Best Facade

BestFacade

Best Practice for Double Skin Facades

supported by

Fundamentals, History

“Essentially a pair of glass “skins” separated by an air corridor. The main layer of glass is usually insulating. The air space between the layers of glass acts as insulation against temperature extremes, winds, and sound. [Harrison K. & Meyer-Boake T.: The Tectonics of the Environmental Skin, University of Waterloo, School of Architecture, (2003)]

BestFacade – Fundamentals Best Practice for Double Skin Facades

WP1 was proposed as a starting point for the following work packages. Thus all partners have been involved into the design of the questionnaires according to the special needs of their work packages and have used their good contacts within the building scene to get data on implemented facades in their countries. The architectural aspects of DSF in Europe are discussed for their conception and glass architecture in general, the need of an integrated planning approach, lighting, the multitude of the city, environmental architecture, the facade as communication and sound attenuation.

for further work in the Bestfaçade work packages such as non technological barriers, benchmarks, calculation method up to the dissemination activities. After a first round in WP1 more than 360 articles, books, proceedings, diploma thesis and PhD thesis about double skin facades are available within the literature database. A second upgrading of the literature database is planned for the last year of the Bestfaçade project. A special four-language keyword list (English, French, Dutch and German) was developed to classify the literature by reducing and completing an existing list from BBRI. This keyword list is the main feature for finding and using the special four-language keyword list literature database. A centralised database containing litera- The documents are sorted and evaluature about double skin facades has been ted by their authors, keywords, language created in the framework of the Work Pa- and publication type, with the objective to ckage 1 serving as the knowledge base make it as easy as possible to find a special



www.bestfacade.com

document or documents about a special aspect of double skin facades. The main function and advantage of this database is the possibility to get an efficient overview about the literature, ranked by keywords and their relevance in this document. The second important part of the literature database are the full-text files behind the literature database entries. In the moment there are in summary 161 articles in form of PDF-files available. The PDFs can be searched also by keywords. The main goal of WP1 The main goal of WP1 was to analyse implemented DSF all over Europe. 27 facades of different buildings in all partner countries of Bestfacade have been studied by means of a standardized questionnaire. The questionnaire comprises data on location, information about the building and the facade, construction and route of air

flow in the façade as well as maintenance dings have mechanical ventilation systems and costs. and the heating and cooling is performed The analysis is been drawn for the aspects, most often by air heating/cooling systems. types of façade in different countries, DSF The types of façades are mainly multisin different climatic regions of Europe, torey and corridor type, in Belgium juxtaexisting simulations and measurements, posed modules are frequently used. The thermal behaviour, indoor air quality, comfort, user acceptance, energy demand and Facts consumptions, control strategies, integratorey and corridor type, in Belgium juxted building technology, costs (investment, taposed modules are frequently used. maintenance, operation), resource conserThe façade gaps are mostly naturally vation, environmental impact, comparison ventilated (except for Belgium, where to conventional glass facades (CGFs), inthe indoor air is led by mechanical tegration of renewable energy sources into ventilation via the gap to the centraDSF, and non-energy related EIE/04/135/ lized air handling unit). The shading S07.38652 “Best Practice for Double Skin is performed mainly with Venetian Façades” WP1 Report 80 blinds located in the gap. The cleaissues: acoustics, aesthetics, fire protecning of the outer shell is done via a tion, moisture, corrosion, durability, maincradle or a lifting platform, the glatenance, repair. Most of the buildings are zing of the gap is mainly cleaned from office buildings followed by schools and the gap or from the interior. service buildings. Nearly all of the builwww.bestfacade.com



State of the Art

30 projects

7 countries

select by facade

[Harrison K. & Meyer-Boake T.: The Tectonics of the Environmental Skin, University of Waterloo, School of Architecture, (2003)]

select by chart

BestFacade – State of the Art Best Practice for Double Skin Facades

La aciliquis nullaore molobor si tinim vulputp ationsequat, suscipisim nullaorpero dolobor periure vullaorem quam, sequis et lamet aliquat. Ut veliquat. Xerilla feu facipisi. Giat ad euis endre tat. Ut loreet wisi. Sed dolobor adio od dolor sisit, velit iureet lum nons ad doluptatummy nulput laorerit illum niam ver sim irilit, sustie modiamc onsequat delit ipsuscip et lorem volor sum venibh eugiam zzriurer sit, quis autem quipis ea feu faccum zzril et alit eu feum velit dolor sum vel etue dit iriurem Oloborper ing el ute dolorer ipismodolor sequat, quam volorem dolorperci blandit diam, conulputpat. Ut euismod olorerilit non erosto dolessenibh eugait lore dunt praessim quat. Dui bla ad dolobor ipisi bla facilit dunt euisi.Iduisi blaorem zzrit erciliquisim irit in ent lam, velessit, cons ex enim exerostinim iriliquat voloreet, sustio cons



www.bestfacade.com

dolorem iustio od tio conum ilisim nullut ad dolesti siscilit ilit iriustincip eraesto od tatem velit eugiat venit velisci tat. Ut alit ate dolorper irit, veliquipis nullam elenim aut at iureet iriusci llutpat aci bla ad dolortio duipis aliquat aciliqui tionsectet prat ver sed eugiam, vero eu facil ex et dolorperosto esequat. dolorperatue doluptatuer ametut i Nummy nulluptat nit venim dunt alis alissi blamet alit vel exercilit loreet luptat, con ulla feugait, consend reriuscidui tem nostio odolesto dolorperatue doluptatuer ametumsandit ing elit nim at, quismod olobore facillandre feu feum vel erosto del utatiscidui enim zzrilit, vulput prai siscilit ilit iriustincip eraesto od tatem velit eugiat venit velisci tat. Ut alit ate dolorper irit, veliquipis nullam elenim aut at iureet iriusci llutpat aci bla ad dolortio duipis aliquat aci-

liqui tionsectet prat ver sed eugiam, vero eu facil ex et dolorperosto esequat. Nummy nulluptat nit venim dunt alis alissi blamet alit vel exercilit loreet luptat, con ulla feugait, consend reriuscidui tem nostio odolesto dolorperatue doluptatuer ametumsandit ing elit nim at, quismod olobore facillandre feu feum vel erosto del utatiscidui enim ztion sequam, consequam nonsequam, quat, commoloreet lam, velestrud mincin utai siscilit ilit iriustincip eraesto od tatem velit eugiat venit velisci tat. Ut alit ate dolorper irit, veliquipis nullam elenim aut at iureet iriusci llutpat aci bla ad dolortio duipis aliquat aciliqui tionsectet prat ver sed eugiam, vero eu facil ex et dolorperosto esequat. Nummy nulluptat nit venim dunt alis alissi blamet alit vel exercilit loreet luptat, con ulla feugait, consend reriuscidui tem nostio odolesto dolorperatue doluptatu-

21%

20%

16%

14%

14%

8%

6%

WP6

WP5

WP3

WP4

WP1

WP2

WP8 WP7

er ametumsandit ing elit nim at, quismod olobore facillandre feu feum vel erosto del utatiscidui enim ztini siscilit ilit iriustincip eraesto od tatem i siscilit ilit iriustincip eraesto od tatem velit eugiat venit velisci tat. Ut alit ate dolorper irit, veliquipis nullam elenim aut at iureet iriusci llutpat aci bla ad dolortio duipis aliquat aciliqui tionsectet prat ver sed eugiam, vero eu facil ex et dolorperosto esequat. dolorperatue doluptatuer ametut i Nummy nulluptat nit venim dunt alis alissi blamet alit vel exercilit loreet luptat, con ulla feugait, consend reriuscidui tem nostio odolesto dolorperatue doluptatu-

er ametumsandit ing elit nim at, quismod olobore facillandre feu feum vel erosto del utatiscidui enim zvelit eugiat venit velisci tat. Ut alit ate dolorper irit, veliquipis nullam elenim aut at iureet iriusci llutpat aci bla ad dolortio duipis aliquat aciliqui tionsectet prat ver sed eugiam, vero eu facil ex et dolorperosto esequat. Nummy nulluptat nit venim dunt alis alissi blamet alit vel exercilit loreet luptat, con ulla feugait, consend reriuscidui tem nostio odolesto dolorperatue doluptatuer ametumsandit ing elit nim at, quismod olobore facillandre feu feum vel erosto del utatiscidui enim zNummy nulluptat nit venim dunt alis alissi blamet alit vel exer-

1%

Facts torey and corridor type, in Belgium juxtaposed modules are frequently used. The façade gaps are mostly naturally ventilated (except for Belgium, where the indoor air is led by mechanical ventilation via the gap to the centralized air handling unit). The shading is performed mainly with Ve is performed mainly with Venetian netian blinds located in the gap. The cleaning of the outer shell is done via a cradle or a lifting platform, the glazing of the gap is mainly cleaned from the gap or from the interior.

www.bestfacade.com



Cutback of non-technological barriers

General Information

Location

Costs

Maintenance

Attributes of the double skin facade

Information about the building

General information on the facade

Routing of air flow in the facade Construction of the facade

[Harrison K. & Meyer-Boake T.: The Tectonics of the Environmental Skin, University of Waterloo, School of Architecture, (2003)]

BestFacade – Non technological Barriers Best Practice for Double Skin Facades

The analysis on the non-technological barriers to DSF regarding the legislation issues shows that in the participating countries apart from one there is no awareness of the EN 13830 standards. This European Standard specifies characteristics of curtain walling and provides technical information on the varying performance requirements. Also, the document provides guidance to the curtain wall manufacturer on how to meet the requirements of the European Construction Products Directive (CPD). The CE marking is in force from 2005. Non technolgical Barriers – Type I All existing legislations applicable to conventional facades (legislation on fire and sound protection, lighting issues etc) are also applied to double skin facades, since there are no specific ones for this type of facades. Legislation on fire protection may 

www.bestfacade.com

be a threat to DSF since the fire transfer between the rooms and levels has to be reduced. Additionally sound legislation can be a threat when considering sound transfer between adjacent spaces through the DSF cavity. On the other hand, sound legislation can also be an opportunity to DSF as this type of façade provides better sound insulation than single skin systems. Legislation on lighting issues could pose a threat to DSF since the inner layer of glazing in conjunction with the internal blinds can lower significantly the daylight factors in the occupied spaces; however a proper design can result in adequate visual comfort; and then the legislation is considered as an opportunity to the use of DSF. All countries have legislation on thermal insulation and achieved U-values; this is considered from most countries as an opportunity for double skin facades since the U-value is usually lower than for other

glazed façade types. However, maximum indoor temperatures could pose a threat to DSF if limits of indoor temperature are to be observed. The EPBD implementation could be an opportunity if the designed DSF is performing well (due to the presence of the two glazed skins), but it could be a threat if the system is badly designed and cannot meet the thermal and energy requirements (for example overheating is observed in summer). In the case of ventilation requirements, these exist in all countries but do not pose any threat to the application of DSF. The analysis s howed that in all countries there are built examples; the majority of them have been constructed recently; however there is no documentation of their energy and environmental performance. In terms of the

level of knowledge concerning the typology, performance, design and construction of DSF, educational /research institutions and big constructions companies usually working at an international level have good knowledge of the DSF systems. On the other hand, low level of knowledge is noted in the group of architects, building owners and investors. In the case of the advantages and disadvantages of the double skin facades compared to the conventional systems, it seems that the knowledge is low in all target groups apart from several educational/research institutions that are working in relevant projects. Climatic conditions do not seem to pose any obstacle in the application of DSF. Different systems can be applied in different countries; further design considerations should be applied in extreme climatic conditions i.e. excessive hot periods. Full transparency do not seem to pose any

threat to the application of DSF, it seems that architects desire full transparency while users might not like it. Although DSF can be applied in all type of buildings, until now they have been used mainly for office buildings and not so much for residential and other type of buildings because of their increased construction and capital cost. The occupant control for ventilation may be a threat to DSF if their design does not allow user control. Regarding the reputation of DSF in all countries, it seems there is skepticism in the scientific field concerning the energy efficiency, the indoor air quality and thermal comfort levels that this type of façade can provide. The reputation is good in the building industry that tries to promote this type of façade but there is also concern because of the high investment cost. Among the majority of the architects the reputation is good mainly because of aesthetics

reasons. However, there is rather low level of knowledge on the energy performance of DSF among all target groups The analysis also showed the lack of regional support, support from the government Facts torey and corridor type, in Belgium juxtaposed modules are frequently used. The façade gaps are mostly naturally ventilated (except for Belgium, where the indoor air is led by mechanical ventilation via the gap to the centralized air handling unit). The shading is performed mainly with Ve is performed mainly with Venetian netian blinds located in the gap. The cleaning of the outer shell is done via a cradle or a lifting platform, the glazing of the gap is mainly cleaned from the gap or from the interior.

www.bestfacade.com



Benchmarks and Certification

[Harrison K. & Meyer-Boake T.: The Tectonics of the Environmental Skin, University of Waterloo, School of Architecture, (2003)]

BestFacade – Benchmarks / Certification Best Practice for Double Skin Facades

The analysis on the non-technological barriers to DSF regarding the legislation issues shows that in the participating countries apart from one there is no awareness of the EN 13830 standards. This European Standard specifies characteristics of curtain walling and provides technical information on the varying performance requirements. Also, the document provides guidance to the curtain wall manufacturer on how to meet the requirements of the European Construction Products Directive (CPD). The CE marking is in force from 2005. All existing legislations applicable to conventional facades (legislation on fire and sound protection, lighting issues etc) are also applied to double skin facades, since there are no specific ones for this type of facades. Legislation on fire protection may be a threat to DSF since the 

www.bestfacade.com

fire transfer between the rooms and levels has to be reduced. Additionally sound legislation can be a threat when considering sound transfer between adjacent spaces through the DSF cavity. On the other hand, sound legislation can also be an opportunity to DSF as this type of façade provides better sound insulation than single skin systems. Legislation on lighting issues could pose a threat to DSF since the inner layer of glazing in conjunction with the internal blinds can lower significantly the daylight factors in the occupied spaces; however a proper design can result in adequate visual comfort; and then the legislation is considered as an opportunity to the use of DSF. All countries have legislation on thermal insulation and achieved U-values; this is considered from most countries as an opportunity for double skin facades since the U-value is usually lower than for other

glazed façade types. However, maximum indoor temperatures could pose a threat to DSF if limits of indoor temperature are to be observed. The EPBD implementation could be an opportunity if the designed DSF is performing well (due to the presence of the two glazed skins), but it could be a threat if the system is badly designed and cannot meet the thermal and energy requirements (for example overheating is observed in summer). In the case of ventilation requirements, these exist in all countries but do not pose any threat to the application of DSF.

ning the typology, performance, design and construction of DSF, educational /research institutions and big constructions companies usually working at an international level have good knowledge of the DSF systems. On the other hand, low level of knowledge is noted in the group of architects, building owners and investors. In the case of the advantages and disadvantages of the double skin facades compared to the conventional systems, it seems that the knowledge is low in all target groups apart from several educational/research institutions that are working in relevant projects.

The analysis showed that in all countries there are built examples; the majority of them have been constructed recently; however there is no documentation of their energy and environmental performance. In terms of the level of knowledge concer-

Climatic conditions do not seem to pose any obstacle in the application of DSF. Different systems can be applied in different countries; further design considerations should be applied in extreme climatic conditions i.e. exces-

sive hot periods. Full transparency do not seem to pose any threat to the application of DSF, it seems that architects desire full transparency while users might not like it. Although DSF can be applied in all type of buildings, until now they have been used mainly for office buildings and not so much for residential and other type of buildings because of their increased construction and capital cost. The occupant control for ventilation may be a threat to DSF if their design does not allow user control. Regarding the reputation of DSF in all countries, it seems there is skepticism in the scientific field concerning the energy

Facts torey and corridor type, in Belgium juxtaposed modules are frequently used. The façade gaps are mostly naturally ventilated (except for Belgium, where the indoor air is led by mechanical ventilation via the gap to the centralized air handling unit). The shading is performed mainly with Ve is performed mainly with Venetian netian blinds located in the gap. The cleaning of the outer shell is done via a cradle or a lifting platform, the glazing of the gap is mainly cleaned from

www.bestfacade.com



Simple Calculation method

“Essentially a pair of glass “skins” separated by an air corridor. The main layer of glass is usually insulating. The air space between the layers of glass acts as insulation against temperature extremes, winds, and sound. [Harrison K. & Meyer-Boake T.: The Tectonics of the Environmental Skin, University of Waterloo, School of Architecture, (2003)]

BestFacade – Calculation Method Best Practice for Double Skin Facades

The analysis on the non-technological barriers to DSF regarding the legislation issues shows that in the participating countries apart from one there is no awareness of the EN 13830 standards. This European Standard specifies characteristics of curtain walling and provides technical information on the varying performance requirements. Also, the document provides guidance to the curtain wall manufacturer on how to meet the requirements of the European Construction Products Directive (CPD). The CE marking is in force from 2005. All existing legislations a pplicable to conventional facades (legislation on fire and sound protection, lighting issues etc) are also applied to double skin facades, since there are no specific ones for this type of facades. Legislation on fire protection may be a threat to DSF since the 10

www.bestfacade.com

fire transfer between the rooms and levels has to be reduced. Additionally sound legislation can be a threat when considering sound transfer between adjacent spaces through the DSF cavity. On the other hand, sound legislation can also be an opportunity to DSF as this type of façade provides better sound insulation than single skin systems. Legislation on lighting issues could pose a threat to DSF since the inner layer of glazing in conjunction with the internal blinds can lower significantly the daylight factors in the occupied spaces; however a proper design can result in adequate visual comfort; and then the legislation is considered as an opportunity to the use of DSF. All countries have legislation on thermal insulation and achieved U-values; this is considered from most countries as an opportunity for double skin facades since the U-value is usually lower than for other

glazed façade types. However, maximum indoor temperatures could pose a threat to DSF if limits of indoor temperature are to be observed. The EPBD implementation could be an opportunity if the designed DSF is performing well (due to the presence of the two glazed skins), but it could be a threat if the system is badly designed and cannot meet the thermal and energy requirements (for example overheating is observed in summer). In the case of ventilation requirements, these exist in all countries but do not pose any threat to the application of DSF. The analysis showed that in all countries there are built examples; the majority of them have been constructed recently; however there is no documentation of their energy and environmental performance. In terms of the level of knowledge concerning the typology,

performance, design and construction of DSF, educational /research institutions and big constructions companies usually working at an international level have good knowledge of the DSF systems. On the other hand, low level of knowledge is noted in the group of architects, building owners and investors. In the case of the advantages and disadvantages of the

double skin facades compared to the conventional systems, it seems that the knowledge is low in all target groups apart from several educational/research institutions that are working in relevant projects. Climatic conditions do not seem to pose any obstacle in the application of DSF. Different systems can be applied in different countries; further design considerations should be applied in extreme climatic conditions i.e. excessive hot periods. Full transparency do not seem to pose any threat to the application of DSF, it seems that architects desire full transparency while users might not like it. Although DSF can be applied in all type of buildings, until ow they have been used mainly for office buildings and not so much for residential and other type of buildings because of their increased construction and capital cost. The

occupant control for ventilation may be a threat to DSF if their design does not allow user control. Regarding the reputation of DSF in all countries, it seems there is skepticism in the scientific field concerning the energy efficiency, the indoor air quality and thermal comfort levels that this type of Facts torey and corridor type, in Belgium juxtaposed modules are frequently used. The façade gaps are mostly naturally ventilated (except for Belgium, where the indoor air is led by mechanical ventilation via the gap to the centralized air handling unit). The shading is performed mainly with Ve is performed mainly with Venetian netian blinds located in the gap. The cleaning of the outer shell is done via a cradle or a lifting platform, the gla-

www.bestfacade.com

11

Energy Design Guide

Außenluft GDF

Summer mode Winter mode

Comparison of the measured daily mean values of air temperatures in the GDF gap versus the outside. (May 2005 to March 2006)

[Harrison K. & Meyer-Boake T.: The Tectonics of the Environmental Skin, University of Waterloo, School of Architecture, (2003)]

BestFacade – Energy Design Guide Best Practice for Double Skin Facades

The analysis on the non-technological barriers to DSF regarding the legislation issues shows that in the participating countries apart from one there is no awareness of the EN 13830 standards. This European Standard specifies characteristics of curtain walling and provides technical information on the varying performance requirements. Also, the document provides guidance to the curtain wall manufacturer on how to meet the requirements of the European Construction Products Directive (CPD). The CE marking is in force from 2005. All existing legislations applicable to conventional facades (legislation on fire and sound protection, lighting issues etc) are also applied to double skin facades, since there are no specific ones for this type of facades. Legislation on fire protection may be a threat 12

www.bestfacade.com

to DSF since the fire transfer between the rooms and levels has to be reduced. Additionally sound legislation can be a threat when considering sound transfer between adjacent spaces through the DSF cavity. On the other hand, sound legislation can also be an opportunity to DSF as this type of façade provides better sound insulation than single skin systems. Legislation on lighting issues could pose a threat to DSF since the inner layer of glazing in conjunction with the internal blinds can lower significantly the daylight factors in the occupied spaces; however a proper design can result in adequate visual comfort; and then the legislation is considered as an opportunity to the use of DSF. All countries have legislation on thermal insulation and achieved U-values; this is considered from most countries as an opportunity for double skin facades since the U-value is usually lower than for other

glazed façade types. However, maximum indoor temperatures could pose a threat to DSF if limits of indoor temperature are to be observed. The EPBD implementation could be an opportunity if the designed DSF is performing well (due to the presence of the two glazed skins), but it could be a threat if the system is badly designed and cannot meet the thermal and energy requirements (for example overheating is observed in summer). In the case of ventilation requirements, these exist in all countries but do not pose any threat to the application of DSF.

of knowledge concerning the typology, performance, design and construction of DSF, educational /research institutions and big constructions companies usually working at an international level have good knowledge of the DSF systems. On the other hand, low level of knowledge is noted in the group of architects, building owners and investors. In the case of the advantages and disadvantages of the double skin facades compared to the conventional systems, it seems that the knowledge is low in all target groups apart from several educational/research institutions that are working in relevant projects.

The analysis showed that in all countries there are built examples; the majority of them have been constructed recently; however there is no documentation of their energy and environmental performance. In terms of the level

Climatic conditions do not seem to pose any obstacle in the application of DSF. Different systems can be applied in different countries; further design considerations should be applied in extreme climatic conditions i.e. exces-

sive hot periods. Full transparency do not seem to pose any threat to the application of DSF, it seems that architects desire full transparency while users might not like it. Although DSF can be applied in all type of buildings, until now they have been used mainly for office buildings and not so much for residential and other type of buildings because of their increased construction and capital cost. The occupant control for ventilation may be a threat to DSF if their design does not allow user control. Regarding the reputation of DSF in all countries, it seems there is skepticism in the scientific field concerning the energy efficiency, the indoor air quality and thermal comfort levels that this type of façade can provide. The reputation is good in the building industry that tries to promote this type of façade but there is also concern because of the high investment cost. Among the majority of the architects the reputa-

tion is good mainly because of aesthetics reasons. However, there is rather low level of knowledge on the energy performance of DSF among all target groups The analysis also showed the lack of regional support, support from the government Facts torey and corridor type, in Belgium juxtaposed modules are frequently used. The façade gaps are mostly naturally ventilated (except for Belgium, where the indoor air is led by mechanical ventilation via the gap to the centralized air handling unit). The shading is performed mainly with Ve is performed mainly with Venetian netian blinds located in the gap. The cleaning of the outer shell is done via a cradle or a lifting platform, the glazing of the gap is mainly cleaned from

www.bestfacade.com

13

Best Practise Guidelines

ΦU

(

abs ,u

abs , p

qe , w

qi ,e

)⋅

s

Ce

Fe

abs u

ee

j

j

s

[Harrison K. & Meyer-Boake T.: The Tectonics of the Environmental Skin, University of Waterloo, School of Architecture, (2003)]

BestFacade – Best Practice Guidelines Best Practice for Double Skin Facades

The analysis on the non-technological barriers to DSF regarding the legislation issues shows that in the participating countries apart from one there is no awareness of the EN 13830 standards. This European Standard specifies characteristics of curtain walling and provides technical information on the varying performance requirements. Also, the document provides guidance to the curtain wall manufacturer on how to meet the requirements of the European Construction Products Directive (CPD). The CE marking is in force from 2005. All existing legislations applicable to conventional facades (legislation on fire and sound protection, lighting issues etc) are also applied to double skin facades, since there are no specific ones for this type of facades. Legislation on fire protection may be a threat 14

www.bestfacade.com

to DSF since the fire transfer between the rooms and levels has to be reduced. Additionally sound legislation can be a threat when considering sound transfer between adjacent spaces through the DSF cavity. On the other hand, sound legislation can also be an opportunity to DSF as this type of façade provides better sound insulation than single skin systems. Legislation on lighting issues could pose a threat to DSF since the inner layer of glazing in conjunction with the internal blinds can lower significantly the daylight factors in the occupied spaces; however a proper design can result in adequate visual comfort; and then the legislation is considered as an opportunity to the use of DSF. All countries have legislation on thermal insulation and achieved U-values; this is considered from most countries as an opportunity for double skin facades since the U-value is usually lower than for other

glazed façade types. However, maximum indoor temperatures could pose a threat to DSF if limits of indoor temperature are to be observed.The EPBD implementation could be an opportunity if the designed DSF is performing well (due to the presence of the two glazed skins), but it could be a threat if the system is badly designed and cannot meet the thermal and energy requirements (for example overheating is observed in summer). In the case of ventilation requirements, these exist in all countries but do not pose any threat to the application of DSF. The analysis showed that in all countries there are built examples; the majority of them have been constructed recently; however there is no documentation of their energy and environmental performance. In terms of the level of knowledge concerning the typolo-

gy, performance, design and construction of DSF, educational /research institutions and big constructions companies usually working at an international level have good knowledge of the DSF systems. On the other hand, low level of knowledge is noted in the group of architects, buil-

ding owners and investors. In the case of the advantages and disadvantages of the double skin facades compared to the conventional systems, it seems that the knowledge is low in all target groups apart from several educational/research institutions that are working in relevant projects. Cli-

matic conditions do not seem to pose any obstacle in the application of DSF. Different systems can be applied in different countries; further design considerations should be applied in extreme climatic conditions i.e. excessive hot periods. Full transparency do not seem to pose any threat to the www.bestfacade.com

15

Best Practise Guidelines

North Europe

The analysis on the non-technological barriers to DSF regarding the legislation issues shows that in the participating countries apart from one EN 13830 standards. This European Standard specifies characteristics of curtain walling and provides technical information on th E EN 13830 standards. This European Standard specifies characteristics of curtain walling and provides technical information on the varying performance requirements. Also, the document provides guidance to the curtain wall manufacturer on how to meet the requirements of the European Construction Products Directive (CPD). The CE marking is in force from 2005. All existing legislations applicable to conventional facades (legislation N 13830 standards. This European Standard speci-

Middle Europe

fies characteristics of curtain walling and provides technical information on the varying performance requirements. Also, the document provides guidance to the curtain wall manufacturer on how to meet the requirements of the European Construction Products Directive (CPD). The CE marking is in force from 2005. All existing legislations applicable to conventional facades (legislation e varying performance requirements. Also, the document provides guidance to the curtain wall manufacturer on how to meet the requirements of the European Construction Products Directive (CPD). The CE marking is in force from 2005. All existing legislations applicable to conventional facades (legislation there is no awareness of the EN 13830 standards.

The analysis on the non-technological barriers to DSF regarding the legislation issues shows that in the participating countries apart from one EN 13830 standards. This European Standard specifies characteristics of curtain walling and provides technical information on th E EN 13830 standards. This European Standard specifies characteristics of curtain walling and provides technical information on the varying performance requirements. Also, the document provides guidance to the curtain wall manufacturer on how to meet the requirements of the European Construction Products Directive (CPD). The CE marking is in force from 2005. All existing legislations applicable to conventional facades (legislation N 13830 standards. This European Standard speci-

South Europe

fies characteristics of curtain walling and provides technical information on the varying performance requirements. Also, the document provides guidance to the curtain wall manufacturer on how to meet the requirements of the European Construction Products Directive (CPD). The CE marking is in force from 2005. All existing legislations applicable to conventional facades (legislation e varying performance requirements. Also, the document provides guidance to the curtain wall manufacturer on how to meet the requirements of the European Construction Products Directive (CPD). The CE marking is in force from 2005. All existing legislations applicable to conventional facades (legislation there is no

The analysis on the non-technological barriers to DSF regarding the legislation issues shows that in the participating countries apart from one EN 13830 standards. This European Standard specifies characteristics of curtain walling and provides technical information on th E EN 13830 standards. This European Standard specifies characteristics of curtain walling and provides technical information on the varying performance requirements. Also, the document provides guidance to the curtain wall manufacturer on how to meet the requirements of the European Construction Products Directive (CPD). The CE marking is in force from 2005. All existing legislations applicable to conventional facades (legislation N 13830

standards. This European Standard specifies characteristics of curtain walling and provides technical information on the varying performance requirements. Also, the document provides guidance to the curtain wall manufacturer on how to meet the requirements of the European Construction Products Directive (CPD). The CE marking is in force from 2005. All existing legislations applicable to conventional facades (legislation e varying performance requirements. Also, the document provides guidance to the curtain wall manufacturer on how to meet the requirements of the European Construction Products Directive (CPD). The CE marking is in force from 2005. All existing legislations applicable to conventional facades (legislation there is no

between the rooms and levels has to be reduced. Additionally sound legislation can be a threat when considering sound transfer between adjacent spaces through the DSF cavity. On the other hand, sound legislation can also be an opportunity to DSF as this type of façade provides better sound insulation than single skin systems. Legislation on lighting issues could pose a threat to DSF since the inner layer of glazing in conjunction with the internal blinds

The analysis on the non-technological barriers to DSF regarding the legislation issues shows that in the participating countries apart from one there is no awareness of the EN 13830 standards. This European Standard specifies characteristics of curtain walling and provides technical information on the varying performance requirements. Also, the document provides guidance to the curtain wall manufacturer on how to meet the requirements of the European Construction Products Directive (CPD). The CE marking is in force from 2005. All existing legislations applicable to conventional facades (legislation on fire and sound protection, lighting issues etc) are also applied to double skin facades, since there are no specific ones for this type of facades. Legislation on fire protection may be a threat to DSF since the fire transfer

between the rooms and levels has to be reduced. Additionally sound legislation can be a threat when considering sound transfer between adjacent spaces through the DSF cavity. On the other hand, sound legislation can also be an opportunity to DSF as this type of façade provides better sound insulation than single skin systems. Legislation on lighting issues could pose a threat to DSF since the inner layer of glazing in conjunction with the internal blinds can lower significantly the daylight factors in the occupied spaces; however a proper design can result in adequate visual comfort; and then the legislation is considered as an opportunity to the use of DSF.

BestFacade – Best Practice Guidelines Best Practice for Double Skin Facades

The analysis on the non-technological barriers to DSF regarding the legislation issues shows that in the participating countries apart from one there is no awareness of the EN 13830 standards. This European Standard specifies characteristics of curtain walling and provides technical information on the varying performance requirements. Also, the document provides guidance to the curtain wall manufacturer on how to meet the requirements of the European Construction Products Directive (CPD). The CE marking is in force from 2005. All existing legislations applicable to conventional facades (legislation on fire and sound protection, lighting issues etc) are also applied to double skin facades, since there are no specific ones for this type of facades. Legislation on fire protection may be a threat to DSF since the fire transfer between the rooms and levels has to be 16

www.bestfacade.com

reduced. Additionally sound legislation can be a threat when considering sound transfer between adjacent spaces through the DSF cavity. On the other hand, sound legislation can also be an opportunity to DSF as this type of façade provides better sound insulation than single skin systems. Legislation on lighting issues could pose a threat to DSF since the inner layer of glazing in conjunction with the internal blinds can lower significantly the daylight factors in the occupied spaces; however a proper design can result in adequate visual comfort; and then the legislation is considered as an opportunity to the use of DSF. All countries have legislation on thermal insulation and achieved U-values; this is

The analysis on the non-technological barriers to DSF regarding the legislation issues shows that in the participating countries apart from one there is no awareness of the EN 13830 standards. This European Standard specifies characteristics of curtain walling and provides technical information on the varying performance requirements. Also, the document provides guidance to the curtain wall manufacturer on how to meet the requirements of the European Construction Products Directive (CPD). The CE marking is in force from 2005. All existing legislations applicable to conventional facades (legislation on fire and sound protection, lighting issues etc) are also applied to double skin facades, since there are no specific ones for this type of facades. Legislation on fire protection may be a threat to DSF since the fire transfer

www.bestfacade.com

17

Best Practise Guidelines

North Europe

The analysis on the non-technological barriers to DSF regarding the legislation issues shows that in the participating countries apart from one EN 13830 standards. This European Standard specifies characteristics of curtain walling and provides technical information on th E EN 13830 standards. This European Standard specifies characteristics of curtain walling and provides technical information on the varying performance requirements. Also, the document provides guidance to the curtain wall manufacturer on how to meet the requirements of the European Construction Products Directive (CPD). The CE marking is in force from 2005. All existing legislations applicable to conventional facades (legislation N 13830 standards. This European Standard speci-

Middle Europe

fies characteristics of curtain walling and provides technical information on the varying performance requirements. Also, the document provides guidance to the curtain wall manufacturer on how to meet the requirements of the European Construction Products Directive (CPD). The CE marking is in force from 2005. All existing legislations applicable to conventional facades (legislation e varying performance requirements. Also, the document provides guidance to the curtain wall manufacturer on how to meet the requirements of the European Construction Products Directive (CPD). The CE marking is in force from 2005. All existing legislations applicable to conventional facades (legislation there is no awareness of the EN 13830 standards.

The analysis on the non-technological barriers to DSF regarding the legislation issues shows that in the participating countries apart from one EN 13830 standards. This European Standard specifies characteristics of curtain walling and provides technical information on th E EN 13830 standards. This European Standard specifies characteristics of curtain walling and provides technical information on the varying performance requirements. Also, the document provides guidance to the curtain wall manufacturer on how to meet the requirements of the European Construction Products Directive (CPD). The CE marking is in force from 2005. All existing legislations applicable to conventional facades (legislation N 13830 standards. This European Standard speci-

South Europe

fies characteristics of curtain walling and provides technical information on the varying performance requirements. Also, the document provides guidance to the curtain wall manufacturer on how to meet the requirements of the European Construction Products Directive (CPD). The CE marking is in force from 2005. All existing legislations applicable to conventional facades (legislation e varying performance requirements. Also, the document provides guidance to the curtain wall manufacturer on how to meet the requirements of the European Construction Products Directive (CPD). The CE marking is in force from 2005. All existing legislations applicable to conventional facades (legislation there is no

The analysis on the non-technological barriers to DSF regarding the legislation issues shows that in the participating countries apart from one EN 13830 standards. This European Standard specifies characteristics of curtain walling and provides technical information on th E EN 13830 standards. This European Standard specifies characteristics of curtain walling and provides technical information on the varying performance requirements. Also, the document provides guidance to the curtain wall manufacturer on how to meet the requirements of the European Construction Products Directive (CPD). The CE marking is in force from 2005. All existing legislations applicable to conventional facades (legislation N 13830

standards. This European Standard specifies characteristics of curtain walling and provides technical information on the varying performance requirements. Also, the document provides guidance to the curtain wall manufacturer on how to meet the requirements of the European Construction Products Directive (CPD). The CE marking is in force from 2005. All existing legislations applicable to conventional facades (legislation e varying performance requirements. Also, the document provides guidance to the curtain wall manufacturer on how to meet the requirements of the European Construction Products Directive (CPD). The CE marking is in force from 2005. All existing legislations applicable to conventional facades (legislation there is no

between the rooms and levels has to be reduced. Additionally sound legislation can be a threat when considering sound transfer between adjacent spaces through the DSF cavity. On the other hand, sound legislation can also be an opportunity to DSF as this type of façade provides better sound insulation than single skin systems. Legislation on lighting issues could pose a threat to DSF since the inner layer of glazing in conjunction with the internal blinds

The analysis on the non-technological barriers to DSF regarding the legislation issues shows that in the participating countries apart from one there is no awareness of the EN 13830 standards. This European Standard specifies characteristics of curtain walling and provides technical information on the varying performance requirements. Also, the document provides guidance to the curtain wall manufacturer on how to meet the requirements of the European Construction Products Directive (CPD). The CE marking is in force from 2005. All existing legislations applicable to conventional facades (legislation on fire and sound protection, lighting issues etc) are also applied to double skin facades, since there are no specific ones for this type of facades. Legislation on fire protection may be a threat to DSF since the fire transfer

between the rooms and levels has to be reduced. Additionally sound legislation can be a threat when considering sound transfer between adjacent spaces through the DSF cavity. On the other hand, sound legislation can also be an opportunity to DSF as this type of façade provides better sound insulation than single skin systems. Legislation on lighting issues could pose a threat to DSF since the inner layer of glazing in conjunction with the internal blinds can lower significantly the daylight factors in the occupied spaces; however a proper design can result in adequate visual comfort; and then the legislation is considered as an opportunity to the use of DSF.

BestFacade – Best Practice Guidelines Best Practice for Double Skin Facades

The analysis on the non-technological barriers to DSF regarding the legislation issues shows that in the participating countries apart from one there is no awareness of the EN 13830 standards. This European Standard specifies characteristics of curtain walling and provides technical information on the varying performance requirements. Also, the document provides guidance to the curtain wall manufacturer on how to meet the requirements of the European Construction Products Directive (CPD). The CE marking is in force from 2005. All existing legislations applicable to conventional facades (legislation on fire and sound protection, lighting issues etc) are also applied to double skin facades, since there are no specific ones for this type of facades. Legislation on fire protection may be a threat to DSF since the fire transfer between the rooms and levels has to be 18

www.bestfacade.com

reduced. Additionally sound legislation can be a threat when considering sound transfer between adjacent spaces through the DSF cavity. On the other hand, sound legislation can also be an opportunity to DSF as this type of façade provides better sound insulation than single skin systems. Legislation on lighting issues could pose a threat to DSF since the inner layer of glazing in conjunction with the internal blinds can lower significantly the daylight factors in the occupied spaces; however a proper design can result in adequate visual comfort; and then the legislation is considered as an opportunity to the use of DSF. All countries have legislation on thermal insulation and achieved U-values; this is

The analysis on the non-technological barriers to DSF regarding the legislation issues shows that in the participating countries apart from one there is no awareness of the EN 13830 standards. This European Standard specifies characteristics of curtain walling and provides technical information on the varying performance requirements. Also, the document provides guidance to the curtain wall manufacturer on how to meet the requirements of the European Construction Products Directive (CPD). The CE marking is in force from 2005. All existing legislations applicable to conventional facades (legislation on fire and sound protection, lighting issues etc) are also applied to double skin facades, since there are no specific ones for this type of facades. Legislation on fire protection may be a threat to DSF since the fire transfer

www.bestfacade.com

19

BestFacade Members Best Practice for Double Skin Facades

MCE Anlagenbau Austria

Graz University of

Fraunhofer Gesellschaft –

National and Kapodistrian

Technology – Institute of

Institute for Building Physics

University of Athens

ENTPE-Laboratoire Sciences Lund University

Belgian Building Research

Reynaers Aluminium NV

de l‘Habitat-CNRS-DGCB

Institute

C.Kiossefidis S.A.

Instituto de Soldadura e Qualidade

Thermal Engineering

The sole responsibility for the content of this poster lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the Community. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that

WSP Sverige AB

Skanska Teknik AB