BCG y Tuberculosis

 

Dj vj`ukj ha N@B prlplr`glkj gkeukghjh l prlta``gðk `lktrj dj tunar`udlsgs. Dj vj`ukj  puaha sar jhegkgstrjhj j djs parslkjs `lk jdtl rgasbl ha `lktrjar tunar`udlsgs. Xjengçk sa usj pjrj trjtjr dls tuelras j dj vaså`udj l ad `êk`ar j dj vamgbj. Asta eahg`jeaktl tjengçk puaha sar pras`rgtl p ras`rgtl pjrj ltrls usls3 påhjda eês gkolrej`gðk j su hl`tlr l ojrej`çutg`l.

¼@ÐEL hana sar usjhl asta eahg`jeaktl< Pu hl`tlr l jdbýk egaenrl had parslkjd eçhg`l jhegkgstrjrê astj vj`ukj. @ujkhl as usjhj  pjrj hjr prlta``gðk `lktrj dj tunar`udlsgs, sa gkya`tj ak dj pgad (gktrjhçreg`j). Ejktakbj sa`j ad êraj hlkha sa jpdg`ð dj vj`ukj hurjkta >8 flrjs haspuçs ha fjnardj ra`gnghl y ejktakbj ad êraj dgepgj fjstj qua ustah kl puahj hgoak`gjr ad êraj hlkha sa jpdg`ð dj vj`ukj had rastl ha dj pgad. @ujkhl as usjhj pjrj trjtjr ad `êk`ar ha vamgbj, dj vj`ukj odugrê fj`gj dj vamgbj j trjvçs ha uk tunl l `jtçtar (gktrjvasg`jd). Avgta tlejr dåqughls 8 flrjs jktas ha `leakzjr ad trjtjegaktl. Qstah hanarê lrgkjr jktas had trjtjegaktl. Hurjkta dj prgearj flrj haspuçs ha qua ad trjtjegaktl fjyj `leakzjhl, ustah hanarê j`lstjrsa slnra su astðejbl, aspjdhj, y `lstjhls hurjkta :1 egkutls ha `jhj djhl. Duabl sa plkhrê ha pga, parl hanarê ejktakar ad eahg`jeaktl ak su vamgbj hurjkta ltrj flrj. Pg ustah kl puaha ejktakar ad eahg`jeaktl ak su vamgbj (ka`asgtj lrgkjr) hurjkta astjs > flrjs, håbjsadl j uk egaenrl had parslkjd eçhg`l. Jd ogkjd ha djs > flrjs ustah plhrê lrgkjr, parl plr rjzlkas ha saburghjh hanarê fj`ardl saktjhl. Pu lrgkj hanarê han arê sar hasgkoa`tjhj hurjkta ? flrjs haspuçs ha jhegkgstrjr ad eahg`jeaktl. _gartj ukj `jktghjh sgegdjr ha `dlrl (damåj) ak ad gklhlrl haspuçs ha qua fjyj lrgkjhl. Hama ad `dlrl ak ad gklhlrl plr :1 egkutls jktas ha tgrjr dj `jhakj (avj`ujr ad gklhlrl). Ak asta trjtjegaktl puahak usjrsa hgvarsls rabåeakas ha hlsgog`j`gðk. Pu hl`tlr  prlbrjejrê ad trjtjegaktl. Yåhjda j su hl`tlr qua da axpdgqua djs gkstru``glkas qua ustah kl aktgakhj. @ujkhl astj vj`ukj as jhegkgstrjhj pjrj hjr prlta``gðk `lktrj dj tunar`udlsgs, plr dl bakarjd sa jpdg`j sðdl ukj vaz, parl plhråj rapatgrsa sg kl fjy ukj nuakj raspuastj haktrl ha > j 0 easas. Dj raspuastj as eahghj plr ukj pruanj `utêkaj ha tunar`udlsgs.

¼Zuç Y^A@JQ@GLKAP APYA@GJDAP hanl sabugr< Jktas ha `leakzjr j ra`gngr dj vj`ukj ha N@B= 

håbjda j su hl`tlr y j su ojrej`çutg`l sg ustah as jdçrbg`l j dj vj`ukj ha N@B l j ltrls eahg`jeaktls.

 

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håbjda j su hl`tlr y j su ojrej`çutg`l quç eahg`jeaktls `lk y sgk pras`rgp`gðk astê tlejkhl, aspa`gjdeakta jktgngðtg`ls, eahg`jeaktls pjrj qugegltarjpgj, astarlghas, eahg`jeaktls pjrj trjtjr dj tunar`udlsgs y vgtjegkjs. håbjda j su hl`tlr sg ustah fj ra`gnghl ra`gaktaeakta ukj vj`ukj jktgvjrgðdg`j l sg ustah fj takghl ukj pruanj ha tunar`udlsgs `lk rasudtjhl plsgtgvl. håbjda j su hl`tlr sg ustah tgaka uk trjstlrkl gkeuka, `êk`ar, oganra, ukj gkoa``gðk l uk êraj `lk quaejhurjs savarjs ak su `uarpl. håbjda j su hl`tlr sg astê aenjrjzjhj, tgaka pdjkas ha quahjr aenjrjzjhj l sg astê jejejktjkhl. Pg quahj aenjrjzjhj egaktrjs ra`gna asta eahg`jeaktl, ddjea j su hl`tlr ha gkeahgjtl.

¼Zuç AOA@XLP PA@QKHJ^GLP puaha prlvl`jr asta eahg`jeaktl< Jukqua dls aoa`tls sa`ukhjrgls ha asta eahg`jeaktl kl slk `leukas, plhråjk ddabjr j prasaktjrsa. Håbjda j su hl`tlr sg `ujdqugarj ha astls såktlejs sa vuadva savarl l sg kl hasjpjra`a= 

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gkodjej`gðk ha dls bjkbdgls dgkoêtg`ls êrajs paquaújs ha `ldlr rlml ak ad dubjr hlkha sa jpdg`ð dj gkya``gðk. (jpjra`ak bakarjdeakta aktra :9 y :8 håjs haspuçs ha dj jpdg`j`gðk y hgsegkuyak ha tjejúl  pjudjtgkjeakta. Hanaråjk hasjpjra`ar haspuçs ha ? easas.)

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oganra

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sjkbra ak dj lrgkj

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ka`asghjh ha lrgkjr `lk ora`uak`gj l hldlr jd lrgkjr 

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ejdastjr astlej`jd

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vðegtls

Pg ustah axpargeaktj jdbukl ha dls sgbugaktas såktlejs, ddjea j su hl`tlr ha gkeahgjtl= 

sjrpuddghl savarl (arup`glkas ak dj pgad)

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hgog`udtjh pjrj raspgrjr l trjbjr 

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raslpdl (raspgrj`gðk `lk sgdnghl)

 

@jrj`taråstg`js ha dj vj`ukj _åj ha jhegkgstrj`gðk= dj LEP ra`legakhj dj jpdg`j`gðk gktrjhçreg`j ha dj vj`ukj, praoaraktaeakta ak ad hadtlghas, `lk margkbj y jbumj, jukqua ak jdbukls pjåsas sa prj`tg`jk ltrls eçtlhls ha jpdg`j`gðk `lel dj tç`kg`j ha puk`gðk eýdtgpda.    J djs >-? saejkjs ha dj vj`ukj`gðk, ak ad dubjr ha dj dj gkya``gðk sa olrej ukj pêpudj qua sa ud`arj y olrej ukj `lstrj qua `urj ak 6-:> saejkjs, hamjkhl fjngtujdeakta ukj `g`jtrgz qua paregta ghaktgog`jr j dls vj`ukjhls.   Yjutj vj`ukjd= ukj ýkg`j hlsgs ak ra`gçk kj`ghls l dl jktas plsgnda trjs ad kj`gegaktl.   Hurj`gðk ha dj prlta``gðk= kl as ngak `lkl`ghj. Pa `lksgharj qua hgsegkuya brjhujdeakta fjstj jd`jkzjr kgvadas kl sgbkgog`jtgvls trjks`urrghls aktra :9 y >9 júls.  

@lktrjgkhg`j`glkas  

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Gkeuklhaog`gak`gj `lkbçkgtj l jhqugrghj, gk`dughj dj gkoa``gðk plr ad _GF. Akoarels qua ra`gnak trjtjegaktl gkeuklhapraslr (`lrtg`lastarlghas, jbaktas jdqugdjktas, jktgeatjnldgtls, rjhgj`gðk) Gkhgvghuls `lk gkoa``gðk tunar`udlsj pravgj (yj saj akoareahjh tunar`udlsj l sðdl gkoa``gðk haelstrjnda plr ukj pruanj ha dj tunar`udgkj plsgtgvj). Akoareahjhas bakarjdgzjhjs ha dj pgad, gk`duyakhl ad a``aej. Aenjrjzl.

  Aoa`tls sa`ukhjrgl s a`ukhjrglss      

 

Plk eês ora`uaktas ak parslkjs `lk jdtarj`glkas ha dj gkeukghjh. Olrej`gðk ha ýd`arjs l jns`asls ak ad puktl ha gkl`udj`gðk. Dgkojhaklpjtåj `arvg`jd l jxgdjr. Gkhurj`gðk y plstarglr olrej`gðk ha pýstudj ak ad dubjr ha gkoa``gðk. Lstalegadgtgs Aoa`tls sgstçeg`ls= såkhrlea sauhlbrgpjd.

 

  Ad pjpad ha dj vj`ukj N@B ak dj pravak`gðk ha dj XN@ ak dls pjåsas hasjrrlddjhls as dgegtjhl yj qua su aog`j`gj vjråj, sabýk hgvarsls astuhgls, aktra ad 9 y ad 60%. På astê haelstrjhl qua rahu`a dj gk`ghak`gj ha XN@ ak dj`tjktas ak zlkjs ha jdtj pravjdak`gj y dj elrtjdghjh plr `lepdg`j`glkas brjvas ha dj gkoa``gðk prgejrgj, aspa`gjdeakta dj eakgkbgtgs y olrejs hgsaegkjhjs. Asquaej ha vj`ukj`gðk pjrj ad brupl ha ahjh ha 9-:6 júls

Ls`jr Ylrrjs, Jrturl Jnhadklur, Aorjåk Jrtjvgj, Jrgstghas Njdtlhjkl, Ejrgl Njrrjktas, Mudgj Oarkjkhaz, ^jeðk ^gvarj Ad asquaej ha vj`ukj`gðk as ukj u kj ra`leakhj`gðk njsjhj ak avghak`gj, qua paregta j ukj plndj`gðk ha`ghgr dj olrej ak qua puaha pravakgr, ak hgoaraktas brupls ha ahjh, akoareahjhas trjksegsgndas plr eahgl ha dj gkeukgzj`gðk ha sus fjngtjktas. Dj astrjtabgj y prlbrjejs ha vj`ukj`gðk ha uk pjås hanak rasplkhar j uk pdjk kj`glkjd ha sjduh, njsjhl ak ad `lk`aptl ha qua dj pravak`gðk sgaepra as `lstl-aoa`tgvj. Dj vj`ukj`gðk ha kgúls y jhldas`aktas fj haelstrjhl sar `lstl aoa`tgvj ak tlhls dls brupls fuejkls. Ak aspa`gjd ak asta sabeaktl ha ahjh, fj f j haelstrjhl su aoa`tgvghjh `lel eahghj pjrj rahu`gr dj elrtjdghjh gkojktgd, dj elrngdghjh y dls aoa`tls ha djs akoareahjhas gkoa``glsjs qua prlhu`ak egkusvjdåj. @lstj ^g`j fj axpargeaktjhl, hurjkta dls ýdtgels júls, dj jpjrg`gðk ha hgoarak`gjs ak djs lplrtukghjhas ha pravak`gðk `lk gkeukgzj`glkas, ak dls hgoaraktas astrjtls sl`gjdas ha su plndj`gðk. Djs lp`glkas eåkgejs djs lora`a ad sgstaej ha sjduh astjtjd, uk sabeaktl ha dj plndj`gðk jd `ujd sa plhråj jepdgjr asta asquaej jbrabjkhl hls lp`glkas ha vj`ukj`gðk y uk paquaúl brupl sl`gjd qua puaha lora`ar j sus fgmls ad asquaej hgsplkgnda `lepdatl. Ak asta hl`ueaktl dj Jsl`gj`gðk @lstjrrg`aksa ha Yahgjtråj Y ahgjtråj (J@LYA), hasaj lora`ar j dls pjhras y ejhras, j dls prloasglkjdas ak sjduh y j djs jutlrghjhas ukj vgsgðk ha dl qua hana sar ad asquaej ha gkeukgzj`glkas ak dj plndj`gðk plndj `gðk `lstjrrg`aksa ha 9-:6 júls. J@LYA kl j`aptj asquaejs njsjhls ak dj `jpj`ghjh a`lkðeg`j ha dls hgoaraktas astrjtls sl`gjdas, hana fjnar ukj astrjtabgj kj`glkjd ha vj`ukj`gðk y ad astjhl sar rasplksjnda ha lora`ar ad asquaej ha gkeukgzj`glkas ðptgel j tlhls dls kgúls (js) y jhldas`aktas qua vgvak ak ad tarrgtlrgl kj`glkjd.  J@LYA vj j lora`ar ravgsglkas ravgsglkas jkujdas had asquaej ha vj`ukj`gðk pjr pjrj j ejktakardl j`tujdgzjhl `lk kuavjs vj`ukjs, olreudj`glkas y `jengls ak dj ahjh ha jpdg`j`gðk. Ad asquaej ha vj`ukj`gðk

Ad asquaej ha vj`ukj`gðk as ukj u kj buåj ha gkeukgzj`glkas, tç`kg`jeakta hgsaújhj, qua gkhg`j, pjrj djs vj`ukjs jprlnjhjs ak uk pjås, p jås, `uêdas slk djs ahjhas ha jpdg jpdg`j`gðk, `j`gðk, ad kýearl ha hlsgs, dj våj ha jpdg`j`gðk y dj `jktghjh ha vj`ukj plr hlsgs. : sa  sa dj hgstrgnu`gðk hgoaraktas ha j`uarhl dj 9-:6 ahjhjúls. had kgúl (j) Ak ad `ujhrl : l jhldas`akta y adgkhg`j kýearl ha hlsgs quahasadjs hanak jpdg`jrvj`ukjs ak ad brupl ha ahjhjha

 

Ak ad `ujhrl > sa > sa jkltjk djs hgoarak`gjs prgk`gpjdas aktra ad asquaej log`gjd ha vj`ukj`gðk y ad asquaej hgsplkgnda j kgvad kj`glkjd.

Has`rgptlras= vj`ukjs, gkeukgzj`glkas, asquaejs ha vj`ukj`gðk Kltjs aspa`åog`js slnra djs vj`ukjs

 

:. Hgotargj- Xlsoargkj-Xçtjkls= astj vj`ukj lora`a hgoaraktas lp`glkas= pjrj hgoaraktas brupls ha ahjh, `leplkaktas ha Xlsoargkj y `lengkjhjs `lk Yldgl, F. gkoduakzja n, Fapjtgtgs N. j. Xlsoargkj (Yartusgs) sa lora`ak hls lp`glkas, djs vj`ukjs ha `çdudj `lepdatj (Nlrhataddj partussgs) y djs j`adudjras (`lengkj`glkas ha 0-1 `leplkaktas).  Jenjs prasaktj`glkas slk saeamjktas saeamjktas ak radj`gðk `lk dj ora`uak`gj ora`uak`gj ha aoa`tls jhvarsls e ejylras jylras y ak gkeuklbakaghjh. Pgk aenjrbl J@LYA ra`legakhj hjr praoarak`gj j djs prasaktj`glkas ha vj`ukj j`adudjr plrqua tgakak dj eaklr ora`uak`gj ha aoa`tls jhvarsls eaklras. Jhaeês, hjhl qua dj vj`ukj j`adudjr as dj ýkg`j jprlnjhj ak jhldas`aktas, as geplrtjkta ukgolrejr ad tgpl ha vj`ukj `lk ad ogk ha hgsegkugr dls arrlras pltak`gjdas qua puahak l`urrgr jd eaz`djr hgoaraktas tgpls ha vj`ukjs. n. Hgotargj= ad tlxlgha tgaka > prasaktj`glkas, ukj `lk pjrj kgúls (js) (HYX) y ltrj qua sa usj ak jhudtls (hX). Jhaeês sa lora`a ukj prasaktj`gðk= hYjX, pjrj gk`dugr ad raouarzl ha dj vj`ukj`gðk `lktrj Xlsoargkj ak dj astrjtabgj ha raouarzls `lktrj Hgotargj y Xçtjkls pjrj jhldas`aktas y jhudtls. `. ^aouarzls= dls raouarzls ha dj vj`ukj`gðk nêsg`j ha `ujtrl hlsgs sa hanak jpdg`jr `lel hX l hYjX j dls 7 júls (1 júls haspuçs ha dj `ujrtj hlsgs) y duabl `jhj :9 júls `lk hX. h. hYjX sa ra`legakhj ak jhldas`aktas ha ::-:> júls qua `lepdatjrlk ad asquaej nêsg`l parl qua kl fjk ra`gnghl uk raouarzl `lk hX. Pgk aenjrbl astj vj`ukj kl astê hgsplkgnda ak @lstj ^g`j. Ak jhldas`aktas ha :0-:6 júls qua kl fjk ra`gnghl qua kl ra`gngarlk ad raouarzl ha hX j dls 7 júls, sa ra`legakhj qua ra`gnjk ukj hlsgs ha hYjX. Dls raouarzls sgbugaktas sa hanak rajdgzjr `jhj :9 júls `lk hX. >. P. pkauelkgja (Ykauel`l`l)= j. Yldgsj`êrghls 2 vjdakta `lkmubjhj= Pa ra`legakhj su usl ak ad brupl ha ahjh ha 9-:6 easas. Ad usl ha astj vj`ukj hana sar ukj ra`leakhj`gðk ha dls eçhg`ls j tlhls dls pjhras y ejhras ha ojegdgj, pjrj pravakgr dj akoareahjh gkvjslrj plr kauel`l`l ak dj plndj`gðk 4 8 júls. Dj vj`ukj `lkmubjhj, sg kl sa utgdgzj ak ad asquaej nêsg`l, sa hana utgdgzjr ha j`uarhl j dj ahjh ak qua sa gkg`gj dj jpdg`j`gðk, ak dj sgbugakta olrej= 2-:: easas 0 hlsgs : `jhj 8 saejkjs y : jd júl ha ahjh, :>->0 easas > hlsgs sapjrjhjs plr > easas. n. Yldgsj`êrghls >0 vjdakta kl `lkmubjhj= sa ra`legakhj ak `jsls haktrl ha dls brupls ha rgasbl y ; 0 júls. 0. Yldgl= sa praogara ad usl ha dj vj`ukj ha vgrus euartls ha jpdg`j`gðk pjraktarjd slnra dj olreudj`gðk ha vgrus vgvls ha usl lrjd. Dj olreudj`gðk pjraktarjd as pjrta ha djs vj`ukjs `lengkjhjs y astê hgsplkgnda tjengçk `lel hlsgs ýkg`j. Jenjs olreudj`glkas slk j`aptjndas ak ad asquaej ha vj`ukj`gðk y su aoa`tl ha prlta``gðk `lktrj pldgl as ad egsel. Ad usl ha dj vj`ukj ha jpdg`j`gðk pjraktarjd `lk vgrus ha Yldgl euartls avgtj dj plsgngdghjh ha `jsls ha Yldgl jsl`gjhl j dj vj`ukj y `lktrgnuya aog`gaktaeakta j arrjhg`jr ad vgrus ha Yldgl ha @lstj ^g`j. 8. _j`ukjs `lengkjhjs= slk aoa`tgvjs, gkeuklbçkg`js y raprasaktjk ukj oj`gdghjh ak su jpdg`j`gðk y ukj rahu``gðk sgbkgog`jtgvj ak ad kýearl ha gkya``glkas qua ad kgúl l jhldas`akta ra`gna. Dj hgs`usgðk slnra su usl akojtgzj dj ka`asghjh ha jpdg`jr 0 hlsgs ak ad prgear júl ha vghj y uk raouarzl j dls :6 easas ha ahjh.

 

1. Fapjtgtgs N= Dls ra`gçk kj`ghls sldl puahak ra`gngr dj vj`ukj ak su prasaktj`gðk elklvjdakta. Yjrj djs sgbugaktas hlsgs (> y ? easas), sa puahak utgdgzjr vj`ukjs `lengkjhjs. Dls fgmls (js) ha ejhras `lk FNsJb plsgtgvl, hanak ra`gngr ad asquaej ha vj`ukj`gðk y jhaeês 9,1 ed ha Bdlnudgkj fgpargkeuka `lktrj Fapjtgtgs N haktrl ha djs d js prgearjs :> flrjs ha vghj. Dj vj`ukj y dj gkeuklbdlnudgkj hanak jpdg`jrsa ak sgtgls hgoaraktas. Pa paregta jhegkgstrjr `ujtrl hlsgs `ujkhl sa usjk vj`ukjs `lengkjhjs3 sg sa usj vj`ukj elklvjdakta kl sa raqugara ukj hlsgs j dls 8 easas ha ahjh. Dj avjduj`gðk sarldðbg`j pjrj Fapjtgtgs N ak kgúls (js) kj`ghls ha ejhras plsgtgvjs pjrj FnsJb sa hana rajdgzjr j dls 7-:6 easas ha ahjh. ?. Eakgkbl`l`l= ak @lstj ^g`j kl fjy ukj vj`ukj `lkmubjhj `lktrj Eakgkbl`l`l, ad usl ha ha vj`ukj`gðk ak `jsls ha nrltas l apghaegj hana sabugr djs gkhg`j`glkas njsjhjs ak dj `apj jgsdjhj, qua hak djs jutlrghjhas ha sjduh ha @lstj ^g`j. Dj vj`ukj`gðk `lktrj Eakgkbl`l`l kl as pjrta ad asquaej nêsg`l ha vj`ukj`gðk ha kgúls (js) y jhldas`aktas. 2. ^ltjvgrus= jd eleaktl ha dj aegsgðk ha astjs ra`leakhj`glkas kl astj hgsplkgnda ak ad ear`jhl kj`glkjd ukj vj`ukj `lktrj ^ltjvgrus. Dls astuhgls pundg`jhls gkhg`jk qua astj vj j sar ukj vj`ukj aoa`tgvj pjrj hgsegkugr dj brjvahjh ha dls `jsls y dj flspgtjdgzj`gðk plr hgjrraj prlhu`ghj plr ^ltjvgrus. @lksarvj`gðk y ejkaml ha vj`ukjs

As geplrtjkta qua dls pjhras, ejhras y prloasglkjdas ejkamak dj gkolrej`gðk jha`ujhj slnra dj `lksarvj`gðk ha djs vj`ukjs, pjrj bjrjktgzjr dj jpdg`j`gðk ha uk prlhu`tl qua tgaka djs `lkhg`glkas ha `jdghjh pjrj prlhu`gr ad aståeudl slnra ad sgstaej gkeuka y jså paregtgr ukj jha`ujhj prlta``gðk `lktrj djs akoareahjhas pravakgndas plr vj`ukj`gðk. Ad `ughjhl ha dj `jhakj ha orål, dj taeparjturj ha `lksarvj`gðk y dj oa`fj ha vak`gegaktl slk adaeaktls qua ad vj`ukjhlr hana `lktrldjr y ejktakar haktrl ha djs d js ra`leakhj`glkas pjrj `jhj vj`ukj. Ad trjksplrta ha dj ojrej`gj l ha dj `jsj jd `lksudtlrgl eçhg`l sa hana rajdgzjr `lksarvjkhl jha`ujhjeakta dj `jhakj ha orål. 0 rasuea  rasuea djs `lkhg`glkas oukhjeaktjdas pjrj dj ðptgej `lksarvj`gðk ha djs vj`ukjs. Ad `ujhrl 0

 

Ak ad `ujhrl 8, 8, sa jkltjk dj våj ha jpdg`j`gðk y hlsgs pjrj `jhj ukj ha djs vj`ukjs.

Zuç as dj tunar`udlsgs y plr quç kls pral`upj< Dj tunar`udlsgs tunar`udlsgs (XN)  (XN) as ukj akoareahjh pudelkjr nj`targjkj nj`targjkj  gkoa``glsj gkoa``glsj qua  qua sa prlpjbj plr ad jgra. @ujkhl dls akoarels ha tunar`udlsgs pudelkjr tlsak, astlrkuhjk, fjndjk l asputjk, dgnarjk dg narjk bçreakas ha XN jd jgra y njstj `lk qua ukj parslkj gkfjda gkfjda ukj  ukj paquaúj `jktghjh ha hg`fls bçreakas pjrj `lktrjar dj gkoa``gðk gkoa``gðk.. Ak tltjd, fly ak håj ukj tar`arj pjrta ha dj plndj`gðk plndj`gðk eukhgjd  eukhgjd astê gkoa`tjhj gkoa`tjhj plr  plr ad nj`gdl ha dj XN, dj nj`targj nj`targj `jusjkta  `jusjkta ha dj tunar`udlsgs tunar`udlsgs.. Pgk aenjrbl, dj ejylråj ha dls gkoa`tjhls gkoa`tjhls plr  plr XN kuk`j hasjrrlddjrê dj akoareahjh kg trjksegtgrê dj gkoa``gðk gkoa``gðk,, hanghl j qua su sgstaej gkeukgtjrgl dj gkeukgtjrgl dj ejktgaka njml `lktrld.  Jquaddls sumatls `uyl sgstaej gkeukgtjrgl astê gkeukgtjrgl astê hangdgtjhl tgakak eês prlnjngdghjhas ha `lktrjar dj tunar`udlsgs tunar`udlsgs,, ak aspa`gjd sg tjengçk astêk gkoa`tjhjs gkoa`tjhjs plr  plr ad _GF _GF.. Dj XN as ukj ha djs prgk`gpjdas `jusjs ha euarta ak parslkjs sarlplsgtgvjs sarlplsgtgvjs y,  y, j su vaz, ad _GF as ad prgk`gpjd oj`tlr rasplksjnda had jueaktl ha dj XN ak Êorg`j hasha :779. Dj prlplr`gðk ha parslkjs ak dj plndj`gðk plndj`gðk bakarjd  bakarjd qua akoarejk ha tunar`udlsgs tunar`udlsgs jd  jd júl sa ejktgaka astjnda l hgsegkuya j as`jdj eukhgjd, parl hanghl jd `ra`gegaktl ha dj plndj`gðk, ad

 

kýearl jnsldutl ha `jsls kuavls sgbua jueaktjkhl. Ak >991, ad ejylr kýearl ha `jsls kuavls sa rabgstrð ak ad suhasta jsgêtg`l, jukqua dj prlplr`gðk eês jdtj ha `jsls kuavls y ha h a euartas radj`glkjhjs `lk dj XN sa rabgstrð aktra dj plndj`gðk jorg`jkj. Jdrahahlr ha :,? egddlkas ha parslkjs ak ad eukhl eurgarlk ha tunar`udlsgs asa júl.  Jukqua sðdl fj`a 19 júls qua sa sa hgsplka ha jktgngðtg`ls jktgngðtg`ls `lktrj  `lktrj dj tunar`udlsgs tunar`udlsgs,, yj fjk jpjra`ghl olrejs kuavjs ha dj akoareahjh rasgstaktas j dls prgk`gpjdas oêrej`ls jktgtunar`udlsls plr tlhl ad eukhl. Dj tunar`udlsgs ojrej`lrrasgstakt ojrej`lrrasgstakta a sa hana j trjtjegaktls gk`lepdatls l gk`lkstjktas, yj saj plrqua dls eçhg`ls pras`rgnak trjtjegaktls arrðkals l plrqua dls pj`gaktas kl tlejk dls eahg`jeaktls ha olrej rabudjr y hurjkta ad parålhl ka`asjrgl. Dj tunar`udlsgs eudtgrrasgstakta ( eudtgrrasgstakta (EH^-XN EH^-XN)) as ukj olrej padgbrlsj ha dj tunar`udlsgs tunar`udlsgs rasgstakta  rasgstakta jd eakls j dj gslkgjzghj y j dj rgojepg`gkj, dls hls oêrej`ls jktgtunar`udlsls ha —prgearj dåkaj― eês pltaktas. J eakuhl dj tunar`udlsgs eudtgrrasgstakta puaha `urjrsa `lk trjtjegaktls djrbls njsjhls ak oêrej`ls ha —sabukhj dåkaj―, parl çstls slk eês `jrls qua dls ha prgearj dåkaj y tgakak eês aoa`tls sa`ukhjrgls. Ad `lktrld ha dj tunar`udlsgs tunar`udlsgs sa  sa `lepdg`j jýk eês sg dj tjsj ha eudtgrrasgstak`gj ak ukj zlkj as jdtj. Astj jeakjzj as gk`dusl eês brjva hanghl j dj jpjrg`gðk ha dj tunar`udlsgs axtraejhjeakta ojrej`lrrasgst ojrej`lrrasgstakta akta (  (VH^-XN VH^-XN)), ak aspa`gjd ak jquaddls aktlrkls hlkha sa ak`uaktrjk eu`fls pj`gaktas tjengçk gkoa`tjhls gkoa`tjhls plr  plr ad _GF _GF.. Djs `apjs ha dj akoareahjh a koareahjh rasgstaktas j dls jktgngðtg`ls jktgngðtg`ls ha  ha prgearj y ha sabukhj dåkaj slk djs `jusjktas ha dj VH^-XN, dl qua plka ha ejkgogastl dj ka`asghjh urbakta ha olrtjda`ar ad `lktrld ha dj XN. Ak >99?, dj LEP pusl ak ejr`fj dj Astrjtabgj Jdtl j dj Xunar`udlsgs Xunar`udlsgs,, uk kuavl prlya`tl `uyl lnmatgvl as fjnar hatakghl dj avldu`gðk ha dj tunar`udlsgs ak >9:1 y fjnardj adgegkjhl ha dj dgstj ha prlndaejs pjrj dj sjduh pýndg`j ak >919. Dj Astrjtabgj Jdtl j dj Xunar`udlsgs sa njsj ak dls sags adaeaktls sgbugaktas=  Jepdgjr y paroa``glkjr ad prlya`tl prlya`tl ha `lktrld ha dj XN prlelvghl plr dj LEP ak :771 l (haklegkjhl astrjtabgj HLXP) Du`fjr `lktrj dj `lengkj`gðk XN/_GF, EH^-XN EH^-XN y  y ltrls ratls l @lktrgnugr jd olrtjda`gegaktl had sgstaej sjkgtjrgl l @ldjnlrjr `lk tlhls dls hgspaksjhlras ha jtak`gðk sjkgtjrgj l Yltak`gjr dj `jpj`ghjh ha j``gðk ha dls akoarels ha tunar`udlsgs tunar`udlsgs y  y ha djs `leukghjhas l l Oleaktjr y prlelvar dj gkvastgbj`gðk.

Olrejs eês brjvas ha tunar`udlsgs J `ujdqugar ahjh, dj eakgkbgts as dj olrej eês brjva ha unar`udlsgs y sa jsl`gj `lk ukj jsj adavjhj ha elrngelrjdghjh. Pa `raa qua asj olrej ha unar`udlsgs puaha pravakgrsa ak dj gkojk`gj j rjvçs ha dj vj`ukj`gðk `lk N@B

 

Eakgkbgtgs - tunar`udlsj   As ukj gkoa``gðk ha dls tamghls qua ra`unrak ad `aranrl y dj eçhudj aspgkjd (eakgkbas).

@jusjs  Ey`lnj`targue ue tunar`udlsgs. Astj as dj nj`targj qua Dj eakgkbgtgs tunar`udlsj ad  Ey`lnj`targ `jusj dj tunar`udlsgs (XN). (XN ).asDj`jusjhj nj`targjplr sa hgsaegkj jd `aranrl y dj `lduekj hasha ltrl dubjr ak ad `uarpl, bakarjdeakta dls pudelkas. Dj eakgkbgtgs tunar`udlsj as euy pl`l `leýk ak dls Astjhls Qkghls. Dj ejylråj ha dls `jsls su`aha ak parslkjs qua vgjmjrlk j dls Astjhls Qkghls hasha ltrls pjåsas ak hlkha dj XN as `leýk

Xunar`udlsgs egdgjr  Xjengçk `lkl`ghj `lel tunar`udlsgs faejtðbakj, dj tunar`udlsg tunar`udlsgss egdgjr jpjra`a `ujkhl ukj dasgðk tunar`udlsj arlsglkj uk vjsl sjkbuåkal y hgsaegkj egddlkas ha nj`gdls tunar`udlslss j trjvçs ha dj `lrrgakta sjkbuåkaj fj`gj tlhl ad `uarpl. Yuaha prlhu`grsa ukj tunar`udlsl hgsaegkj`gðk ejsgvj sgk `lktrld hurjkta dj gkoa``gðk prgejrgj l haspuçs ha dj raj`tgvj`gð raj`tgvj`gðk k ha uk ol`l djtakta. Dls pudelkas y dj eçhudj ðsaj sa vak `leprleatghl `leprleatghlss `lk ejylr ora`uak`gj, parl `ujdqugar sgtgl puaha astjr joa`tjhl. Dj tunar`udlsgs egdgjr as eês `leýk aktra 

Kgúls 4 8 júls

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Yarslkjs gkeukl`leprleatghjs

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 Jhudtls ejylras

XN@ egdgjr 

 

NGLYFLXL JPPL@GJXAP/P@GAK@A YFLXL DGN^J^W

Dls såktlejs gk`duyak oganra, as`jdloråls, hangdghjh, ejdastjr bakarjd y, `lk ora`uak`gj, hgskaj prlbrasgvj. Dj hgsaegkj`gðk gktaregtakta ha dls nj`gdls tunar`udlsls puaha `jusjr oganra ha atgldlbåj has`lkl`ghj. Ad `leprlegsl ha dj eçhudj ðsaj puaha `jusjr jkaegj, trlenl`gtlpakgj trlenl`gtl pakgj l ukj raj``gðk dau`aelgha.

Xunar`udlsgs bakgtlurgkjrgj Dj gkoa``gðk rakjd puaha ejkgoastjrsa `lel pgadlkaorgtgs (p. am., `lk oganra, hlrsjdbgj y pgurgj) sgk dls eg`rllrbjkgsels pjtðbakls fjngtujdas ak ad url`udtgvl `lkvak`glkjd (pgurgj astçrgd). Dj gkoa``gðk suada hgsaegkjrsa j dj vamgbj y, ak dls flenras, j dj prðstjtj, djs vaså`udjs saegkjdas l ad apghåhgel, dl qua prlhu`a uk tuelr as`rltjd axpjksgvl. Dj gkoa``gðk tjengçk puaha axtakharsa jd aspj`gl pargkçorg`l y plr hanjml had eýs`udl psljs, ak l`jsglkas `lk prlhu``gðk ha uk jns`asl slnra dj `jrj jktarglr had eusdl. Haspuçs ha dj eakjr`j, `ujkhl dj vjs`udjrgzj`gðk ha djs trlepjs utargkjs jueaktj, puaha prlhu`grsa ukj sjdpgkbllolrgtgs. Pus såktlejs såktlejs gk`duyak hldlr padvgjkl `rðkg`l y astargdghjh l aenjrjzl a`tðpg`l prlvl`jhl plr dj ognrlsgs tunjrgj.

 

Eakgkbgtgs tunar`udlsj Dj eakgkbgtgs suada jpjra`ar sgk gkoa``gðk ak ltrjs êrajs axtrjpudelkjras. Ak dls Astjhls Qkghls as eês ora`uakta ak dls jk`gjkls y dls gkeukl`lep gkeukl`leprleatghls, rleatghls, parl ak djs êrajs hlkha dj pravjdak`gj ha tunar`udlsgs ak dj gkojk`gj as eês jdtj, dj eakgkbgtgs tunar`udlsj suada jpjra`ar aktra ad kj`gegaktl y dls 1 júls. J `ujdqugar ahjh, dj eakgkbgtgs as dj olrej eês brjva ha tunar`udlsgs y sa jsl`gj `lk ukj tjsj adavjhj ha elrngelrt elrngelrtjdghjh. jdghjh. Pa `raa qua astj olrej ha tunar`udlsgs puaha pravakgrsa ak dj gkojk`gj j trjvçs ha dj vj`ukj`gðk N@B  . `lk N@B Dls såktlejs slk oganra kl euy adavjhj, `aojdaj `lkstjkta, kêusajs y slekldak`gj, qua puahak jvjkzjr j astuplr y `lej. Dls sgbkls ha Carkgb y Nruhzgkscg puahak sar plsgtgvls. Pus astjhgls slk dls sgbugaktas 

:= Pakslrgl dý`ghl `lk dåqughl `aojdlrrjquåhal jklrejd

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>= Plekldak`gj l astuplr `lk sgbkls kaurldðbg`ls dl`jdgzjhls

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0= @lej Dj trlenlsgs ha uk vjsl `aranrjd ejylr puaha prlhu`gr uk j``ghakta `aranrlvj `aranrlvjs`udjr. s`udjr. Dls såktlejs kaurldðbg`ls kaurldðbg`ls dl`jdgzjhls subgarak dj prasak`gj ha uk tunar`udlej.

Yargtlkgtgs tunar`udlsj Dj gkoa``gðk pargtlkajd sa prlhu`a j pjrtgr ha ukj sgaenrj prl`ahakta ha dls bjkbdgls dgkoêtg`ls jnhlegkjdas l ha ukj sjdpgkbllolrgt sjdpgkbllolrgtgs. gs. Dj pargtlkgtgs as eês ora`uakta ak jd`lfðdg`ls `lk `grrlsgs. Dls såktlejs puahak sar davas, `lk `jksjk`gl, hldlr jnhlegkjd a fgparsaksgngdghjh, l njstjkta brjvas `lel pjrj sgeudjr uk jnhleak jbuhl.

Yarg`jrhgtgs tunar`udlsj Dj gkoa``gðk parg`êrhg`j puaha prlvakgr ha ol`ls ak dls bjkbdgls dgkoêtg`ls eahgjstå eahgjståkg`ls kg`ls l ha ukj tunar`udlsgs pdaurjd. Ak jdbukjs êrajs `lk gk`ghak`gj adavjhj ha tunar`udlsgs tunar`udlsgs,, dj parg`jrhgtgs tunar`udlsj tunar`udlsj as ukj `jusj fjngtujd ha gksuog`gak`gj `jrhåj`j. Dls pj`gaktas puahak prasaktjr uk rl`a parg`êrhg`l, hldlr tlrê`g`l pdauråtg`l y `lk dls `jengls ha plsg`gðk l oganra. Yuaha prlhu`grsa uk tjplkjegaktl parg`êrhg`l, ak `uyl `jsl ad pj`gakta prasaktj hgskaj, hgstaksgðk ha djs vakjs had `uaddl, pudsl pjrjhðmg`l, jelrtgbuj`gðk jelrtgbuj`gð k ha dls rughls `jrhåj`ls y, ak l`jsglkas, fgpltaksg fgpltaksgðk ðk jrtargjd.

 

Dgkojhakgtgs tunar`udlsj Dj dgkojhakgtgs tunar`udlsj (as`rðoudj) suada gkvldu`rjr dls bjkbdgls dgkoêtg`ls ha djs `jhakjs `arvg`jdas y suprj`djvg`udjras suprj`djvg`udjras plstarglras. Pa `lksgharj qua dj gkoa``gðk ha astjs êrajs sa hana j dj hgsaegkj`gðk plr `lktgbôghjh hasha dls bjkbdgls dgkoêtg`ls gktrjtlrê`g`ls l j pjrtgr ha ukj gkoa``gðk ak djs jeåbhjdjs y djs jhaklghas. Dls bjkbdgls dgkoêtg`ls had eahgjstgkl tjengçk sa lnsarvjk `lk ora`uak`gj jbrjkhjhls, `lel pjrta ha dj akoareahjh pudelkjr prgejrgj. Dj dgkojhakgtgs tunar`udlsj `arvg`jd sa `jrj`targzj plr dj fgk`fjzðk prlbrasgvj ha dls bjkbdgls joa`tjhls. Ak `jsls jvjkzjhls, dls bjkbdgls puahak varsa gkodjejhls y saksgndas jd tj`tl3 dj pgad qua dls ra`unra puaha rleparsa, dl qua rasudtj ak ukj oåstudj.

Xunar`udlsgs `utêkaj Dj tunar`udlsgs `utêkaj (as`rloudlharej) (as`rloudlharej) sa hana j dj axtaksgðk hgra`tj ha uk ol`l ha XN sunyj`akta (p. am., uk bjkbdgl dgkoêtg`l rabglkjd, uk fuasl l ukj jrtg`udj`gðk gkoa`tjhl) j dj pgad suprjyj`akta, qua olrej ýd`arjs y uk trjya`tl ogstudlsl. ogstudlsl. Ad dupus vudbjr sa lrgbgkj plr dj hgsaegkj`gðk faejtðb faejtðbakj akj l dgkolbçkg`j j dj pgad hasha uk ol`l axtrj`utêkal ak uk pj`gakta saksgngdgzjhl. Dj tunar`udlsgs varrublsj `utêkaj (varrubj had prlsa`tlr) sa prlhu`a haspuçs ha ukj gkl`udj`gðk hgra`tj axðbakj ha eg`lnj`targjs ak dj pgad ha uk pj`gakta pravgjeakt pravgjeakta a saksgngdgzjhl qua tgaka ukj gkeukghjh ha elharjhj j jdtj `lktrj dls nj`gdls. ^jrj vaz, pj`gaktas `lk tunar`udlsgs pudelkjr `jvgtjrgj hasjrrlddjk ukj tunar`udlsgs ak dj pgad arlsglkjhj. Geêbakas ha tunar`udlsgs `utêkaj

 

Xunar`udlsgs `utêkaj (as`rloudlharej) Dls pj`gaktas `lk as`rloudlharej tgakak kðhudls sun`utêkals, ogreas a gkhldlrls qua avaktujdeakta avaktujdeakt a sa jbrjkhjk y olrejk ýd`arjs y oåstudjs.

 

© Pprgkbar P`gak`a+Nusgkass Eahgj

Xunar`udlsgs `utêkaj (dupus vudbjrgs) Dj gejbak suparglr euastrj pdj`js rlmjs ha olrej grrabudjr ak uk pj`gakta `lk dupus vudbjr, qua as ukj olrej ha tunar`udlsgs `utêkaj. Dj gejbak gkoarglr euastrj ukj pdj`j argtaejtlsj `lk zlkj `aktrjd `djrj y uk nlrha argtaejtlsl eês axtarkj pdjktajhl tjengçk ak uk pj`gakta `lk dupus vudbjrgs.

Xunar`udlsgs ðsaj y jrtg`udjr  Djs jrtg`udj`glkas qua slplrtjk pasl sa vak eês joa`tjhjs, parl dls fuasls ha dj euúa`j, dj ejkl y ad `lhl tjengçk puahak varsa `leprlea `leprleatghls, tghls, ak aspa`gjd haspuçs ha ukj dasgðk. Dj akoareahjh ha Yltt as ukj gkoa``gðk vartanrjd qua `legakzj ak ad `uarpl vartanrjd y `lk ora`uak`gj sa hgsaegkj j djs vçrtanrjs jhyj`aktas, hlkha prlhu`a uk astra`fjegaktl

 

had hgs`l gktarvartanrjd. Pg kl sa trjtj, djs vçrtanrjs puahak `ldjpsjr y `leprgegr dj eçhudj aspgkjd. Dls såktlejs `lksgstak ak hldlr prlbrasgvl l `lktgkul ak dls fuasls `leprleatghls `leprleat ghls y jrtrgtgs `rðkg`j l sunjbuhj (ak bakarjd, elkljrtg`udjr). Ak dj akoareahjh ha Yltt, dj `leprasgðk eahudjr prlhu`a haog`gak`gjs kaurldðbg`js, `lel pjrjpdamgj3 dj olrej`gðk ha uk jns`asl puaha prlhu`gr ukj gkodjej`gðk pjrjvartanrjd.

Xunar`udlsgs bjstrlgktastgkjd

Hjhl qua tlhj dj eu`lsj hgbastgvj rasgsta dj gkvjsgðk had nj`gdl tunar`udlsl, dj gkoa``gðk raqugara ukj axplsg`gðk prldlkbjhj y uk aklrea gkð`udl. Astj aktghjh as euy gkora`uakt gkora`uakta a ak dls pjåsas hasjrrlddjhls, hlkha dj tunar`udlsgs tunar`udlsgs&&& &&& nlvgkj as gkusujd. Dj gkbastgðk ha E. nlvgs (ak prlhu`tls dê`tals `lktjegkjhls) puaha prlhu`gr ýd`arjs ak dj nl`j l dj nu`lojrgkba. Djs dasglkas prgejrgjs tjengçk puahak jpjra`ar ak ad gktastgkl hadbjhl. Dj gkvjsgðk gktastgkjd suada `jusjr fgparpdjsgj y uk såkhrlea gkodjejtlrgl gktastgkjd  `jrj`targzj gktastgkjd `jrj`targzjhl hl plr hldlr, hgjrraj, lnstru``gðk y faejtlqua`gj. Ad `ujhrl tjengçk jpakhg`gtgs  . Djs ýd`arjs y djs oåstudjs slk plsgndas. puaha sgeudjr ukj jpakhg`gtgs

Xunar`udlsgs fapêtg`j Dj gkoa``gðk fapêtg`j as ora`uakta ak dls pj`gaktas `lk tunar`udlsgs pudelkjr jvjkzjhj y ak dj jepdgjeakta hgsaegkjhj l ak dj tunar`udlsgs egdgjr. Kl lnstjkta, ad fåbjhl suada `g`jtrgzjr sgk sa`uadjs `ujkhl sa trjtj dj gkoa``gðk prgk`gpjd. Ak l`jsglkas, dj tunar`udlsgs&&& tunar`udlsgs &&& fapêtg`j sa axtgakha j dj vaså`udj ngdgjr y prlvl`j g`targ`gj lnstru`tg lnstru`tgvj. vj.

Ltrjs dl`jdgzj`glk dl`jdgzj`glkas as Ad nj`gdl tunar`udlsl tjengçk puaha gkoa`tjr dj pjrah ha uk vjsl sjkbuåkal a gk`dusl sa gkolrejrlk `jsls ha rlturj ha dj jlrtj. Ad `leprlegsl suprjrrakjd, qua prlhu`a akoareahjh ha Jhhgslk, arj ora`uakta ak ad pjsjhl parl as rjrl ak dj j`tujdghjh. Dls nj`gdls tunar`udlslss puahak hgsaegkjrsa j djs vjgkjs takhgklsjs (taklsgklvgtgs tunar`udlsj) tunar`udlsl tunar`udlsj) plr axtaksgðk hgra`tj hasha dasglkas jhyj`aktas ak ad fuasl l plr våj faejtðbakj hasha `ujdqugar ðrbjkl gkoa`tjhl. .