Bengt Broms - Foundation Engineering

Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms

Foundation Engineering by Prof. Bengt B. Broms

April, 2007

http://www.geoforum.com/knowledge/texts/broms/index.asp

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Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms

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Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms

Foundation Engineering by Prof. Bengt B. Broms April, 2007 The textbook can be read by chapers or searched by keywords.

Table of contents:

Pages

1. Aspects of foundation engineering

1

2. Soil mechanics

13

3. Geotechnical field investigations

39

4. Bearing capacity of foundations

55

5. Foundation settlements

69

6. Factors to consider in foundation design

93

7. Spread footing design

101

8. Special footings and beams on elastic foundations

107

9. Mat foundations

113

10. Lateral earth pressure

121

11. Soil retaining structures

143

12. Pile foundations - Single piles

173

13. Single piles - Dynamic analysis

213

14. Pile foundations - Pile Groups

221

http://www.geoforum.com/knowledge/texts/broms/index.asp

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Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms

Chapter 1. Aspects of foundation engineering 1. Foundations of buildings and structures

Page 2

Keywords: pile, raft, footing

2. Effects of underground installations on foundations

2

Keywords: tunnel, ground water, water main, sewer line

3. Soil deposit

3

Keywords: clay, sand, rock, ground water

4. Interactions between buildings

3

Keywords: settlement, clay, shale, tunnel, sewer line

5. Requirements of a foundation

4

Keywords: economy, safety, settlement, seasonal changes, construction problem, environment,

6. Development of geotechnical analysis

4

Keywords: empirical, theoretical, semi-empirical, computers

7. Soil investigation methods

5

Keywords: seismic, boring, penetration test, test pit, pressure meter test, plate load test, CPT, SPT, WST, geophone

8. Bearing capacity of footing Keywords: heave, flow line, equipotential line, settlement, failure surface, flow net, heave

9. Pressure bulb below footing

5

6

Keywords: settlement, stress increase, compressibility

10. Settlements caused by lowering of ground water level

6

Keywords: sand, clay, leaking sewer line, piezometer, ground water

11. Differential settlement below structure

7

Keywords: differential settlement, cracks

12. Mat foundation

7

Keywords: elastic springs

13. Lateral earth pressure

8

Keywords: active earth pressure

14. Design of retaining walls

8

Keywords: retaining wall

15. Anchored sheet pile walls Keywords: sheet pile, anchor, vertical component

16. Braced excavations

9 9

Keywords: strut, lateral earth pressure, sheet pile, bottom heave

17. Reinforced earth Keywords: concrete element, steel strip, aluminium strip

18. Pile foundations

10 10

Keywords: concrete pile, steel pile, timber pile

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Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms 19. Ultimate bearing capacity of piles

11

Keywords: point resistance, skin resistance, ultimate resistance

20. Pile groups

11

Keywords: bridge abutment, fill, soft clay, negative skin friction

Chapter 2. Soil mechanics

Page

21. Concepts in foundation engineering

15

Keywords: soil mechanics, engineering geology, foundation engineering, theory, experience

22. Description of soil properties

15

Keywords: index properties, soil classification, stress condition, permeability, deformation property, shear strength

23. Definition of geotechnical terms

16

Keywords: void ratio, porosity, water content, unit weight, dry unit weight, unit weight of solid, specific gravity, degree of saturation, gas, water, solid

24. Determination of grain size distribution

16

Keywords: grain size, percent finer, hydrometer analysis, sieve analysis, sand, effective grain size, coefficient of uniformity, well graded, uniformly graded, poorly sorted, poorly graded, clay, silt, sand, gravel

25. Plasticity of soils

17

Keywords: plasticity index, shrinkage limit, plastic limit, liquid limit, water content

26. Plasticity chart

17

Keywords: liquid limit, low plasticity, medium plasticity, high plasticity, A-line, clay, silt, plasticity index

27. Distinction between clay and silt

18

Keywords: plasticity, settlement rate, dilatancy, dry strength, settlements, suspension

28. Structure of clay

18

Keywords: dispersed, flocculated, positive charge, negative charge

29. Standard Proctor compaction test

19

Keywords: dry unit weight, dry density, maximum dry density, saturated, optimum water content, water content

30. Proctors compaction tests

19

Keywords: standard Proctor test, modified Proctor test, blows, layer

31. Compaction curves

20

Keywords: clay, silt, sand, till, standard, modified, water content, dry density

32. Unified soil classification system

20

Keywords: gravel, sand, silt, clay, organic, peat, well graded, poorly graded, silty, clayey, low plasticity, high plasticity, ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, OH, liquid limit

33. Tripartite soil classification chart

21

Keywords: percent, clay, sand, silt, particle size

34. British Standard Code of Practice for Soil Investigations (CP 2001) Keywords: soil description, consistence, density, structure, colour, particle size, geological formation

v

21

Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms 35. Rock description (CP 2001)

22

Keywords: colour, grain size, texture, structure, state of weathering, rock name, strength,

36. Darcy's law

22

Keywords: coefficient of permeability, hydraulic gradient, flow,

37. Permeameter for determination of laboratory permeability

23

Keywords: standpipe, Darcy´s law

38. Pumping test for determination of field permeability

23

Keywords: permeability, piezometer, infiltration test

39. Permeability of soils

24

Keywords: gravel, sand, silt clay, pumping test, permeability test, constant head, falling head, consolidation test, d10

40. Flow net determination

24

Keywords: flow line, equipotential line

41. Effective stress concept Keywords: effective stress, pore water pressure, total stress

42. Seepage pressure (negative pore water pressure)

25 25

Keywords: effective stress, seepage pressure, total stress

43. Seepage pressure (positive pore water pressure) Keywords: effective stress, seepage pressure, total stress, quick condition

44. Stress-strain relationship of soil

26 26

Keywords: stress, strain, secant modulus, ultimate stress

45. Hyperbolic stress-strain relationship

27

Keywords: stress, strain, hyperbolic curve

46. Modulus of elasticity

27

Keywords: stress-strain relationship, Poisson's ratio, modulus of elasticity

47. Shear modulus

28

Keywords: shear stress, shear modulus, shear deformation

48. Compression modulus

28

Keywords: coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest

49. Stability of footing on soil

29

Keywords: shear strength, failure surface, heave

50. Coulomb-Mohr failure criterion

29

Keywords: Coulomb-Mohr,Terzaghi-Hvorslev, angle of internal friction, attraction, cohesion, shear strength, normal stress

51. Mohr's stress circle

30

Keywords: shear stress, normal stress, failure surface, friction angle, cohesion

52. Effective stress concept Keywords: ambient stress, deviator stress, pore water pressure, pore pressure coefficient A, pore pressure coefficient B

53. Mohr's circle for clay soil

30

31

Keywords: shear stress, normal stress, compression stress

31

54. Stress path concept

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Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms Keywords: p-q curve

55. Stress path concept, Kf failure line

32

Keywords: cohesion, friction angle, p, q, Kf

56. Typical values of angle of internal friction of soils

32

Keywords: gravel, sand, silt, clay, relative density, angularity, gradation, particle size

57. Undrained shear strength of cohesive soils Keywords: c/p-ratio, effective stress, undrained shear strength, ground water level

58. c/p-ratio of clays

33 33

Keywords: normally consolidated clay, plasticity index

59. Correction factor for undrained shear strength Keywords: plasticity index, stability, clay, c/p ratio

60. Effective friction angle as function of plasticity index

34 34

Keywords: friction angle, plasticity index

61. Short term stability of an excavation Keywords: excavation, normally consolidated, overconsolidated, initial ground water level, shear strength

62. Long term stability of an excavation

35

35

Keywords: normally consolidated clay, overconsolidated clay, flow lines

63. Effective stress analysis

36

Keywords: sand, shear strength, drained test

64. Total stress analysis

36

Keywords: saturated soil, c-analysis,

65. Determination of shear strength

37

Keywords: sand, silt, short term, long term, saturated, non-saturated, c-analysis,

66. Laboratory tests for determination of shear strength of cohesive soils Keywords: direct shear test, triaxial test, unconfined compression test, fall cone test, vane test

67. Laboratory tests for determination of undrained shear strength

37

38

Keywords: direct shear test, triaxial test, unconfined compression test, fall cone test, laboratory vane test

68. Field tests for determination of undrained shear strength

38

Keywords: field vane test, pressuremeter test, cone penetration test, standard penetration test, weight sounding test

Chapter 3. Geotechnical field investigations 69. Geotechnical soil exploration methods

Page 41

Keywords: geophysical, sampling, penetrometer, plate load test, pressuremeter test, piezometer

70. Objectives of soil investigation

41

Keywords: stability, settlements sand, silt, clay, rock, ground water, safety factor, structure, construction

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Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms 71. Depth of investigation for structures

42

Keywords: footing, raft, pier

72. Site investigation

42

Keywords: map, site visit, authorities, contractor, topography, buried services, geological condition, previous use of site

73. Site investigation (cont.)

43

Keywords: climatic condition, material, hydrological condition

74. Planning of site investigation

43

Keywords: water main, pond, road, building

75. Seismic refraction method

44

Keywords: geophone, distance, travel time, time, detonation, chart

76. Surface investigation

44

Keywords: trial trench, trial pit, casing, ground water

77. Soil sampler

45

Keywords: slot sampler, rotation, sand, silt, peat

78. Soil sampler

45

Keywords: split spoon sampler, SPT, Shelby tube sampler

79. Swedish foil sampler

46

Keywords: steel foil, piston sampler, steel foil, casing, piston

80. Undisturbed samples

46

Keywords: piston, friction, gas, sample, friction, stress release, disturbance

81. Rock drilling

47

Keywords: double tube core barrel, diamonds, coring bit, outer tube, inner tube, ball bearing

82. Rock quality designation (RQD)

47

Keywords: description, RDQ, very poor, poor, fair, good excellent

83. Field vane test

48

Keywords: Sgi, undrained shear strength, casing, rod, sheath, vane, clay, measuring head, torque

84. Field vane test Keywords: Geotech, slip coupling, undrained shear strength, friction, torque,

85. Pore pressure probe

48 49

Keywords: piezocone, jacking, cable, clay, pore pressure, excess pore pressure, layer, undrained shear strength

86. Pressuremeter Keywords: guard cell, measuring cell, Menard, water, gas

87. Evaluation of Pressuremeter test

49

Keywords: cell pressure, volume, expansion of cell, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio, Pressuremeter modulus, limit pressure, shear modulus

88. Plate load test

50

Keywords: beam, anchor, plate, jack, dial indicators load, displacement, load

89. Screw plate test

50

Keywords: displacement, pressure, strength, sand, jack, field compressometer

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Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms 90. Evaluation of plate load test

51

Keywords: settlement, load, ultimate large plate, small plate, diameter

91. Plate load test, clay

51

Keywords: large plate, small plate, settlement

92. Total stress cell

52

Keywords: Glötzl cell, coefficient of lateral earth pressure, at rest, clay

93. Piezometer

52

Keywords: pore water pressure, crack, hydraulic fracturing, pressure, volume,

94. Triaxial test

53

Keywords: lateral earth pressure, water saturation

95. Coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest, sand, clay

53

Keywords: sand, clay, normally consolidated, plasticity index

96. Determination of ground water level

54

Keywords: pumping, well

54

Chapter 4. Bearing capacity of foundations 97. Bearing capacity of surface foundation

Page 57

Keywords: load, settlement, ultimate load

98. Failure mechanism of surface foundation

57

Keywords: general shear failure, local shear failure, punching, failure surface, compaction

99. Failure zones below surface foundation

58

Keywords: overburden pressure, active Rankine zone, Prandtle zone, Passive Rankine zone, cohesion, unit weight of soil

100. Determination of bearing capacity of surface foundation

58

Keywords: shape factor, bearing capacity factor, unit weight, inclination, base factor, ground factor, width, cohesion, friction angle

101. Bearing capacity factors

59

Keywords: angle of internal friction, N-factor, cohesion, weight, bearing capacity

102. Effective stress analysis of foundation on sand Keywords: drained triaxial test, shear strength, vertical load, horizontal surface, friction angle, width

103. Plain strain friction angle

59

60

Keywords: plain strain, triaxial test

104. Punching failure

60

Keywords: loose sand, loose silt, friction angle, cohesion

105. Bearing capacity of footing in sand

60

Keywords: effective overburden pressure, ground water, N-factor

106. Bearing capacity of footing in sand (layered soil)

61

Keywords: footing, soil layer, density, depth, width

61

107. Footing in excavation

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Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms Keywords: depth, boundary

108. Effect of hydraulic gradient on bearing capacity

62

Keywords: flow line, equipotential line

109. Effect of adjacent footing in slope

62

Keywords: failure surface, log spiral failure surface, slope

110. Log spiral

63

Keywords: friction angle

111. Bearing capacity of footing (log spiral)

63

Keywords: log spiral, shear strength

112. Effect of horizontal load on bearing capacity Keywords: vertical load, horizontal load, failure surface

113. Equivalent area of surface footing

64 64

Keywords: length, width, round, triangular, eccentricity

114. Total stress analysis of foundation in clay Keywords: undrained shear strength, vertical load, horizontal surface, bearing capacity

115. Effect of soil layer on bearing capacity of footing in clay

65 65

Keywords: vertical plane, horizontal plane, isotropic, circular failure surface, depth, width

116. Effect of overburden pressure on bearing capacity in clay

66

Keywords: total overburden pressure, allowable load, ultimate load, depth

117. Pressure distribution below footing in clay and sand

66

Keywords: ultimate bearing capacity, elastic theory, design load,

118. Pull out resistance of shallow footing

67

Keywords: depth, friction angle, shape factor, density, weight

119. Pull out resistance of footing at depth Keywords: shape factor, friction angle, depth, weight

120. Bearing capacity on rock

67 68

Keywords: unconfined compressive strength, steel point, pile, allowable load, ultimate load

Chapter 5. Foundation settlements 121. Settlements of foundations

Page 72

Keywords: cracks, tower of Pisa

122. Stress distribution below point load

72

Keywords: stress increase, Boussinesq, pressure bulb, equal stress increase

123. Stress below strip load

73

Keywords: distance, depth, diameter, stress increase, load

124. Influence chart

73

Keywords: Influence value, squares, load

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Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms 125. 2:1 - method

74

Keywords: surface load, stress distribution, width, depth

126. 2:1 - method at corner of footing

74

Keywords: depth, stress increase, loaded area, length, width

127. Settlement below footing

75

Keywords: clay, silt, sand, immediate settlement, primary settlement, secondary settlement, first loading, cyclic loading

128. Settlements in clay and silt

75

Keywords: normally consolidated, overconsolidated, primary settlement, secondary settlement, total settlement, modulus, pressuremeter, oedometer, elastic method, undrained shear strength

129. Settlements in sand

76

Keywords: first loading, cyclic loading, compression modulus, coefficient of subgrade reaction, SPT, CPT, WST, triaxial test, plate load test

130. Immediate settlements in clay

76

Keywords: theory of elasticity, correction factor for depth, Poisson's ratio, influence factor, modulus of elasticity

131. Correction factor for foundation depth

77

Keywords: Poisson's ratio, width, depth,

132. Determination of compression index

77

Keywords: void ratio, effective stress, compression index, liquid limit, stress increase

133. Determination of settlements from compression test Keywords: preconsolidation pressure, effective stress, corrected curve, applied pressure, void ratio, settlement, load scale

134. Principle of settlement calculation

78

78

Keywords: primary settlement, void ratio, water content

135. Settlement below footing

79

Keywords: effective stress, applied stress, ground water, void ratio

136. Determination of precosolidation pressure

79

Keywords: preconsolidation stress, effective stress, void ratio

137. Determination of coefficient of consolidation (logarithmic)

80

Keywords: consolidation curve, time, logarithmic, primary consolidation, secondary consolidation, coefficient of consolidation, dial reading

138. Coefficient of consolidation (square root)

80

Keywords: time, settlement, coefficient of consolidation

139. Secondary consolidation

81

Keywords: time, void ratio,

140. Effect of surface fill on stress distribution

81

Keywords: compression modulus, pore water pressure, total stress, effective stress, stress increase, time, ground water, fill, compression modulus, sand, clay, settlement

141. Estimate of modulus of elasticity in clay Keywords: clay, undrained shear strength, normally consolidated, overconsolidated

142. Soil modulus from cone penetration test (CPT) Keywords: sand, clay, Bowles

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82 82

Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms 143. Determination of modulus from plate load test

82

Keywords: settlement, elastic range, coefficient of subgrade reaction, load

144. Estimate of settlements below footing on sand

83

Keywords: pressure bulb, modulus of elasticity, sand, clay, load

145. Settlements of footing on clay

83

Keywords: width, settlement

146. Effect of plate diameter on bearing capacity of plate on sand

84

Keywords: width, settlements, sand

147. Estimate of modulus of elasticity from Standard penetration test (SPT)

84

Keywords: sand, clay, SPT, N-value

148. Estimate of modulus of elasticity from cone penetration test (CPT

85

Keywords: sand,

149. Estimate of modulus of elasticity in clay from Standard penetration test (SPT) and undrained shear strength

85

Keywords: clay, modulus of elasticity, N-value

150. Allowable footing pressure based on SPT N-values

86

Keywords: bearing capacity, settlements, blow count, N-value

151. Settlements of footing on sand from cone penetration test, CPT Keywords: footing, raft, allowable pressure, cone resistance

152. Allowable settlement below building

86 877

Keywords: crack, differential settlement, sewer line

153. Damage due to foundation settlements Keywords: clay, sand, ground water, flexural cracks, shear cracks, total settlements, differential settlements

154. Floating foundation

87

88

Keywords: compensated foundation, building weight, fill, settlement

155. Effect of ground water lowering from tunnel on building settlements

88

Keywords: ground water level, clay, sand, tunnel

156. Effect of trees on ground water near building

89

Keywords: settlements, distance to building, tree height

157. Differential settlements between adjacent buildings

89

Keywords: settlement, soft clay, crack

158. Negative skin friction due to ground water lowering Keywords: pile, cracks, settlements, ground water level

159. Swelling potential of soil below building

90 90

Keywords: heave, swelling potential, seasonal variation, ground water, sewer line, leaks, watering, plasticity index, liquid limit, shrinkage limit

160. Effect of pile installation on adjacent building

91

Keywords: clay, sand, pile, area of influence, heave, settlement

161. Allowable differential settlements below structure Keywords: rotation, differential settlements, USSR code, structure type, distance between footings

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91

Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms Chapter 6. Factors to consider in foundation design 162. Examples of foundation design

Page 94

Keywords: footings, raft, piles

163. Design considerations

94

Keywords: seasonal change, frost heave, change of ground water level, internal erosion, piping, adjacent excavation, soil creep, sink holes, vibrations, deterioration of concrete

164. Factor of safety of foundation

95

Keywords: increase of safety factor, time, ultimate pressure, minimum

165. Determination of factor of safety for different structures

95

Keywords: forces preventing failure, forces initiating failure, moment, dams, fill, retaining wall, sheet pile, braced excavation, footing, mat, raft, uplift, heave, piping

166. Factor of safety of slope Keywords: centre of rotation, length of failure surface, resisting moment, initiating moment, resisting force

167. Stability of slope in clay

96

96

Keywords: weight of soil, sliding, slip circle, undrained shear strength

168. Factor of safety of slope in clay

97

Keywords: weight of soil, slip circle,

169. Probability of failure

97

Keywords: coefficient of variation, mean value, standard deviation, load, strength

170. Load combinations

98

Keywords: dead loads, live load, wind load, earthquake load, load factor

171. Characteristic load

98

Keywords: load factor, partial factor of safety, shear strength, friction angle, cohesion,

172. Coefficient of variability

99

Keywords: loads, soil properties, analysis, construction, safety factor, reliability, low, very low, medium, high, very high

173. Factor of safety

99

Keywords: coefficient of variability, stability, settlement, stability safety, settlement factor, low, medium, high, very high

174. Minimum load factors and partial safety factors

100

Keywords: loads, soil strength, dead load, live load, static water pressure, environmental load, cohesion, friction,

175. Effect of adjacent structures

100

Keywords: stress increase, settlement, new, old, lateral earth pressure

176. Effect of excavation

100

Keywords: stability, excavation

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Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms

Chapter 7. Spread footing design 177. Spread footing Keywords: reinforcement, floor slab, soil reaction

178. Footing types

Page 102 102

Keywords: trapezoidal, column, strap, wall, combined, footing with moment

179. Design considerations Keywords: compression in concrete, pedestal, punching, cover, tension reinforcement, reinforcement

180. Critical section

103

103

Keywords: reinforcement, masonry, steel, base plate,

181. Critical section of footing

104

Keywords: shear force, shear stress,

182. Bond stress in footing

104

Keywords: bond stress, reinforcement

183. Eccentric force on footings

105

Keywords: eccentricity, footing, moment

184. Design of eccentrically loaded footing Keywords: allowable pressure, eccentricity, width,, moment

185. Eccentrically loaded footing

105 106

Keywords: stress, allowable pressure

186. Drainage of footings

106

Keywords: drain

Chapter 8. Special footings and beams on elastic foundations 187. Special footings and beams on elastic foundations

Page 108

Keywords: beam, strap, moment, eccentricity

188. Combined footing

108

Keywords: elevation, plan

189. Load distribution on footing

109

Keywords: concentrated load, moment distribution, shear stress distribution, pressure

190. Winkler foundation

109

Keywords: spring, elastic, soil reaction, coefficient of subgrade reaction, actual, load, deflection, settlement

191. Coefficient of subgrade reaction

110

Keywords: elastic spring, elastic range, settlement, unloading, load

192. Classical design solution

110

Keywords: deflection, moment, shear force

193. Elastic deflection of beam

111

Keywords: solutions, shear force, moment, slope, deflection

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Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms 194. Effect of foundation width on footing settlement

111

Keywords: solutions, clay, sand, deformation,

Chapter 9. Mat foundations

Page

195. Mat foundations

114

Keywords: examples, loads

196. Waffle structure

114

Keywords: ribs

197. Finite difference method

115

Keywords: computer programme, uncertainties, coefficient of subgrade reaction, modulus of elasticity,

198. Design of building foundation

115

Keywords: span, wall, strip, span length, exterior spans, interior spans

199. Grain elevator foundation

116

Keywords: clay, allowable pressure, factor of safety, total overburden pressure

200. Floating foundation

116

Keywords: building weight, soil weight, depth of excavation, story,

201. Floating building foundation

117

Keywords: excavation, net pressure

202. Differential settlements due to ground water lowering

117

Keywords: clay, ground water lowering

203. Stability of deep excavations

118

Keywords: heave, anchor, sheet pile

204. Effect of pile installation adjacent to excavation

118

Keywords: excavation, embankment piles

205. Support of excavation against heave

119

Keywords: fill

206. Anchor pile in excavation

119

Keywords: water-filled excavation

Chapter 10. Lateral earth pressure 207. Lateral earth pressure

Page 123

Keywords: retaining wall, sheet pile wall

208. Influence of displacement on lateral earth pressure Keywords: active earth pressure, passive earth pressure, lateral earth pressure at rest, away from fill, against fill

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123

Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms 209. Active earth pressure (Rankine)

124

Keywords: coefficient of active earth pressure, shear stress, normal pressure, depth of excavation, Mohr circle

210. Distribution of active earth pressure

124

Keywords: Rankine, Mohr circle, cohesion, depth

211. Active earth pressure (Coulomb)

125

Keywords: wedge

212. Influence of two point loads on soil pressure

125

Keywords: displacement, Boussinesq, rigid smooth wall

213. Stress distribution below surface load

126

Keywords: Influence value, 0.005, number of squares, Poisson's ratio

214. Effect of compaction on earth pressure

126

Keywords: bridge abutment, deep basement, lateral earth pressure

215. Effect of vibratory roller

127

Keywords: passive pressure, at rest pressure, active pressure, dynamic soil pressure

216. Distribution of soil pressure after compaction

127

Keywords: initial, compaction, stress increase, active at rest, passive at rest

217. Compaction of soil layers

128

Keywords: compactor, first layer, second layer, depth, passive at rest

218. Earth pressure distribution at rigid wall due to compaction

128

Keywords: depth, lateral earth pressure, increase, compaction, without compaction, rigid wall

219. Examples of retaining structures

129

Keywords: gravity wall, cantilever wall, counterfort wall

220. Crib wall

129

Keywords: stretcher, header, cells, soil

221. Gravity wall and Cantilever wall

130

Keywords: height

222. Failure modes

130

Keywords: mechanisms, bearing capacity, overturning, sliding, general failure, centre of rotation

223. Design of retaining structure for bearing capacity

131

Keywords: eccentric load, inclined load, design

224. Bearing capacity of retaining wall

131

Keywords: wall, inclined

225. Design of retaining wall for inclined load

132

Keywords: eccentricity

226. Inclined wall

132

Keywords: force

227. Overturning of retaining wall

133

Keywords: point of overturning, resisting moment, driving moment

228. Design of wall against sliding

133

Keywords: resisting force, driving force, sand, clay

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Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms 229. Shear keys in sliding wall

134

Keywords: shear key, alternative location

230. General stability of retaining wall

134

Keywords: driving moment, resisting moment, failure surface

231. Reinforcement in retaining wall

135

Keywords: moment, reinforcement

232. Location of reinforcement

135

Keywords: moment distribution

233. Tilting of retaining structure

136

Keywords: bridge abutment, design, actual pressure, yielding

234. Counterfort walls

136

Keywords: elevation

235. Drainage of wall

137

Keywords: drain, pore water pressure, slip surface

236. Drainage of retaining structure

137

Keywords: drain, slip surface, pore pressure distribution

237. Drainage of retaining structure

137

Keywords: failure surface, drainage layer, pore water pressure

238. Reinforced earth, type Vidal

138

Keywords: metal strip

239. Reinforce earth wall

138

Keywords: metal strip, spacing, star-shaped element, stress distribution, actual failure surface

240. Required length of earth reinforcement

139

Keywords: earth pressure, length, failure surface

241. Bearing capacity failure of retaining structure

139

Keywords: base failure

242. Fabric reinforced wall

140

Keywords: precast concrete element, fabric, soil

243. Fabric reinforced wall

140

Keywords: reinforcement

244. Examples of fabric reinforced wall

141

Keywords: failure surface, fabric

245. Design of fabric reinforced wall

141

Keywords: failure surface, length

Chapter 11. Soil retaining structures 246. Support systems

Page 146

Keywords: anchored wall, strutted wall, cantilever wall, sheet pile, strut, wale beam, ground anchor

xvii

Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms 247. Wood elements

146

Keywords: groove, spline, tongue, driving sequence

248. Concrete elements

147

Keywords: heavy, difficult, grouted, driving

249. Steel sheet piles

147

Keywords: light, difficult to drive

250. Sheet piles details

148

Keywords: anchor rod, lagging, wedge, wale beam, soldier beam

251. Details of wall construction

148

Keywords: poling boards, soldier beams (King post), strap, clip, welded studs, washers, soldier beam placed in predrilled borehole

252. Bored pile wall

149

Keywords: wale beam, ground anchor

253. Berliner wall

149

Keywords: soldier pile, precast element, ground anchor, shotcrete, rail, wire mesh

254. Factor of safety of retaining wall

150

Keywords: active earth pressure, passive earth pressure, factor of safety, water pressure, friction angle,

255. Cantilever sheet pile wall Keywords: flow line, equipotential line, water pressure, net water pressure

256. Earth pressure distribution of cantilever wall, friction soil

150 151

Keywords: uplift, dragdown, gradient, water pressure, Rankine

257. Earth pressure distribution of cantilever wall, cohesive soil

151

Keywords: undrained shear strength, cohesion, net pressure, active earth pressure, Rankine, actual, assumed, water pressure

258. Earth pressure distribution of cantilever wall, factor of safety

152

Keywords: clay, depth, factor of safety, cohesion, depth

259. Design of sheet pile walls

152

Keywords: wale beam, anchor rod, sheet pile

260. Failure mechanisms

153

Keywords: plastic hinge, rotation

261. Anchored sheet pile wall (Free earth support)

153

Keywords: center of rotation, surface load, resisting moment, driving moment, depth, earth pressure, net pressure, overburden pressure

262. Earth pressure distribution in cohesive soil with wall friction

154

Keywords: adhesion, wall friction, depth, cohesion, vertical pressure, surface load

263. Critical height of sheet pile wall in clay

154

Keywords: no wall friction, with wall friction, stability factor, unstable, stable, undrained shear strength,

264. Earth pressure distribution along sheet pile wall

155

Keywords: passive earth pressure, active earth pressure, sand, clay, surface pressure

265. Moment distribution in sheet pile wall Keywords: distributed load, moment, distributed load, shear distribution, surface load

xviii

155

Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms 266. Anchored or braced sheet pile wall

156

Keywords: flexible, stiff, assumed, deflection, earth pressure distribution, moment distribution, anchor

267. Moment reduction in sheet pile wall

156

Keywords: anchor, moment, reduced load

268. Deflection of sheet pile wall

157

Keywords: stiffness, height

269. Moment as function of sheet pile height

157

Keywords: dense sand, loose sand, moment

270. Anchor systems

158

Keywords: soil anchor, rock anchor, concrete slab, piles, short sheet pile, inclination

271. Anchor piles

158

Keywords: piles, pull out resistance

272. Design aspects of anchor plate

159

Keywords: anchor plate, passive earth pressure, anchor force, active earth pressure, passive earth pressure, critical failure surface, anchor depth

273. Critical depth of anchor plate in sand

159

Keywords: friction angle, depth, passive earth pressure

274. Critical depth of anchor plate in clay Keywords: undrained shear strength, critical depth

275. Pull out resistance of anchor plate in clay

160 160

Keywords: depth,

276. Settlement behind sheet pile wall

160

Keywords: anchor force, settlement, inclination

277. Strutted wall

161

Keywords: soil anchor, passive resistance, wedge, horizontal anchor

278. Anchored wall

161

Keywords: soil anchor, inclined anchor, failure wedge,

279. General stability of anchored wall

161

Keywords: failure surface, failure surface, factor of safety, active earth pressure, passive earth pressure

280. Load distribution between soil anchors

162

Keywords: Manfred Panel C1, Bergshamra Panel A, load, arching

281. Force redistribution in soil wedge

162

Keywords: failure surface

282. Braced excavations

163

Keywords: settlement, strut, wale beam

283. Earth pressure distributions (design) Keywords: earth pressure distribution, sand, soft clay, stiff fissured clay, depth, undrained shear strength, struts

284. Strut forces

163

164

Keywords: hinge

xix

Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms 285. Strut forces in adjacent excavations

164

Keywords: tensile crack, first strut, second strut, undrained shear strength, failure surface

286. Water flow into excavation in sand

164

Keywords: flow line, ground water, quick condition, critical gradient, depth of excavation

287. Bottom heave in excavation

165

Keywords: sand, clay, adhesion, ground water, struts critical depth

288. Bottom heave in excavation in clay

165

Keywords: stability factor, struts, depth, width

289. Bottom heave in excavation in clay, effect of wall adhesion Keywords: stability factor, adhesion

290. Settlement adjacent to strutted excavation

166 166

Keywords: struts, settlements, ground water level, base heave, stability, lateral displacement, workmanship

291. Estimate of settlement adjacent to excavation

167

Keywords: ground loss, distance, maximum depth of excavation, sand, clay, settlement, very soft clay, stability factor, A, B, C

292. Bored pile wall with soil anchors

167

Keywords: shotcrete, soil anchor, soft clay, undrained shear strength, bored pile, ground anchor

293. Slurry walls or diaphragm walls

168

Keywords: wall panel, ground anchor

294. Slurry wall construction

168

Keywords: grab, bentonite slurry, reinforcement cage, steel tube, excavation, placement of steel tube, placement of reinforcement, concreting

295. Stability of slots

169

Keywords: soil wedge

296. Bentonite slurry

169

Keywords: oil well drilling, soil borings, bentonite clay, montmorillonite, barite, barium sulphate, slurry density

297. Stability of slurry excavation

170

Keywords: ground beams, bentonite slurry, filter skin, density of slurry, failure wedge

298. Maximum depth of slurry excavation

170

Keywords: layer of stones or gravel, viscosity, tixotrophy, filter skin, undrained shear strength, active earth pressure, ground water level

299. Concreting of slurry excavation Keywords: soft clay, critical depth, undrained shear strength, density, tremmie pipe

300. Deformation of concrete wall

171 171

Keywords: active earth pressure, at rest pressure, Winkler foundation, load redistribution, deformation, soil anchor

xx

Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms Chapter 12. Pile foundations - Single piles 301. Piles Keywords: pile cap, piles, soft clay, sand, raker pile, batter pile

302. Vibrations

Page 177 177

Keywords: tanks, silos, chimneys, machine foundations, sand, ground water

303. Examples of pile foundations

178

Keywords: compaction piles, raked piles, damping of piles, small damping, vibrations

304. Stability of bridge abutment

178

Keywords: soft clay, fill, bridge abutment

305. Embankment piles

179

Keywords: soft clay, raked piles, bridge abutment, fill

306. Anchor piles for dry docks, subway stations

179

Keywords: ground water, up-lift force, anchor piles

307. Offshore structures on piles

180

Keywords: cyclic loading, scour, compression, steel pipe piles, tension force

308. Stabilisation of slope by piles

180

Keywords: slope stability, large diameter pile, steel pipe pile, failure surface

309. Design of embankment piles

181

Keywords: failure surface, clay, precast piles,

310. Anchor piles in swelling soil

181

Keywords: seasonal changes, swelling clay, montmorillonite, high liquid limit, high plasticity index, building

311. Examples of pile types

182

Keywords: driven piles, bored piles, jacked-down piles, screw piles, hydraulic jack

312. Piles foundations Keywords: concrete pile, steel pile, timber, H pile

313. Pile types

182 183

Keywords: large displacement piles, small displacement piles, non-displacement piles, bored piles, precast piles, pipe piles, cased, uncased

314. Loading conditions of piles

183

Keywords: compression, lateral load, tension

315. Load transfer to piles

184

Keywords: friction or floating piles, end bearing piles, clay, sand, rock

316. Timber piles

184

Keywords: advantages, difficulties, limit bearing capacity, soft clay, tip, shaft, ground water, butt

317. Pile splices

185

Keywords: steel sleeve, steel strap

318. Splices and rock points

185

Keywords: rock point,

319. Precast concrete piles

186

Keywords: point, concrete, reinforcement. pile diameter

xxi

Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms 320. Lifting of piles

186

Keywords: pile length, lifting hooks, moment

321. Prestressed concrete piles

187

Keywords: height strength concrete, brittle, reduced cracking, reduced ductility

322. Concrete strength (CP 2004)

187

Keywords: cube strength, hard driving, normal to easy driving, high capacity, reduced weight, easy driving

323. Installation of jacked-down piles

188

Keywords: pump, manometer, steel insert, hydraulic jack, pile segment

324. Bored piles

188

Keywords: auger, reinforcement, tremmie pipe, concreting

325. Examples of bored piles

189

Keywords: bored piles, drilling of shaft, drilling of bell, concrete, stiff clay, reinforcement

326. Bored piles with bell

189

Keywords: bells

327. Cast-in-place piles

190

Keywords: casing, driving, casing filled with water, casing filled with concrete, reinforcement

328. Necking during casting of pile shaft in soft clay Keywords: casing, soft clay, sand or silt, ground water

329. Slurry trench wall construction

190 191

Keywords: ground water, surface casing, bentonite slurry, chisel, pouring of concrete, lowering of reinforcement element

330. Shapes of slurry trench pile elements

191

Keywords: size

331. Raymond step tapered pile

192

Keywords: steel shell, steel cone, light bulb, reinforcement cage, casting of concrete

332. Franki pile

192

Keywords: concrete plug, bulb, internal hammer, prefabricated shaft, light casing

333. Steel H-pile Keywords: easy to drive, easy to cut, corrosion, expensive, splicing, soil plug, driving shoe, steel plate

334. Steel pipe piles

193

193

Keywords: diameter, closed or open ended, soil plug, diameter

335. Corrosion

194

Keywords: steel piles, concrete piles, National Bureau of Standards, splices, reinforcement, salt water

336. Settlement around during driving in sand

194

Keywords: settlement, diameter, compaction within this zone

337. Effect of pile driving in clay

195

Keywords: soft clay, heave, volume, soft clay, remoulded zone, pore water pressure, undrained shear strength

338. Redriving of piles in clay

195

Keywords: risen piles, redriving, heave, soft clay, separation of splice

xxii

Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms 339. Load distribution along pile

196

Keywords: sand, clay, point resistance, shaft resistance

340. Pile load as function of pile displacement

197

Keywords: load, displacement, soft clay, stiff clay, sand, cast in place pile, driven pile, with bell

341. Load deformation relationship of piles

197

Keywords: pile load, displacement, point resistance, skin resistance

342. Direction of pile loading

198

Keywords: compression, tension, weight of pile, factor of safety, allowable load, point resistance, shaft resistance

343. Determination of bearing capacity at pile point Keywords: end bearing, undrained shear strength, bearing capacity factor

344. Pile bearing capacity according to Meyerhof

198 199

Keywords: friction angle, bearing capacity factor

345. Bearing capacity factor of piles Keywords: Terzaghi, Berezantsev, Meyerhof, Vesic, Brinch Hansen, de Beer, friction angle

346. Failure mechanism at pile point

199

200

Keywords: point resistance, rigidity index, failure surface, compressibility, rigidity index

347. Comparison of cone resistance and pile point resistance

200

Keywords: area of pile, sand

348. Comparison of SPTN-value and pile point resistance

201

Keywords: SPT, sand, pile diameter

349. Lateral pressure against pile shaft

202

Keywords: bored pile, small displacement pile, large displacement pile, straight shaft, tapered shaft, lateral earth pressure

350. Determination of pile capacity in sand

202

Keywords: loose, dense, coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest, small, Vesic, displacement pile, non-displacement pile, tapered pile

351. Pile shaft capacity in sand

203

Keywords: pile type, sand, critical depth,

352. Lateral pressure against pile shaft

203

Keywords: Mansur & Hunter, Tavenas, Ireland, lateral earth pressure

353. Critical depth of pile shaft resistance

204

Keywords: friction angle, bearing capacity value, diameter, length

354. Estimate of pile capacity based on Weight sounding test (WST)

204

Keywords: half-turns, timber piles, concrete piles, Norwegian Pile Commission, skin area

355. Failure surface at pile point in clay

205

Keywords: failure surface, diameter, area of pile

356. Skin friction resistance along pile shaft Keywords: cone penetration test, friction sleeve small displacement pile, large displacement pile

xxiii

205

Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms 357. Bearing capacity of piles in clay

206

Keywords: normally consolidated clay, overconsolidated clay, undrained shear strength, reduction , ground surface

358. Lambda-method

207

Keywords: offshore structures, depth, mean value, skin resistance

359. Estimate of pile skin resistance in clay

208

Keywords: effective overburden pressure, Flaate, Selnes, undrained shear strength

360. Load transfer from pile to soil as function of pile displacement

209

Keywords: t-z curves, q-y curve, driven pile, bored pile

361. Negative skin friction along piles

209

Keywords: lowering of ground water level, driven pile, bored pile

362. Failure modes of horizontally loaded piles

210

Keywords: soil failure, pile failure, failure mechanism

363. Lateral pile resistance in sand

210

Keywords: sand, horizontal load, force

364. Lateral pile resistance in clay (rotational mode)

211

Keywords: undrained shear strength, heave, passive earth pressure, lateral force, diameter, depth

365. Lateral pile resistance in clay (pile failure mode) Keywords: undrained shear strength, diameter, yield, moment, lateral force

Chapter 13. Single piles - Dynamic analysis 366. Pile driving equipment

211

Page 214

Keywords: drop hammer, diesel hammer, vibratory hammer, steam hammer, single acting, double acting

367. Dynamic pile test

214

Keywords: hammer, helmet, cap block, cushion, pile, stress wave, depth, steel, concrete, wood

368. Stress wave analysis, rigid base

215

Keywords: particle velocity, wave velocity, impedance, rebound of hammer

369. Stress wave analysis, soft base Keywords: particle velocity, length, impedance

370. Detection of pile defect by dynamic test

215 216

Keywords: hammer velocity, particle velocity, wave velocity, force, accelerometer, impedance, warning, strain gauge, time, wave length, fracture

371. Determination of dynamic pile bearing capacity

216

Keywords: hammer, force, displacement, elastic compression, drop height,

372. Pile driving formulae (definition)

217

Keywords: mass of hammer, penetration resistance, effective height of fall, mass of pile, coefficient of restitution elastic compression, soil, cushion, dynamic pile capacity

xxiv

Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms 373. Pile driving formulae

217

Keywords: Hiley, Kreuger, Janbu, elastic compression, cushion, pile, soil, load distribution factor, dynamic pile capacity

374. Elastic compression of pile

218

Keywords: cushion, pen, set, pile, hammer

375. Static pile load test

218

Keywords: applied load, displacement, point bearing pile, elastic compression, pile shaft, friction pile, sand, clay

376. Definition of pile failure load

219

Keywords: settlement, applied load, range, pile diameter

377. Types of pile loading tests Keywords: maintained load, constant rate of penetration (CRP)

Chapter 14. Pile foundations - Pile Groups 378. Pile group in clay

219

Page 223

Keywords: elevation, plan, perimeter, plan, undrained shear strength

379. Examples of pile groups

224

Keywords: single footings, foundation walls, friction pile, end-bearing pile, footing

380. Efficiency of pile group in clay

224

Keywords: pile spacing, efficiency, optimum spacing, Sowers, length, model test, clay, Bentonite, calculated, measured

381. Settlement of pile group in clay

225

Keywords: pile group, clay, 2:1 distribution, pile length

382. Efficiency of pile group (model tests)

225

Keywords: pile load , applied load, Whitaker, ultimate load of pile group, center pile, corner pile, model test

383. Efficiency of pile group in sand (model test)

226

Keywords: efficiency, width, length, model test, fine sand, row, group, pile spacing

384. Pile groups in sand (model tests) Keywords: load, displacement, pile group, Kezdi, diameter, spacing, fine sand

385. Load distribution in pile group

226 227

Keywords: pile group, ultimate strength, compression, tension, center or rotation

386. Eccentric loading in pile group (example) Keywords: assumed centre of rotation, imaginary pile, rows

387. Eccentric loading in pile group (example cont.)

228 228

Keywords: assumed centre of rotation, imaginary pile, rows

388. Load distribution below piled foundation Keywords: pressure bulb, raft, piled raft, width, san

389. Stress increase below pile group

229 229

Keywords: single pile, pile group, stress distribution

xxv

Foundation Engineering – Bengt Broms 390. Settlements below pile group in sand

230

Keywords: applied load, single pile, loaded pile, sand

391. Settlement of pile group

230

Keywords: side of pile group, Skempton, single pile, pile group, width

392. Load distribution below pile group in sand

231

Keywords: single pile, pile group, settlement, width, Berezantsev, friction angle

393. Negative skin friction along pile shaft in clay

231

Keywords: fill, clay, neutral point, ground water level, lowering

394. Effect of negative skin friction on piles in clay

232

Keywords: point bearing piles, floating piles, crushing, settlements

395. Protection piles for reduction of negative skin friction

232

Keywords: protection piles

396. Heave caused by pile driving

233

Keywords: clay, surface heave

397. Settlements caused by pile driving in sand

233

Keywords: settlements, cone

398. Settlements caused by pile driving in excavation

234

Keywords: clay, sand, sheet pile wall, vibrations, soil anchor

399. Effect on point resistance by pile driving Keywords: sand, pile length, vibrations, adjacent pile

400. Order of pile driving

234 235

Keywords: settlements, damage to building, vibrations

401. Differential settlements below building due to pile driving in sand Keywords: sand, traffic, cracking, piles, driving

xxvi

235

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Cap.1 Aspects of Foundation Engineering

Chapter 1. Aspects of foundation engineering

Page

1. Foundations of buildings and structures

2

2. Effects of underground installations on foundations

2

3. Soil deposit

3

4. Interactions between buildings

3

5. Requirements of a foundation

4

6. Development of geotechnical analysis

4

7. Soil investigation methods

5

8. Bearing capacity of footing

5

9. Pressure bulb below footing

6

10. Settlements caused by lowering of ground water level

6

11. Differential settlement below structure

7

12. Mat foundation

7

13. Lateral earth pressure

8

14. Design of retaining walls

8

15. Anchored sheet pile walls

9

16. Braced excavations

9

17. Reinforced earth

10

18. Pile foundations

10

19. Ultimate bearing capacity of piles

11

20. Pile groups

11

1

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Cap.1 Aspects of Foundation Engineering

Chapter 1. Aspects of foundation engineering 1. Foundations of buildings and structures Keywords: pile, raft, footing

Foundations of buildings and structures

2. Effects of underground installations on foundations Keywords: tunnel, ground water, water main, sewer line

2

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Cap.1 Aspects of Foundation Engineering 3. Soil deposit Keywords: clay, sand, rock, ground water

4. Interactions between buildings Keywords: settlement, clay, shale, tunnel, sewer line

3

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Cap.1 Aspects of Foundation Engineering

5. Requirements of a foundation Keywords: economy, safety, settlement, seasonal changes, construction problem, environment,

6. Development of geotechnical analysis Keywords: empirical, theoretical, semi-empirical, computers

4

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Cap.1 Aspects of Foundation Engineering 7. Soil investigation methods Keywords: seismic, boring, penetration test, test pit, pressure meter test, plate load test, CPT, SPT, WST, geophone

8. Bearing capacity of footing Keywords: heave, flow line, equipotential line, settlement, failure surface, flow net, heave

5

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Cap.1 Aspects of Foundation Engineering 9. Pressure bulb below footing Keywords: settlement, stress increase, compressibility

10. Settlements caused by lowering of ground water level Keywords: sand, clay, leaking sewer line, piezometer, ground water

6

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Cap.1 Aspects of Foundation Engineering 11. Differential settlement below structure Keywords: differential settlement, cracks

12. Mat foundation Keywords: elastic springs

7

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Cap.1 Aspects of Foundation Engineering 13. Lateral earth pressure Keywords: active earth pressure

14. Design of retaining walls Keywords: retaining wall

8

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Cap.1 Aspects of Foundation Engineering 15. Anchored sheet pile walls Keywords: sheet pile, anchor, vertical component

16. Braced excavations Keywords: strut, lateral earth pressure, sheet pile, bottom heave

9

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Cap.1 Aspects of Foundation Engineering 17. Reinforced earth Keywords: concrete element, steel strip, aluminium strip

18. Pile foundations Keywords: concrete pile, steel pile, timber pile

10

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Cap.1 Aspects of Foundation Engineering 19. Ultimate bearing capacity of piles Keywords: point resistance, skin resistance, ultimate resistance

20. Pile groups Keywords: bridge abutment, fill, soft clay, negative skin friction

11

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Cap.1 Aspects of Foundation Engineering

12

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics

Chapter 2. Soil mechanics

Page

21. Concepts in foundation engineering

15

22. Description of soil properties

15

23. Definition of geotechnical terms

16

24. Determination of grain size distribution

16

25. Plasticity of soils

17

26. Plasticity chart

17

27. Distinction between clay and silt

18

28. Structure of clay

18

29. Standard Proctor compaction test

19

30. Proctors compaction tests

19

31. Compaction curves

20

32. Unified soil classification system

20

33. Tripartite soil classification chart

21

34. British Standard Code of Practice for Soil Investigations (CP 2001)

21

35. Rock description (CP 2001)

22

36. Darcy's law

22

37. Permeameter for determination of laboratory permeability

23

38. Pumping test for determination of field permeability

23

39. Permeability of soils

24

40. Flow net determination

24

41. Effective stress concept

25

42. Seepage pressure (negative pore water pressure)

25

43. Seepage pressure (positive pore water pressure)

26

44. Stress-strain relationship of soil

26

45. Hyperbolic stress-strain relationship

27

46. Modulus of elasticity

27

47. Shear modulus

28

48. Compression modulus

28

49. Stability of footing on soil

29

50. Coulomb-Mohr failure criterion

29

13

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics 51. Mohr's stress circle

30

52. Effective stress concept

30

53. Mohr's circle for clay soil

31

54. Stress path concept

31

55. Stress path concept, Kf failure line

32

56. Typical values of angle of internal friction of soils

32

57. Undrained shear strength of cohesive soils

33

58. c/p-ratio of clays

33

59. Correction factor for undrained shear strength

34

60. Effective friction angle as function of plasticity index

34

61. Short term stability of an excavation

35

62. Long term stability of an excavation

35

63. Effective stress analysis

36

64. Total stress analysis

36

65. Determination of shear strength

37

66. Laboratory tests for determination of shear strength of cohesive soils

37

67. Laboratory tests for determination of undrained shear strength

38

68. Field tests for determination of undrained shear strength

38

14

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics

Chapter 2. Soil mechanics 21. Concepts in foundation engineering Keywords: soil mechanics, engineering geology, foundation engineering, theory, experience

22. Description of soil properties Keywords: index properties, soil classification, stress condition, permeability, deformation property, shear strength

15

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics

23. Definition of geotechnical terms Keywords: void ratio, porosity, water content, unit weight, dry unit weight, unit weight of solid, specific gravity, degree of saturation, gas, water, solid

24. Determination of grain size distribution Keywords: grain size, percent finer, hydrometer analysis, sieve analysis, sand, effective, grain size, coefficient of uniformity, well graded, uniformly graded, poorly sorted, poorly graded, clay, silt, sand, gravel

16

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics

25. Plasticity of soils Keywords: plasticity index, shrinkage limit, plastic limit, liquid limit, water content

26. Plasticity chart Keywords: liquid limit, low plasticity, medium plasticity, high plasticity, A-line, clay, silt, plasticity index

17

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics 27. Distinction between clay and silt Keywords: plasticity, settlement rate, dilatancy, dry strength, settlements, suspension

28. Structure of clay Keywords: dispersed, flocculated, positive charge, negative charge

18

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics

29. Standard Proctor compaction test Keywords: dry unit weight, dry density, maximum dry density, saturated, optimum water content, water content

30. Proctors compaction tests Keywords: standard Proctor test, modified Proctor test, blows, layer

19

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics 31. Compaction curves Keywords: clay, silt, sand, till, standard, modified, water content, dry density

32. Unified soil classification system Keywords: gravel, sand, silt, clay, organic, peat, well graded, poorly graded, silty, clayey, low plasticity, high plasticity, ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, OH, liquid limit

20

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics 33. Tripartite soil classification chart Keywords: percent, clay, sand, silt, particle size

34. British Standard Code of Practice for Soil Investigations (CP 2001) Keywords: soil description, consistence, density, structure, colour, particle size, geological formation

21

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics 35. Rock description (CP 2001) Keywords: colour, grain size, texture, structure, state of weathering, rock name, strength,

36. Darcy's law Keywords: coefficient of permeability, hydraulic gradient, flow,

22

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics 37. Permeameter for determination of laboratory permeability Keywords: standpipe, Darcy’s law

38. Pumping test for determination of field permeability Keywords: permeability, piezometer, infiltration test

23

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics 39. Permeability of soils Keywords: gravel, sand, silt clay, pumping test, permeability test, constant head, falling head, consolidation test, d10

40. Flow net determination Keywords: flow line, equipotential line

24

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics 41. Effective stress concept Keywords: effective stress, pore water pressure, total stress

42. Seepage pressure (negative pore water pressure) Keywords: effective stress, seepage pressure, total stress

25

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics 43. Seepage pressure (positive pore water pressure) Keywords: effective stress, seepage pressure, total stress, quick condition

44. Stress-strain relationship of soil Keywords: stress, strain, secant modulus, ultimate stress

26

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics 45. Hyperbolic stress-strain relationship Keywords: stress, strain, hyperbolic curve

46. Modulus of elasticity Keywords: stress-strain relationship, Poisson's ratio, modulus of elasticity

27

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics 47. Shear modulus Keywords: shear stress, shear modulus, shear deformation

48. Compression modulus Keywords: coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest

28

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics 49. Stability of footing on soil Keywords: shear strength, failure surface, heave

50. Coulomb-Mohr failure criterion Keywords: Coulomb-Mohr, Terzaghi-Hvorslev, angle of internal friction, attraction, cohesion, shear strength, normal stress

29

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics 51. Mohr's stress circle Keywords: shear stress, normal stress, failure surface, friction angle, cohesion

52. Effective stress concept Keywords: ambient stress, deviator stress, pore water pressure, pore pressure coefficient A, pore pressure coefficient B

30

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics 53. Mohr's circle for clay soil Keywords: shear stress, normal stress, compression stress

54. Stress path concept Keywords: p-q curve

31

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics 55. Stress path concept, Kf failure line Keywords: cohesion, friction angle, p, q, Kf

56. Typical values of angle of internal friction of soils Keywords: gravel, sand, silt, clay, relative density, angularity, gradation, particle size

32

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics 57. Undrained shear strength of cohesive soils Keywords: c/p-ratio, effective stress, undrained shear strength, ground water level

58. c/p-ratio of clays Keywords: normally consolidated clay, plasticity index

33

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics 59. Correction factor for undrained shear strength Keywords: plasticity index, stability, clay, c/p ratio

60. Effective friction angle as function of plasticity index Keywords: friction angle, plasticity index

34

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics 61. Short term stability of an excavation Keywords: excavation, normally consolidated, overconsolidated, initial ground water level, shear strength

62. Long term stability of an excavation Keywords: normally consolidated clay, overconsolidated clay, flow lines

35

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics 63. Effective stress analysis Keywords: sand, shear strength, drained test

64. Total stress analysis Keywords: saturated soil, c-analysis,

36

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics 65. Determination of shear strength Keywords: sand, silt, short term, long term, saturated, non-saturated, c-analysis,

66. Laboratory tests for determination of shear strength of cohesive soils Keywords: direct shear test, triaxial test, unconfined compression test, fall cone test, vane test

37

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 2 – Soil Mechanics 67. Laboratory tests for determination of undrained shear strength Keywords: direct shear test, triaxial test, unconfined compression test, fall cone test, laboratory vane test

68. Field tests for determination of undrained shear strength Keywords: field vane test, pressuremeter test, cone penetration test, standard penetration test, weight sounding test

38

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations

Chapter 3. Geotechnical field investigations 69. Geotechnical soil exploration methods Keywords: geophysical, sampling, penetrometer, plate load test, pressuremeter test, piezometer

70. Objectives of soil investigation

Page 41

41

Keywords: stability, settlements sand, silt, clay, rock, ground water, safety factor, structure, construction

71. Depth of investigation for structures

42

Keywords: footing, raft, pier

72. Site investigation

42

Keywords: map, site visit, authorities, contractor, topography, buried services, geological condition, previous use of site

73. Site investigation (cont.) Keywords: climatic condition, material, hydrological condition

74. Planning of site investigation

43 43

Keywords: water main, pond, road, building

75. Seismic refraction method

44

Keywords: geophone, distance, travel time, time, detonation, chart

76. Surface investigation

44

Keywords: trial trench, trial pit, casing, ground water

77. Soil sampler

45

Keywords: slot sampler, rotation, sand, silt, peat

78. Soil sampler

45

Keywords: split spoon sampler, SPT, Shelby tube sampler

79. Swedish foil sampler

46

Keywords: steel foil, piston sampler, steel foil, casing, piston

80. Undisturbed samples

46

Keywords: piston, friction, gas, sample, friction, stress release, disturbance

81. Rock drilling

47

Keywords: double tube core barrel, diamonds, coring bit, outer tube, inner tube, ball bearing

82. Rock quality designation (RQD) Keywords: description, RDQ, very poor, poor, fair, good excellent

83. Field vane test

47 48

Keywords: Sgi, undrained shear strength, casing, rod, sheath, vane, clay, measuring head, torque

84. Field vane test

48

Keywords: Geotech, slip coupling, undrained shear strength, friction, torque,

85. Pore pressure probe

49

Keywords: piezocone, jacking, cable, clay, pore pressure, excess pore pressure, layer, undrained shear strength

39

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations 86. Pressuremeter

49

Keywords: guard cell, measuring cell, Menard, water, gas51

87. Evaluation of Pressuremeter test

50

Keywords: cell pressure, volume, expansion of cell, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio, Pressuremeter modulus, limit pressure, shear modulus

88. Plate load test

50

Keywords: beam, anchor, plate, jack, dial indicators load, displacement, load

89. Screw plate test

51

Keywords: displacement, pressure, strength, sand, jack, field compressometer

90. Evaluation of plate load test

51

Keywords: settlement, load, ultimate large plate, small plate, diameter

91. Plate load test, clay

52

Keywords: large plate, small plate, settlement

92. Total stress cell

52

Keywords: Glötzl cell, coefficient of lateral earth pressure, at rest, clay

93. Piezometer

53

Keywords: pore water pressure, crack, hydraulic fracturing, pressure, volume,

94. Triaxial test

53

Keywords: lateral earth pressure, water saturation

95. Coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest, sand, clay

54

Keywords: sand, clay, normally consolidated, plasticity index

96. Determination of ground water level

54

Keywords: pumping, well

40

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations

Chapter 3. Geotechnical field investigations 69. Geotechnical soil exploration methods Keywords: geophysical, sampling, penetrometer, plate load test, pressuremeter test, piezometer

70. Objectives of soil investigation Keywords: stability, settlements sand, silt, clay, rock, ground water, safety factor, structure, construction

41

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations 71. Depth of investigation for structures Keywords: footing, raft, píer

72. Site investigation Keywords: map, site visit, authorities, contractor, topography, buried services, geological condition, previous use of site

42

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations 73. Site investigation (cont.) Keywords: climatic condition, material, hydrological condition

74. Planning of site investigation Keywords: water main, pond, road, building

43

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations 75. Seismic refraction method Keywords: geophone, distance, travel time, time, detonation, chart

76. Surface investigation Keywords: trial trench, trial pit, casing, ground water

44

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations 77. Soil sampler Keywords: slot sampler, rotation, sand, silt, peat

78. Soil sampler Keywords: split spoon sampler, SPT, Shelby tube sampler

45

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations 79. Swedish foil sampler Keywords: steel foil, piston sampler, steel foil, casing, piston

80. Undisturbed samples Keywords: piston, friction, gas, sample, friction, stress release, disturbance

46

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations 81. Rock drilling Keywords: double tube core barrel, diamonds, coring bit, outer tube, inner tube, ball bearing

82. Rock quality designation (RQD) Keywords: description, RDQ, very poor, poor, fair, good excellent

47

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations 83. Field vane test Keywords: Sgi, undrained shear strength, casing, rod, sheath, vane, clay, measuring head, torque

84. Field vane test Keywords: Geotech, slip coupling, undrained shear strength, friction, torque,

48

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations 85. Pore pressure probe Keywords: piezocone, jacking, cable, clay, pore pressure, excess pore pressure, layer, undrained shear strength

86. Pressuremeter Keywords: guard cell, measuring cell, Menard, water, gás

49

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations 87. Evaluation of Pressuremeter test Keywords: cell pressure, volume, expansion of cell, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio, Pressuremeter modulus, limit pressure, shear modulus

88. Plate load test Keywords: beam, anchor, plate, jack, dial indicators load, displacement, load

50

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations 89. Screw plate test Keywords: displacement, pressure, strength, sand, jack, field compressometer

90. Evaluation of plate load test Keywords: settlement, load, ultimate large plate, small plate, diameter

51

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations 91. Plate load test, clay Keywords: large plate, small plate, settlement

92. Total stress cell Keywords: Glötzl cell, coefficient of lateral earth pressure, at rest, clay

52

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations 93. Piezometer Keywords: pore water pressure, crack, hydraulic fracturing, pressure, volume,

94. Triaxial test Keywords: lateral earth pressure, water saturation

53

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 3 – Geotechnical Field Investigations 95. Coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest, sand, clay Keywords: sand, clay, normally consolidated, plasticity index

96. Determination of ground water level Keywords: pumping, well

54

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations

Chapter 4. Bearing capacity of foundations 97. Bearing capacity of surface foundation Keywords: load, settlement, ultimate load

98. Failure mechanism of surface foundation

Pages 57 57

Keywords: general shear failure, local shear failure, punching, failure surface, compaction

99. Failure zones below surface foundation

58

Keywords: overburden pressure, active Rankine zone, Prandtl zone, Passive Rankine zone, cohesion, unit weight of soil

100. Determination of bearing capacity of surface foundation

58

Keywords: shape factor, bearing capacity factor, unit weight, inclination, base factor, ground factor, width, cohesion, friction angle

101. Bearing capacity factors Keywords: angle of internal friction, N-factor, cohesion, weight, bearing capacity

102. Effective stress analysis of foundation on sand

59 59

Keywords: drained triaxial test, shear strength, vertical load, horizontal surface, friction angle, width

103. Plain strain friction angle

60

Keywords: plain strain, triaxial test

104. Punching failure

60

Keywords: loose sand, loose silt, friction angle, cohesion

105. Bearing capacity of footing in sand

60

Keywords: effective overburden pressure, ground water, N-factor

106. Bearing capacity of footing in sand (layered soil)

61

Keywords: footing, soil layer, density, depth, width

107. Footing in excavation

61

Keywords: depth, boundary

108. Effect of hydraulic gradient on bearing capacity Keywords: flow line, equipotential line

109. Effect of adjacent footing in slope

62 62

Keywords: failure surface, log spiral failure surface, slope

110. Log spiral

63

Keywords: friction angle

111. Bearing capacity of footing (log spiral)

63

Keywords: log spiral, shear strength

112. Effect of horizontal load on bearing capacity

64

Keywords: vertical load, horizontal load, failure surface

113. Equivalent area of surface footing

64

Keywords: length, width, round, triangular, eccentricity

114. Total stress analysis of foundation in clay Keywords: undrained shear strength, vertical load, horizontal surface, bearing capacity

55

65

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations 115. Effect of soil layer on bearing capacity of footing in clay

65

Keywords: vertical plane, horizontal plane, isotropic, circular failure surface, depth, width

116. Effect of overburden pressure on bearing capacity in clay

66

Keywords: total overburden pressure, allowable load, ultimate load, depth

117. Pressure distribution below footing in clay and sand

66

Keywords: ultimate bearing capacity, elastic theory, design load,

118. Pull out resistance of shallow footing

67

Keywords: depth, friction angle, shape factor, density, weight

119. Pull out resistance of footing at depth

67

Keywords: shape factor, friction angle, depth, weight

120. Bearing capacity on rock

68

Keywords: unconfined compressive strength, steel point, pile, allowable load, ultimate load

56

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations

Chapter 4. Bearing capacity of foundations 97. Bearing capacity of surface foundation Keywords: load, settlement, ultimate load

98. Failure mechanism of surface foundation Keywords: general shear failure, local shear failure, punching, failure surface, compaction

57

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations 99. Failure zones below surface foundation Keywords: overburden pressure, active Rankine zone, Prandtl zone, Passive Rankine zone, cohesion, unit weight of soil

100. Determination of bearing capacity of surface foundation Keywords: shape factor, bearing capacity factor, unit weight, inclination, base factor, ground factor, width, cohesion, friction angle

58

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations 101. Bearing capacity factors Keywords: angle of internal friction, N-factor, cohesion, weight, bearing capacity

102. Effective stress analysis of foundation on sand Keywords: drained triaxial test, shear strength, vertical load, horizontal surface, friction angle, width

59

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations 103. Plain strain friction angle Keywords: plain strain, triaxial test

104. Punching failure Keywords: loose sand, loose silt, friction angle, cohesion

105. Bearing capacity of footing in sand Keywords: effective overburden pressure, ground water, N-factor

60

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations 106. Bearing capacity of footing in sand (layered soil) Keywords: footing, soil layer, density, depth, width

107. Footing in excavation Keywords: depth, boundary

61

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations 108. Effect of hydraulic gradient on bearing capacity Keywords: flow line, equipotential line

109. Effect of adjacent footing in slope Keywords: failure surface, log spiral failure surface, slope

62

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations 110. Log spiral Keywords: friction angle

111. Bearing capacity of footing (log spiral) Keywords: log spiral, shear strength

63

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations 112. Effect of horizontal load on bearing capacity Keywords: vertical load, horizontal load, failure surface

113. Equivalent area of surface footing Keywords: length, width, round, triangular, eccentricity

64

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations 114. Total stress analysis of foundation in clay Keywords: undrained shear strength, vertical load, horizontal surface, bearing capacity

115. Effect of soil layer on bearing capacity of footing in clay Keywords: vertical plane, horizontal plane, isotropic, circular failure surface, depth, width

65

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations 116. Effect of overburden pressure on bearing capacity in clay Keywords: total overburden pressure, allowable load, ultimate load, depth

117. Pressure distribution below footing in clay and sand Keywords: ultimate bearing capacity, elastic theory, design load,

66

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations

118. Pull out resistance of shallow footing Keywords: depth, friction angle, shape factor, density, weight

119. Pull out resistance of footing at depth Keywords: shape factor, friction angle, depth, weight

67

Bengt Broms – Foundations –Chapter 4 – Bearing Capacity of Foundations 120. Bearing capacity on rock Keywords: unconfined compressive strength, steel point, pile, allowable load, ultimate load

68

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements

Chapter 5. Foundation settlements 121. Settlements of foundations

Page 72

Keywords: cracks, tower of Pisa

122. Stress distribution below point load

72

Keywords: stress increase, Boussinesq, pressure bulb, equal stress increase

123. Stress below strip load

73

Keywords: distance, depth, diameter, stress increase, load

124. Influence chart

73

Keywords: Influence value, squares, load

125. 2:1 - method

74

Keywords: surface load, stress distribution, width, depth

126. 2:1 - method at corner of footing

74

Keywords: depth, stress increase, loaded area, length, width

127. Settlement below footing

75

Keywords: clay, silt, sand, immediate settlement, primary settlement, secondary settlement, first loading, cyclic loading

128. Settlements in clay and silt Keywords: normally consolidated, overconsolidated, primary settlement, secondary settlement, total settlement, modulus, pressuremeter, oedometer, elastic method, undrained shear strength

129. Settlements in sand

75

76

Keywords: first loading, cyclic loading, compression modulus, coefficient of subgrade reaction, SPT, CPT, WST, triaxial test, plate load test

130. Immediate settlements in clay

76

Keywords: theory of elasticity, correction factor for depth, Poisson's ratio, influence factor, modulus of elasticity

131. Correction factor for foundation depth

77

Keywords: Poisson's ratio, width, depth,

132. Determination of compression index

77

Keywords: void ratio, effective stress, compression index, liquid limit, stress increase

133. Determination of settlements from compression test

78

Keywords: preconsolidation pressure, effective stress, corrected curve, applied pressure, void ratio, settlement, load scale

134. Principle of settlement calculation

78

Keywords: primary settlement, void ratio, water content

135. Settlement below footing

79

Keywords: effective stress, applied stress, ground water, void ratio

136. Determination of precosolidation pressure

79

Keywords: preconsolidation stress, effective stress, void ratio

137. Determination of coefficient of consolidation (logarithmic) Keywords: consolidation curve, time, logarithmic, primary consolidation, secondary consolidation, coefficient of consolidation, dial reading

69

80

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 138. Coefficient of consolidation (square root)

80

Keywords: time, settlement, coefficient of consolidation

139. Secondary consolidation

81

Keywords: time, void ratio,

140. Effect of surface fill on stress distribution

81

Keywords: compression modulus, pore water pressure, total stress, effective stress, stress increase, time, ground water, fill, compression modulus, sand, clay, settlement

141. Estimate of modulus of elasticity in clay

82

Keywords: clay, undrained shear strength, normally consolidated, overconsolidated

142. Soil modulus from cone penetration test (CPT)

82

Keywords: sand, clay, Bowles

143. Determination of modulus from plate load test

82

Keywords: settlement, elastic range, coefficient of subgrade reaction, load

144. Estimate of settlements below footing on sand

83

Keywords: pressure bulb, modulus of elasticity, sand, clay, load

145. Settlements of footing on clay

83

Keywords: width, settlement

146. Effect of plate diameter on bearing capacity of plate on sand

84

Keywords: width, settlements, sand

147. Estimate of modulus of elasticity from Standard penetration test (SPT)

84

Keywords: sand, clay, SPT, N-value

148. Estimate of modulus of elasticity from cone penetration test (CPT

85

Keywords: sand,

149. Estimate of modulus of elasticity in clay from Standard penetration test (SPT) and undrained shear strength

85

Keywords: clay, modulus of elasticity, N-value

150. Allowable footing pressure based on SPT N-values

86

Keywords: bearing capacity, settlements, blow count, N-value

151. Settlements of footing on sand from cone penetration test, CPT

86

Keywords: footing, raft, allowable pressure, cone resistance

152. Allowable settlement below building

877

Keywords: crack, differential settlement, sewer line

153. Damage due to foundation settlements Keywords: clay, sand, ground water, flexural cracks, shear cracks, total settlements, differential settlements

154. Floating foundation

87

88

Keywords: compensated foundation, building weight, fill, settlement

155. Effect of ground water lowering from tunnel on building settlements

88

Keywords: ground water level, clay, sand, tunnel

156. Effect of trees on ground water near building

89

Keywords: settlements, distance to building, tree height

157. Differential settlements between adjacent buildings Keywords: settlement, soft clay, crack

70

89

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 158. Negative skin friction due to ground water lowering

90

Keywords: pile, cracks, settlements, ground water level

159. Swelling potential of soil below building

90

Keywords: heave, swelling potential, seasonal variation, ground water, sewer line, leaks, watering, plasticity index, liquid limit, shrinkage limit

160. Effect of pile installation on adjacent building

91

Keywords: clay, sand, pile, area of influence, heave, settlement

161. Allowable differential settlements below structure Keywords: rotation, differential settlements, USSR code, structure type, distance between footings

71

91

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements

Chapter 5. Foundation settlements 121. Settlements of foundations Keywords: cracks, tower of Pisa

122. Stress distribution below point load Keywords: stress increase, Boussinesq, pressure bulb, equal stress increase

72

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 123. Stress below strip load Keywords: distance, depth, diameter, stress increase, load

124. Influence chart Keywords: Influence value, squares, load

73

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 125. 2:1 - method Keywords: surface load, stress distribution, width, depth

126. 2:1 - method at corner of footing Keywords: depth, stress increase, loaded area, length, width

74

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 127. Settlement below footing Keywords: clay, silt, sand, immediate settlement, primary settlement, secondary settlement, first loading, cyclic loading

128. Settlements in clay and silt Keywords: normally consolidated, overconsolidated, primary settlement, secondary settlement, total settlement, modulus, pressuremeter, oedometer, elastic method, undrained shear strength

75

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 129. Settlements in sand Keywords: first loading, cyclic loading, compression modulus, coefficient of subgrade reaction, SPT, CPT, WST, triaxial test, plate load test

130. Immediate settlements in clay Keywords: theory of elasticity, correction factor for depth, Poisson's ratio, influence factor, modulus of elasticity

76

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 131. Correction factor for foundation depth Keywords: Poisson's ratio, width, depth,

132. Determination of compression index Keywords: void ratio, effective stress, compression index, liquid limit, stress increase

77

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 133. Determination of settlements from compression test Keywords: preconsolidation pressure, effective stress, corrected curve, applied pressure, void ratio, settlement, load scale

134. Principle of settlement calculation Keywords: primary settlement, void ratio, water content

78

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 135. Settlement below footing Keywords: effective stress, applied stress, ground water, void ratio

136. Determination of precosolidation pressure Keywords: preconsolidation stress, effective stress, void ratio

79

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 137. Determination of coefficient of consolidation (logarithmic) Keywords: consolidation curve, time, logarithmic, primary consolidation, secondary consolidation, coefficient of consolidation, dial reading

138. Coefficient of consolidation (square root) Keywords: time, settlement, coefficient of consolidation

80

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 139. Secondary consolidation Keywords: time, void ratio,

140. Effect of surface fill on stress distribution Keywords: compression modulus, pore water pressure, total stress, effective stress, stress increase, time, ground water, fill, compression modulus, sand, clay, settlement

81

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 141. Estimate of modulus of elasticity in clay Keywords: clay, undrained shear strength, normally consolidated, overconsolidated

142. Soil modulus from cone penetration test (CPT) Keywords: sand, clay, Bowles

143. Determination of modulus from plate load test Keywords: settlement, elastic range, coefficient of subgrade reaction, load

82

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 144. Estimate of settlements below footing on sand Keywords: pressure bulb, modulus of elasticity, sand, clay, load

145. Settlements of footing on clay Keywords: width, settlement

83

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 146. Effect of plate diameter on bearing capacity of plate on sand Keywords: width, settlements, sand

147. Estimate of modulus of elasticity from Standard penetration test (SPT) Keywords: sand, clay, SPT, N-value

84

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 148. Estimate of modulus of elasticity from cone penetration test (CPT Keywords: sand,

149. Estimate of modulus of elasticity in clay from Standard penetration test (SPT) and undrained shear strength Keywords: clay, modulus of elasticity, N-value

85

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 150. Allowable footing pressure based on SPT N-values Keywords: bearing capacity, settlements, blow count, N-value

151. Settlements of footing on sand from cone penetration test, CPT Keywords: footing, raft, allowable pressure, cone resistance

86

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 152. Allowable settlement below building Keywords: crack, differential settlement, sewer line

153. Damage due to foundation settlements Keywords: clay, sand, ground water, flexural cracks, shear cracks, total settlements, differential settlements

87

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 154. Floating foundation Keywords: compensated foundation, building weight, fill, settlement

155. Effect of ground water lowering from tunnel on building settlements Keywords: ground water level, clay, sand, tunnel

88

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 156. Effect of trees on ground water near building Keywords: settlements, distance to building, tree height

157. Differential settlements between adjacent buildings Keywords: settlement, soft clay, crack

89

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 158. Negative skin friction due to ground water lowering Keywords: pile, cracks, settlements, ground water level

159. Swelling potential of soil below building Keywords: heave, swelling potential, seasonal variation, ground water, sewer line, leaks, watering, plasticity index, liquid limit, shrinkage limit

90

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements 160. Effect of pile installation on adjacent building Keywords: clay, sand, pile, area of influence, heave, settlement

161. Allowable differential settlements below structure Keywords: rotation, differential settlements, USSR code, structure type, distance between footings

91

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 5 – Foundation Settlements

92

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chap. 6 – Factors to Consider in Foundation Design

Chapter 6. Factors to consider in foundation design 162. Examples of foundation design

Page

94

Keywords: footings, raft, piles

163. Design considerations

94

Keywords: seasonal change, frost heave, change of ground water level, internal erosion, piping, adjacent excavation, soil creep, sink holes, vibrations, deterioration of concrete

164. Factor of safety of foundation

95

Keywords: increase of safety factor, time, ultimate pressure, minimum

165. Determination of factor of safety for different structures

95

Keywords: forces preventing failure, forces initiating failure, moment, dams, fill, retaining wall, sheet pile, braced excavation, footing, mat, raft, uplift, heave, piping

166. Factor of safety of slope

96

Keywords: centre of rotation, length of failure surface, resisting moment, initiating moment, resisting force

167. Stability of slope in clay

96

Keywords: weight of soil, sliding, slip circle, undrained shear strength

168. Factor of safety of slope in clay

97

Keywords: weight of soil, slip circle,

169. Probability of failure

97

Keywords: coefficient of variation, mean value, standard deviation, load, strength

170. Load combinations

98

Keywords: dead loads, live load, wind load, earthquake load, load factor

171. Characteristic load

98

Keywords: load factor, partial factor of safety, shear strength, friction angle, cohesion,

172. Coefficient of variability

99

Keywords: loads, soil properties, analysis, construction, safety factor, reliability, low, very low, medium, high, very high

173. Factor of safety Keywords: coefficient of variability, stability, settlement, stability safety, settlement factor, low, medium, high, very high

174. Minimum load factors and partial safety factors

99

100

Keywords: loads, soil strength, dead load, live load, static water pressure, environmental load, cohesion, friction,

175. Effect of adjacent structures

100

Keywords: stress increase, settlement, new, old, lateral earth pressure

176. Effect of excavation

100

Keywords: stability, excavation

93

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chap. 6 – Factors to Consider in Foundation Design

Chapter 6. Factors to consider in foundation design 162. Examples of foundation design Keywords: footings, raft, piles

163. Design considerations Keywords: seasonal change, frost heave, change of ground water level, internal erosion, piping, adjacent excavation, soil creep, sink holes, vibrations, deterioration of concrete

94

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chap. 6 – Factors to Consider in Foundation Design 164. Factor of safety of foundation Keywords: increase of safety factor, time, ultimate pressure, minimum

165. Determination of factor of safety for different structures Keywords: forces preventing failure, forces initiating failure, moment, dams, fill, retaining wall, sheet pile, braced excavation, footing, mat, raft, uplift, heave, piping

95

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chap. 6 – Factors to Consider in Foundation Design 166. Factor of safety of slope Keywords: centre of rotation, length of failure surface, resisting moment, initiating moment, resisting force

167. Stability of slope in clay Keywords: weight of soil, sliding, slip circle, undrained shear strength

96

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chap. 6 – Factors to Consider in Foundation Design

168. Factor of safety of slope in clay Keywords: weight of soil, slip circle,

169. Probability of failure Keywords: coefficient of variation, mean value, standard deviation, load, strength

97

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chap. 6 – Factors to Consider in Foundation Design 170. Load combinations Keywords: dead loads, live load, wind load, earthquake load, load factor

171. Characteristic load Keywords: load factor, partial factor of safety, shear strength, friction angle, cohesion,

98

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chap. 6 – Factors to Consider in Foundation Design 172. Coefficient of variability Keywords: loads, soil properties, analysis, construction, safety factor, reliability, low, very low, medium, high, very high

173. Factor of safety Keywords: coefficient of variability, stability, settlement, stability safety, settlement factor, low, medium, high, very high

99

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chap. 6 – Factors to Consider in Foundation Design 174. Minimum load factors and partial safety factors Keywords: loads, soil strength, dead load, live load, static water pressure, environmental load, cohesion, friction,

175. Effect of adjacent structures Keywords: stress increase, settlement, new, old, lateral earth pressure

176. Effect of excavation Keywords: stability, excavation

100

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 7 – Spread Footing Design

Chapter 7. Spread footing design 177. Spread footing Keywords: reinforcement, floor slab, soil reaction

178. Footing types

Page 102 102

Keywords: trapezoidal, column, strap, wall, combined, footing with moment

179. Design considerations

103

Keywords: compression in concrete, pedestal, punching, cover, tension reinforcement, reinforcement

180. Critical section

103

Keywords: reinforcement, masonry, steel, base plate,

181. Critical section of footing

104

Keywords: shear force, shear stress,

182. Bond stress in footing

104

Keywords: bond stress, reinforcement

183. Eccentric force on footings

105

Keywords: eccentricity, footing, moment

184. Design of eccentrically loaded footing Keywords: allowable pressure, eccentricity, width,, moment

185. Eccentrically loaded footing

105 106

Keywords: stress, allowable pressure

186. Drainage of footings

106

Keywords: drain

101

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 7 – Spread Footing Design

Chapter 7. Spread footing design 177. Spread footing Keywords: reinforcement, floor slab, soil reaction

178. Footing types Keywords: trapezoidal, column, strap, wall, combined, footing with moment

102

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 7 – Spread Footing Design 179. Design considerations Keywords: compression in concrete, pedestal, punching, cover, tension reinforcement, reinforcement

180. Critical section Keywords: reinforcement, masonry, steel, base plate,

103

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 7 – Spread Footing Design 181. Critical section of footing Keywords: shear force, shear stress,

182. Bond stress in footing Keywords: bond stress, reinforcement

104

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 7 – Spread Footing Design 183. Eccentric force on footings Keywords: eccentricity, footing, moment

184. Design of eccentrically loaded footing Keywords: allowable pressure, eccentricity, width,, moment

105

Bengt Broms – Foundations – Chapter 7 – Spread Footing Design 185. Eccentrically loaded footing Keywords: stress, allowable pressure

186. Drainage of footings Keywords: drain

106

B. Broms – Foundations – Chap. 8 – Special Footings & Beams Elastic Foundations

Chapter 8. Special footings and beams on elastic foundations 187. Special footings and beams on elastic foundations

Page

108

Keywords: beam, strap, moment, eccentricity

188. Combined footing

108

Keywords: elevation, plan

189. Load distribution on footing

109

Keywords: concentrated load, moment distribution, shear stress distribution, pressure

190. Winkler foundation

109

Keywords: spring, elastic, soil reaction, coefficient of subgrade reaction, actual, load, deflection, settlement

191. Coefficient of subgrade reaction

110

Keywords: elastic spring, elastic range, settlement, unloading, load

192. Classical design solution

110

Keywords: deflection, moment, shear force

193. Elastic deflection of beam

111

Keywords: solutions, shear force, moment, slope, deflection

194. Effect of foundation width on footing settlement Keywords: solutions, clay, sand, deformation,

107

111

B. Broms – Foundations – Chap. 8 – Special Footings & Beams Elastic Foundations

Chapter 8. Special footings and beams on elastic foundations 187. Special footings and beams on elastic foundations Keywords: beam, strap, moment, eccentricity

188. Combined footing Keywords: elevation, plan

108

B. Broms – Foundations – Chap. 8 – Special Footings & Beams Elastic Foundations 189. Load distribution on footing Keywords: concentrated load, moment distribution, shear stress distribution, pressure

190. Winkler foundation Keywords: spring, elastic, soil reaction, coefficient of subgrade reaction, actual, load, deflection, settlement

109

B. Broms – Foundations – Chap. 8 – Special Footings & Beams Elastic Foundations 191. Coefficient of subgrade reaction Keywords: elastic spring, elastic range, settlement, unloading, load

192. Classical design solution Keywords: deflection, moment, shear force

110

B. Broms – Foundations – Chap. 8 – Special Footings & Beams Elastic Foundations 193. Elastic deflection of beam Keywords: solutions, shear force, moment, slope, deflection

194. Effect of foundation width on footing settlement Keywords: solutions, clay, sand, deformation,

111

B. Broms – Foundations – Chap. 8 – Special Footings & Beams Elastic Foundations

112

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 9 – Mat Foundations

Chapter 9. Mat foundations 195. Mat foundations

Page 114

Keywords: examples, loads

196. Waffle structure

114

Keywords: ribs

197. Finite difference method

115

Keywords: computer programme, uncertainties, coefficient of subgrade reaction, modulus of elasticity,

198. Design of building foundation

115

Keywords: span, wall, strip, span length, exterior spans, interior spans

199. Grain elevator foundation

116

Keywords: clay, allowable pressure, factor of safety, total overburden pressure

200. Floating foundation

116

Keywords: building weight, soil weight, depth of excavation, story,

201. Floating building foundation

117

Keywords: excavation, net pressure

202. Differential settlements due to ground water lowering

117

Keywords: clay, ground water lowering

203. Stability of deep excavations

118

Keywords: heave, anchor, sheet pile

204. Effect of pile installation adjacent to excavation

118

Keywords: excavation, embankment piles

205. Support of excavation against heave

119

Keywords: fill

206. Anchor pile in excavation

119

Keywords: water-filled excavation

113

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 9 – Mat Foundations

Chapter 9. Mat foundations 195. Mat foundations Keywords: examples, loads

196. Waffle structure Keywords: ribs

114

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 9 – Mat Foundations 197. Finite difference method Keywords: computer programme, uncertainties, coefficient of subgrade reaction, modulus of elasticity,

198. Design of building foundation Keywords: span, wall, strip, span length, exterior spans, interior spans

115

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 9 – Mat Foundations 199. Grain elevator foundation Keywords: clay, allowable pressure, factor of safety, total overburden pressure

200. Floating foundation Keywords: building weight, soil weight, depth of excavation, story,

116

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 9 – Mat Foundations 201. Floating building foundation Keywords: excavation, net pressure

202. Differential settlements due to ground water lowering Keywords: clay, ground water lowering

117

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 9 – Mat Foundations 203. Stability of deep excavations Keywords: heave, anchor, sheet pile

204. Effect of pile installation adjacent to excavation Keywords: excavation, embankment piles

118

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 9 – Mat Foundations 5. Support of excavation against heave Keywords: fill

206. Anchor pile in excavation Keywords: water-filled excavation

119

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 9 – Mat Foundations

120

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure

Chapter 10. Lateral earth pressure 207. Lateral earth pressure

Page 123

Keywords: retaining wall, sheet pile wall

208. Influence of displacement on lateral earth pressure

123

Keywords: active earth pressure, passive earth pressure, lateral earth pressure at rest, away from fill, against fill

209. Active earth pressure (Rankine)

124

Keywords: coefficient of active earth pressure, shear stress, normal pressure, depth of excavation, Mohr circle

210. Distribution of active earth pressure

124

Keywords: Rankine, Mohr circle, cohesion, depth

211. Active earth pressure (Coulomb)

125

Keywords: wedge

212. Influence of two point loads on soil pressure

125

Keywords: displacement, Boussinesq, rigid smooth wall

213. Stress distribution below surface load

126

Keywords: Influence value, 0.005, number of squares, Poisson's ratio

214. Effect of compaction on earth pressure

126

Keywords: bridge abutment, deep basement, lateral earth pressure

215. Effect of vibratory roller

127

Keywords: passive pressure, at rest pressure, active pressure, dynamic soil pressure

216. Distribution of soil pressure after compaction

127

Keywords: initial, compaction, stress increase, active at rest, passive at rest

217. Compaction of soil layers

128

Keywords: compactor, first layer, second layer, depth, passive at rest

218. Earth pressure distribution at rigid wall due to compaction

128

Keywords: depth, lateral earth pressure, increase, compaction, without compaction, rigid wall

219. Examples of retaining structures

129

Keywords: gravity wall, cantilever wall, counterfort wall

220. Crib wall

129

Keywords: stretcher, header, cells, soil

221. Gravity wall and Cantilever wall

130

Keywords: height

222. Failure modes

130

Keywords: mechanisms, bearing capacity, overturning, sliding, general failure, centre of rotation

223. Design of retaining structure for bearing capacity

131

Keywords: eccentric load, inclined load, design

224. Bearing capacity of retaining wall

131

Keywords: wall, inclined

225. Design of retaining wall for inclined load

121

Keywords: eccentricity

132

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 226. Inclined wall

132

Keywords: force

227. Overturning of retaining wall

133

Keywords: point of overturning, resisting moment, driving moment

228. Design of wall against sliding

133

Keywords: resisting force, driving force, sand, clay

229. Shear keys in sliding wall

134

Keywords: shear key, alternative location

230. General stability of retaining wall

134

Keywords: driving moment, resisting moment, failure surface

231. Reinforcement in retaining wall

135

Keywords: moment, reinforcement

232. Location of reinforcement

135

Keywords: moment distribution

233. Tilting of retaining structure

136

Keywords: bridge abutment, design, actual pressure, yielding

234. Counterfort walls

136

Keywords: elevation

235. Drainage of wall Keywords: drain, pore water pressure, slip surface

236. Drainage of retaining structure

137 137

Keywords: drain, slip surface, pore pressure distribution

237. Drainage of retaining structure Keywords: failure surface, drainage layer, pore water pressure

238. Reinforced earth, type Vidal

137 138

Keywords: metal strip

239. Reinforce earth wall

138

Keywords: metal strip, spacing, star-shaped element, stress distribution, actual failure surface

240. Required length of earth reinforcement

139

Keywords: earth pressure, length, failure surface

241. Bearing capacity failure of retaining structure

139

Keywords: base failure

242. Fabric reinforced wall

140

Keywords: precast concrete element, fabric, soil

243. Fabric reinforced wall

140

Keywords: reinforcement

244. Examples of fabric reinforced wall

141

Keywords: failure surface, fabric

245. Design of fabric reinforced wall

141

Keywords: failure surface, length

122

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure

Chapter 10. Lateral earth pressure 207. Lateral earth pressure Keywords: retaining wall, sheet pile wall

208. Influence of displacement on lateral earth pressure Keywords: active earth pressure, passive earth pressure, lateral earth pressure at rest, away from fill, against fill

123

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 209. Active earth pressure (Rankine) Keywords: coefficient of active earth pressure, shear stress, normal pressure, depth of excavation, Mohr circle

210. Distribution of active earth pressure Keywords: Rankine, Mohr circle, cohesion, depth

124

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 211. Active earth pressure (Coulomb) Keywords: wedge

212. Influence of two point loads on soil pressure Keywords: displacement, Boussinesq, rigid smooth wall

125

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 213. Stress distribution below surface load Keywords: Influence value, 0.005, number of squares, Poisson's ratio

214. Effect of compaction on earth pressure Keywords: bridge abutment, deep basement, lateral earth pressure

126

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 215. Effect of vibratory roller Keywords: passive pressure, at rest pressure, active pressure, dynamic soil pressure

216. Distribution of soil pressure after compaction Keywords: initial, compaction, stress increase, active at rest, passive at rest

127

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 217. Compaction of soil layers Keywords: compactor, first layer, second layer, depth, passive at rest

218. Earth pressure distribution at rigid wall due to compaction Keywords: depth, lateral earth pressure, increase, compaction, without compaction, rigid wall

128

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 219. Examples of retaining structures Keywords: gravity wall, cantilever wall, counterfort wall

220. Crib wall Keywords: stretcher, header, cells, soil

129

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 221. Gravity wall and Cantilever wall Keywords: height

222. Failure modes Keywords: mechanisms, bearing capacity, overturning, sliding, general failure, centre of rotation

130

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 223. Design of retaining structure for bearing capacity Keywords: eccentric load, inclined load, design

224. Bearing capacity of retaining wall Keywords: wall, inclined

131

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 225. Design of retaining wall for inclined load Keywords: eccentricity

226. Inclined wall Keywords: force

132

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 227. Overturning of retaining wall Keywords: point of overturning, resisting moment, driving moment

228. Design of wall against sliding Keywords: resisting force, driving force, sand, clay

133

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 229. Shear keys in sliding wall Keywords: shear key, alternative location

230. General stability of retaining wall Keywords: driving moment, resisting moment, failure surface

134

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 231. Reinforcement in retaining wall Keywords: moment, reinforcement

232. Location of reinforcement Keywords: moment distribution

135

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 233. Tilting of retaining structure Keywords: bridge abutment, design, actual pressure, yielding

234. Counterfort walls Keywords: elevation

136

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 235. Drainage of wall Keywords: drain, pore water pressure, slip surface

236. Drainage of retaining structure Keywords: drain, slip surface, pore pressure distribution

237. Drainage of retaining structure Keywords: failure surface, drainage layer, pore water pressure

137

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 238. Reinforced earth, type Vidal Keywords: metal strip

239. Reinforce earth wall Keywords: metal strip, spacing, star-shaped element, stress distribution, actual failure surface

138

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 240. Required length of earth reinforcement Keywords: earth pressure, length, failure surface

241. Bearing capacity failure of retaining structure Keywords: base failure

139

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 242. Fabric reinforced wall Keywords: precast concrete element, fabric, soil

243. Fabric reinforced wall Keywords: reinforcement

140

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure 244. Examples of fabric reinforced wall Keywords: failure surface, fabric

245. Design of fabric reinforced wall Keywords: failure surface, length

141

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 10 – Lateral Earth Pressure

142

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures

Chapter 11. Soil retaining structures

Page

246. Support systems Keywords: anchored wall, strutted wall, cantilever wall, sheet pile, strut, wale beam, ground anchor

247. Wood elements

146

146

Keywords: groove, spline, tongue, driving sequence

248. Concrete elements

147

Keywords: heavy, difficult, grouted, driving

249. Steel sheet piles

147

Keywords: light, difficult to drive

250. Sheet piles details

148

Keywords: anchor rod, lagging, wedge, wale beam, soldier beam

251. Details of wall construction

148

Keywords: poling boards, soldier beams (King post), strap, clip, welded studs, washers, soldier beam placed in predrilled borehole

252. Bored pile wall

149

Keywords: wale beam, ground anchor

253. Berliner wall

149

Keywords: soldier pile, precast element, ground anchor, shotcrete, rail, wire mesh

254. Factor of safety of retaining wall

150

Keywords: active earth pressure, passive earth pressure, factor of safety, water pressure, friction angle,

255. Cantilever sheet pile wall

150

Keywords: flow line, equipotential line, water pressure, net water pressure

256. Earth pressure distribution of cantilever wall, friction soil

151

Keywords: uplift, dragdown, gradient, water pressure, Rankine

257. Earth pressure distribution of cantilever wall, cohesive soil

151

Keywords: undrained shear strength, cohesion, net pressure, active earth pressure, Rankine, actual, assumed, water pressure

258. Earth pressure distribution of cantilever wall, factor of safety

152

Keywords: clay, depth, factor of safety, cohesion, depth

259. Design of sheet pile walls Keywords: wale beam, anchor rod, sheet pile

260. Failure mechanisms

152 153

Keywords: plastic hinge, rotation

261. Anchored sheet pile wall (Free earth support) Keywords: center of rotation, surface load, resisting moment, driving moment, depth, earth pressure, net pressure, overburden pressure

262. Earth pressure distribution in cohesive soil with wall friction

153

154

Keywords: adhesion, wall friction, depth, cohesion, vertical pressure, surface load

263. Critical height of sheet pile wall in clay Keywords: no wall friction, with wall friction, stability factor, unstable, stable, undrained

143

154

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures undrained shear strength,

264. Earth pressure distribution along sheet pile wall

155

Keywords: passive earth pressure, active earth pressure, sand, clay, surface pressure

265. Moment distribution in sheet pile wall

155

Keywords: distributed load, moment, distributed load, shear distribution, surface load

266. Anchored or braced sheet pile wall Keywords: flexible, stiff, assumed, deflection, earth pressure distribution, moment distribution, anchor

267. Moment reduction in sheet pile wall

156

156

Keywords: anchor, moment, reduced load

268. Deflection of sheet pile wall

157

Keywords: stiffness, height

269. Moment as function of sheet pile height

157

Keywords: dense sand, loose sand, moment

270. Anchor systems

158

Keywords: soil anchor, rock anchor, concrete slab, piles, short sheet pile, inclination

271. Anchor piles

158

Keywords: piles, pull out resistance

272. Design aspects of anchor plate

159

Keywords: anchor plate, passive earth pressure, anchor force, active earth pressure, passive earth pressure, critical failure surface, anchor depth

273. Critical depth of anchor plate in sand

159

Keywords: friction angle, depth, passive earth pressure

274. Critical depth of anchor plate in clay

160

Keywords: undrained shear strength, critical depth

275. Pull out resistance of anchor plate in clay

160

Keywords: depth,

276. Settlement behind sheet pile wall

160

Keywords: anchor force, settlement, inclination

277. Strutted wall

161

Keywords: soil anchor, passive resistance, wedge, horizontal anchor

278. Anchored wall

161

Keywords: soil anchor, inclined anchor, failure wedge,

279. General stability of anchored wall

161

Keywords: failure surface, failure surface, factor of safety, active earth pressure, passive earth pressure

280. Load distribution between soil anchors

162

Keywords: Manfred Panel C1, Bergshamra Panel A, load, arching

281. Force redistribution in soil wedge

162

Keywords: failure surface

282. Braced excavations

163

Keywords: settlement, strut, wale beam

144

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 283. Earth pressure distributions (design)

163

Keywords: earth pressure distribution, sand, soft clay, stiff fissured clay, depth, undrained shear strength, struts

284. Strut forces

164

Keywords: hinge

285. Strut forces in adjacent excavations

164

Keywords: tensile crack, first strut, second strut, undrained shear strength, failure surface

286. Water flow into excavation in sand

164

Keywords: flow line, ground water, quick condition, critical gradient, depth of excavation

287. Bottom heave in excavation

165

Keywords: sand, clay, adhesion, ground water, struts critical depth

288. Bottom heave in excavation in clay

165

Keywords: stability factor, struts, depth, width

289. Bottom heave in excavation in clay, effect of wall adhesion

166

Keywords: stability factor, adhesion

290. Settlement adjacent to strutted excavation

166

Keywords: struts, settlements, ground water level, base heave, stability, lateral displacement, workmanship

291. Estimate of settlement adjacent to excavation Keywords: ground loss, distance, maximum depth of excavation, sand, clay, settlement, very soft clay, stability factor, A, B, C

292. Bored pile wall with soil anchors

167

167

Keywords: shotcrete, soil anchor, soft clay, undrained shear strength, bored pile, ground anchor

293. Slurry walls or diaphragm walls

168

Keywords: wall panel, ground anchor

294. Slurry wall construction

168

Keywords: grab, bentonite slurry, reinforcement cage, steel tube, excavation, placement of steel tube, placement of reinforcement, concreting

295. Stability of slots

169

Keywords: soil wedge

296. Bentonite slurry

169

Keywords: oil well drilling, soil borings, bentonite clay, montmorillonite, barite, barium sulphate, slurry density

297. Stability of slurry excavation

170

Keywords: ground beams, bentonite slurry, filter skin, density of slurry, failure wedge

298. Maximum depth of slurry excavation

170

Keywords: layer of stones or gravel, viscosity, tixotrophy, filter skin, undrained shear strength, active earth pressure, ground water level

299. Concreting of slurry excavation

171

Keywords: soft clay, critical depth, undrained shear strength, density, tremmie pipe

300. Deformation of concrete wall

171

Keywords: active earth pressure, at rest pressure, Winkler foundation, load redistribution, deformation, soil anchor

145

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures

Chapter 11. Soil retaining structures 246. Support systems Keywords: anchored wall, strutted wall, cantilever wall, sheet pile, strut, wale beam, ground anchor

247. Wood elements Keywords: groove, spline, tongue, driving sequence

146

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 248. Concrete elements Keywords: heavy, difficult, grouted, driving

249. Steel sheet piles Keywords: light, difficult to drive

147

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 250. Sheet piles details Keywords: anchor rod, lagging, wedge, wale beam, soldier beam

251. Details of wall construction Keywords: poling boards, soldier beams (King post), strap, clip, welded studs, washers, soldier beam placed in predrilled borehole

148

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 252. Bored pile wall Keywords: wale beam, ground anchor

253. Berliner wall Keywords: soldier pile, precast element, ground anchor, shotcrete, rail, wire mesh

149

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 254. Factor of safety of retaining wall Keywords: active earth pressure, passive earth pressure, factor of safety, water pressure, friction angle,

255. Cantilever sheet pile wall Keywords: flow line, equipotential line, water pressure, net water pressure

150

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 256. Earth pressure distribution of cantilever wall, friction soil Keywords: uplift, dragdown, gradient, water pressure, Rankine

257. Earth pressure distribution of cantilever wall, cohesive soil Keywords: undrained shear strength, cohesion, net pressure, active earth pressure, Rankine, actual, assumed, water pressure

151

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 258. Earth pressure distribution of cantilever wall, factor of safety Keywords: clay, depth, factor of safety, cohesion, depth

259. Design of sheet pile walls Keywords: wale beam, anchor rod, sheet pile

152

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 260. Failure mechanisms Keywords: plastic hinge, rotation

261. Anchored sheet pile wall (Free earth support) Keywords: center of rotation, surface load, resisting moment, driving moment, depth, earth pressure, net pressure, overburden pressure

153

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 262. Earth pressure distribution in cohesive soil with wall friction Keywords: adhesion, wall friction, depth, cohesion, vertical pressure, surface load

263. Critical height of sheet pile wall in clay Keywords: no wall friction, with wall friction, stability factor, unstable, stable, undrained shear strength,

154

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 264. Earth pressure distribution along sheet pile wall Keywords: passive earth pressure, active earth pressure, sand, clay, surface pressure

265. Moment distribution in sheet pile wall Keywords: distributed load, moment, distributed load, shear distribution, surface load

155

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 266. Anchored or braced sheet pile wall Keywords: flexible, stiff, assumed, deflection, earth pressure distribution, moment distribution, anchor

267. Moment reduction in sheet pile wall Keywords: anchor, moment, reduced load

156

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 268. Deflection of sheet pile wall Keywords: stiffness, height

269. Moment as function of sheet pile height Keywords: dense sand, loose sand, moment

157

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 270. Anchor systems Keywords: soil anchor, rock anchor, concrete slab, piles, short sheet pile, inclination

271. Anchor piles Keywords: piles, pull out resistance

158

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 272. Design aspects of anchor plate Keywords: anchor plate, passive earth pressure, anchor force, active earth pressure, passive earth pressure, critical failure surface, anchor depth

273. Critical depth of anchor plate in sand Keywords: friction angle, depth, passive earth pressure

159

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 274. Critical depth of anchor plate in clay Keywords: undrained shear strength, critical depth

275. Pull out resistance of anchor plate in clay Keywords: depth,

276. Settlement behind sheet pile wall Keywords: anchor force, settlement, inclination

160

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 277. Strutted wall Keywords: soil anchor, passive resistance, wedge, horizontal anchor

278. Anchored wall Keywords: soil anchor, inclined anchor, failure wedge,

279. General stability of anchored wall Keywords: failure surface, failure surface, factor of safety, active earth pressure, passive earth pressure

161

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 280. Load distribution between soil anchors Keywords: Manfred Panel C1, Bergshamra Panel A, load, arching

281. Force redistribution in soil wedge Keywords: failure surface

162

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 282. Braced excavations Keywords: settlement, strut, wale beam

283. Earth pressure distributions (design) Keywords: earth pressure distribution, sand, soft clay, stiff fissured clay, depth, undrained shear strength, struts

163

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 284. Strut forces Keywords: hinge

285. Strut forces in adjacent excavations Keywords: tensile crack, first strut, second strut, undrained shear strength, failure surface

286. Water flow into excavation in sand Keywords: flow line, ground water, quick condition, critical gradient, depth of excavation

164

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 287. Bottom heave in excavation Keywords: sand, clay, adhesion, ground water, struts critical depth

288. Bottom heave in excavation in clay Keywords: stability factor, struts, depth, width

165

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 289. Bottom heave in excavation in clay, effect of wall adhesion Keywords: stability factor, adhesion

290. Settlement adjacent to strutted excavation Keywords: struts, settlements, ground water level, base heave, stability, lateral displacement, workmanship

166

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 291. Estimate of settlement adjacent to excavation Keywords: ground loss, distance, maximum depth of excavation, sand, clay, settlement, very soft clay, stability factor, A, B, C

292. Bored pile wall with soil anchors Keywords: shotcrete, soil anchor, soft clay, undrained shear strength, bored pile, ground anchor

167

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 293. Slurry walls or diaphragm walls Keywords: wall panel, ground anchor

294. Slurry wall construction Keywords: grab, bentonite slurry, reinforcement cage, steel tube, excavation, placement of steel tube, placement of reinforcement, concreting

168

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 295. Stability of slots Keywords: soil wedge

296. Bentonite slurry Keywords: oil well drilling, soil borings, bentonite clay, montmorillonite, barite, barium sulphate, slurry density

169

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 297. Stability of slurry excavation Keywords: ground beams, bentonite slurry, filter skin, density of slurry, failure wedge

298. Maximum depth of slurry excavation Keywords: layer of stones or gravel, viscosity, tixotrophy, filter skin, undrained shear strength, active earth pressure, ground water level

170

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures 299. Concreting of slurry excavation Keywords: soft clay, critical depth, undrained shear strength, density, tremmie pipe

300. Deformation of concrete wall Keywords: active earth pressure, at rest pressure, Winkler foundation, load redistribution, deformation, soil anchor

171

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chapter 11 – Soil Retaining Structures

172

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles

Chapter 12. Pile foundations - Single piles 301. Piles

Page 177

Keywords: pile cap, piles, soft clay, sand, raker pile, batter pile

302. Vibrations

177

Keywords: tanks, silos, chimneys, machine foundations, sand, ground water

303. Examples of pile foundations

178

Keywords: compaction piles, raked piles, damping of piles, small damping, vibrations

304. Stability of bridge abutment

178

Keywords: soft clay, fill, bridge abutment

305. Embankment piles

179

Keywords: soft clay, raked piles, bridge abutment, fill

306. Anchor piles for dry docks, subway stations

179

Keywords: ground water, up-lift force, anchor piles

307. Offshore structures on piles

180

Keywords: cyclic loading, scour, compression, steel pipe piles, tension force

308. Stabilisation of slope by piles

180

Keywords: slope stability, large diameter pile, steel pipe pile, failure surface

309. Design of embankment piles

181

Keywords: failure surface, clay, precast piles,

310. Anchor piles in swelling soil

181

Keywords: seasonal changes, swelling clay, montmorillonite, high liquid limit, high plasticity index, building

311. Examples of pile types

182

Keywords: driven piles, bored piles, jacked-down piles, screw piles, hydraulic jack

312. Piles foundations

182

Keywords: concrete pile, steel pile, timber, H pile

313. Pile types

183

Keywords: large displacement piles, small displacement piles, non-displacement piles, bored piles, precast piles, pipe piles, cased, uncased

314. Loading conditions of piles

183

Keywords: compression, lateral load, tension

315. Load transfer to piles

184

Keywords: friction or floating piles, end bearing piles, clay, sand, rock

316. Timber piles

184

Keywords: advantages, difficulties, limit bearing capacity, soft clay, tip, shaft, ground water, butt

317. Pile splices

185

Keywords: steel sleeve, steel strap

318. Splices and rock points

185

Keywords: rock point,

173

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile 319. Precast concrete piles

186

Keywords: point, concrete, reinforcement. pile diameter

320. Lifting of piles

186

Keywords: pile length, lifting hooks, moment

321. Prestressed concrete piles

187

Keywords: height strength concrete, brittle, reduced cracking, reduced ductility

322. Concrete strength (CP 2004)

187

Keywords: cube strength, hard driving, normal to easy driving, high capacity, reduced weight, easy driving

323. Installation of jacked-down piles

188

Keywords: pump, manometer, steel insert, hydraulic jack, pile segment

324. Bored piles

188

Keywords: auger, reinforcement, tremmie pipe, concreting

325. Examples of bored piles

189

Keywords: bored piles, drilling of shaft, drilling of bell, concrete, stiff clay, reinforcement

326. Bored piles with bell

189

Keywords: bells

327. Cast-in-place piles

190

Keywords: casing, driving, casing filled with water, casing filled with concrete, reinforcement

328. Necking during casting of pile shaft in soft clay

190

Keywords: casing, soft clay, sand or silt, ground water

329. Slurry trench wall construction

191

Keywords: ground water, surface casing, bentonite slurry, chisel, pouring of concrete, lowering of reinforcement element

330. Shapes of slurry trench pile elements

191

Keywords: size

331. Raymond step tapered pile

192

Keywords: steel shell, steel cone, light bulb, reinforcement cage, casting of concrete

332. Franki pile Keywords: concrete plug, bulb, internal hammer, prefabricated shaft, light casing

333. Steel H-pile

192 193

Keywords: easy to drive, easy to cut, corrosion, expensive, splicing, soil plug, driving shoe, steel plate

334. Steel pipe piles

193

Keywords: diameter, closed or open ended, soil plug, diameter

335. Corrosion

194

Keywords: steel piles, concrete piles, National Bureau of Standards, splices, reinforcement, salt water

336. Settlement around during driving in sand

194

Keywords: settlement, diameter, compaction within this zone

337. Effect of pile driving in clay

195

Keywords: soft clay, heave, volume, soft clay, remoulded zone, pore water pressure, undrained shear strength

174

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles 338. Redriving of piles in clay

195

Keywords: risen piles, redriving, heave, soft clay, separation of splice

339. Load distribution along pile

196

Keywords: sand, clay, point resistance, shaft resistance

340. Pile load as function of pile displacement

197

Keywords: load, displacement, soft clay, stiff clay, sand, cast in place pile, driven pile, with bell

341. Load deformation relationship of piles

197

Keywords: pile load, displacement, point resistance, skin resistance

342. Direction of pile loading

198

Keywords: compression, tension, weight of pile, factor of safety, allowable load, point resistance, shaft resistance

343. Determination of bearing capacity at pile point

198

Keywords: end bearing, undrained shear strength, bearing capacity factor

344. Pile bearing capacity according to Meyerhof Keywords: friction angle, bearing capacity factor

345. Bearing capacity factor of piles

199 199

Keywords: Terzaghi, Berezantsev, Meyerhof, Vesic, Brinch Hansen, de Beer, friction angle

346. Failure mechanism at pile point

200

Keywords: point resistance, rigidity index, failure surface, compressibility, rigidity index

347. Comparison of cone resistance and pile point resistance

200

Keywords: area of pile, sand

348. Comparison of SPTN-value and pile point resistance

201

Keywords: SPT, sand, pile diameter

349. Lateral pressure against pile shaft

202

Keywords: bored pile, small displacement pile, large displacement pile, straight shaft, tapered shaft, lateral earth pressure

350. Determination of pile capacity in sand

202

Keywords: loose, dense, coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest, small, Vesic, displacement pile, non-displacement pile, tapered pile

351. Pile shaft capacity in sand

203

Keywords: pile type, sand, critical depth,

352. Lateral pressure against pile shaft

203

Keywords: Mansur & Hunter, Tavenas, Ireland, lateral earth pressure

353. Critical depth of pile shaft resistance

204

Keywords: friction angle, bearing capacity value, diameter, length

354. Estimate of pile capacity based on Weight sounding test (WST)

204

Keywords: half-turns, timber piles, concrete piles, Norwegian Pile Commission, skin area

355. Failure surface at pile point in clay

205

Keywords: failure surface, diameter, area of pile

356. Skin friction resistance along pile shaft Keywords: cone penetration test, friction sleeve small displacement pile, large displacement pile

175

205

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile 357. Bearing capacity of piles in clay

206

Keywords: normally consolidated clay, overconsolidated clay, undrained shear strength, reduction , ground surface

358. Lambda-method

207

Keywords: offshore structures, depth, mean value, skin resistance

359. Estimate of pile skin resistance in clay

208

Keywords: effective overburden pressure, Flaate, Selnes, undrained shear strength

360. Load transfer from pile to soil as function of pile displacement

209

Keywords: t-z curves, q-y curve, driven pile, bored pile

361. Negative skin friction along piles

209

Keywords: lowering of ground water level, driven pile, bored pile

362. Failure modes of horizontally loaded piles

210

Keywords: soil failure, pile failure, failure mechanism

363. Lateral pile resistance in sand

210

Keywords: sand, horizontal load, force

364. Lateral pile resistance in clay (rotational mode)

211

Keywords: undrained shear strength, heave, passive earth pressure, lateral force, diameter, depth

365. Lateral pile resistance in clay (pile failure mode) Keywords: undrained shear strength, diameter, yield, moment, lateral force

176

211

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles

Chapter 12. Pile foundations - Single piles 301. Piles Keywords: pile cap, piles, soft clay, sand, raker pile, batter pile

302. Vibrations Keywords: tanks, silos, chimneys, machine foundations, sand, ground water

177

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile 303. Examples of pile foundations Keywords: compaction piles, raked piles, damping of piles, small damping, vibrations

304. Stability of bridge abutment Keywords: soft clay, fill, bridge abutment

178

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles 305. Embankment piles Keywords: soft clay, raked piles, bridge abutment, fill

306. Anchor piles for dry docks, subway stations Keywords: ground water, up-lift force, anchor piles

179

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile 307. Offshore structures on piles Keywords: cyclic loading, scour, compression, steel pipe piles, tension force

308. Stabilisation of slope by piles Keywords: slope stability, large diameter pile, steel pipe pile, failure surface

180

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles 309. Design of embankment piles Keywords: failure surface, clay, precast piles,

310. Anchor piles in swelling soil Keywords: seasonal changes, swelling clay, montmorillonite, high liquid limit, high plasticity index, building

181

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile 311. Examples of pile types Keywords: driven piles, bored piles, jacked-down piles, screw piles, hydraulic Jack

312. Piles foundations Keywords: concrete pile, steel pile, timber, H pile

182

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles 313. Pile types Keywords: large displacement piles, small displacement piles, non-displacement piles, bored piles, precast piles, pipe piles, cased, uncased

314. Loading conditions of piles Keywords: compression, lateral load, tension

183

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile 315. Load transfer to piles Keywords: friction or floating piles, end bearing piles, clay, sand, rock

316. Timber piles Keywords: advantages, difficulties, limit bearing capacity, soft clay, tip, shaft, ground water, butt

184

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles 317. Pile splices Keywords: steel sleeve, steel strap

318. Splices and rock points Keywords: rock point,

185

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile 319. Precast concrete piles Keywords: point, concrete, reinforcement. pile diameter

320. Lifting of piles Keywords: pile length, lifting hooks, moment

186

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles 321. Prestressed concrete piles Keywords: height strength concrete, brittle, reduced cracking, reduced ductility

322. Concrete strength (CP 2004) Keywords: cube strength, hard driving, normal to easy driving, high capacity, reduced weight, easy driving

187

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile 323. Installation of jacked-down piles Keywords: pump, manometer, steel insert, hydraulic jack, pile segment

324. Bored piles Keywords: auger, reinforcement, tremmie pipe, concreting

188

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles 325. Examples of bored piles Keywords: bored piles, drilling of shaft, drilling of bell, concrete, stiff clay, reinforcement

326. Bored piles with bell Keywords: bells

189

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile 327. Cast-in-place piles Keywords: casing, driving, casing filled with water, casing filled with concrete, reinforcement

328. Necking during casting of pile shaft in soft clay Keywords: casing, soft clay, sand or silt, ground water

190

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles 329. Slurry trench wall construction Keywords: ground water, surface casing, bentonite slurry, chisel, pouring of concrete, lowering of reinforcement element

330. Shapes of slurry trench pile elements Keywords: size

191

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile 331. Raymond step tapered pile Keywords: steel shell, steel cone, light bulb, reinforcement cage, casting of concrete

332. Franki pile Keywords: concrete plug, bulb, internal hammer, prefabricated shaft, light casing

192

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles 333. Steel H-pile Keywords: easy to drive, easy to cut, corrosion, expensive, splicing, soil plug, driving shoe, steel plate

334. Steel pipe piles Keywords: diameter, closed or open ended, soil plug, diameter

193

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile 335. Corrosion Keywords: steel piles, concrete piles, National Bureau of Standards, splices, reinforcement, salt water

336. Settlement around during driving in sand Keywords: settlement, diameter, compaction within this zone

194

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles 337. Effect of pile driving in clay Keywords: soft clay, heave, volume, soft clay, remoulded zone, pore water pressure, undrained shear strength

338. Redriving of piles in clay Keywords: risen piles, redriving, heave, soft clay, separation of splice

195

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile 339. Load distribution along pile Keywords: sand, clay, point resistance, shaft resistance

196

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles 340. Pile load as function of pile displacement Keywords: load, displacement, soft clay, stiff clay, sand, cast in place pile, driven pile, with Bell

341. Load deformation relationship of piles Keywords: pile load, displacement, point resistance, skin resistance

197

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile 342. Direction of pile loading Keywords: compression, tension, weight of pile, factor of safety, allowable load, point resistance, shaft resistance

343. Determination of bearing capacity at pile point Keywords: end bearing, undrained shear strength, bearing capacity factor

198

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles 344. Pile bearing capacity according to Meyerhof Keywords: friction angle, bearing capacity factor

345. Bearing capacity factor of piles Keywords: Terzaghi, Berezantsev, Meyerhof, Vesic, Brinch Hansen, de Beer, friction angle

199

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile 346. Failure mechanism at pile point Keywords: point resistance, rigidity index, failure surface, compressibility, rigidity index

347. Comparison of cone resistance and pile point resistance Keywords: area of pile, sand

200

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles 348. Comparison of SPTN-value and pile point resistance Keywords: SPT, sand, pile diameter

201

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile 349. Lateral pressure against pile shaft Keywords: bored pile, small displacement pile, large displacement pile, straight shaft, tapered shaft, lateral earth pressure

350. Determination of pile capacity in sand Keywords: loose, dense, coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest, small, Vesic, displacement pile, non-displacement pile, tapered pile

202

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles 351. Pile shaft capacity in sand Keywords: pile type, sand, critical depth,

352. Lateral pressure against pile shaft Keywords: Mansur & Hunter, Tavenas, Ireland, lateral earth pressure

203

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile 353. Critical depth of pile shaft resistance Keywords: friction angle, bearing capacity value, diameter, length

354. Estimate of pile capacity based on Weight sounding test (WST) Keywords: half-turns, timber piles, concrete piles, Norwegian Pile Commission, skin área

204

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles 355. Failure surface at pile point in clay Keywords: failure surface, diameter, area of pile

356. Skin friction resistance along pile shaft Keywords: cone penetration test, friction sleeve small displacement pile, large displacement pile

205

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile 357. Bearing capacity of piles in clay Keywords: normally consolidated clay, overconsolidated clay, undrained shear strength, reduction , ground surface

206

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles 358. Lambda-method Keywords: offshore structures, depth, mean value, skin resistance

207

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile 359. Estimate of pile skin resistance in clay Keywords: effective overburden pressure, Flaate, Selnes, undrained shear strength

208

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles 360. Load transfer from pile to soil as function of pile displacement Keywords: t-z curves, q-y curve, driven pile, bored pile

361. Negative skin friction along piles Keywords: lowering of ground water level, driven pile, bored pile

209

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile 362. Failure modes of horizontally loaded piles Keywords: soil failure, pile failure, failure mechanism

363. Lateral pile resistance in sand Keywords: sand, horizontal load, force

210

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles 364. Lateral pile resistance in clay (rotational mode) Keywords: undrained shear strength, heave, passive earth pressure, lateral force, diameter, depth

365. Lateral pile resistance in clay (pile failure mode) Keywords: undrained shear strength, diameter, yield, moment, lateral force

211

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile

212

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.13. Single Piles-Dynamic Analysis

Chapter 13. Single piles - Dynamic analysis 366. Pile driving equipment

Page 214

Keywords: drop hammer, diesel hammer, vibratory hammer, steam hammer, single acting, double acting

367. Dynamic pile test

214

Keywords: hammer, helmet, cap block, cushion, pile, stress wave, depth, steel, concrete, wood

368. Stress wave analysis, rigid base

215

Keywords: particle velocity, wave velocity, impedance, rebound of hammer

369. Stress wave analysis, soft base

215

Keywords: particle velocity, length, impedance

370. Detection of pile defect by dynamic test

216

Keywords: hammer velocity, particle velocity, wave velocity, force, accelerometer, impedance, warning, strain gauge, time, wave length, fracture

371. Determination of dynamic pile bearing capacity

216

Keywords: hammer, force, displacement, elastic compression, drop height,

372. Pile driving formulae (definition)

217

Keywords: mass of hammer, penetration resistance, effective height of fall, mass of pile, coefficient of restitution elastic compression, soil, cushion, dynamic pile capacity

373. Pile driving formulae

217

Keywords: Hiley, Kreuger, Janbu, elastic compression, cushion, pile, soil, load distribution factor, dynamic pile capacity

374. Elastic compression of pile

218

Keywords: cushion, pen, set, pile, hammer

375. Static pile load test

218

Keywords: applied load, displacement, point bearing pile, elastic compression, pile shaft, friction pile, sand, clay

376. Definition of pile failure load

219

Keywords: settlement, applied load, range, pile diameter

377. Types of pile loading tests

219

Keywords: maintained load, constant rate of penetration (CRP)

213

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.13. Single Piles-Dynamic Analysis

Chapter 13. Single piles - Dynamic analysis 366. Pile driving equipment Keywords: drop hammer, diesel hammer, vibratory hammer, steam hammer, single acting, double acting

367. Dynamic pile test Keywords: hammer, helmet, cap block, cushion, pile, stress wave, depth, steel, concrete, wood

214

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.13. Single Piles-Dynamic Analysis 368. Stress wave analysis, rigid base Keywords: particle velocity, wave velocity, impedance, rebound of hammer

369. Stress wave analysis, soft base Keywords: particle velocity, length, impedance

215

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.13. Single Piles-Dynamic Analysis 370. Detection of pile defect by dynamic test Keywords: hammer velocity, particle velocity, wave velocity, force, accelerometer, impedance, warning, strain gauge, time, wave length, fracture

371. Determination of dynamic pile bearing capacity Keywords: hammer, force, displacement, elastic compression, drop height,

216

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.13. Single Piles-Dynamic Analysis 372. Pile driving formulae (definition) Keywords: mass of hammer, penetration resistance, effective height of fall, mass of pile, coefficient of restitution elastic compression, soil, cushion, dynamic pile capacity

373. Pile driving formulae Keywords: Hiley, Kreuger, Janbu, elastic compression, cushion, pile, soil, load distribution factor, dynamic pile capacity

217

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.13. Single Piles-Dynamic Analysis 374. Elastic compression of pile Keywords: cushion, pen, set, pile, hammer

375. Static pile load test Keywords: applied load, displacement, point bearing pile, elastic compression, pile shaft, friction pile, sand, clay

218

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.13. Single Piles-Dynamic Analysis 376. Definition of pile failure load Keywords: settlement, applied load, range, pile diameter

377. Types of pile loading tests Keywords: maintained load, constant rate of penetration (CRP)

219

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.13. Single Piles-Dynamic Analysis

220

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups

Chapter 14. Pile foundations - Pile Groups 378. Pile group in clay

Page 223

Keywords: elevation, plan, perimeter, plan, undrained shear strength

379. Examples of pile groups

224

Keywords: single footings, foundation walls, friction pile, end-bearing pile, footing

380. Efficiency of pile group in clay

224

Keywords: pile spacing, efficiency, optimum spacing, Sowers, length, model test, clay, Bentonite, calculated, measured

381. Settlement of pile group in clay

225

Keywords: pile group, clay, 2:1 distribution, pile length

382. Efficiency of pile group (model tests)

225

Keywords: pile load , applied load, Whitaker, ultimate load of pile group, center pile, corner pile, model test

383. Efficiency of pile group in sand (model test)

226

Keywords: efficiency, width, length, model test, fine sand, row, group, pile spacing

384. Pile groups in sand (model tests)

226

Keywords: load, displacement, pile group, Kezdi, diameter, spacing, fine sand

385. Load distribution in pile group

227

Keywords: pile group, ultimate strength, compression, tension, center or rotation

386. Eccentric loading in pile group (example)

228

Keywords: assumed centre of rotation, imaginary pile, rows

387. Eccentric loading in pile group (example cont.) Keywords: assumed centre of rotation, imaginary pile, rows

388. Load distribution below piled foundation

228 229

Keywords: pressure bulb, raft, piled raft, width, san

389. Stress increase below pile group Keywords: single pile, pile group, stress distribution

390. Settlements below pile group in sand

229 230

Keywords: applied load, single pile, loaded pile, sand

391. Settlement of pile group

230

Keywords: side of pile group, Skempton, single pile, pile group, width

392. Load distribution below pile group in sand

231

Keywords: single pile, pile group, settlement, width, Berezantsev, friction angle

393. Negative skin friction along pile shaft in clay

231

Keywords: fill, clay, neutral point, ground water level, lowering

394. Effect of negative skin friction on piles in clay

232

Keywords: point bearing piles, floating piles, crushing, settlements

395. Protection piles for reduction of negative skin friction Keywords: protection piles

221

232

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 396. Heave caused by pile driving

233

Keywords: clay, surface heave

397. Settlements caused by pile driving in sand

233

Keywords: settlements, cone

398. Settlements caused by pile driving in excavation

234

Keywords: clay, sand, sheet pile wall, vibrations, soil anchor

399. Effect on point resistance by pile driving

234

Keywords: sand, pile length, vibrations, adjacent pile

400. Order of pile driving

235

Keywords: settlements, damage to building, vibrations

401. Differential settlements below building due to pile driving in sand Keywords: sand, traffic, cracking, piles, driving

222

235

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups

Chapter 14. Pile foundations - Pile Groups 378. Pile group in clay Keywords: elevation, plan, perimeter, plan, undrained shear strength

223

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 379. Examples of pile groups Keywords: single footings, foundation walls, friction pile, end-bearing pile, footing

380. Efficiency of pile group in clay Keywords: pile spacing, efficiency, optimum spacing, Sowers, length, model test, clay, Bentonite, calculated, measured

224

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 381. Settlement of pile group in clay Keywords: pile group, clay, 2:1 distribution, pile length

382. Efficiency of pile group (model tests) Keywords: pile load , applied load, Whitaker, ultimate load of pile group, center pile, corner pile, model test

225

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 383. Efficiency of pile group in sand (model test) Keywords: efficiency, width, length, model test, fine sand, row, group, pile spacing

384. Pile groups in sand (model tests) Keywords: load, displacement, pile group, Kezdi, diameter, spacing, fine sand

226

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 385. Load distribution in pile group Keywords: pile group, ultimate strength, compression, tension, center or rotation

227

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 386. Eccentric loading in pile group (example) Keywords: assumed centre of rotation, imaginary pile, rows

387. Eccentric loading in pile group (example cont.) Keywords: assumed centre of rotation, imaginary pile, rows

228

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 388. Load distribution below piled foundation Keywords: pressure bulb, raft, piled raft, width, sand

389. Stress increase below pile group Keywords: single pile, pile group, stress distribution

229

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 390. Settlements below pile group in sand Keywords: applied load, single pile, loaded pile, sand

391. Settlement of pile group Keywords: side of pile group, Skempton, single pile, pile group, width

230

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 392. Load distribution below pile group in sand Keywords: single pile, pile group, settlement, width, Berezantsev, friction angle

393. Negative skin friction along pile shaft in clay Keywords: fill, clay, neutral point, ground water level, lowering

231

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 394. Effect of negative skin friction on piles in clay Keywords: point bearing piles, floating piles, crushing, settlements

395. Protection piles for reduction of negative skin friction Keywords: protection piles

232

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 396. Heave caused by pile driving Keywords: clay, surface heave

397. Settlements caused by pile driving in sand Keywords: settlements, cone

233

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 398. Settlements caused by pile driving in excavation Keywords: clay, sand, sheet pile wall, vibrations, soil anchor

399. Effect on point resistance by pile driving Keywords: sand, pile length, vibrations, adjacent pile

234

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups 400. Order of pile driving Keywords: settlements, damage to building, vibrations

401. Differential settlements below building due to pile driving in sand Keywords: sand, traffic, cracking, piles, driving

235

Bengt Broms – Foundation Engineering – Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups

236