

V

(0 - 300)V

L.V.

H.V.

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

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(0 - 375)W (0 - 5)A

A

1- ø, 260 V 50 Hz AC Supply

V

M

L

C

V

(0 - 300)V

L.V.

H.V.

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

OBSERVATION TABLE:S.No

Open circuit test Vo

Io

Short circuit test Wo

Vsc

Isc

Wsc

1 2

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CALCUATIONS:

For open circuit test

Wo =Vo Io CosØo CosØo = Wo / Vo Io Io CosØo = Ic or Iw Io sin ϕo = Iµ or Im (Io)² = (Ic2 + Iµ2) Ro = Vo / Ic Xo = Vo / Im 

For short circuit test

Wsc = Isc2 Req. Req. = Wsc / Isc2 Zeq. = Vsc / Isc (Xeq) ² = Z2 – R2

Result: -

Precaution:1. Make the connection correct & according to the circuit diagram. 2. All connection should be made with power supply off. 3. Signal should not be applied to the input while the instrument power supply on.

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EXPERIMENT NO: 04 Measurement of power in three phase circuits OBJECTIVE: - To measure power by a 3 phase inductive load using two wattmeters PRE. REQUISITES :- (1) Knowledge of measurement of 3-Ø power by various methods (2) Principle of working of wattmeter.

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:-

Sr. No.

Name

Type

Range

Quantity

Wattmeter

Dynamometer

5/10A,200/400V

2

2

Ammeter

MI

0-10A

1

3

Voltmeter

MI

0-600

1

4

3-Phase Variac

MI

400/0-400V,15 A

1

1

UNDER LYING CONCE PT Power

5

3-Phase inductive load

Inductive

--

1

consumed

by a 3 phase balanced or unbalanced load (star or delta connected) Can be measured by using two wattmeters properly connected in the load circuit . The current coils of the wattmeters are connected in series with the load lines in any two lines, whereas the two pressure coils are connected between these lines and the third line as shown in fig.

The phasor diagram of this circuit ,assuming balanced lagging load has been shown in fig. As such,rms www.earnrupees4you.com

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values of currents Ir,Iy,Ib are taken equal in magnitude and lagging by an angle ǿ with respect to its own phase voltage .Similarly, rms values of phase voltages are also equal in magnitude but displaced by 120.The Phase sequence has been assumed as R,Y,B.Based in the phasor diagram, power consumed and the power factor of load can be calculated from the readings of two wattmeters W1 and W2 as explained below.

Power factor of the load W1-W2

= VL IL Cos (30-Ø ) - VL IL Cos(30+Ø )

Tan Ø

= √3 (W1-W2)/(W1+W2)

Ø

= Tanˉ¹√3 (W1-W2)/(W1+W2)

Cos Ø

= Cos [Tanˉ¹√3 (W1-W2)/(W1+W2)]

PROCEDURE: 

Connect the circuit as per fig.



Ensure that the output voltage of 3 phase Variac is at zero or low.



Switch on the 3 phase ac supply.



Apply a certain voltage to the circuit and note down the regarding of all the meter connected in the circuit.



Repeat step 4 for various values of applied load till the rated supply voltage.



Reduce the voltage applied to 3 phase load and then switch off the supply.

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LAB MANUAL

Version no

LIST

Subject

ELECTRONICS

INSTRUMENTATION

Subject code

EX/

Scheme

NEW

Class/Branch

VI SEMESTER/EX

Author

Nirupa chaturbedi

Institution

BHOPAL INSTITUTE

OF TECHNOLOGY

OF EXPERIMENTS

Experiment NAME OF EXPERIMENT No 1

(a) To Study of Input-Output characteristics of LVDT. (b) Determination of sensitivity of LVDT.

2

(a) Study of Strain measurement using Strain gauges and cantilever assembly. (b) Determining sensitivity Strain Gauge.

3

To measure the value of unknown Resistance wheat stone bridge.

4

To measure the value of unknown inductance with the help of Maxwell's inductance bridge .

5

To measure the value of unknown capacitance with the help of schering bridge .

6

To study the characteristics of photo voltaic cell.

7

To study and observe the characteristic of PIN Photo diode . www.earnrupees4you.com

with the help of

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8

To study the characteristic of platinum RTD .

9

To study the operation of Analog to Digital converter .

10

To study the operation of digital to Analog converter .

Experiment : 1(a) Objective : Determination of sensitivity of LVDT Theory : Sensitivity : The ratio of the change in LVDT output to a change in the value of the measure and (displacement). Sensitivity is the smallest change in displacement, which LVDT is able to detect. The output of LVDT is an alternating signal which is rectified and filtered to give DC output (Signal conditioner output). The DC output is proportional to amplitude of alternating signal of LVDT. Sensitivity S = AC output / Displacement (Vpp/ mm) OR = DC output / displacement (Vdc/mm) Procedure : 1. Switch ON the trainer. 2. Make micrometer to read 10 mm. 3. Note the reading of micrometer. www.earnrupees4you.com

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4.

Measure the differential voltage between Test Point TP6 and TP7 with multimeter in mV range. 5. Make micrometer to read 9 mm. 6. Repeat step 4. (Differential voltage for 10 mm - Differential voltage for 9 mm) 7. Calculate S = (10 mm - 9 mm) = ……………. mV/mm

Expe riment 1(b) Objective : Study of Input-Output characteristics of LVDT Apparatus Required: LVDT kit Multimeter Connecting probes Theory: Linear variable differential transformers (LVDT) are used to measure displacement. LVDTs operate on the principle of a transformer. As shown in figure 4, an LVDT consists of a coil assembly and a core. The coil assembly is typically mounted to a stationary form, while the core is secured to the object whose position is being measured. The coil assembly consists of three coils of wire wound on the hollow form. A core of permeable material can slide freely through the center of the form. The inner coil is the primary, which is excited by an AC source as shown. Magnetic flux produced by the primary is coupled to the two secondary coils, inducing an AC voltage in each coil. LVDT Measurement : www.earnrupees4you.com

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LVDT measures displacement by associating a specific signal value for any given position of the core. This association of a signal value to a position occurs through electromagnetic coupling of an AC excitation signal on the primary winding to the core and back to the secondary windings. The position of the core determines how tightly the signal of the primary coil is coupled to each of the secondary coils. The two secondary coils are series-opposed, which means wound in series but in opposite directions. This results in the two signals on each secondary being 180 deg out of phase. Therefore phase of the output signal determines direction and its amplitude, distance.

Displac ing the core to the left causes the first secondary to be more strongly coupled to the primary than the second secondary. The resulting higher voltage of the first secondary in relation to the second secondary causes an output voltage that is in phase with the primary voltage. Procedure : 1. Switch ON the trainer. 2. Make micrometer to read 10 mm . 3. Display will indicate 00.0. This is the position when core is at centre i.e equal flux linking to both the secondary. 5. Rotating thimble again clockwise by 0.1mm. Reading will be taken after each 0.1 mm rotation until micrometer read 0 mm. This is positive end. At this point secondary I have highest voltage and secondary II has lowest voltage. 6. Rotate thimble anticlockwise so that micrometer read 10 mm. 7. Rotate thimble anti clockwise so that micrometer read 10.1 mm. It will move core 0.1 mm outside the LVDT and simultaneously observe reading on display. It will indicate displacement from 10 mm position in negative direction. The reading will be negative. It indicates that secondary II is at higher voltage than secondary I. www.earnrupees4you.com

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8.take reading of voltage generated in coil by connecting multimeter on output point of LVDT kit. 9. Plot the graph between displacement (mm) indicated by micrometer and Display reading (mm).The graph will be linear . Observation Table: S.no

Displacement in micrometer

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Display displacement(mm)

Generated voltage (mv)

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Experiment 2(a) Objective : Determining sensitivity Strain Gauge Theory : Strain Gauge : If a metal conductor is stretched or compressed, its resistance changes on account of the fact that both the length and diameter of the conductor change. There is also a change in the value of resistivity of the conductor when it is strained and this property is called piezoresistive effect. This is the principle of strain gauge. Strain gauge www.earnrupees4you.com

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is a device the electrical resistance of which varies in proportion to the amount of strain in the device. The most widely used gauge is the bonded metallic strain gauge. A strain gauge of length L, area A, and diameter D when unstrained has resistance R = (ρL)/ A When a gauge is subjected to positive strain, its length increases while its area of cross section decreases, resistance of gauge increases with positive strain. lateral strain − ∂D / D ε = strain = ∆L/L ∆R / R Gauge Factor = ∆L / L

Sensitivity : The ratio of the change in auxillary output to a change in the value of the measurand (strain). Sensitivity is the smallest change in strain, which the trainer is able to detect. Strain is directly proportional to weight. Auxillary Output Sensitivity S = Weight mV /gm

Procedure : 1. Switch ‘On’ the trainer. 2. Measure the auxillary output. 3. Adjust Offset Null Adjust preset slowly to get 0 mV at auxillary output terminal. 4. Place weight of 5 gm on cantilever and measure the auxillary output voltage by multimeter in 200 mV range. 5. Repeat the above step by placing the weights of 10gm, 20 gms etc. 6. Calculate :Auxillary output for above specified weights. Weight S= ……………. mV/gm 7.Compare value of sensitivity for different weights.

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Experiment :2(b) Objective : Study of Strain measurement using strain gauges and cantilever assembly Apparatus Required : Strain gauge Kit Connecting Probes Theory: Strain is the amount of deformation of a body due to an applied force. More specifically, strain (ε) is defined as the fractional change in length, as shown below. ∆L ε= L Strain can be positive (tensile) or negative (compressive). Although dimensionless, strain is sometimes expressed in units such as in/in or mm/mm. In practice, the magnitude of measured strain is very small. Therefore, strain is often expressed as micro strain (µ-strain), which is ε x 10 -6. Types of Strain gauges : 1. Unbonded metal strain gauges. 2. Bonded metal wire strain gauges. 3. Bonded metal foil strain gauges. 4. Vacuum deposited thin metal film strain gauges. 5. Sputter deposited thin film metal strain gauges.

Procedure : 1. Switch ‘On’ the trainer. 2. Observe reading of the display. It should be 000.

6. If the display reading is not 000 then adjust offset null. 7. Take reading of strain directly from display board .

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8. Observation Table: S.no

Weight in gm

Strain

Result:

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EXPERIMENT NO : 03 AIM :-To measure the value of unknown inductance with the help of Maxwell's inductance bridge Apparatus Required : Analog board Dc power supply function generator 2mm patch cord Digital multimeter Circuit Diagram:

Theory : This is the simplest method of comparing two inductance and to determine the values off unknown inductance.Its first arm consist of a non inductive resistance R1 second arm consist of a standard in in series with the noninductive resistance R3 is used for resistance balance control third arm consist of an unknown inductors with internal resistance Rx The balance can be obtained by varying resistance R2 of third arm

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L1 = inductor with unknown inductance Rx= internal resistance L3= standard inductor R1,R3= non inductive resistance At balance Z1 Zx=Z2 Z3 the value of Lx can be calculated by the formula Lx =L3R2/R1 Where Lis the value of unknown inductor and R is internal resistaance PROCEDURE :(b)Connect external power supply (c)Connect function generator probe in between Vin terminals (d)Make connection as shown in figure (e)Set 5Vpp,1 Khz input sinusoidal signal of function generator (f)Rotate the potentiometer R2 to find null or minimum sound is generated (g)Switch off the power supply and function generator (h)Take the reading of potentiometer resistance R2 between test points TP2 and TP3 (i)calculate the value of inductance Lxi and Rxi by there formula (j)Take the reading of unknown internal resistance Rx1 at socket a and test point Tp2 (k)Repeat the above steps for different values of Lx and Rx OBSERVATION TABLE : S NO

RI

R2

L3

LX=L3R2/R1

Rx=R2R3/R1

1 2 3

CALCULATION : Measured value of R2 is .............ohm Now measure the value of Lx by the formula LX=L3R2/R1 Measured value of resistance Rx by the multimeter between socket .........ohm www.earnrupees4you.com

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Now measure the values of Rx by

the formula

Rx=R2R3/R1

Result : The Inductance for Lx is measured to be =.............micro henry The internal Resistance is =.................ohm

EXPERIMENT NO :04 Aim:- To measure the value of unknown capacitance with the help of schering bridge Apparatus Required :Analog board DC power supply Function generator 2mm patch cord Digital multimeter Theory :This bridge is the simplest method of comparing Two capacitance and to determine unknown capacitance In first arm Zx consist of an unknown capacitor cx in series with the resistance Rx and second arm consist of capacitor c3 and third arm consist of variable resistance R2 and forth arm consist of a parallel combinaation of resistance R 1 and capacitor c1 The balance can be obtained by varying the resistance R2of third arm At balance Z1Zx=Z2Z3 The value of Rx can be calculated by formula RX =R2C1/C3 The value of Cx can be calculated by the formula Cx =R1C3/R2 Procedure :  Connect external powerr supply  connect functioon generator probe in between vin termminals  Make connectioon as shown in figure  Set 5Vpp,1 Khz input sinusoidal signal of function generatorr  Rotate the potentiometer R2 to find null or minimum sound is www.earnrupees4you.com

Page 36

generated Switch off the power supply and function generatorr Take the readingg of potentiometer resistance R2 between test points TP2 and TP3  calculate the value of capacitance Cxi and Rxi by there formula  Take the reading of unknown internal resistance Rx1 at socket a and test point Tp2  Repeat the above steps for different values of Cx and Rx Observaation table :



S

no

R1

C1

C

R

RX=R2C1/C3

CX= R1C3/R2

1 2 3

Measured value of R2 is ...............ohm /k ohm Now measure the value of Cx by the formula CX= R1C3/R2 Now measure the value of Rx by the formula RX=R2C1/C3 Result :The capacitance of capacitor CX= ...........micro farad The effective resistance Rx= ...................ohm /K ohm EXPERIMENT NO : 05 AIM:-To study the characteristics of photo voltaic cell APPARATUS REQUIRED:-Experiment kit,connecting probes,digital multimeter. Circuit Diagram:

THEORY :The photo voltaic cell is a two layer device,It generate a voltage by electron/hole pair production when the junction is exposed to light.these diffuse across the www.earnrupees4you.com

Page 37

junction to set up voltage. A current will flow if a resistance is placed across the terminal optimized for energy production are often called solar cells This is an important class of photo detectors. They generate a voltage proportional to EM radiation intensity. They are called photo voltaic cells because of their voltage generating characteristic when light falls on them. They in fact convert the EM energy into electrical energy. They are active transducers ie they do not need an external source to power them instead they generating voltage . The cell is a diode constructing a pn junction between appropriately doped semiconductors Photons striking cell pass through the thin p doped under layer and are absorbed by electrons in lower layer causing a difference of potential to develop across the junction. All photo voltaic cell have low but finite internal resistance .When connected in circuit having some load resistance photo voltaic the cell voltage is reduced some what from rated value . The photo voltaic cell can operate satisfactorily in temperature range of 100 to 125 c The temp. changes have little effect on short circuited current but affect the open circuited voltage considerably .The main advantage of the photo voltaic cell as name implies are its stability to generate a voltage without any form of bias and its extremely fast responses ,This means that it can be used as an energy converter directlY

CHARACTERISTIC:-

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PROCEDURE: Connect the circuit as shown in figure  The socket C of wire wound pot to +12 v  The socket A of Wire wound pot to 0v  The socket B of wire wound pot to input of powerr amplifier  The out put of power amplifier to input of Lamp filament  The other input of filament lamp to +ve input of Moving coil meterr '  The -ve input of moving coil meter to 0 v  Output of photo voltaic cell to 0v through a digital multimeter connected as an ammeter at 2 mA range to measure short circuit current of photo voltaic cell  switch ON the power supply & set the 10 K ohm wire wound pot to minimum zero output voltage from power amplifier  Place the opaque box over the plastic enclosure to exclude all the ambient light Take reading of photo voltaic cell short circuit output current as indicated on digital multimeter as lamp voltage is increased in 1 v steps record the result in below table

OBSERVATION TABLE:Lamp filament voltage

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Short circuit output current (Micro A) Open circuit output voltage

Procedure: 3)

Switch off the power supply &set the digital multimeter as voltmeter

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Page 39

at 2/20 v dc range to read the open circuit output voltage 4) Switch on thee power supply and take the reading adding result

to above table

5) switch off the power supply 6) Plot the graphs off photo voltaic cell short circuit voltage against lamp filament voltage

RESULT :-characteristic of photo voltaic cell is

current & open circuit

plotted.

EXPERIMENT NO :06 AIM:-To study and observe the characteristic of PIN Photo diode . Apparatus required :- Experiment kit,connecting probes DIAGRAM:www.earnrupees4you.com

Page 40

Theory :PIN photodiode differs from a standard PN photodiode by having layer of intrinsic silicon.The intrinsic (I) region between normal P&N junction.The main improvement of introuduction of I region is reducing capacitance of junction resulting improvement of introuduction of I region is reducing capacitance of junction resulting in fast response time . When photodiode is reverse biased The reverse saturation current is depend upon the intensity of incident light The photodiode Vs light relation ship is linear over wide range in order to maintaine linearity the bias volatage should be kept constant The output resistance of photodiode is very high of the order of tens of mega ohms the DC resistance is the diode leakage resistance and that too is very high This DC resistance depends upon the light intensity.

CHARACTERISTIC:-

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Page 41

PROCEDURE:5. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure socket c of wire wound pot to +12 v socket A of wire wound pot to input of power amplifier socket B of wire wound pot to input of power amplifier Output of power amplifier to input of filament lamp Other input of filament lamp to + ve input of moving coil meter Connect -ve input of moving coil meter to 0v Output of PIN photot diode to input of current amplifier this is used to measure the current output of PIN photodiode Output of current amplifier to input of DC amplifier connect a digital multimeter as voltmeter on 20v dc range betwen output of DC amplifier and 0v to measure the output voltage of DC amplifier Place opaque box over the plastic enclosure to enclosure to exclude all ambient light Switch on the power supply and set the 10 k ohm wire wound pot.To minimum input at DC amplifier Take reading of Amplifier output voltage on digital multimeter as lamp voltage is increased in 1v steps record the result in below table Lamp filament voltagee (v)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

PIN Photodiode DC amplifier output voltage (v) www.earnrupees4you.com

Page 42

PIN Photodiode Buffer output voltage (V)

Switch off the power supply Change the current Amplifier to Buffer to measure output of PIN photo diode Take the reading of PIN Photodiode output voltage as the lamp voltage is increased in 1v steps record the result in table 4 remember to adjust the offset of DC amplifier is giving zero output for zero input Plot the graph between PIN photodiode current amplifier output voltage,buffer amplifier output voltage &Lamp filament voltage.It should resemble the one given below

Result

:

chaaracterisic

of PIN

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photodiode

is studied

Page 43

EXPERIMENT NO :07 Aim :To study the characteristic of platinum RTD Apparatus required :-

Experiment kit connecting probes digital multimeter

Theory:The variation in resistance of metal with variation in temperature is the basis of of temprature measuremet in platinum rtd The metal generally used is platinum or tungsten Platinum is especially suited for this purpose.as it can show limited susceptibility to contaminaation all metal produce a positive change in resistance with temprature This of course is the main function of an RTD.This implies that a metal with high value off resistance should be used for RTD the requirment of the conductor material to be used in RTD .The change in resistance of material per unit change in temperature should be as large as possible .The material should have high value of resistance so that minimum volume of material is used for the construction of RTD .The resistance of material should have continoous and stable relation ship with temperatu.Platinum or tungsten wire is wound on a former to give a resistance in range of 10 K ohm depending upon application Procedure :connect the circuit as shown in figure The socket 'c'of slide potentiometer to +5v The socket 'b' of slide potentiometer to output of platinum RTD connect digital multimeter as voltameter on 200 mv orr 2v DC range in between output of platinum RTD &ground Set the 10 K slider resistance midway Switch on the instrument check the output of IC temperature sensor for ambient temperature by temperorily connecting DMM in 20 v DC range and find out the resissstance in ohm for this particular temperaturee Say for example ambient is 250c then platinum RTD reading as per chart is 109.73 switch on the power supply adjust the slider control of the 10 K ohm resistance to the voltage drop across the platinum RTD is 109mv as indicatied by DMM This www.earnrupees4you.com

Page 44

calliberate the platinum RTD for an ambient temperature of 250c since the resistance at 250c will be 109 ohms Note that the voltage reading across the RTD in mV is the same as the RTD resistance jin ohms,since current flowing must be 0.109/109=1 mA Connect the +12V supply to Heater element input and note the values of the voltage across the RTD with the voltmeter to its 200mV or 2 Vrange (this representing the RTD resistance ) and the output voltage from the IC temperature sensor with the voltmeter set to its 20 v range (this representing the temperature of the RTD ) after each minute given in below table Time (minutes)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

RTD Temperaaature RTD resistance (OHM ) Switch of the power

supply and disconnect heater element supply (+12)

Convert RTD temperature into 0c & add in above table Plot the graph of RTD resistance in ohm against temperature in 0c .It should resemble the one given below Temperature Vs resistance Table 0

100.00

30

111.67

1

100.39

31

112.06

2

100.78

32

112.44

3

101.17

33

112.83

4

101.56

34

113.22

5

101.95

35

113.61

6

102.34

36

114.99

7

102.73

37

114..77

8

103.12

38

115.15

9

103.51

39

115.15

10

103.90

40

115.54

11

104.29

41

115.93

12

104.68

42

116.31

13

105.07

43

116.70

14

105.46

44

117.08

15

105.85

45

117.47

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Page 45

16

106.23

46

117.86

17

106.62

47

118.24

18

107.01

48

118.63

19

107.40

49

119.01

20

107.79

50

119.40

21

108.18

51

119.78

22

108.57

52

120.17

23

108.57

53

120.55

24

109.34

54

120.94

25

109.73

55

121.32

26

110.12

56

121.70

27

110.51

57

122.09

28

110.89

58

122.47

29

111.28

59

122.86

60

123.24

EXPERIMENT NO : 08 Aim :-To study the operation of analog to digital converter Apparatus

required :-Experiment kit,connecting probes,oscilloscope

Theory :The analog to digital conversion is a logical process that requires conceptually two steps the quantizing and the coding. Quantization is the process that performs the transformation of continuous signal in a set of discrete level soon afterward we combine through the coding each discrete levels with a digital word.The digital to analog converter performs the conversion in n steps where n is the converter settlement in bits .The working principle of this converter is analogous to that of weighing an object on laboratory balance using standard weights as reference according to the binary sequence ¼,1/8,1/16............1/n Kilograms to perform accurately we start with largest weight and go on decreasing order to one of smallest value.

PROCEDURE : Connect

the power supply

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to the trainer Page 46

 

Make the connection as shown Connect the

dc supply to

 Keep the DC pot in counter

in

the figure

the Vi of the converter

clock wise

position

 Place the reset/count switch in reset position  Switch ON the power supply Keep the DC pot at mid position  To start conversion place the switch in count position the LED lit accroadding to binary sequence  When the signal from the digital to analog converter goes over the input signal the counter stops and LEDs show the binary conversion  Vary the DC pot and observe thee corresponding digital output. The converter will follow the changes in analog signal without resetting the converter in upward direction because the counter is configured as up counter only but to observe the converted output when the input is decreased you have to reset the converter  Observe on the oscilloscope the typical steps signal at the D/A output  Observe input voltage using digital multimeter and observe output LED  Repeat the test with the different values Result :-

of input signal.

Analog to digital conversion is studied .

EXPERIMENT NO : 09 AIM :To study and observe the functional verification of a weighted resistor digital to analog converter APPARATUS REQUIRED:-Experiment kit, Connecting probes , Digital multimeter THEORY:The simplest digital to analog converter is obtained by means of a summing circuit with input resistance whose value depends on the bit weight that are associated to. We obtain in this way the weighted resistors converter The switches s3-s0 are driven from the digital information so that every resistance is connected www.earnrupees4you.com

Page 47

to reference voltage v ref or to ground in accordance with the fact that the corresponding bit is at logical level 1 or 0 PROCEDURE:

Connect the power supply



Connect the D0-D3 of the logic switches to the converter set the switches S0-S3 to logic level 0



Connect the v Ref socket to +5v connect a multimeter as voltmeter for DC to the output v0of the converters



Switch the logic switches in binary progression &measure &recorded voltage in corresponding of every combination of the input code



With input code s3 s2 s1 s0=0000 the output voltage v0 has to be null eventually little deviation against zero are due to operational amplifier offset Switch off the power supply



to the board the corresponding jacks B0-B3 of

the output

Result :Digital to analog

converter is studied and output is verified

EXPERIMENT NO : 10 Aim :To study of weign bridge oscillator and effect on output frequency in RC combination www.earnrupees4you.com

with variation

Page 48

Apparatus required :Experiment kit Connecting probes DC power supply 2 mm patch cord CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

Theory :The Weign Bridge is one of the simplest and best known oscillators and is used extensively in circuits for audio applications Figure I shows the basic Wien bridge circuit configuration On the positive side This circuit has only a few components and good frequency stability Because of this simplicity and stability it is most commonly used audio frequency oscillator The bridge has series RC network in one arm and parallel RC network in the adjoining arm In the remaining two arms of the bridge resistor R1 and Rf are connected . The phase angle criterion for oscilaation is that the total phase shift around the circuit must be zero This condition occures only when the bridge is balanced that is at resonance.The frequency of oscillation Fo is exactly the resonant frequency of the balanced Wien bridge and is given by F0 =0.159/RC

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Page 49

Procedure :1. Connect +12 v,-12 v DC power supply at their indicated position from external source 2. Connect a 2mm patch cord between test point 1 and H 3. Switch on the power supply 4. Vary Rf pot to make gain (Rf/R1)greater than 2 5. Record the value of output frequency at test point G 6. Compare measured frequency with theoritically calculated value 7. Vary the gain pot of 470K to adjust the gain of the amplifier in case of clipped wave form 8. Switch off the power supply 9. Connect a 2mm patch cord between test point A and B ,D and E 10. Repeat the above steps from step 3 to 8 11. Switch off the power suppy 12. Connect a 2 mm patch cord between test point B and C ,E and F 13. Repeat the above steps from step 3 to 8 Result :-weign bridge

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oscillator is studied and wave form is observed

Page 50

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Page 51

BHOPAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

ENGG.

ELECTRONIC DEVICES & CIRCUITS-I (EX- 304)

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Page 52

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS 

TO PLOT V I CHARACTERISTIC OF PN JUNCTION DIODE



TO PLOT V I CHARACTERISTIC OF LED DIODE



TO PLOTT VI CHARACTERISTIC OF ZENER DIODE



TO PLOT VI CHARACTERISTIC OF SCR



TO STUDY AND PLOT VI CHARACTERISTIC OF UJT



TO STUDY AND PLOT VI CHARACTERISTIC OF FET



TO STUDY OF OP AMP AS INVERTING



TO STUDY OF OP AMP



TO

OBSERVE OUTPUT WAVEFORM OF COLPITT OSCILLATOR



TO

OBSERVE OUTPUT WAVEFORM OF

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AMPLIFIER

AS NON INVERTING AMPLIFIER

WEIGN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR

Page 53

EXPERIMENT NO: 1 AIM : To plot VI charateristic of pn junction diode APPARATUS REQUIRED

Experiment kit, Connecting probes,Multimeter

PRINCIPLE : PN junction diode is a semiconducter device that act as switch when bias voltage applied to it .it turn on when forward bias condition .It act as closed switch

in

is

forward

bias

condition. In reverse bias condition it act as open switch . When positive terminal of battery is connected to P terminal of diode and negative terminal of battery is connected to N terminal of diode then it act as forward

bias PN junction diode.

PROCEDURE : 1 First we will make connection as shown in figure . 2 Then we will switch on the power supply 3 And measure input voltage using multi meter 4 Then measure output current using multimeter 5 Now plot graph using voltage along x axis and current along y axis OBSERVATION TABLE :

V (Volt)

I (mA)

RESULT : Hence VI charateristic of PN junction diode has been plotted .

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EXPERIMENT NO: 2

AIM:

To plot VI charateristic of LED diode .

APPARATUS REQUIRED : Experiment kit, Connecting probes,Multimeter PRINCIPLE : LED diode is a semiconducter device that act as switch when bias voltage is turn on when forward bias condition .It act as closed switch in

applied to it .it

forward bias condition.

In

reverse

bias condition it act as open switch When positive terminal of battery is connected to P terminal of diode and negative terminal of battery is connected to N terminal of diode then it act as forward

bias

PN

junction

diode.It emit light at forward bias condition OBSERVATION TABLE :

V (Volt)

I (mA)

PROCEDURE First make connection as shown in figure Then switch on the power supply And measure input voltage using multi meter Then measure output current using multimeter Now plot graph using voltage along x axis and current along y axis RESULT Hence VI charateristic of LED diode has been plotted .

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EXPERIMENT NO: 3

AIM:

To plot VI charateristic of zener diode

APPARATUS REQUIRED : Experiment kit, Connecting probes,Multimeter . PRINCIPLE : Zener diode is a semiconducter device which turn on under reverse bias condition. forward bias it act as normal pn junction diode.In reverse bias condition it turn on

at

In particular

voltage known as reverse breakdown voltage PROCEDURE First make connection as shown in figure Then switch on the power supply And measure input voltage using multi meter Then measure output current using multimeter Now plot graph using voltage along x axis and current along y axis

OBSERVATION TABLE :

V (Volt)

I (mA)

RESULT : VI charateristic of zener diode is plotted .

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Page 56

EXPERIMENT NO:4

AIM:To plot vi charateristic of scr APPARATUS REQUIRED : Experiment kit, connecting probes multimeter PRINCIPLE :

A Silicon Controlled Rectifier (or Semiconductor Controlled Rectifier) is a four layer solid state device that controls current flow.The name “silicon controlled rectifier” is a trade name for the type of thyristor commercialized at General Electric in 1957.An SCR can be conventional rectifier controlled by a gate signal It is a 4-layered 3-terminal to cathode voltage exceeds a certain threshold, the device turns 'on' and

seen

as

a

device.When the gate

conducts current.The operation

of a SCR can be understood in terms of a pair of tightly coupled Bipolar Junction Transistors SCR has three states: 1 Reverse blocking mode, 2 forward blocking mode, 3 forward conducting mode PROCEDURE : Make connection as shown in figure . 1 First switch on the power supply 2 Then measure input voltage 3 And measure output current 4 Now plot VI charateristic of SCR

RESULT : VI CHARATERISTIC OF SCR IS PLOTTED

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Page 57

EXPERIMENT NO:5

AIM: To study and plot vi characteristic of UJT APPARATUS REQUIRED: Power electronics board PE 01., dc power supplies (+ 15 v),digital multi-meter.2mm patch cord . THEORY: The uni-junction transistor (UJT) is a three terminal device Emitter (E), base l (BI) andbase2 (B2). Between base l & base2 it behaves like an ordinary resistance. Rb1 & Rb2are internal resistance respectively from base 1 & base2. UJT characteristics are very different from the conventional 2 junction, bipolar transistor. It is a pulse generator with the trigger or control signal applied at the emitter. This trigger voltage is a fraction (n) of interbase voltage, Vbb It operates in three different regions : 1. Cut-off region Let voltage Ve be applied between E and B 1 where E is positive with respect to B1. Now increase this voltage from zero up to (Ve < VBB) E to B1 unijunction is reversed bias & emitter current is negative as shown by the curve in figure 2.So up to this when Ve =VBB + VD at point R in figure 1 it operates in cut off region, corresponding voltage & current at this point are Vp (peak voltage) & Ip(Peak current). 2. -VE resistance region At point R in figure 1 when Ve= VBB + VD emitter starts to inject holes into lower base region B1. This is because of increased number of carrier in base region. So, resistance Rb1 of E-B1 junction decreases. PROCEDURE Connect + 15V DC power supply at their indicated position from external Source. 1. To plot the emitter characteristics proceed as follows: 2. Rotate both the potentiometer P1 and P2 fully in counter clockwise direction. Connect one voltmeter between test point „6‟ and ground to read VBB and other between test point „1‟ 4. Connect ammeter between point „2‟ and „3‟ to measure the emitter current 5. Vary potentiometer P2 and set a value of voltage VBB = 5 V. 6. Increase the emitter voltage Ve in steps. 7. Keep increasing Ve until it drops on voltmeter, UJT fires and emitter current flows rapidly. 8. Record the corresponding Emitter current for each value of Emitter voltage 9.. Repeat the above procedure from step 8 for VBB = 10 V and 15 V. RESULT UJT characteristic is plotted .

EXPERIMENT NO:6 www.earnrupees4you.com

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AIM: To study of field effect transistor THEORY : Field effect devices are those in which current is controlled by the action of an electron field, rather than carrier injection.Field-effect transistors are so named because a weak electrical signal coming in through one electrode creates an electrical field through the rest of the transistor. The FET was known as a “unipolar” transistor.The term refers to the fact that current is transported by carriers of one polarity (majority), whereas in the conventional bipolar transistor carriers of both polarities (majority and minority) are involved. The family of FET devices may be divided into : Junction FET Depletion Mode MOSFET Enhancement Mode MOSFET

Symbol of JFET PROCEDURE Connect + 15V DC power supply at their indicated position from external Source. 1. To plot the emitter characteristics proceed as follows: 2. Rotate both the potentiometer P1 and P2 fully in counter clockwise direction. 3. Connect one voltmeter between test point „6‟ and ground to read VBB and test point „1‟ and ground to read Ve. 4. Connect ammeter between point „2‟ and „3‟ to measure the emitter current 6. Vary potentiometer P2 and set a value of voltage VBB = 5 V. 7. Increase the emitter voltage Ve in steps. 8. Keep increasing Ve until it drops on voltmeter, FET fires and emitter current 9. Record the corresponding Emitter current for each value of Emitter voltage observation table 1. 10. Repeat the above procedure from step 8 for VBB = 10 V and 15 V. 11. Plot the graph of Ve versus Ie with the help of observation table 1.used to characteristics of unijunction transistor is show

other

between

flows rapidly. Ve in an

plot

different

RESULT : FET characteristic is plotted. EXPERIMENT NO : 7 AIM: To study and observe output waveform of op amp in inverting APPARATUS REQUIRED : www.earnrupees4you.com

Page 59

Analog board (ab ,42),dc power supply(+12 v,-12 v),ST2612,2mm patch cord , digital multi meter , THEORY : Operational amplifier can be used as inverting amplifier .in this circuit r 1 i connected inverting input terminal of op amp. r2 is connected between inverting input opamp non inverting terminal is connected to ground it will

between

and output terminal of

produce phase shift of 1800 from input

to output . PROCEDURE : 1 Set the value of RF= 10 K (between E and F ) 2 Set the value of R OM=5K (Between H and Vin2 ) 3 Connect patch cord between F&G , Vin2& gnd 4 From Function generator 1 v 1 Khz signal is applied to V IN1 5 Measure the value of VIN &VOUT VOUT =( RF/R1)VIN OBSERVATION TABLE Sno VIN

RF

RF/R1

VOUT(calculated )

VOUT(measured )

Phase shift

1

1

10K

1

1

1

180o

2

1

20K

2

2

1.8V

180o

3

1

30K

3

3

2.8V

180o

4

1

40K

4

4

3.5V

180o

5

1

50K

5

5

4.7V

180o

6

1

60K

6

6

5.4V

180o

RESULT : OP AMP as Inverting amplifier is studied

EXPERIMENT NO:8

AIM:

Study of OP AMP as non inverting amplifier

APPARATUS REQUIRED : Analog board (ab ,42),dc power supply(+12 v,-12 v),ST2612,2mm patch cord , www.earnrupees4you.com

Page 60

digital multi meter , , THEORY : Signal is applied to non inverting input terminal r i is connected to ground. r f is connected between r1 and output output is measured across ouput terminal and ground output

volatge

can be calculated by using equation V OUT = (1+R F /R1 ) V IN 1 PROCEDURE : Set the value of RF= 10 K (between E and F ) Set the value of R OM=5K (Between H and Vin2 ) Connect patch cord between F&G , Vin1& gnd From Function generator 1 v 1 Khz signal is applied to H (non inverting input of op amp ) Measure the value of VIN &VOUT Calculate tthe value of VOUT using the equation VOUT =( RF/R1)VIN Vary the value of RF and measure the value of VOUT OBSERVATION TABLE Sno VIN

RF

1+RF/R1 VOUT(calculated )

VOUT(measured )

Phase shift

1

1

10K

2

2

2

00

2

1

20K

3

3

2.5

00

3

1

30K

4

4

3.5

00

4

1

40K

5

5

4.2

00

5

1

50K

6

6

5.2

00

6

1

60K

7

7

6.2

00

RESULT : Op amp as non inverting amplifier is studied.

EXPERIMENT NO: 9 AIM: To study and observe the output waveform of colpitt oscillator APPARATUS REQUIRED Colpitt oscillator trainer kit,connecting probes Power supply,Multimeter ,CRO THEORY : Oscillator circuit is the circuit that produces periodic waveform there is two classes of www.earnrupees4you.com

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oscillators they are Relaxation Oscillator and sinusoidal oscillator the relaxation Oscillator is the circuit that produces saw tooth wave form on output and in the case of sinusoidal oscilator that consist of an amplifier and external component to generate oscillation The two condition for oscillation that Av .B >1 The total phase shift =00 or 3600 Colpit oscillator is the simplest and best known oscillator used in circuit which work at Radio frequencies transistor circuit act as voltage divider bias which set up q point output voltage across c2 (vout) feed back to base of transistor Resonant frequency = 1/2Π(LC)1/2 Where C= C1C2/C1+C2 starting condition for oscillation is AB>1 PROCEDURE connect +12 power supply at their indicated position from external source or ST 2612 Analog lab Connect a Patch cord between points A &B and another Patch cord between points D&G really Switch on the Supply Connect oscilloscope between points F and G on AB 67 board Record the value of Output frequency on Oscilloscope Calculate resonant frequency using equation 1 Compare measured frequency with theoritically calculated value Switch off the supply Remove Patch cord connected between point a and b and connect it between point a and c Remove the patch cord connected between points d and g1 and connect it between points e and g2 follow procedure from 4 to 8 Observe the waveform on CRO OBSERVATION TABLE C1 C2 C RESONANT FQY S NO L MEASURED

CALCULATED

RESULT : output waveform is observed . Resonant frequency is compared with measured frequency

EXPERIMENT NO: 10

AIM : To study and observe output waveform of weign bridge oscillator APPARATUS REQUIRED : www.earnrupees4you.com

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Experiment kit ,Connecting probes, CRO PRINCIPLE : The weign bridge oscillator isone of the simplest and best known oscilator and is used extensively in circuit foe audio application.this circuit have only few components and good frequency stability.it is connected between amplifier input terminal and output terminal the bridge has series rc network in adjoining arm in the remaining two arms or bridge resistor r1 and rf are connected the frequency of oscillation fo is exactly the resonant frequency of balanced weign bridge and given by f0= 1/2 pirc

PROCEDURE : 1 Make connection as shown in figure 2 Switch on the power suply 3 Observe output frequency on cro 4 Measure output frequency 5 Compare it with calculated frequency

RESULT : The weign bridge oscillator is studied and waveform is observed .

BHOPAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL(M.P LAB MANUAL Version no

EX/3.5

Subject

NETWOTK ANALYSIS

Subject code

EX/305

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Scheme

NEW

Class/Branch

III SEMESTER/EX

Author

MR. Aman singh kushwaha

Institution

BHOPAL INSTITUTE

OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS NETWORK ANALYSIS LAB

Index Exp. no 1

Experiment Title To verify Kirchhoff’s current law & Kirchhoff’s voltage law

2 To verify Maximum Power Transfer theorem 3

4

To verify Norton’s theorem.

To verify Thevenin’s theorem.

5 To verify Superposition theorem. 6

To verify Millman’s theorem

7 To verify Reciprocity Theorem. 8

To measure the Z – parameter for SINGLE and CASCADED TWO PORT NETWORK.

9

To measure the Y – parameter for SINGLE and CASCADED TWO PORT NETWORK.

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10 To verify ABCD Parameter for SINGLE and CASCADED TWO PORT NETWORK.

EXPERIMENT NO. 01 AIM: To verify Kirchhoff’s current law & Kirchhoff’s voltage law. APPARATUS: Experimental Kit, Connecting Probes. THEORY: In simple circuit, the current and voltages are calculated with the help of ohm’s law. But in actual practice, where we have complex circuit with several resistors, voltage sources and current sources, it becomes difficult to calculate the current and voltage. In these situations KVL & KCL are used. KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW: This law states, “The algebraic sum of various current meeting at a node in a closed electrical circuit is zero.” Current flowing towards the node is taken as negative. KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW: This law states, “In a closed loop, the algebraic sum of e.m.f.s is equal to the product of the resistances and respective current flowing through them.” CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. (1)

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Fig. (2)

Fig. (3)

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PROCEDURE: CASE 1: For the calculation of current I1: 

Connect the circuit as shown in fig. (1)



Connect the current meter (mA) across B & C points.



Point C & D will remain open.



Apply KVL to closed mesh ABCA.

5I1 + 10I1 = 2.5 15I1 = 2.5 I1 = 166.66 mA (Calculated value) 

Measure current I1 from current meter (measured value).



Compare the calculated and measured value.

CASE 2: For the calculation of current I2: 

Connect the circuit as shown in fig. (2).



Connect the current meter (mA) across C & D points.



Point C & B will remain open.



Apply KVL to closed mesh ADCA. 22 I2 +33 I2 = 2.5 55 I2 = 2.5 I2 = 45.45 mA (Calculated value)



Measure current I2 from current meter (measured value).



Compare the calculated and measured value.

CASE 3: For the calculation of total current I: Connect the circuit as shown in fig. (3). www.earnrupees4you.com

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Connect B, C & D points. Connect the current meter (mA) between the negative terminal of the battery and point C. Total Current I = I1 + I2 I = 212.11 mA (Calculated value) Measure current I from current meter (measured value). Compare the calculated and measured value. OBSERVATION TABLE: S. No.

Input Voltage

Current Through ABCA ADCA

Total Current

Verification of

(i)

Voltages

01. 02. 03. 04.

CALCULATIONS:

RESULT:

PRECAUTIONS: (l) The positive & negative terminals of the power supply should not be connected together. (m)Supply for the experimental kit should be switched ON only after the connections are verified. (n) Avoid parallax error. (o) Check the polarities of the meter before the observations are noted down.

EXPERIMENT NO. 02 AIM: To verify Maximum Power Transfer theorem.

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APPARATUS: Experimental Kit, Connecting Probes. THEORY: When the load is connected across a voltage source, power is transferred from source to load. The amount of power transferred depends on the load resistance. This theorem states, “Maximum power is transferred from source to load when the load resistance is made equal to the internal resistance of the source.” This theorem is applicable to A.C. as well as D.C. power. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: (p) Connect 12V regulated power supply in the circuit. (q) Connect Ri and RL in the circuit. Also connect current meter and voltmeter in the circuit. (r) Now increase the value of load resistance RL (potentiometer) in steps and note down the corresponding voltage and current. Calculate the power: P=V

I

(s) At a particular point when the load resistance is made equal to the internal resistance of the source i.e., Ri , maximum power is transferred from source to load. (t) Plot the graph between power and load resistance. OBSERVATION TABLE: S.NO.

Ri = 100 Ω

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Ri =……….Ω Page 69

I (mA)

V (Volts)

P (watts)

I (mA)

V (Volts)

P (watts)

GRAPH:

RESULT:

PRECAUTIONS: The positive & negative terminals of the power supply should not be connected together. Supply for the experimental kit should be switched ON only after the connections are verified. Avoid parallax error. Check the polarities of the meter before the observations are noted down

EXPERIMENT NO. 03 AIM: To verify Norton’s theorem. APPARATUS: Experimental Kit, Connecting Probes. THEORY: This theorem states, “Any linear, bilateral network containing a number of e.m.f. sources and resistances can be replaced by an equivalent circuit having a current source I N in parallel with a resistance RN.” Where, IN is the short circuit current flowing through the output terminals and R N is the resistance measured across the output terminals with all other sources replaced by their internal resistances, if any. The load current is given by:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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PROCEDURE: (u) Open the load and measure the voltage across X and Y (fig. 2). (v) Open circuit voltage VOC across R4 = …….V. (w) Now short circuit the voltage source with RL open (fig 3). (x) Now disconnect the voltage source and short A and B points as shown in fig 3. (y) Now the measure the resistance at X and Y i.e. RN. Short Circuit Current: IN =

=……….mA.

Now the circuit may be replaced as: IN=……….mA. RN=……….Ω. For RL= 25 Ω =……….mA. For RL= 50 Ω =……….mA. For RL= 75 Ω =……….mA. www.earnrupees4you.com

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(z) Measure the current through RL. (aa)

Compare calculated and measured values.

OBSERVATION TABLE: RL= 25Ω

RL= 50Ω

RL= 100Ω

IL (mA)

IL (mA)

IL (mA)

S. No.

CACULATIONS:

RESULT:

PRECAUTIONS: The positive & negative terminals of the power supply should not be connected together. Supply for the experimental kit should be switched ON only after the connections are verified. Avoid parallax error. Check the polarities of the meter before the observations are noted down.

EXPERIMENT NO. 04 AIM: To verify Thevenin’s theorem. www.earnrupees4you.com

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APPARATUS: Experimental Kit, Connecting Probes. THEORY: Sometimes it is necessary to find a particular branch current in a circuit as the resistance of that branch is varied while all other resistances, voltage sources and the current sources remain the same. This theorem states that,” Any two terminal network containing a number of e.m.f. sources and resistances can be replaced by an equivalent series circuit having a voltage source V TH in series with a resistance RTH.” Where, VTH = Open circuit voltage between two terminals. RTH = The resistance between two terminals of the circuit obtained by looking in at the terminals with removed and voltage sources replaced by their internal resistances, if any. The load current is given by: IL = CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. 01

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Fig. 02

Fig. 03

Fig. 04 PROCEDURE: (bb)

Connect the circuit as shown in fig 1. Measure the values of load current at

different load resistance. It is IL1, IL2 & IL3. (cc)

Connect the circuit as shown in fig. 2. Disconnect the load resistor (RL) from

output terminals and measure the open circuit voltage (VTH) by connecting analog voltmeter. Open circuit voltage will appear across 100Ω resistor: V= (dd)

For measurement of Thevenin’s resistance across open circuit terminals X-Y,

disconnect the 12V voltage source and short the voltage source open circuit terminals A-B as shown in fig. 3. Connect the digital multimeter across terminal X-Y. Find the value of RTH. www.earnrupees4you.com

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Now measure the resistance across X and Y. RTH = (ee)

Now, above circuit between X & Y can be replaced by Thevenin’s equivalent

circuit as shown in fig 4. VTH = 1.8 V RTH = 173.4 Ω For RL = 25 Ω IL1 =

= ……….mA

For RL = 50 Ω IL1 =

= ……….mA

For RL = 75 Ω IL1 =

= ……….mA

(ff) Compare the calculated and measured values.

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OBSERVATION TABLE: S. No.

Measured Value

Calculated Value

RL = 25 Ω RL = 50 Ω RL = 75 Ω RTH VTH

RESULT:

PRECAUTIONS: The positive & negative terminals of the power supply should not be connected together. Supply for the experimental kit should be switched ON only after the connections are verified. Avoid parallax error. Check the polarities of the meter before the observations are noted down.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 05 AIM: To verify Superposition theorem. APPARATUS: Experimental Kit, Connecting Probes. THEORY: When there is only one source of e.m.f. or only one current source, then it is very easy to calculate the current or the voltage. But in a complex circuit where there are a number of sources acting simultaneously, then it is very difficult to calculate the current or the voltages. In these situations superposition theorem is used. The theorem states that, “If a number of current or voltage sources are acting simultaneously in a linear network, the resultant current in any branch is the algebraic sum of the currents that would be produced in it, when each source acts alone replacing all other sources by their internal resistances.” CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. 01

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Fig. 02

Fig. 03

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PROCEDURE: (gg)

Connect the circuit as shown in fig 1. Measure the current i1, i2 and i3.

(hh)

Connect the circuit as shown in fig. 2. Consider only one voltage source at a time,

first 12V. Short the second 5V source. Measure the current i 1’, i2’ and i3’ (One ammeter is connected at a time, other ammeter is shorted). (ii) Connect the circuit as shown in fig. 3. Consider only 5V voltage source. Short the second 12V source. Measure the current i1’’, i2’’ and i3’’. (jj) Calculate the value of i1’ , i2’ , i3’, i1’’, i2’’ and i3’’. (kk)

Compare the calculated and measured values.

OBSERVATION TABLE: Sr. No.

Measured Value

Calculated Value

i1 ’ i2 ’ i3 ’ i1’’ i2’’ i3’’ i1 i2 i3

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CALCULATIONS:

Consider only one voltage source at a time, first 12V.

RT = 50 +

= 50 + 8.33 = 58.33 Ω

ITH = IT = i1’ i3 ’ = i2’ = i1’ - i3’ =………. Therefore, i1’ =………. i2’=………. i3’=………. Now, considering 5V voltage source only: RT = 50 +

= 50 + 8.33 = 58.33 Ω

ITH = IT = i3’’ i3 ’ =

i1’ = i3’ - i2’ =………. Therefore, i1’ =………. i2’=………. i3’=………. According to superposition theorem, Current through resistance R1 = i1’ - i1’’ =………. Current through resistance R2 = i2’ – i2’’ =………. www.earnrupees4you.com

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Current through resistance R3 = i3’ – i3’’ =……….

RESULT:

PRECAUTIONS: The positive & negative terminals of the power supply should not be connected together. Supply for the experimental kit should be switched ON only after the connections are verified. Avoid parallax error. Check the polarities of the meter before the observations are noted down.

EXPERIMENT NO. 06 AIM: To verify Millman’s theorem. APPARATUS: Experimental Kit, Connecting Probes. THEORY: This theorem states, “If several voltage sources in series with admittance are connected in parallel as shown in figure, the equivalent circuit can be shown as a combination of an equivalent voltage source (Veq) in series with an impedance Req.” Here, Req = Where, R = Resistance Veq = (From fig. 1) Req = Req = Req = 100 Ω

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Veq =

Veq = IRL (For 220 Ω) = IRL (For 300 Ω) = IRL (For 400 Ω) =

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. No. 01

PROCEDURE: (ll) Introduce the supplies (12V, 15V, 18V) in series with the resistance 300Ω by shorting the dotted lines through patch chords as shown in fig. (1). (mm) Switch ON the instrument using ON/OFF toggle switch provided on the front panel.

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(nn)

Measure the Veq (equivalent voltage) with voltmeter as shown in fig. (1).

(oo)

Now connect the current meter in series with load (RL).

(pp)

Observe the different readings of current (IR) by introducing different load

resistances (RL = 220, 300 & 400 Ω) in the output by connecting dotted lines through patch chord as shown in fig. (1). Compare the observed values with the calculated values as given above. There may be a slight difference due to tolerance resistance of resistance (± 10%).

OBSERVATION TABLE: S. No.

RL

V

IPRACTICAL

01. 02. 03.

GRAPH:

RESULT:

PRECAUTIONS: The positive & negative terminals of the power supply should not be connected together. Supply for the experimental kit should be switched ON only after the connections are verified. Avoid parallax error. Check the polarities of the meter before the observations are noted down

EXPERIMENT NO. 07 AIM: To verify Reciprocity Theorem. www.earnrupees4you.com

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APPARATUS: Experimental Kit, Connecting Probes. THEORY: This theorem states, “In any linear, Bilateral network connecting one or more generators, the ratio of voltage (V) introduced in one mesh to the current (I) in any second mesh is the same as the ratio obtained if the position of the voltage and current are interchanged, other e.m.f. being removed.”

Fig. 1(a)

Fig. 2(b)

PROCEDURE: (qq)

Connect the circuit as shown in fig 1(a).

(rr)

Switch ON the instrument.

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(ss) Note down the value of current I3. (tt) Switch OFF the instrument and interchange the position of the voltage source and current meter as shown in fig 1(b). Again switch ON the instrument. (uu)

Note down the value of current I1.

(vv)

We observe that the value of current I3 is equal to the value of current I1. This

proves the RECIPROCITY THEOREM. (ww) Similarly we can prove the theorem for the combinations of resistors.

OBSERVATION TABLE: Circuit 1

Circuit 2

S. No. I3 (mA)

I1(mA)

I1 (mA)

I3 (mA)

01. 02. 03.

CALCULATIONS:

RESULT:

PRECAUTIONS: The positive & negative terminals of the power supply should not be connected together. Supply for the experimental kit should be switched ON only after the connections are verified. Avoid parallax error. Check the polarities of the meter before the observations are noted down.

EXPERIMENT NO. 08 www.earnrupees4you.com

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AIM: To measure the Z – parameter for SINGLE and CASCADED TWO PORT NETWORK. APPARATUS: Experimental Kit, Connecting Probes. THEORY: A given two port network, with some degree of complexity, can be built up from simple two port networks, whose ports are interconnected in certain ways. Conversely, a two port network can be designed by combining two port structures as building blocks. There are a number of ways in which two port networks can be interconnected. The simplest possible interconnection is termed as Cascade or Tandem connection. Two port networks are said to be cascaded if the output of first becomes the input of the second.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. 01

Fig. 02 PROCEDURE: www.earnrupees4you.com

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(xx)

Connect the circuit as shown in fig 1. It means, connect the variable voltage supply

to the input terminals of the network – I. (yy)

Vary the input voltage to 10V (V1) and measure the open circuited output voltage

(V2). Note down the input current through current meter. V1 = Input voltage = 10V V2 = Output voltage I1 = Input current (Observed from current meter) I2 = 0 (because output is open circuited) (zz)

Now short the output terminals and measure input current V1’ = Input voltage = 10V V2’ = 0 I1’ = Input current I2’ = Output current

(aaa) With these values calculate Z – Parameter for SINGLE TWO PORT NETWORK. Z11 =

I2 = 0) Ω Z12 =

Z21 =

I1 = 0)

I2 = 0) Ω Z22 =

I1 = 0)

(bbb) Now connect the output of the first network to the input of the second network. (ccc) Apply variable voltage to the input terminals and adjust the voltage to 10V. (ddd) Now record. V1 = Input voltage V2 = Output voltage I1 = Input current I2 = Output current = 0 www.earnrupees4you.com

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(eee) Interchange output and input terminals and measure the input voltage and current and output voltage. With these values calculate Z – parameter for cascaded network (repeat step 4). OBSERVATION TABLE:

CALCULATIONS: Z11 =

I2 = 0) Ω Z21 =

Z21 =

I1 = 0)

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I2 = 0) Ω Z22 =

I1 = 0)

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RESULT:

PRECAUTIONS: The positive & negative terminals of the power supply should not be connected together. Supply for the experimental kit should be switched ON only after the connections are verified. Avoid parallax error. Check the polarities of the meter before the observations are noted down.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 09 AIM: To measure the Y – parameter for SINGLE and CASCADED TWO PORT NETWORK. APPARATUS: Experimental Kit, Connecting Probes. THEORY: A given two port network, with some degree of complexity, can be built up from simple two port networks, whose ports are interconnected in certain ways. Conversely, a two port network can be designed by combining two port structures as building blocks. There are a number of ways in which two port networks can be interconnected. The simplest possible interconnection is termed as Cascade or Tandem connection. Two port networks are said to be cascaded if the output of first becomes the input of the second. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. 01

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Fig. 02

PROCEDURE: (fff)

Connect the circuit as shown in fig 1. It means, connect the variable voltage supply

to the input terminals of the network – I. (ggg) Vary the input voltage to 10V (V1) and measure the open circuited output voltage (V2). Note down the input current through current meter. V1 = Input voltage = 10V V2 = Output voltage I1 = Input current (Observed from current meter) I2 = 0 (because output is open circuited) (hhh) Now short the output terminals and measure input current I1’. V1’ = Input voltage = 10V V2’ = 0 I1’ = Input current = 0.0062 A I2’ = Output current = 0.004 A (iii)With these values calculate Z – Parameter for SINGLE TWO PORT NETWORK.

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(jjj)

Y11 =

V2 = 0) Ω Y12 =

V2 = 0) Ω

Y21 =

V1 = 0)

V1 = 0)

Y22 =

Now connect the output of the first network to the input of the second network.

(kkk) Apply variable voltage to the input terminals and adjust the voltage to 10V. (lll)Now record. V1 = Input voltage V2 = Output voltage = 5012 V I1 = Input current = 0.0062 A I2 = Output current = 0 (mmm)

Interchange output and input terminals and measure the input voltage and

current and output voltage. With these values calculate Z – parameter for cascaded network (repeat step 4).

OBSERVATION TABLE: RL= 25Ω

RL= 50Ω

RL= 50Ω

IL (mA)

IL (mA)

IL (mA)

S. No.

CALCULATIONS: Z11 =

I2 = 0) Ω Z21 =

Z21 =

I1 = 0)

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I2 = 0) Ω Z22 =

I1 = 0)

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RESULT:

PRECAUTIONS: The positive & negative terminals of the power supply should not be connected together. Supply for the experimental kit should be switched ON only after the connections are verified. Avoid parallax error. Check the polarities of the meter before the observations are noted down.

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EXPERIMENT NO.10 AIM: To verify ABCD Parameter for SINGLE and CASCADED TWO PORT NETWORK. APPARATUS: Experimental Kit, Connecting Probes. THEORY: A given two port network, with some network of complexity, can be built up from simple two port networks, whose ports are interconnected in certain ways. Conversely, a twoport network can be designed by simple two port structures as building blocks. There are a number of ways in which two port networks can be interconnected. The simplest possible connection is termed as Cascade or Tandem connection. Two port networks are said to be cascaded if the output of first becomes the input of second. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. 01 www.earnrupees4you.com

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Fig. 02 PROCEDURE: (nnn) Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1. It means connect the variable voltage supply too the input terminal of the network – I. (ooo) Vary the input voltage to 10V (V1) and measure open circuited output voltage (V2). Note down the input current through current meter. V1 = Input voltage = 10V V2 = Output voltage I1 = Input current (observed from current meter) I2 = 0 (because output is open circuited) (ppp) Now short the output terminals and measure Input current I1’. V1’ = Input voltage V2’ = 0 I1’ = Input current I2’ = Output current (qqq) With these values calculate ABCD Parameters for single port network. A=

(I2=0)

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B=

(V2=0)

Ω

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C=

(I2=0)

D=

(V2=0)

(rrr) Now connect the output of the first network to the input of the second network. (sss)

Apply variable voltage to the input terminals and adjust voltage to 10V.

(ttt)

Now record

V1 = Input voltage V2 = Output voltage I1 = Input current I2 = Output current = 0 (uuu) Interchange output and input terminals and measure the input voltage, current and output voltage. (vvv) With these values calculate ABCD parameters for cascaded network (repeat step 4). OBSERVATION TABLE:

CALCULATION (ABCD parameters): A=

(I2=0)

B=

(V2=0)

C=

(I2=0)

D=

(V2=0)

Ω

RESULT:

PRECAUTIONS: The positive & negative terminals of the power supply should not be connected together. www.earnrupees4you.com

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Supply for the experimental kit should be switched ON only after the connections are verified. Avoid parallax error. Check the polarities of the meter before the observations are noted down.

BHOPAL INSTITUE OF TECHNOLOGY

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LAB MANUAL Version No.

EX/3.6

Subject

Java EX-306

Subject Code Scheme Class/Branch

New III Semester

Author

CS/IT Deptt

Institution

Bhopal Institute of Technology

1. Write a program Class statements { Public static void { System.out.println System.out.println } }

to show multiple statements in java.

main (String args [ ]) ("This is my program..."); ("I have a copy right for it...");

Output This is my program... I have a copy right for it...

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2. Write a program to accept a no. and check whether it is even or odd. Cass check { public static void main (String args [ ]) { int a= Integer.parseInt(args [0]); if(a= =0) { System.out.println ("ZERO"); } else if (a%2= = 0) { System.out.println (a+ "It is even"); } else if (a%2= = 1) { System.out.println ("It is odd"); } }} Output If enter a =0 then print ZERO If enter a =2 then print even If enter a =1 then print odd

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3. Write a program to accept a character and check whether its constant or vowel. (Using switch statements) class paper { public void main(char character) { switch(character) { case 'a': System.out.println ("It is a vowel"); break; case 'A': System.out.println ("It is a vowel"); break; case 'e': System.out.println ("It is a vowel"); break; case 'E': System.out.println ("It is a vowel"); case 'i': System.out.println ("It is a vowel"); break; case 'I': System.out.println("It is a vowel"); break; case 'o': System.out.println("It is a vowel"); break; case 'O': System.out.println("It is a vowel"); break; case 'u': System.out.println("It is a vowel"); break; case 'U': System.out.println("It is a vowel"); break; } } }

Output If ‘a’ was entered…… It is a vowel Any other character entered….. It is a consonant

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4. Write a program to square root of any value. Import java.lang.Math; Class squareroot { public static void main(String args [ ] ) { Double x = 25 double y=Math.sqrt(x); System.out.println ("The square root is "+y); } }

Output The square root is 5.0

5. Write a program to concept of multiple classes in java. Class demo { public static void main(String args [ ]) { System.out.println("**beginning execution**"); Greeter greeter = new Greeter(); System.out.println("**created Greeter**"); greeter.greet(); } } class Greeter { private static Message s_message = new Message("Hello, World!"); public void greet() { s_message.print(System.out); } } class Message { private String m_text; public Message(String text){ m_text = text; } public void print(java.io.PrintStream ps){

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ps.println(m_text); } } Output **beginning execution** **created Greeter** Hello, World! 6. Write a program to show type casting in java. Class casting { public static void main(String args [ ] ) { float sum; int i; sum = 0.0f; for (i=1; i