METAL MET AL BELLOWS EXPANSION JOINT BASICS
4 0 4 2 P A T T O N W AY AY BAKERSFIELD, CA 93308-5030 PHONE 661.587.2020 FAX 661.587.2022 EMAIL
[email protected] WWW.LORTZ.COM
4 0 4 2 P A T T O N W AY AY BAKERSFIELD, CA 93308-5030 PHONE 661.587.2020 FAX 661.587.2022 EMAIL
[email protected] WWW.LORTZ.COM
HISTORY Charles W. Lortz, Sr. founded the company as “Lortz “ Lortz & Son” Son ” i n 1947. The Business Philosophy was simple, “ be the best that we could be in the metal fabrication business and provide excellent service to our customers.” The long-term loyalty of our customers today attests to the soundness of the founding philosophy
LORTZ TODAY We have never lost sight of the founding philosophy, and today, providing excellence in service to our customers remains a business priority. We have continued to add machinery and expand our facilities to improve our overall capabilities. The emphasis on customer service and capability improvement, coupled with the knowledge, experience and enthusiasm of our employees, has enabled Lortz to maintain a reputation as the preferred metal fabricator for an ever increasing number of customers. Our most important assets are our customers and our employees. All Lortz employees are very aware of the importance of providing customers with the highest quality products and service. Our outstanding reputation with customers attests to the dedicated effort and superior results of all of our employees. We look forward to the next opportunity opportunity to serve you.
125,000 square feet of manufacturing area; 14,000 square feet of of fices on 23 acres
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Lortz specializes in On-site Problem solving! • • • •
Metal and Fabric Expansion Joints Experienced Engineers Experienced Welders Experienced Management
24 / 7 / /365 365 Emergency Engineering and Product Support Serving Industry Since 1947
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LORTZ PRODUCTS
• • • • • •
Pressure Vessels Metal & Fabric Expansion Joints Pipe Spool Fabricatio Fabrication n Process Skids Ducting Custom Metal Fabrication
PRESSURE VESSELS
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METAL EXPANSION JOINTS
FABRIC EXPANSION JOINTS
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PIPE SPOOL FABRICATION
PROCESS SKIDS
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DUCTING
CUSTOM METAL FABRICATION
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TABLE OF CONTENTS What is a Metal Bellows........................................................... 8 How Metal Bellows Work......................................................... 9 Pressure Thrust......................................................................... 10 Metal Bellows Pressure Retaining Capability.................. 11 Bello ws Pres sure Stre sses .................................................. 12 Metal Bellows Spring Rate / Force................................ 13 Metal Bello ws Cyc le Life........................................................ 14 F L E X X C H E C K Bell ows Anal ysis ..................................... 15 Bello ws Desig n Variable s .......................................................16 Bello ws Design Variabl es.......................................................17 Commo n Bello ws Materi als ..................................................18 What is a Metal Bellows Expansion Joint ?..................... 19 Metal Expansion Joint Components................................. 20 Component Terminology......................................................... 21 Types of Expans ion Join ts.............................................22... 23 Main Anchors............................................................................... 24 Typical Pipe Guide, Guide Supports.................................. 25 Intermediate Anchors, Pipe Guides and Supports........... 26 Pipe Guide Spacing ......................................................................27 Piping and Ducting System Design Considerations.......... 28 Typical Expansion Joint Applications..............................29... 33 Metal Rectangular Expansion Joints.......................................34 Fabric Expansion Joints................................................................35 Installation Instructions.......................................................36...39 Thermal Expansion................................................................40... 42 Steam Pressure..............................................................................43 Dimensions of Welded and seamless pipe............................44 Conversions Table...........................................................................45
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WHAT IS A METAL BELLOWS ? Metal bellows are produced starting with a welded tube (seamless tube use is very rare), and mechanically or hydraulically forming “convolutions” in the number and shape to meet piping or ducting system application requirements Metal bellows, as a detail part, are rarely provided to customers due to the “thin” material thickness which requires specialized welding processes to attach the bellows to pipe or flanges.
U - Shaped
S - Shaped
Toroidal
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HOW METAL BELLOWS WORK Movements Metal bellows are designed to absorb thermal and / or mechanical piping or ducting system movements while retaining system operating pressure at the system temperature. Bellows can absorb the following movements.
Axial
Lateral
Angular
Compression & Extension
Whereas metal bellows can be designed to resist torsional loads, metal bellows cannot tolerate torsional movement. Metal bellows must be designed to avoid system resonant vibration frequency (if vibration exists) in order to prevent immediate mechanical bellows failure. Failure to specify one or the other, or both, can result in immediate bellows failure.
Torsion
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PRESSURE THRUST Understanding metal bellows pressure thrust is extremely important. Metal bellows cannot restrain longitudinal pressure loads without integral retraining hardware such as tie rods, hinges, gimbals or external pipe anchors. Longitudinal pressure load on a bellows results in “pressure thrust”. Pressure thrust force is created by the system and / or test pressure acting on the area of the “mean” diameter of the bellows. A pressurized, unrestrained metal bellows expansion joint in a piping system without anchors, will elongate (extend) due to pressure thrust which can result in immediate bellows “squ irm” a nd failure. Pressure thrust forces are typically higher than all other system forces combined. With rigid pipe installed between two flanges - pressure thrust is restrained by the strength of the pipe
With a thin wall convoluted bellows welded to two flanges, the bellows reaction to pressure thrust results in the bellows growing in length until the bellows “squirms” and / or the convolutions stretch out to become the tube from which they were f ormed.
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METAL BELLOWS PRESSURE RETAINING CAPABILITY Metal bellows are designed to retrain loads imposed by internal and / or external system pressure and / or test pressure. Bellows convolution geometry, numbers of convolutions, material type and material thickness all affect bellows pressure retaining capability.
Squirm
Over press urization a nd / or improper guiding of an metal bellows expansion joint can cause the bellows to “squirm”. Squirm can lead to immediate failure of the bellows.
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BELLOWS PRESSURE STRESSES Pressure applied to a bellows is limited by “Hoop Stress” (EJMA S2) and “Bulge Stress” (EJMA S4). Hoop Stress runs circumferentually around the bellows resulting from pressure differential between the inside and outside diameter of the bellows. Hoop stress is what holds a bellows together similar to hoop rings on a barrel. Hoop stress must be held to code allowable levels. Bulge Stress runs longitudinal to the bellows centerline acting on the sidewall of the bellows convolutions. Bulge Stress is also calculated to code.
Hoop Stress EJMA S2
Bulging Stress EJMA S4
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METAL BELLOWS SPRING RATE / FORCE In addition to longitudinal pressure thrust loads, movement within a bellows requires a “force” to cause the bellows to compress, extend or angulate. Bellows “Spring rate” is a design consid eration. To calculate the load (force) imposed on equipment adjacent to the expansion joint.
F = K· X F -
The load (force) imposed on equipment on either side of the bellows.
K -
The bellows spring rate (expressed as pounds / inch of movement for axial and lateral movements, and inch / pound per degree for angular movement)
X -
The anticipated or specified movement
The result is referred to as “spring force” For a bellows expansion joint without integral longitudinal pressure restraining hardware, one must add the bellows spring force to the pressure thrust force to determine the total force imposed on adjacent equipment or pipe anchors. Other loads that must be considered are dead weight, frictional, wind, etc.
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METAL BELLOWS CYCLE LIFE When a bellows compresses, extends or angulates, the movement is absorbed by deformation of the side walls of the bellows convolutions. The stress caused by the movement is referred to as the bellows deflection bending stress (EJMA S6). This stress is highest at the “crest” and “root” of the bellows convolution. Metal bellows are designed to function with a deflection bending stress value that far exceeds the yield strength of the bellows material. Therefore, most metal bellows expansion joints are designed to deflate in the “plastic” range of materials and the bellows will take a permanent “set” at the rated bellows movements. Bellows are rarely designed to operate in the elastic range of materials. Bellows operating in the plastics material range will eventually fatigue after a finite number of movement cycles. Realistic cycle life should be specified for bellows design. As the chart on page 16 shows, the higher the cycle life, the “weaker” the bellows design pressure e capability. The “safest” bellows design results from real-world cycle life, pressure, movement and temperature date.
Deflection Stress EJMA S6
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EJMA STANDARDS - EIGHTH EDITION Customer: Lortz Manufacturing
Date: 15-Apr-08
Reference: 4/15/08
Lortz Job/Quote: 821000
Tag Number: Ø20”
Approved By: WLW
SINGLE BELLOWS DESIGN INPUT BELLOWS PROPERTIES Bellows Material
SA240-316/316L
Inside Diameter
20.000 in
Bellows Length
Outside Diameter
22.375 in
Allowable Stress
Nominal Thickness
0.036 in
Number of Convolutions
10
Number of Plies
Mod. of Elasticity Weld Joint Efficiency
8.750 in 18,000 psi 25,800,000 psi 100%
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COLLAR PROPERTIES Collar Material
N/A
Thickness N/A Allowable Stress
N/A
Width N/A Modulus of Elasticity
N/A
Weld Joint Efficiency
N/A
DESIGN PARAMETERS Design Pressure
100 psig
Design Temperature
500 °F
Design Movements (Concurrent) Axial Compression
1.50 in
Axial Extension
Lateral (1)
0.13 in
Lateral (2)
Angular (1) Design Cycle Life
0.00 °
0.00 in 0.000 in
Angular (2)
0.000 °
2,000 cycles
ANALYSIS RESULTS STRESS
ALLOWABLE
(S1)
21,864 psi
18,000 psi
Circumferential Membrane Stress due to Pressure (S2)
9,463 psi
18,000 psi
Meridional Membrane Stress due to Pressure
(S3)
1,645 psi
N/A
Meridional Bending Stress due to Pressure
(S4)
39,849 psi
47,688 psi
Meridional Membrane Stress due to Deflection
(S5)
1,955 psi
N/A
Meridional Bending Stress due to Deflection
(S6)
211,386 psi
N/A
Total Stress Range
(St)
242,387 psi
N/A
Calculated Cycle Life EJMA
(Nc)
2,405 cycles
2,000 cycles
Tangent Circ. Membrane Stress due to Pressure
Axial Spring Rate
1,100 lbs/in
Lateral Spring Rate
9,709 lbs/in
Angular Spring Rate
1,081 in-lb/deg
Bellows Effective Area
353.77 in^2
Bellows Maximum Design Pressure based upon Squirm
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148 psi
R I S C E I H T M A & N Y S D E L S B W A I O L R L A E V B N O G I T S P I E H D S S N O W I T O L A L L E E R B
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s s i e e l i l P P r e e r w o e M F
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BELLOW DESIGN VARIABLES Refer to the chart on page 16. This chart shows the complexity of bellows design with the relationship of bellows geometry, material thickness, pressure and movement. Optimum bellows design requires actual pressure and temper ature to be specified along with actual calculated thermal movement to be absorbed by the bellows. Overstating system data will result in a less safe bellows design. Most system designers think that specifying an extended bellows cycle life increases system reliability, whereas a longer than necessary specified bellows cycle life in most cases has the opposite result. As the chart on page 16 shows, the relationship between cycle life and pressure stability is a “balancing act”. The longer the cycle life, the lower the pressure retraining capability of a given bellows design. The Standards of the Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association (EJMA) covers the subject of bellows cycle life very well and Lortz recommends that system designers refer to the latest edition of the EJMA Standards.
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COMMON BELLOWS MATERIALS Bellows material selection is determined through knowledge of the system process and media. Responsibility for the selection of bellows materials is that of the system process designer or end user.
Material Designation ASME
ASTM
SA 304 Stainless
A 304 Stainless
SA 304L Stainless
A 304L Stainless
SA 316 Stainless
A 316 Stainless
SA 316L Stainless
A 316L Stainless
SA 317 Stainless
A 317 Stainless
SA 317L Stainless
A 317L Stainless
SA 321 Stainless
A 321 Stainless
SA 904L Stainless
A 904L Stainless
SB 463 Alloy 200
B 463 Alloy 200
SB 162 Alloy 200
B 162 Alloy 200
SB 162 Alloy 201
B 162 Alloy 201
SB 167 Alloy 400
B 167 Alloy 400
SB 168 Alloy 600
B 168 Alloy 600
SB 443 Alloy 625 LCF
B 443 Alloy 625 LCF
SB 409 Alloy 800
B 409 Alloy 800
SB 409 Alloy 800 H
B 409 Alloy 800 H
SB 424 Alloy 825
B 424 Alloy 825
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WHAT IS A METAL BELLOWS EXPANSION JOINT ? A convoluted metal bellows is one component of a metal bellows expansion joint. When the metal bellows is welde d to pipe, flanges or other parts, the welded part becomes a metal bellows expansion joint. There are many “types” of metal bellows expansion joints which are shown in pages that follow
Vanstone flange / weld end expansion joint
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METAL EXPANSION JOINT COMPONENTS
T BAR / ROOT RING TUBULAR ROOT RING ROUND BAR ROOT RING
BELLOWS
OWS TANGENT REINFORCING RING COVER TIE ROD LUG FLANGE COVER CLIP LINER WELD END
TIE ROD RING TIE ROD LIMIT ROD CONTROL ROD
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COMPONENT TERMINOLOGY •
Bellows – A metal tube with concentric convolutions
•
Liner / Telescoping Liner – installed to prevent media flow on bellows convolution, prevent erosion, flow induced vibration and minimize solids buildup in convolutions.
•
Cover – Installed to prevent damage to convolutions or for external flow; to act as a liner above. Can be installed with cover clips or solid cover ring.
•
Flange – normally standard ANSI flanges.
•
Van Stone Flange - Bellows is formed around flange face and trimmed. Result is a “floating flange” with bellows material protecting flange I.D.. Required gasket.
•
Weld End – normally standard pipe.
•
Tie Rod Lug – A lug to hold tie rod welded to flange or weld end.
•
Tie Rod Ring – A solid ring welded to weld end to hold tie rod.
•
Tie Rod – Rods installed to restrain pressure thrust. Lateral movement only.
•
Control Rods – Control rods are not designed to restrain bellows pressure thrust. Control rods are used to distribute the applied movement between two bellows or a universal expansion joint.
•
Collar – Collars are used to reinforce the bellows tangent (cuff).
•
Root Rings – Root rings are used to reinforce bellows to achieve higher internal pressures.
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TYPES OF EXPANSION JOINTS
Absorbs all movements in a given piping section. Requires guides and anchors Single
Tied
Absorbs lateral movement, if “control Rod’; absorbs axial and lateral movement. Designed to restrain full pressure thrust in the event of anchor failure. Requires guides and anchors. Absorbs large amounts of lateral movement along with specified axial movement. Requires guides and anchors.
Universal
Large amounts of lateral movement, and within the tie rods axial movement. Designed to retrain bellows pressure thrust. Tied Universal
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TYPES OF EXPANSION JOINTS
Designed to absorb angular movement in one plane only. Hinged expansion joints are normally used in sets of 2 or 3 to function properly Hinge
Designed to absorb angular movement in any plane. Similar to a Universal joint on an automobile Gimbal
Pressure Balanced
Designed to absorb axial and lateral movement when a change of direction occurs in a piping system. Designed to restrain bellows pressure thrust. Externally pressurized expansion joints can absorb long axial movements and the bellows cover is “pipe”
XXpress
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MAIN ANCHORS Main anchors must be designed to withstand all of the forces and movements imposed on them in the piping system section in which they are installed. This includes bellows pressure thrust, media flow, bellows spring force and frictional forces of pipe guides, pipe supports, and directional anchors. The weight of the pipe, including contents and forces and / or movements resulting from wind loads may also have to be considered in the main anchor design. In systems containing expansion joints, main anchors are installed at any of the following locations (A) At a change of direction of flow:
(B) Between Two expansion joi nt s o f diff ere nt siz es installed in the same straight run: (C) At the entrance of a side branch contain ing a n expansion joint into the main line:
(D) Where a shut-o ff or pressure reducing valve is installed in a pipe run between two expansion joints:
(E) At a blind end of pipe
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TYPICAL PIPE GUIDE
Standard Pipe Alignment Guide
Tee Guide
Strap Guide
PIPE SUPPORTS Pipe rings, U-bolts, roller supports and spring hangars are typical pipe supports devices. A properly designed pipe support permits free movement of piping while supporting the dead and live weight of piping, valves and other components of a piping system.
Proper guiding and supporting of piping systems containing expansion joints is critical.
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INTERMEDIATE ANCHORS Intermediate anchors are not designed to withstand bellows pressure thrust force. When unrestrained metal bellows expansion joints are installed in a pipe section, intermediate anchors must be designed to withstand all of the non-pressure forces acting upon it which consists of bellows spring force and other frictional forces such as pipe guides.
PIPE GUIDES AND SUPPORTS
1st Guide
2nd Guide
All Other Guides
Piping or ducting systems in which metal bellows expansion joints are installed must be properly guided and supported in order for the expansion joint to function properly. It is generally recommended that the expansion joint be installed near a pipe anchor and that the first guide be installed a maximum of four (4) pipe diameters away from the expansion joint. The distance between the first and second guide should not be greater than 14 pipe diameters. Refer to the recommended pipe guide spacing chart on the next page.
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PIPE GUIDE SPACING CHART The first guide must be located a maximum of 4 pipe diameters from the end of the bellows; t he second guide a maximum of 14 pipe diameters. Chart is for all bellows with inside diameter the same as piping. Recommended Maximum Spacing of Intermediate Pipe Guides for Applications Involving Axial Movements 400.00
350.00 ] t f [ g 300.00 n i c a p S e 250.00 d i u G e 200.00 t a i d e m150.00 r e t n I 100.00
50.00
0.00 25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
Pressure [psi]
This chart is general reference only. Piping ducting systems should be designed by qualified engineers and consider all system requirements
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Legend 4"
8"
12"
16"
20"
24"
30"
36"
48"
60"
72"
PIPING AND DUCTING SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS When the use of expansion joints have been determined necessary due to the thermal growth in a piping or duct system, it is very important to attempt to keep the system as simple as possible. The first step is to analyze the system for the location of main anchors. A complex system can be simplified by dividing the system into several sections isolated with main anchors. Once divided, the thermal growth pattern in each section can be analyzed and the simplest expansion joint can be designed to accommodate the required mountings.
Straight Run
L - Bend Z - Bend
Pump
Tank
Tank
Typical Piping Layout
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TYPICAL EXPANSION JOINT APPLICATIONS Axial Movement Only
Single Expansion Joint
Universal Expansion Joint with Integral Intermediate Anchors
Pressure Balanced Elbow Expansion Joint
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TYPICAL EXPANSION JOINT APPLICATIONS Combined Movements
Single Expansion Joint Combined Axial and Lateral Movement
Single - Tied Application For Lateral and Axial Movement
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TYPICAL EXPANSION JOINT APPLICATIONS Combined Movements - Tied Universal
Two - Plane Tied Universal Application
Three - Plane Tied Universal Application
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TYPICAL EXPANSION JOINT APPLICATIONS Angular Movements - Hinge
Two - Hinge Application
Three - Hinge Application
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TYPICAL EXPANSION JOINT APPLICATIONS Angular Movements - Gimbal
Two - Gimbal Application
Three - Gimbal Application
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METAL RECTANGULAR EXPANSION JOINTS
Single Miter Corner
LORTZ can fabricate metal rectangular expansion joints from 2’ to any larger size. Straight sections can be formed in 20 foot lengths without additional welds.
Double Miter Corner
Rounded Corner
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FABRIC EXPANSION JOINTS Lortz Manufacturing has the experience and manufacturing capability to provide complete framed fabric expansion joints. Our designs are in accordance with recognized standards suchas those published by the Fluid Sealing Association (FSA). Lortz offers multiple frame styles and fabric materials specifically engineered for each application requirement. Factors such as temperature, media, movements, orientation and pressure affect the selection process. The illustration below shows a typical framed expansion joint system. 4
6
7 1 2 3
LEGEND 1: Fabric Belt Material
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2: Encased Accumulation Pillow with Attachment Tabs 3: Outboard Standoff Frame 4: Radius Corners 5: Telescoping Liners 6: Belt Attachment Bolting, 1/2” Diameter on 4” Centers 7: Clamping Bars
LEGEND A: Outer Cover Fabric B: Fiberglass Insulation F
E
D
C
B
A
G
Option A
C: Teflon Gas Seal Membrane D: Fiberglass Insulation E: Woven Fiberglass Cloth F: 316 S/S Wire Mesh G: Edge Seal
F
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D E
B C
A
Option B
INSTALLATION INSTRU CTIONS Receiving Inspection Visual inspection upon receipt should be performed. The container should be opened and if the contents have been damaged, they should be photographed along with the container. Large expansion joint assemblies may be shipped without a pallet or container of any kind. Under all circumstances, any shipping damage must be immediately reported to Customer Service at Lortz Manufactu ring , 66 1-587-20 20 and the photographs emailed to
[email protected]. Lortz will analyze the damage and provide further instructions.
Storage Expansion Joints should be stored in a clean and dry environment. However, as a minimum, expansion joints must be stored so that water does not penetrate any closed container. Expansion joints shipped on pallets or shipped without a pallet may be stored out of doors, however it is extremely important that flow liners be in a downward position. Expansion joints with overlapping flow liners, regardless of liner weep holes, should be covered to prevent water from accumulating in the liner and potentially clogging the weep holes.
Shipping Bars and / or Internal Shipping Restraints Shipping bars and / or Internal shipping restraints will be painted yellow and marked “Remove after Installation”. • DO NOT REMOVE THE SHIPPING BARS OR INTERNAL RESTRAINTS UNTIL THE EXPANSION JOINT HAS BEEN COMPLETELY INSTALLED. • Do not use the expansion joint to correct for installation misalignment. • Do not torque the expansion joint to correct for bolt hole misalignment. • “Tie Rods”, “Limit Rods” or “Control Rods” are NOT shipping bars, do not remove nuts or rods. • Be very careful removing shipping bars so as not to cause weld spatter or arc strikes or grinding damage to the bellows element. Position a chloride free fire blanket as required to prevent bellows damage. All expansion joints are shipped to specified “Pre-set” installation dimensions and it is important that the expansion joints are installed accordingly. The “Pre-set” can be Axial (compression or extension), or Lateral, or Angular, or any combination thereof. Expansion Joints will be shipped “Pre-set” in accordance with approved drawing requirements. If the shipping bars are removed prior to completion of installation by bolting or welding, the expansion joint may “move to a neutral position” and will not function as designed and can cause premature or immediate expansion joint failure.
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INSTALLATION INSTRU CTIONS (continued) Installation Prior to installin g the expansion joint, the ope nin g into which t he expansion joint will be installed must be inspected to verify that the opening is in accordance with design tolerances. As stated above, the expansion joint is not designed to accommodate installation misalignment, unless clea rly sp ecifie d as a design requirement. A ll pipe guides and anchoring must be in accordance with the guidelines of the Standards of the Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association for expansion joints to function properly in a piping or ducting system. • DO NOT USE THE SHIPPING BARS TO LIFT THE EXPANSION JOINT. • FOR EXPANSION JOINTS WEIGHING LESS THAN 500 POUNDS WITH OUT LIFTING LUGS, USE THE MOST APPROPRIATE HANDLING METHOD TO MOVE INTO INSTALLATION POSITION. • EXPANSION JOINTS WEIGHING MORE THAN 500 POUNDS WILL BE FURNISHED WITH LIFTING LUGS AND REQUIRE THE USE OF A SPREADER BAR TO LIFT TO PREVENT DAMAGE TO THE EXPANSION JOINT WHEN STANDARD LIFTING PRACTICES ARE EMPLOYED. SPREADER BARS MUST BE USED SO THAT THE LIFTING FORCES ARE “STRAIGHT UP” FROM THE LIFTING LUGS. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT LIFTING OF LARGE EXPANSION JOINTS BE DOCUMENTED BY PHOTOGRAPHS. • NEVER USE A CHAIN OR CABLE OVER THE BELLOWS ELEMENT OR COVER, THEY ARE NOT DESIGNED TO SUPPORT LIFTING AND THE BELLOWS CAN BE SEVERELY DAMAGED.
Weld End Expansion Joints 1. Make certain that the attachment edges of the piping or ducting are smooth, clean and parallel. 2. Be cautious of any adjacent objects with sharp edges or protrusions so that when positioning the expansion joint the thin gage bellows will not be damaged. 3. When the expansion joint has a liner, make certain that the flow arrow of the expansion joint is in the system flow direction. 4. Prior to welding, protect the expansion joint with a chloride free fire blanket to prevent weld spatter or arc strikes on the bellows surface. 5. Remove the shipping bars and / or internal restraints prior to any testing or operation of the system.
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INSTALLATION INSTRU CTIONS (continued) Flanged Expansion Joints 1. Make certain that the pipe or duc t flang e openin g is in accorda nce with specified dimensions. 2. When the exp ansion joint has a liner, make certa in that the flow arrow of the expansion join t is in t he system flow direction. 3. Properly install the required gaskets an d bolt t he expansion joint in place being carefu l no t to ca use any damag e to the bellows element. 4. Again, do not introduce to rq ue into the expansio n joint by trying to rotate the expan sion joint to accommodate an improperly pos ition ed fla nge on the pipe or duc t en d. 5. Many flanged ex pansion joints are design ed with a “floating flange” (Vanstone ) so th at th e fina l flang e to b e bolted can be rotated. 6. Remove the shipp in g bars and / or internal restr aints prior to any testing or ope ratio n of th e system.
Tied Rods, Control Rods and Limit Rods 1. If th e expansion joint is design ed with T ie Rod s to re strai n pressure thru st, the tie rods will be set t o the prope r dimension s prio r to s hipment. Do not adjust the tie rods. 2. If th e expansion joint is shippe d with “Con tro l Rods”, to control the amou nt o f mo vement between two expansion joints, final adjustment of the rod nuts may be re q uired during installation of the exp ansion joints. Refer to th e expan sion joint drawings. 3. If th e expansion joint is design ed with “L imit Rods”, to limit the amoun t o f mov ement absorbed b y th e expansion jo int, the limit ro ds will be f inally adjusted prior to shipme nt. Do not adjust the limit rods. Limit Rods are not des ig ned to restrain expan sion joint pressure thrust, during normal opera tion .
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INSTALLATION IN STRUCTIONS (continued) Hinge Expansion Joints 1. CAUTION - Proper orientation of hinged expansion joints in pipe runs is critical. Refer to piping schematic prior to installation.
Proper lifting technic for expansion joints
Shipping bars are not to removed until expansion joints are installed
39
Thermal Expansion of Pipe in Inches for 100 Feet Temperature Degrees F
Carbon Steel C-Mo 3Cr-Mo
5CR-Mo through 9Cr-Mo Steel
Austenitic Stainless Steel 18Cr-8NI
Alloy’s 600 625
-325 -300 -275 -250 -225 -200 -175 -150 -125 -100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
-2.37 -2.24 -2.11 -1.98 -1.85 -1.71 -1.58 -1.45 -1.30 -1.15 -1.00 -0.84 -0.68 -0.49 -0.32 -0.14 0.00 0.23 0.42 0.61 0.80 0.99 1.21 1.40 1.61 1.82
-2.22 -2.10 -1.98 -1.86 -1.74 -1.62 -1.50 -1.37 -1.23 -1.08 -0.94 -0.79 -0.63 -0.46 -0.30 -0.13 0.00 0.22 0.40 0.58 0.76 0.94 1.13 1.33 1.52 1.71
-3.85 -3.63 -3.41 -3.19 -2.96 -2.73 -2.50 -2.27 -2.01 -1.75 -1.50 -1.24 -0.98 -0.72 -0.46 -0.21 0.00 0.34 0.62 0.90 1.18 1.46 1.75 2.03 2.32 2.61
-2.30 -2.17 -2.04 -1.87 -1.70 -1.54 -1.37 -1.17 -0.97 -0.76 -0.56 -0.36 -0.16 0.00 0.26 0.48 0.70 0.92 1.15 1.38 1.61 1.85 2.09
40
Thermal Expansion of Pipe in Inches for 100 Feet Temperature Degrees F
Carbon Steel C-Mo 3Cr-Mo
5CR-Mo through 9Cr-Mo Steel
Austenitic Stainless Steel 18Cr-8NI
Alloy’s 600 625
325 350 375 400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 625 650 675 700 725 750 775 800 825 850 875 900 925 950 975 1000 1025
2.04 2.26 2.48 2.70 2.93 3.16 3.39 3.62 3.86 4.11 4.35 4.60 4.86 5.11 5.37 5.63 5.90 6.16 6.43 6.70 6.97 7.25 7.53 7.81 8.08 8.35 8.62 8.89 9.17
1.90 2.10 2.30 2.50 2.72 2.93 3.14 3.35 3.58 3.80 4.02 4.24 4.47 4.69 4.92 5.14 5.38 5.62 5.86 6.10 6.34 6.59 6.83 7.07 7.31 7.56 7.81 8.06 8.30
2.90 3.20 3.50 3.80 4.10 4.41 4.71 5.01 5.31 5.62 5.93 6.24 6.55 6.87 7.18 7.50 7.82 8.15 8.47 8.80 9.13 9.46 9.79 10.12 10.46 10.80 11.14 11.46 11.82
2.32 2.56 2.80 3.05 3.29 3.53 3.78 4.02 4.27 4.52 4.77 5.02 5.27 5.53 5.79 6.05 6.31 6.57 6.84 7.10 7.38 7.67 7.95 8.23 8/.52 8.80 9.09 9.37 9.66
41
Thermal Expansion of Pipe in Inches for 100 Feet Temperature Degrees F
Carbon Steel C-Mo 3Cr-Mo
5CR-Mo through 9Cr-Mo Steel
Austenitic Stainless Steel 18Cr-8NI
Alloy’s 600 625
1050 1075 1100 1125 1150 1175 1200 1225 1250 1275 1300 1325 1350 1375 1400 1425 1450 1475 1500 1525 1550 1575 1600
9.46 9.75 10.04 10.31 10.57 10.83 11.10 11.38 11.66 11.94 12.22 12.50 12.78 13.06 13.34 -
8.55 8.80 9.05 9.28 9.52 9.76 10.00 10.26 10.53 10.79 11.06 11.30 11.55 11.80 12.05 -
12.16 12.50 12.84 13.18 13.52 13.86 14.20 14.54 14.88 15.22 15.56 15.90 16.24 16.48 16.92 17.30 17.69 18.08 18.47 -
9.94 10.23 10.51 10.80 11.09 11.37 11.66 11.98 12.29 12.61 12.93 13.25 13.56 13.88 14.250 14.51 14.83 15.14 15.45 15.77 16.08 16.40 16.71
42
Stream Pressure Table Temperature
Saturated Steam
Temperature
Saturated Steam
(°F) 212 220 240 260
(°C) 100 104 116 127
(psig) 0.0 2.5 10.3 20.7
(barg) 0.000 0.172 0.710 1.428
(°F) 460 480 500 520
(°C) 238 249 260 271
(psig) 451.3 550.3 664.3 795.3
(barg) 31.124 37.952 45.814 54.848
280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440
138 149 160 171 182 193 204 216 227
34.5 52.3 74.9 103.3 138.3 180.9 232.4 293.7 366.1
2.379 3.607 5.166 7.124 9.538 12.476 16.028 20.255 25.248
540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700
282 293 304 316 327 338 349 360 371
945.3 1115.0 1308.0 1525.0 1768.0 2041.0 2346.0 2705.0 3080.0
65.193 76.897 90.217 105.172 121.931 140.759 161.793 186.552 212.414
Low - Pressure Conversions 1 in. Mercury =
0.4912 psig
1 kPa =
1 in. Mercury =
13.60 in. of water
1 kPa =
1 in. Mercury =
0.03386 bar
1 bar
10 N/sq. mm
1 in. Mercury =
3.3864 kPa
1 psig
0.06895 bar
43
0.145 psig 0.01 bar
4 2 8 4 8 9 2 6 0 0 6 3 2 1 0 0 6 8 4 2 9 5 0 3 5 9 8 9 0 0 3 0 5 7 0 0 3 2 7 5 2 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 3 . 5 . 3 . 8 . 4 . 1 . 4 . 5 . 5 . 7 . 6 . 3 . 6 . 7 . 6 . 1 . 1 1 1 2 2 3
X G E N L O B R D T S
7 6 8 4 0 5 0 0 1 8 3 9 5 5 8 4 8 6 1 1 5 1 5 6 8 3 4 8 7 2 3 2 1 . 4 . 2 . 6 . 2 . 8 . 2 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 3 . 6 . 3 . 1 . 4 . 6 . 1 1 1 2 2
H 0 C 6 S 1
1 8 3 3 5 . 4 . 3
H 0 C 4 S 1 8 4 3 2 4 . 6 . 3
H 0 C 2 S 1
D E E D L P I E P W S F S O E L S M N O I A E S S N D E N M I A D
H 0 C 0 S 1 H 0 C 8 S
5 5 6 3 6 3 7 6 4 2 9 7 1 8 0 0 8 9 6 3 0 0 8 4 7 6 9 1 2 2 2 2 4 4 5 4 7 5 9 7 0 0 1 3 7 2 0 0 1 6 3 2 0 . 2 . 1 . 4 . 1 . 4 . 1 . 5 . 1 . 7 . 1 . 9 . 1 . 2 . 2 . 5 . 2 . 9 . 2 . 3 . 3 . 9 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 8 . 1 1 1 2 2 3 3
5 5 6 3 6 3 7 6 4 2 9 7 1 8 0 0 8 9 6 3 0 0 8 4 7 6 9 1 2 2 2 2 4 4 5 4 7 5 9 7 0 0 1 3 7 2 0 0 1 6 3 2 A G 0 . 2 . 1 . 4 . 1 . 4 . 1 . 5 . 1 . 7 . 1 . 9 . 1 . 2 . 2 . 5 . 2 . 9 . 2 . 3 . 3 . 9 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 8 . R N 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 T O X R T E S H 0 C 6 S H 0 C 4 S
8 9 8 4 6 6 8 6 0 . 2 . 0 . 3 .
9 2 3 4 3 9 0 0 5 0 4 7 3 9 6 8 6 8 7 6 0 2 1 2 3 4 4 8 4 1 5 6 0 6 1 6 2 4 3 2 1 . 8 . 6 . 1 . 1 . 0 . 1 . 3 . 1 . 6 . 1 . 0 . 2 . 4 . 2 . 0 . 2 . 5 . 2 . 0 . 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4
8 9 8 4 1 3 9 2 3 4 3 9 0 0 5 0 4 7 3 9 6 8 6 8 7 6 D 6 6 8 6 9 9 0 2 1 2 3 4 4 8 4 1 5 6 0 6 1 6 2 4 3 2 R T 0 2 0 3 0 4 1 6 1 . 8 . 1 . 0 . 1 . 3 . 1 . 6 . 1 . 0 . 2 . 4 . 2 . 0 . 2 . 5 . 2 . 0 . A H . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 D I G N E A W T S H 0 C 3 S 0 2 H C S 3 4 9 7 9 2 9 2 9 7 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 0 9 0 4 0 8 0 5 2 3 2 6 2 6 2 6 0 . 8 . 1 . 0 . 1 . 4 . 1 . 6 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 6 . 1 . 2 . 1 . 7 . 1 . 2 . 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4
H 0 C 1 S L . L D A I . W
L . L D A I . W
L . L D A I . W
L . L D A I . W
L . L D A I . W
L . L D A I . W
L . L D A I . W
L . L D A I . W
L . L D A I . W
L . L D A I . W
L . L D A I . W
L . L D A I . W
L . L D A I . W
E R D E T 5 I S E 0 T M 4 . U A O I D
0 4 5 .
5 7 6 .
0 4 8 .
0 5 0 . 1
5 1 3 . 1
0 6 6 . 1
0 0 9 . 1
5 7 3 . 2
5 7 8 . 2
0 0 5 . 3
0 0 0 . 4
0 0 5 . 4
L E Z A I N S 8 I / M E 1 P O I N P
4 / 1
8 / 3
2 / 1
4 / 3
1
4 / 1 1
2 / 1 1
2
2 / 1 2
3
2 / 1 3
4
44
0 3 4 7 5 5 X G 5 6 6 9 7 7 E N 7 . 0 . 8 . 8 . 8 . 8 . 4 4 6 L O B R D T S H 0 C 6 S 1
5 3 8 9 6 3 5 0 2 1 1 8 0 1 2 0 6 . 3 . 7 . 1 . 9 . 8 . 1 . 5 . 4 5 6 1 8 2 1 1 0 8 . 0 . 7
H 0 C 4 S 1 H 0 C 2 S 1
0 0 0 5 0 . 7 . 1 8
2 6 1 2 3 . 1 . 1 0 1
6 8 0 8 4 . 1 . 1 1 1
3 4 9 1 5 . 8 . 1 2 1
1 8 8 3 7 . 4 . 1 4 1
8 4 6 6 9 . 0 . 1 6 1
3 4 4 1 3 . 3 . 2 9 1
5 0 5 0 8 4 2 0 2 2 . 0 3 1 . 5 . 1 5 . 4 . 1 . 1 0 1 1 3 1 1 1
2 6 6 7 5 . 8 . 1 4 1
0 0 5 0 7 . 5 . 1 6 1
2 6 6 7 0 . 8 . 2 9 1
0 3 2 1 8 9 3 4 0 0 3 4 8 4 5 0 0 0 2 6 0 6 6 0 1 8 4 6 0 5 9 1 1 6 7 5 0 0 1 7 5 . 5 . 5 . 5 . 7 . 1 . 8 . 0 . 0 . 7 . 0 . 8 . 2 . 5 . 3 . 2 . 5 . 0 . 8 . 3 . 4 5 7 9 1 0 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 7 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 2
H 0 C 0 S 1
3 9 8 4 3 4 7 6 1 8 9 3 1 1 4 6 3 2 3 3 5 . 4 . 7 . 3 . 8 . 0 . 9 . 1 . 0 . 9 . 7 9 1 2 1 3 1 1 1
6 8 5 8 1 . 6 . 1 5 1
1 8 8 3 2 . 4 . 1 7 1
H 0 C 8 S
5 3 2 1 0 5 3 4 7 6 0 0 3 4 7 6 1 8 7 1 3 6 0 2 9 6 8 7 5 0 4 1 3 2 3 3 3 . 8 . 4 . 7 . 5 . 6 . 5 . 5 . 6 . 3 . 7 . 5 . 8 . 3 . 9 . 1 . 0 . 9 . 4 5 7 9 1 2 4 6 1 7 1 1 1 1 1
1 8 3 3 5 . 9 . 1 0 2 8 4 + + 1 6 2 . 5 . 1 1 2
5 3 2 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 3 6 0 2 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A G 3 . 8 . 4 . 7 . 5 . 6 . 5 . 7 . 5 . 7 . 5 . 0 . 5 . 0 . 5 . 0 . 5 . 0 . 5 . 0 . 5 . 0 . R N 4 5 7 9 1 3 5 7 9 3 9 T O 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 X R T E S H 0 C 6 S
6 3 0 0 2 6 3 4 6 8 0 0 2 6 8 4 0 1 0 5 6 2 9 1 5 8 5 0 1 7 6 6 4 . 8 . 5 . 7 . 5 . 6 . 5 . 8 . 6 . 6 . 7 . 5 . 8 . 3 . 9 . 0 . 7 9 1 2 4 6 8 2 1 1 1 1 1 2
H 0 C 4 S
8 7 0 5 2 1 5 0 6 8 8 4 0 0 2 6 3 4 7 6 5 4 8 6 2 6 6 2 0 3 3 2 0 0 6 7 9 1 8 2 2 . 0 . 2 . 0 . 3 . 9 . 3 . 0 . 4 . 9 . 4 . 1 . 5 . 0 . 5 . 8 . 5 . 8 . 6 . 6 . 5 6 7 0 1 3 5 6 8 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
8 7 0 5 2 1 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 + + D 5 4 8 6 2 8 6 2 7 0 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 5 0 R T 2 0 . 2 . 0 . 3 . 9 . 3 . 0 . 3 . 0 . 3 . 2 . 3 . 2 . 3 . 2 . 3 . 2 . 3 . 2 . 7 5 A H . 5 6 7 0 2 3 5 7 9 3 3 . 2 . D I G 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 9 2 N E A W T S H 0 C 3 S
7 1 7 6 0 0 5 0 5 0 8 4 0 0 2 5 5 0 7 7 0 3 3 9 7 5 7 5 3 2 0 0 6 7 2 5 2 . 0 . 3 . 1 . 3 . 0 . 3 . 2 . 3 . 2 . 4 . 1 . 5 . 0 . 5 . 8 . 6 . 7 . 8 0 2 3 5 7 9 2 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
0 2 H C S
0 5 0 0 0 0 2 5 2 5 2 5 5 0 5 0 0 0 5 2 5 5 5 5 1 7 1 7 1 7 7 5 7 5 0 0 2 . 1 . 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 2 . 3 . 2 . 5 . 0 . 8 0 2 3 5 5 9 3 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
H 0 C 1 S
4 5 4 7 9 9 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 3 9 3 5 4 2 6 2 8 9 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 1 7 1 . 2 . 1 . 3 . 1 . 3 . 1 . 4 . 1 . 3 . 2 . 5 . 2 . 5 . 2 . 5 . 2 . 5 . 2 . 5 . 3 . 3 . 5 6 8 0 2 3 5 7 9 3 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 L . L D A I . W
L . L D A I . W
L . L D A I . W
L . L D A I . W
L . L D A I . W
L . L D A I . W
L . L D A I . W
L . L D A I . W
L . L D A I . W
L . L D A I . W
L . L D A I . W
3 6 5 . 5
5 2 6 . 6
5 2 6 . 8
0 5 7 . 0 1
0 5 7 . 2 1
0 0 0 . 4 1
0 0 0 . 6 1
0 0 0 . 8 1
0 0 0 . 0 2
0 0 0 . 4 2
0 0 0 . 0 3
L E Z A I N S I 5 M E P O I N P
6
8
0 1
2 1
4 1
6 1
8 1
0 2
4 2
0 3
E R D E T I S E T M U A O I D
45
CONVERSIONS BETWEEN U.S. CUSTOMARY & SI UNITS Quantity
U.S Customary Unit
Times Conversion Factor
Equals SI Unit
Area
ft² in.²
0.0929 645
m² mm²
Density (mass)
slug / ft³
515
kg/m³
Density (weight)
lb. / ft³ lb. / in.³
157 271
N / m³ kN / m³
Force
lb k
4.45 4.45
N kN
Force Per Unit Length
lb / ft lb / in. k / ft k / in.
14.6 175 14.6 175
N/m N/m kN / m kN / m
Length
ft in. mi
0.305 25.4 1.61
m mm km
Mass
lb - s² / ft
14.6
kg
Pressure (stress)
psf psi ksf ksi
47.9 6890 47.9 6.89
Pa Pa kPa MPa
Velocity (linear)
ft / s in. / s
0.305 0.0254 0.447 1.61
m/s m/s m/s km / h
Volume
ft³ in.³ in.³ gal. gal.
0.0283 16.4 x 10-6 16.4 3.79 0.00379
m³ m³ cm³ L m³
To convert from SI to USCS units, divide by the conversion factor
Temperature Conversion Formulas
5 T º(C) = ─ [ T (ºF) - 32] 9 T (K) = T (ºC) + 273.15
46
9 T (ºF) = ─ T (ºC) + 32 5 T (R) = T (ºF) + 459.67
4042 Patton Way Bakers field, CA 93308-5030 Phone 661.587.2020 Fax 661.587.2022 Email
[email protected] www.lortz.com
METAL EXPANSION JOINT DATA SHEET Customer Address: Design Codes and Standards
EJMA ASME Section VIII ANSI B31.3
Date
Page
Phone
Fax
Email Address
EJ# or Tag # Quantity Required Nominal Diameter (Inches) STYLE – END DESIGNATION
END FITTINGS PRESSURE INT. / EXT
SU-WW
Contact
W - Weld End Mat’l / Spec.
F - Flange Rating / Mat’l Spec. V - Vanstone Flange Design (PSIG)
Operating (PSIG) Test (PSIG) Design (F)
TEMPERATURE Operating (F) INT. / EXT.
Installation (F) Media Internal / External
FLOW MEDIA
Flow Direction
SU-VF
SH=HINGE
M O V E M E N T S & C Y C L E
SG=GIMBAL
Flow Velocity (Ft / Sec)
L I F E
DESIGN
Axial Extension (in)
Axial Compression (in)
Lateral (in)
Angular (deg)
Number of Cycles
Axial Extension (in) Axial Compression (in)
OPERATING Lateral (in) Angular (deg) Number of Cycles Axial Extension (in) Axial Compression (in) INSTALLATION Lateral (in) Angular (deg) Number of Cycles
SPRING RATES
Axial (lb / in) Lateral (lb / in) Angular (lb / deg) Overall Length (in)
DIMENSIONS ST=TIE ROD
Maximum O.D. (in) Minimum I.D. (in) Bellows
Liner MATERIAL SPECIFICATION Cover
Tie Rods Bellows Long Seam Weld
UT-WW TIED UNIVERSAL
QUALITY ASSURANCE
Copyright Lortz Manufacturing Company 2008
Bellows Attachment Weld Piping Spec - NDE ASME U-2 Forms
= Mandatory Information
4042 Patton Way Bakers field, CA 93308-5030 Phone 661.587.2020 Fax 661.587.2022 Email
[email protected] www.lortz.com
Notes
4 0 4 2 P AT T O N W AY BAKERSFIELD, CA 93308-5030 PHONE 661.587.2020 FAX 661.587.2022 EMAIL
[email protected] WWW.LORTZ.COM
