Basic Principals in Fire Protection - Siemens

Cerberus® Security guide «Fire protection» Introduction and basic principles Extract of sections 1 to 9 for the «CRPĆB» manual

Fire & Security Products Siemens Building Technologies Group

Data and design subject to change without notice. / Supply subject to availability. E Copyright by Siemens Building Technologies AG Wir behalten uns alle Rechte an diesem Dokument und an dem in ihm dargestellten Gegenstand vor. Der Empfänger anerkennt diese Rechte und wird dieses Dokument nicht ohne unsere vorgängige schriftliche Ermächtigung ganz oder teilweise Dritten zugänglich machen oder ausserhalb des Zweckes verwenden, zu dem es ihm übergeben worden ist. We reserve all rights in this document and in the subject thereof. By acceptance of the document the recipient acknowledges these rights and undertakes not to publish the document nor the subject thereof in full or in part, nor to make them available to any third party without our prior express written authorization, nor to use it for any purpose other than for which it was delivered to him. Nous nous réservons tous les droits sur ce document, ainsi que sur l'objet y figurant. La partie recevant ce document reconnaît ces droits et elle s'engage à ne pas le rendre accessible à des tiers, même partiellement, sans notre autorisation écrite préalable et à ne pas l'employer à des fins autres que celles pour lesquelles il lui a été remis. Ci riserviamo ogni diritto relativo al presente documento e sull'oggetto illustrato in esso. La parte che riceve il documento si impegna a non renderlo accessibile a terzi, né per intero né in parte, senza la nostra previa autorizzazione scritta ed a non usarlo per altri scopi di quello per il quale è stato rilasciato.

Section 1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1

Section 2

Fire protection planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3

1

Fire protection objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4

2 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.3 2.4

Types of fire protection measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Structural fire protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technical fire protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fire detection and gas warning systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fire extinguishing systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Smoke control systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Emergency and rescue facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fire fighting systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fire protection management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Supporting fire protection measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 5 5 5 6 7 7 8 8 9

3

Overall fire protection concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10

4 4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2

Cerberus fire detection systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic design of a fire detection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technical requirements of the fire detection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System building and operation requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12 12 12 13 14

5 5.1 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2

Fixed fire extinguishing systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water extinguishing installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sprinkler systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deluge system / water curtain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foam extinguishing system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gas extinguishing systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FM200 gas extinguishing system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CO2 extinguishing system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Special extinguishing systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dry chemical extinguishing system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inerting systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15 15 15 16 17 18 18 19 20 20 21

6

Fire risk assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22

7

Reducing the risk of arson with an intruder detection system . . . . . . . .

23

Section 3

Fire detection systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25

1

Basic principle of a fire detection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26

2

Scope of monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27

3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6

AlgoRex) fire detection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AlgoRex fire detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Detection intelligence at three levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AlgoRex evaluation and operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The right combination of AlgoRex system versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30 30 31 32 33 34 36

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Section 4

Section 5

Fire detectors and accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37

1

Fire phenomena and detector types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38

2 2.1 2.2 2.3

Detection principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Smoke detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flame detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heat detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39 39 41 43

3

Sensor signal evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

44

4

Scope of monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

46

5

Zones with fixed extinguishing systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48

6 6.1 6.2 6.3

Choosing a suitable detector system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Choosing a detector for normal applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Choosing the appropriate AlgoRex detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suitability by application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

49 49 50 51

7 7.1 7.2 7.3

Number and arrangement of point-type detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monitoring area per smoke detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monitoring area for point-type heat detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monitoring area for point-type flame detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

53 54 54 55

8

Number and arrangement of manual call points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

56

9

Number and arrangement of linear smoke detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

57

10 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5

Air sampling smoke detection systems (ASD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Air sampling smoke detection system ASD Duct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Air sampling smoke detection system ASD Mono . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Air sampling smoke detection system ASD Flex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Air sampling smoke detection system ASD Modular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typical applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

58 59 59 60 61 63

Fire detection control units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65

1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

66

2

Siting the control unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

67

3

Power supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

67

4 4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4

AlgoControl fire detection system control unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Evaluation – Alarm – Operation – Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Configuration and structure of the fire detection system control unit . . . . . . . System overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Product range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

68 70 71 71 72 74 75

5 5.1

Alarm concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cerberus alarm concept (CAC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

76 76

6 6.1 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 6.1.4 6.1.5

Fire control facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activation of fire control facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activating the external control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Test mode of the fire detection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Testing the fire control facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Safety precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

79 79 79 80 80 80 80

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Section 6

Section 7

Section 8

Section 9

Line network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

81

1

Installation of a fire detection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

82

2 2.1 2.2

Installation of the detection line network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic information on the detection line network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fire detectors in explosion hazard areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

84 84 85

3

Electromagnetic environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

87

Standards and approval institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

89

1 1.1 1.2

Standards for fire detection systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . European standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UL standards (Underwriters’ Laboratories Inc. USA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

90 90 91

2

Testing laboratories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

92

3

Certification and approval institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

92

4

IP protection categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

93

5

Explosion protection types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

94

Danger management systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

95

1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

96

2 2.1 2.2

Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Main functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other important functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

98 98 98

3 3.1 3.2

System concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 System structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Specific security features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

4 4.1 4.2

Examples of danger management systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Example 1: DMS7000 danger management system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Example 2: System type LMSmodular (Local Monitoring System) . . . . . . . . . 103

Evacuation and voice communication systems . . . . . . . . . .

105

1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

2

Main functions of an emergency voice communication system . . . . . . . 107

3 3.1 3.2 3.3

System concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Autonomous system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Centralized system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Decentralized system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

109 109 109 110

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IV Fire & Security Products Siemens Building Technologies Group

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Section 1

Introduction

This security guide is intended to: Provide general basic principles. Assist in the selection of risk-specific fire protection concepts. As a means of planning fire detection systems. As a work of reference. The information in this security guide is based on half a century of worldwide experience in the planning and installation of detection systems, and the capabilities of Cerberus fire detection products. For more detailed information on the general planning of fire detection systems refer to CRP manual, section 2. In all cases, local and national codes, standards and regulations that govern the planning and installation of detection systems take precedence.

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Section 2

Fire protection planning 1.

Fire protection objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4

2. 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4.

Types of fire protection measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Structural fire protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technical fire protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fire protection management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Supporting fire protection measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 5 5 8 9

3.

Overall fire protection concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10

4. 4.1. 4.2.

Cerberus fire detection systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic design of a fire detection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technical requirements of the fire detection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12 12 12

5. 5.1. 5.2. 5.3.

Fixed fire extinguishing systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water extinguishing installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gas extinguishing systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Special extinguishing systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15 15 18 20

6.

Fire risk assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22

7.

Reducing the risk of arson with an intruder detection system . . . . . . . .

23

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1

Fire protection objectives The basic objective of effective fire protection measures is to protect human lives, material assets and the environment from dangers and the effects of fire. Specifically this means: 1. Preventing danger to life and health (personnel protection) 2. Preventing material damage (asset protection) 3. Preventing ecological damage (environment protection) To ensure adequate fire safety most countries have enacted national and regional regulations that allocate the responsibility as follows: Personnel protection is normally governed by laws and ordinances. Asset protection is usually governed by insurance companies which publish corresponding guidelines and regulations. Such laws, ordinances, guidelines and standards have in all cases precedence over the recommendations in this security guide and must be conscientiously taken into consideration when planning a fire protection system. In cases where no laws and ordinances exist, the fire detection system should be planned in accordance with sound fire protection engineering practice.

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2

Types of fire protection measures The purpose of fire protection measures is to prevent fires and to limit the extent of fire damage. These basically relate to the structural, technical and organizational concepts and are summarized below:

2.1

Structural fire protection Structural fire protection is a fire prevention measure. Its purpose is to prevent the outbreak of fires and the spread of incipient fires. The most important elements of structural fire protection are Accessibility for the fire department, Protective gaps between individual buildings and installations, Fire walls between adjoining buildings, Building materials and interior finishes of materials that are non-combustible or self-extinguishing, High fire resistance of the structural elements, Fire compartmentation for limiting the spread of smoke and heat, Fire-proof sealing of shafts and ducts, Short, fire-proof escape and rescue paths, Storage of combustible materials in separate compartments, to isolate them from ignition sources, Lightning protection in areas with high lightning expectancy, miscellaneous supporting measures.

2.2

Technical fire protection Technical fire protection includes facilities and systems which in the event of a fire contribute to personnel safety and damage limitation.

2.2.1

Fire detection and gas warning systems Automatic fire detection systems An automatic fire detection system is designed to detect a fire in its incipient stage and to automatically initiate preprogrammed control functions. For example: Alarming persons who are in danger, Calling the fire fighting forces and rescue teams, Activating devices for restricting smoke and fire propagation, for example, closing fire doors, fire dampers, and the like, Activating fixed extinguishing systems, Activating smoke and heat venting systems, escape route pressurization, De-energizing technical systems (installations), Controlling building services systems, particularly heating and ventilation systems and elevators, Activating the emergency lighting, Activating the evacuation systems, and the like.

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Non-automatic fire detection systems In non-automatic fire detection systems the alarm is initiated manually. This is only possible if a person is on the premises. A non-automatic fire detection system can also be part of an automatic fire detection system. The control functions that are initiated in the event of an alarm are the same as for automatic fire detection systems. Gas warning systems Gas warning systems detect hazardous concentrations of combustible gases or vapors in the air. When the threshold concentration is exceeded they automatically: Activate audible and/or visual alarm devices for warning persons, Call intervention squads Reduce the explosion hazard by: Switch on the ventilation Shut off the gas supply, pumps and motors, Close valves, and the like.

2.2.2

Fire extinguishing systems Sprinkler systems Sprinkler systems are automatic extinguishing systems that respond to flaming fires and spray water within the area of the fire. There are two basic types of sprinkler systems: Wet pipe systems for frost-free rooms, Dry pipe systems for rooms with frost hazard. For special applications there are also mixed systems as well as host (fire detection system) controlled systems, and systems with foam generators. Their functions are: Preventing the outbreak of a total fire, Limiting the fire spread, Limiting the heat spread, Calling the fire fighting and rescue squads, Activation of fire protection equipment. Special cooling and extinguishing systems These extinguishing systems use extinguishing agents in the form of water, foam or chemicals. They are activated manually or automatically by a fire detection system. The following system types exist: Water spray systems/irrigation installations Water atomizing system Foam extinguishing system Dry powder extinguishing system.

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Gas extinguishing systems Gas extinguishing systems are automatic extinguishing systems that are normally controlled by the fire detection system. To extinguish the fire they use inert gases such as CO2, N2, Ar and formerly halons which are now prohibited in most countries. The extinguishing effect is based on oxygen starvation and in the case of halons and „halon replacements” on the inhibition effect that impedes the chemical reaction between the combustion material and the oxygen. Explosion suppression systems Explosion suppression installations are extremely fast responding extinguishing systems. Their function is to prevent dangerously high pressures (explosion pressure) resulting from the ignition of gas or dust in a room that is not of sufficient size. The equipment comprises a sensor system and an extinguishing system.

2.2.3

Smoke control systems Smoke and heat venting systems The function of smoke and heat venting systems is to extract smoke and heat in the event of a fire. The smoke and heat extraction reduces smoke logging and heat accumulation which simplifies the rescue of persons and the work of the fire fighting crew. The heat relief also enhances the stability of structural elements. These systems are controlled either manually or automatically by the fire detection system. Pressurization systems to keep areas free of smoke These systems are used to keep safety staircases, escape routes and rescue zones free of smoke. They are controlled either by smoke detectors of the fire detection system or manually.

2.2.4

Emergency and rescue facilities Emergency lighting The emergency lighting is activated as soon as the normal lighting fails. The light intensity must be adequate so that safe walking though rooms and escape routes and locating of exits is possible. Signalization of escape routes and exits Signs and escape route markings make it easier to locate the exits in the event of danger or a malfunction. Evacuation and public address systems Evacuation and public address systems are alarm systems for announcing alarm and evacuation messages through a speaker network.

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2.2.5

Fire fighting systems Extinguishing equipment and extinguishing installations for manual fire fighting Manual extinguishing equipment and installations are the most simple means for combating a fire quickly. This category includes: Wall hydrants, Extinguishing water mains (dry/wet), Hydrants, Portable fire extinguishers. This equipment can only be used if persons or fire fighting crews are on the premise. Firemen’s lifts Firemen’s lifts have to fulfil stringent requirements. They are used for transporting firemen and their equipment, and for evacuating handicapped or injured persons. Under normal circumstances they are also available for other users. Emergency communications equipment Communications facility that enables the fire department to communicate with the personnel responsible for the building and the fire fighting.

2.3

Fire protection management The objective of fire protection management is to prevent fires through organizational measures and personnel training. These include: Normal building maintenance, Good housekeeping, Periodic operational tests and corrective maintenance, Preparation of an emergency plan, Instructions to the personnel concerning, operational fire hazards, existing fire protection installations, fire prevention rules, behavior in case of fire, Monitoring of repair work, Inspection and maintenance of fire protection and fire detection installations, Utilization of safe equipment and machinery, Keeping all traffic and escape routes free from obstructions, Clearing out all unnecessary removable fire loads, Enforcement of no-smoking regulations or creation of smoker zones, Conducting fire drills, Conducting evacuation exercises, and the like.

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2.4

Supporting fire protection measures These include concepts that prevent arson based on supplementary facilities and systems from intrusion protection applications. For the development of an intrusion protection concept please consult the special Cerberus security guide „Intrusion”.

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3

Overall fire protection concept The overall fire protection concept for any building is based on the following protection objectives: Protection of human life Protection of material assets Prevention of business interruption. Fire risks are defined in a multilevel fire protection concept that defines specific protection objectives. This means that each likely fire location is to be protected by adequate measures so that no incipient fire can grow up to a serious fire. 5. Structural fire protection / containment 4. Automatic and manual suppression systems 3. Evacuation of building occupants 2. Automatic and manual fire detection 1. Fire protection measures Area of protection Buildings, room, process, etc. Smoking prohibition, fire load reduction, etc. Smoke detection, occupant warning, calling the fire department Exit signs, emergency lighting, intercom etc. Automatic extinguishing systems or fire brigade intervention Fire resistive architecture, compartmentation

Fig. 1

Multilevel fire protection concept

Note that fire detection is only one part of a complete fire protection concept. A fire protection concept for a specific installation should always take into consideration all available fire protection measures because each individual measure is subject to possible malfunction. Examples: Protective measure

Risk

Night watchman Remove ignition source Fire detection system Hose cabinet In-house fire brigade Compartmentation Automatic extinguishing system

Falls asleep, gets injured Welding during repair work System being serviced Inadequate water supply, late intervention Off hours, vacation, etc. Door left open, unsealed duct openings Pipes blocked, insufficient water supply

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Only by employing a series of different protection measures is it possible to reduce the fire danger to such an extent that the required level of safety is achieved. Which protection measures and how many of them should be implemented requires great skill on the part of the fire protection engineer, both in evaluating the protection needs and prescribing adequate protection measures. Chapter 6 „Fire risk assessment” has been provided to the fire protection engineer as an aid in solving this problem.

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4

Cerberus fire detection systems

4.1

Basic design of a fire detection system The objective of a fire detection system is to reliably detect incipient fires based on phenomena such as smoke, flames, heat, etc. by means of suitable detectors. When a fire has been detected the system automatically generates an alarm and initiates the preprogrammed control functions. Detection of fire phenomena

Evaluation and operation

Intervention

Suppression of deceptive variables

F

Fig. 2

4.2

Basic design of a fire detection system

Technical requirements of the fire detection system The function of a fire detection system is to protect human life and material assets and therefore may not have any weak points. As a consequence such a system must satisfy very stringent requirements. The requirements can be classified as follows: System requirements and System building and operation requirements

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4.2.1

System requirements All parts of the system must conform to sound engineering principles as well as the relevant standards and safety regulations. The requirements relate to System technology, Product quality, Functionality, Compliance with standards etc. The system technology requires characteristics such as High detection reliability (alarm plausibility), High immunity to deceptive phenomena High system availability Maximum system design flexibility Simple logical operation High installation flexibility Easy service and maintenance etc. Key requirements are the high detection reliability and immunity to deceptive phenomena. This is one of the principal weaknesses of conventional fire detection systems. As a consequence fire fighting and intervention squads are frequently confronted with the question: Is it a real alarm or a false alarm? High alarm validity (plausibility) is just as important as quick system response in the event of a fire. This insight is not new, but for its practical implementation, no suitable technology has in the past been available. Is a fire detection system that is immune to deceptive alarms, an unrealistic ideal? No, Cerberus has found the solution. It is called AlgoRex a completely new fire detection system. AlgoRex is the result of many years of experience and systematic research and development in the field for fire detection and sensor technology. The system is based on state-of-the-art electronics and advanced data processing (see Section 3).

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4.2.2

System building and operation requirements The reliability of the fire detection system is largely influenced by the quality and planning of the installation. For this reason a high quality standard must be applied also in these areas and conformity with the relevant standards, safety and installation regulations is required. Planning phase In this phase the designer defines a fire protection concept based on the risk assessment. This concept is an optimized combination of selected structural, technical, and organizational fire protection measures. The design of a fire detection system must always be matched to other fire protection measures. The technical planning of a fire detection system comprises System planning: Defining the detector types, detector locations, monitoring areas and possible sources of interference, etc. Alarm organization planning: Preparing an alarm concept that is tailored to the utilization and activities on the premises. Its purpose is to alert endangered persons and to call the fire fighting and intervention squads, etc. Incorporation of other technical fire protection measures as listed in chapter 2.2 Installation planning for the detectors, system control unit, operator terminal, controls, etc., including choice of installation material, line routing, etc. Implementation phase This phase comprises Installation of the system, Testing and commissioning, Handover of the fire detection system to the user, Training of all users, including fire fighting and intervention crews. Operational phase The operational phase comprises Supervision and operation of the system, Regular re-instruction of the users, Fault remedy, Maintenance, that is, inspection, service, repair.

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5

Fixed fire extinguishing systems

5.1

Water extinguishing installations

5.1.1

Sprinkler systems A sprinkler system is appropriate wherever rapid fire growth and temperature rise are to be expected, where water is suitable as an extinguishing agent, were fire fighting is difficult, and where the building occupants can escape only with a delay. Typical applications are: High-rise buildings Large sales rooms, for example, department stores, Warehouses and factories with a large fire load, Unprotected steel building structures, Underground garages. In this system the heat generated by the fire activates the sprinkler head (bursts the glass bulb, melts the fusible link, etc.). Water is released only in the immediate vicinity of the fire. This localized application of water controls the fire in such a way that water and fire damage is minimized.

4 1 2 3 4

5

7

3 6 2

Water supply Control valve (monitored) Valve station Pipe network with sprinkler heads 5 Alarm transmission (often to the fire detection system control unit) 6 External alarm to fire department 7 Audible alarm

1

Fig. 3

Sprinkler system

The system can be „wet” or „dry” (also called pre-action sprinkler). In a wet system the pipe network is always filled with water. Water is released as soon as a sprinkler head opens. In a dry system there is only compressed air in the pipe network under normal conditions. Water fills the pipes only after a preliminary alarm, for example, when a smoke detector has responded. Water is released only if the fire grows large enough to activate a sprinkler head.

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5.1.2

Deluge system / water curtain A deluge system is suitable where early and rapid extinguishing with large quantities of water is essential. Possible applications are: Wood chip silos, Covered loading docks with doors that are not fire-resistive, Tanks used for storage of combustible liquids, Transformers, Paint shops, Cable ducts, Water curtains for sectioning-off fire compartments. These system can be actuated manually and/or by means of a separate detection system. The detection system could comprise a pipe network containing compressed air and control sprinklers, or smoke or heat detectors that are connected to a fire detection system from which the control valve can be activated automatically or manually, etc. In these systems all sprinkler heads are normally open and water flows from all sprinklers heads when the system is activated.

4

5

6 9

7 3

8 2

1 Water supply 2 Control valve (monitored) 3 Quick-opening valve (electrical actuation mechanism) 4 Pipe network with sprinkler nozzles 5 Manual call point 6 Automatic fire detectors 7 Fire detection system control unit (extinguishing control unit) 8 Alarm remote transmission 9 Audible alarm

1

Fig. 4

Deluge system

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5.1.3

Foam extinguishing system Foam extinguishing systems are water based systems that combine with foam concentrate for smothering a fire. Typical applications for such systems are: Outdoor tanks containing combustible liquids, Internal foam flooding for fixed-roof storage tanks, Perimeter ring foam flooding for floating-roof storage tanks, Foam flooding for tanks with a sump Tank storage areas inside of buildings Foam flooding of rooms with foam sprayer, Aircraft hangars, Solvent storage areas (light foam). These systems are normally actuated manually unless they are part of a sprinkler system (e.g. aircraft hangar, etc.).

7

8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

6 9

2

5

3

Water supply Control valve Main pump Foam extract container Foam pump Non-return valve Mixer Foam generator, foam pipe

2 2 4

2

1 Fig. 5

Low-expansion foam extinguishing system

8

6

9 5 2

7

4

3 2 2 10

1 Fig. 6

1 Water supply 2 Control valve 3 Main pump 4 Foam pump 5 Non-return valve 6 Mixer 7 Blower 8 Water/foam extract atomizers 9 Foam expansion mesh 10 Foam extract container

2 High-expansion foam extinguishing system

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5.2

Gas extinguishing systems

5.2.1

FM200 gas extinguishing system Extinguishing systems on the basis of FM200 are suitable for risks where a dry, clean and non-toxic extinguishing agent is required (the concentrations of the decomposition products that arise during extinguishing are harmless) that does not damage the material to be protected (no chemical reaction). Such fires include: Liquids and other materials which in the event of a fire behave like combustible liquids, Gases (provided no ignitable gas/air mixtures can form after the fire has been extinguished), Electrical or electronic cables and equipment, Computer and telecommunications equipment, Possible applications for FM200: Paintworks, paint shops, powder coating systems, Oil baths, Electrical plant rooms, Computer rooms and data storage archives, Telecommunications equipment. To prevent development of hazardous concentrations of combustion products an FM200 extinguishing system must be activated in the incipient stage of a fire. For this reason only sensitive fire detectors should be installed in such fire compartments (i.e. smoke detector rather than heat detector). FM200 is not suitable for locations in which deep-seated fires can be expected. In these cases the gas cannot completely extinguish the fire before the gas is diluted to the point where the combustion process continues. Examples for which FM200 is not suitable: Deep-seated fires (smoldering fires) involving wood, paper, textiles, foams, Material that can burn rapidly without supply of air (for example, nitrocellulose, gunpowder), Combustible metals (for example, sodium, potassium, magnesium, titanium, uranium, zirconium, plutonium), Metal hydrides, Self-decomposing substances, for example, certain peroxides, hydrazine, etc. Such fires can be expected in: Hardening plants, drying systems, Shops where arcing can occur, Cardboard and paper warehouses.

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9 1 FM200cylinders 2 Electromechanical or pyroelectrical valve actuator 3 Extinguishing nozzles 4 Fire detection system control unit 5 Manual call point 6 Automatic fire detectors 7 Illuminated warning panel 8 Alarm sounder 9 Piping network

6 3

2

7

5 1 8

4

Fig. 7

5.2.2

FM200 extinguishing system with central gas cylinder manifold

CO2 extinguishing system In the right concentration CO2 has a smothering effect and can be an efficient fire extinguishing agent. However, CO2 is toxic which means that evacuation must take place before the extinguishing agent is released. CO2 extinguishing systems are suitable for: Electrical installations of all kinds where no personnel is present, Inside storage tanks containing combustible liquids, Oil baths (dip tanks), Paint shops, Rolling mills, Furrier’s warehouse etc. These systems are normally actuated by hand and/or automatically by fire detectors (or in rare cases by fusible links). 5 2

1 2 3 4

4 8 9 7 1

3

6

Fig. 8

10

CO2 cylinder Cylinder valve Balance Electromechanical or pyroelectrical actuator 5 Pipe network 6 Fire detection system control unit (extinguishing control unit) 7 Alarm device 8 Automatic fire detectors 9 Manual call point 10 CO2 nozzle

CO2 extinguishing system

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5.3

Special extinguishing systems

5.3.1

Dry chemical extinguishing system In this type of system extinguishing agents in the form of powders are used. The primary extinguishing mechanism is smothering, and in some cases chemical reaction. These systems should not be used where chemical reaction or residues affect the object to be protected. Such systems are suitable for: Kitchens (grease fires), Certain drying ovens, Distillation towers, Tanker cars/loading terminals, Aircraft hangars, Aircraft engine test bays, Oil separators, etc. These systems are actuated manually and/or automatically by fire detectors (including fusible links). 6

9

7

4

5

12 10

2

3

1

8

11 13

Fig. 9

1 2 3 4 5 6

Dry chemical storage container Compressed gas (nitrogen) cylinder Main valve Actuator Pipe network with nozzles Fire detection system control unit (extinguishing control unit) 7 Automatic fire detectors 8 Manual call point 9 Alarm sounder 10 Pressure reducer 11 Booster valve 12 Filling opening with safety valve 13 Test and rinsing port

Dry chemical extinguishing system

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5.3.2

Inerting systems Like CO2 also inerting systems prevent the build-up of ignitable gas concentrations by displacing the oxygen with inert gas such as nitrogen or Argon. Such systems are used in chemical process systems where an explosion hazard is present.

6 4 2

2

5

3 8

1

1 Inert-gas cylinder 2 Special feeder valve for dosed release of inert gas 3 Control unit 4 Alarm sounder 5 Concentration sensor 6 Open nozzle 7 Explosion hazard room 8 Spare cylinder of inert gas

7

Fig. 10 Inerting system

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6

Fire risk assessment The term fire risk indicates the relative level of the fire hazard: High fire safety corresponds to a low fire risk, whereas low fire safety or high exposure to fire hazard means high fire risk. The magnitude of the risk can be assessed as follows: For each room (or object) the event probability of an incipient fire and its loss potential is defined based on the following scale: The following table shows how these parameters can be defined: Event probability (E)

Loss potential (L)

1 = highly improbable

1 = low or none

2 = improbable

2 = medium

3 = probable

3 = large

4 = frequent

4 = very high

5 = continuous

5 = catastrophic

Danger to life and/or property (material or immaterial assets)

The magnitude of the risk is calculated as the product of the event probability times the loss potential: Risk = Event probability x Loss potential R = E (1...5) x L (1...5) In a first step the urgency of the required protective measures can be assessed based on the following risk levels: Risk level

Description

Priority level

Urgency of protective measures

16, 20, 25

Catastrophic risk

1

Immediate

8, 9. 10, 12, 15

Large risk

2

Short term

4, 5, 6

Medium risk

3

Medium term

1, 2, 3

Small risk

4

Long term

The risk levels that have to be reduced by suitable protection measures depend on the risk that can be tolerated. They must be assessed individually for each installation. For example, a relative risk of level 8 can be obtained by two different scenarios: 1. Low event probability with very high loss potential, 2. Frequent event probability with medium loss potential. The second scenario is more frequent than the first one.

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7

Reducing the risk of arson with an intruder detection system In most cases an arsonist has to break into a building before he can start a fire. Burglars often become arsonists in order to destroy evidence, or out of frustration when they find nothing of value. The following countermeasures are feasible as protection against arson: Enclosing the premises or grounds with a fence or wall. The enclosure must be continuous and not allow intruders to climb over. Guarding the entrances with security personnel. Installation of an access control system. Surveillance of the premises and grounds by a combination of security patrols, watchdogs, and CCTV system. Lighting of the grounds (floodlights, motion-activated lights, etc.). Building windows that directly overlook public roads and therefore cannot be fenced in, must be protected against intrusion and projectiles (for example, with wire-reinforced glass, steel bars, etc.). Entrance doors must be fitted with safety locks. Installations and components that form a vital part of daily operations must be monitored by automatic intruder alarm devices.

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Section 3

Fire detection systems 1.

Basic principle of a fire detection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26

2.

Scope of monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27

3. 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. 3.5. 3.6.

AlgoRex fire detection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AlgoRex fire detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Detection intelligence at three levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AlgoRex evaluation and operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The right combination of AlgoRex system versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30 30 31 32 33 34 36

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1

Basic principle of a fire detection system Automatic fire detection systems detect a fire by identifying one of the fire phenomena such as invisible products of combustion, smoke, flames, or heat. In response the fire detection system control unit initiates an alarm and the preprogrammed control functions. In this way it is possible to alarm the building occupants, the fire department, and to minimize the overall damage.

Detection / signaling

Signal processing

Alarm / intervention

Fire detection control unit

Automatic fire detector F

Manual call point

Contacts of extinguishing systems

Automatic fire detectors monitor the rooms of a building for fire and respond to the presence of smoke, heat, and flames, by transmitting a signal to the control unit. Manual call points allow immediate alarm initiation. Contacts of extinguishing systems initiate the normal alarm procedure in the control unit so that additional fire fighting measures can be taken.

Fig. 1

The fire detection system control unit – the brain of a detection system – processes the signals it receives from the detectors. Cerberus fire detection control units incorporate the latest technology. Due to their modular design and individual programming they can be continually adapted to changing system requirements.

Visual and/or audible alarm signals as well as the fire alarm transmission to the fire department are actuated by the control unit. The control unit also carries out a number of additional functions such as – Activation of fire control installations, – Activation of fixed extinguishing systems, – Transmission of fault signals

Principle of a fire detection system

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2

Scope of monitoring Each room in a building should be monitored by a fire detector to ensure early response by the fire detection system. Complete monitoring is always recommended because one can never predict when or where a fire will break out. It has been shown that approximately one third of all fires occur in rooms that are seldom frequented. Selective monitoring as illustrated in Figs. 3.to 5 should only be chosen in special cases and only with the approval of the fire protection engineer who is responsible for the project.

Fire detector Manual call point

Fig. 2

Complete monitoring of all fire compartments

Fig. 3

Selective complete monitoring, that is, complete monitoring of one or several fire compartments

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Fig. 4

Selective monitoring for property protection. The dark shaded area must be monitored and the lightly shaded area surrounding it is included in the monitoring concept for greater overall safety.

Fig. 5

Selective monitoring for life safety through continuous monitoring of the escape routes.

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Fig. 6

Plant and machinery monitoring

Plant and machinery can be monitored with point-type detectors that are installed in close proximity to the equipment to be protected. Plant and machinery monitoring is also possible with air sampling smoke detectors (see Section 4, Chapter 10).

Fig. 7

Monitoring of important electrical control systems

Important electrical control systems can be monitored with detectors that are installed in the room, in the equipment itself, or in the plenum of the raised floor. Also in this application monitoring with air sampling smoke detectors is possible (see Section 4, Chapter 10).

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3

AlgoRex fire detection system

3.1

Introduction True or false alarm? This is the question that each automatic fire detection system must be able to answer quickly and reliably. This task is getting more difficult because the fire phenomena and deceptive variables from the environment and work processes are increasingly becoming more similar. However, the alarm reliability is the yardstick by which all fire detection systems are measured. With the aid of modern communications technology and higher computer intelligence combined with lower space requirement (VLSI, Very Large Scale Integration) it is possible to successfully master this critical problem. With AlgoLogic Cerberus is able to incorporate these technological advances into its new AlgoRex product range of interactive fire detection systems. To the relief of the specialists working in fire protection engineering, Cerberus has created a system that discriminates exceptionally well between true fire phenomena and deceptive variables from the environment, and this without and significant degradation of the detection sensitivity.

Control unit intelligence

ALARM

AlgoPilot CT11

Evaluation and detection logic (algorithms)

Interactive data exchange

Parameter setup (predefined detection behavior)

Detector intelligence

Fig. 8

AlgoLogic

The outstanding feature of the system is the AlgoLogic. The term AlgoLogic is a (acronym) contracted form of „Algorithm” and „Signal evaluation Logic”. It describes the overall function of the system with respect to data acquisition, evaluation, communication, and processing. AlgoLogic is distributed in the detectors and in the fire detection system control unit. AlgoLogic combines the entire Cerberus know-how and experience as the bases for an unprecedented detection and diagnostic capability in the AlgoRex system.

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3.2

System overview AlgoRex is more than an evolutionary refinement of a conventional technology. The system is based on a comprehensive data base of scientific test results and the application know-how of the world’s most experienced fire detection system manufacturer. Although the basic architecture with detectors, control unit and operator terminal remains unchanged, already the external design demonstrates that AlgoRex is a totally new development. In addition to the three detector types PolyRex Neuronal smoke detector DOT with AlgoLogic, OptoRex  Wide spectrum smoke detector DO with AlgoLogic,  ThermoRex Heat detector DT with AlgoLogic. the system comprises the AlgoControl fire detection control unit and the AlgoPilot operator terminal.

PolyRex AlgoPilot OptoRex

ThermoRex

Fig. 9

AlgoControl

AlgoRex interactive fire detection system with AlgoLogic

ALARM

AlgoPilot CT11

Detection capability H Detection and evaluation at place of installation H 4 Dynamic danger levels Detection reliability H Correct algorithm at the right place Emergency operation H Detection capability is preserved

Detection and evaluation

H Signal checking H Logical combination of signals H Alarm verification H Display H Operation

Alarm initiation

Fig. 10 Distributed data processing and system intelligence

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3.3

AlgoRex fire detectors The function of the fire detectors is to reliably detect and signal fires in their incipient stage. Due to the individual programming the 3 standard detectors of the AlgoRex series cover a broad spectrum of possible fire hazards. Neuronal smoke detector PolyRexR Equipped with multicriteria sensors that ensure reliable response behavior for all types of fires. Dynamic analysis of the smoke and heat sensor signals. Neuronal network in the detector. Wide spectrum smoke detector OptoRexR Reliably responds to a large variety of fires. New, high-quality opto-electric sensor system. Dynamically analyzes the „smoke” sensor signal within the detector itself. Heat detector ThermoRexR Reliable heat detector for demanding requirements. Selectable, standardized response categories. Deception-proof response behavior for fast and slow temperature rise.

°C

PolyRex

°C

OptoRex

ThermoRex

Fig. 11 AlgoRex fire detectors

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3.4

Detection intelligence at three levels Interactive detectors Detector series with maximum detection reliability achieved through AlgoLogic, the evaluation and detection logic with interactive signal processing based on programmable algorithms. These detectors can be parameterized: they can be optimally programmed to suit the requirements of the installation location. Interactive AlgoRex detectors are used wherever demanding environmental conditions and high fire risks require maximum alarm validity, that is, detection reliability and false alarm immunity. AnalogPlus detectors Addressable smoke and heat detectors with multilevel, intelligent signal evaluation. AnalogPlus detectors achieve high detection reliability through centrally selectable but detector-specific sensitivity settings, alarm verification and multicriteria logic. Ideal for applications where a medium risk level and moderate environmental interference potential coincide. Collective detectors The smoke and heat detectors of the conventional limit comparator technology are mature and reliable products. They are suitable for areas with low fire risks and unproblematic environmental conditions.

Three detector types PolyRexR Neuronal smoke detectors for dynamic multicriteria analysis of smoke and heat. Available in interactive and addressable versions. OptoRex R Wide-band smoke detector for dynamic analysis of smoke. Available in interactive, addressable and collective versions. ThermoRexR Heat detector for deception-proof response to fast and low temperature rise. Available in interactive, addressable and collective versions.

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3.5

AlgoRex evaluation and operation

AlgoControl fire detection system control unit The AlgoControl communicates in interactive mode with all devices connected to the system. It analyzes the incoming signals and compares them with stored values. In accordance with the program it activates the corresponding fire alarm and control devices. All events and data are stored by AlgoControl in such a way that they can be retrieved at any time. AlgoControl is available in several versions that are matched to the size of the installation, the field of application, and the various detector types.

System operation The AlgoPilot information and operating panel serves as the display and control unit for the entire system. Through AlgoPilot the system provides information on what it has detected and what measures were initiated. Particular attention has been given to: Simple and logical operation Plain text information that is specific to the installation Action text for supporting the intervention squads

ALARM AlgoRex



Acknowledge Reset

Information

Isolation

Alarms

Faults

7

8

9

F1

Premises manned

Alarm device off

Alarm device active

Alarm device fault

4

5

6

F2

Alarm delay off

Remote alarm off

Remote alarm active

Remote transmission fault

1

2

3

ok

Detector test mode

Control function off

System on

System fault

0

C

AlgoPilot CT11

Fig. 12 Operating panel

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Alarm and control devices For alarming and informing internal and external intervention squads a number of visual and audible alarm devices is available. The programmed urgent measures are initiated by corresponding control signals. For example: Alarm sounders Horns, sirens and staff paging systems. Signal lamps Rotating and flashing beacons. Remote transmission Automatic communication devices for transmitting alarm and fault messages to various emergency control centers. Fire control installations Programmable, automatic emergency control facilities, for example, for controlling ventilation units, fire doors, smoke dampers, elevators. Interfaces For serial connection to danger management systems. Remote diagnosis Password-protected remote diagnosis and parameter setup.

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3.6

The right combination of AlgoRex system versions Sometimes a simple collective detector is adequate for the fire risk involved. But in many cases more sophisticated equipment is required, for example, an addressable detector. And sometimes only the best is good enough: an interactive detector with intelligent, algorithmic signal evaluation. For this reason Cerberus has developed the AlgoRex range of detectors. It comprises detectors with different „IQs” that can be combined within the same system. The most effective solutions is to tailor the fire detection system to the corresponding fire risk and the complexity of the installation, and to select the appropriate detectors. It certainly does not make sense to install the most intelligent fire detector in rooms with low risk and low interference. On the other hand it is not logical to install a simple, collective detector in rooms with high fire risk and strong interference. With AlgoRex it is possible to configure fire detection systems that are tailored exactly to the risks, interference factors and individual requirements of an installation. AlgoRex product concept Product range

High fire risk Strong interference

Interactive system with AlgoLogic

– Fire risk relatively high – Interference factors exist – False alarms with severe effects

A

Medium fire risk Medium interference – False alarm with relatively weak effects – Little interference

Standard system AnalogPlus

Technology

Special features

Applications

Future oriented technology

– Completely modular system concept with highly developed organizational intelligence – High detection intelligence for true fire phenomena and excellent immunity to deceptive phenomena

– – – –

Latest technology

– Completely modular system concept with selected organizational intelligence, designed for efficient system operation – Reliable detection capability and high immunity to interference allow a broad range of applications

– – – – – –

Proven technology

– Simple system concept for conventional application – Reliable detection

– Small hotels – Children’s homes etc.

– Completely modular, adaptable system concept that comprises all three technologies, with highly developed organizational intelligence – Comprehensive system configuration capabilities that satisfy all application requirements

– All applications are covered – Can be tailored to specific application requirements

B

Basic system, collective C

Low fire risk Low interference – Low to medium fire risk – First line alarm intervention by internal staff – Little interference

Combination system

Future-oriented

(A+B+C)

Interactive, AnalogPLUS and collective combined

Production locations Nuclear power stations Parking garages Areas with high hazard potential – Complex objects – Buildings with mixed utilization Industry Warehouses Shopping centers Hotels Hospitals Administrative buildings – Senior citizen homes etc.

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Section 4

Fire detectors and accessories 1.

Fire phenomena and detector types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38

2.

Detection principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39

3.

Sensor signal evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

44

4.

Scope of monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

46

5.

Zones with fixed extinguishing systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48

6. 6.1. 6.2. 6.3.

Choosing a suitable detector system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Choosing a detector for normal applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Choosing the appropriate AlgoRex detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suitability by application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

49 49 50 51

7. 7.1. 7.2. 7.3.

Number and arrangement of point-type detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monitoring area per smoke detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monitoring area for point-type heat detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monitoring area for point-type flame detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

53 54 54 55

8.

Number and arrangement of manual call points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

56

9.

Number and arrangement of linear smoke detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

57

10. 10.1. 10.2. 10.3. 10.4. 10.5.

Air sampling smoke detection systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Air sampling smoke detection system ASD Duct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Air sampling smoke detection system ASD Mono . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Air sampling smoke detection system ASD Flex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Air sampling smoke detection system ASD Modular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typical applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

58 59 59 60 61 63

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1

Fire phenomena and detector types

The following table lists the fire phenomena and the appropriate detector types. Standard detectors

Supplementary detectors

DOT115.

DOT113.

DO11..

Neuronal smoke detector with dynamic analysis

Multisensor smoke detector

WideAir sampling spectrum smoke smoke detector detector (scattered light principle)

ASD...

Smoke detectors Smoke and/or Smoldering heat from fire that flaming fires produces light-colored, or from visible smoke, smoldering for example, fires involving electrical fire, wood, paper, etc. plastics, etc.

Fire that generates visible smoke, for example, flaming fire of plastics, oil, etc.

SMOKE

DT11..

D24..

S...

Rate of rise/ fixed temperature detector (standard)

Rate of rise temperature detector, 2 criteria, fixed temperature detector

Infrared flame Infrared flame detector detector (standard) (2-channel)

Heat detector Early stage of a smoke generating fire

Flaming fire, for example, involving wood, solvents, plastics, mineral oil products, etc.

TEMPERATURE INCREASE

S24..

Flame detector Flaming fire of carbonaceous materials, for example, involving wood, plastics, alcohol, mineral oil products, but excluding the combustion of phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, hydrogen, etc.

HEAT RADIATION

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2

Detection principles

2.1

Smoke detector Scattered-light smoke detector The light source, the light stop and the light receiver are arranged in such a way that no light is transmitted from the source to receiver along a direct path. Only when smoke particles are present in the labyrinth is some of the light scattered on receiver. The light source transmits brief, intensive light pulses of a specific frequency into the labyrinth. The receiver signal is evaluated only if the light pulse frequency is synchronous with the transmitter frequency. Light receiver Light stop

Light source Smoke particles Transmitter optics

Fig. 1

Principle of the scattered light measurement

Light source

Labyrinth

Labyrinth Light stop

Smoke particle Light receiver

Fig. 2

Detector design

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Linear smoke detector The linear smoke detector is based on the extinction principle, that is, the attenuation of light by smoke is measured. The transmitter emits a strongly focused, infrared light beam across the optical measuring section. If no smoke is present, a large part of the light reaches the reflector and is returned to the point of origin via the same path. The incoming light produces an electrical signal in the photodiode of the receiver. Detector

Reflector

Receiver

Transmitter Measuring section

Fig. 3

Linear smoke detector without presence of smoke

If smoke penetrates the measuring section, part of the light is absorbed and part of the light is scattered by the smoke particles, that is, the light rays simply change their direction. The residual light reaches the reflector, traverses the measuring section again, and is attenuated again. As a result only a small portion of the light reaches the receiver. The signal becomes smaller and the receiver circuit initiates an alarm.

Scattering

Light beam Scatter

Fig. 4

Scattering

Absorption Smoke particles

Measuring principle of the linear smoke detector with smoke Extinction = Absorption + Scattering

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2.2

Flame detector

Sensor „A” (4,1 – 4,7µm) Sensor „B” (5 – 6µm)

Fig. 5

Flame detector S2406

The detector has two pyroelectric sensors that are sensitive in two different wave lengths. The first sensor „A” responds to infrared-active flame gases in the characteristic CO2spectral range from 4,1 to 4,7µm, which is produced by the combustion of carbon containing materials. The second sensor „B” measures the infrared energy in the wave length region 5 to 6µm, that are emitted by interference sources (for example, sunlight, artificial light, radiant heaters). Signals with a typical flame flicker frequency of 2 to 20Hz are compared in the electronic circuit for amplitude and phase coincidence. When the infrared energy is emitted by flames, the signal amplitude of the first sensor is much greater than in the second sensor, and an alarm is actuated. By contrast, a vibrating, hot body (for example, motor) produces a synchronous signal in channels „A” and „B”. Because in this case the signal amplitude in channel „A” is smaller than in channel „B”, no alarm is actuated. If a flame occurs at the same time, a nonsynchronous signal is generated on channel „A” which immediately initiates an alarm. The sensitivity and response integration time can be adapted to local conditions in two steps by means of a switch.

B

Spectral radiation intensity

A

2,5

Fig. 6

A Sensitivity range „A” B Sensitivity range „B”

Flames Artificial light Sunlight Hot body

3

4

5

6 µm Wave lenght

Relative spectra of flames and spurious radiation

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Conditions for alarm initiation: Ratio channel A:B >> 1 (signals synchronous or asynchronous) Ratio channel A:B ≥ 1 (signals asynchronous) Chan- Signal strength Radiation source nel (with modulation 2-20 Hz)

Ratio A:B

Alarm

A B

~1

no

A B

~1

no

A B

~1

no

A B

>>1

yes

+

A B

>>1

yes

+

A B

≥1

yes

Artificial light

Sunlight

Hot body

Flame with

carbonac. material

Fig. 7

Synchronous signal?

Detector logic

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2.3

Heat detectors Fixed temperature detectors Fixed temperature detectors evaluate the maximum temperature at which an alarm is to be actuated. Temperature Alarm threshold

Alarm

Alarm Alarm threshold Normal

No alarm Time

Fig. 8

Operating principle of a fixed temperature detector

Such detectors are designed to operate either with a thermistor, a fusible link, bimetal strip or expansion fluid. They frequently do not comply with EN54 standards. Heat detectors detect flaming fires that actuate an alarm when a predetermined maximum temperature is exceeded at the detector. They are suitable for detecting open fires where a rapid increase in the temperature can be expected, and in areas where a faster responding detector cannot be used. Rate-of-rise temperature detectors Rate-of-rise temperature detectors evaluate the rate of temperature increase per unit of time (°C/min) at which an alarm is to be actuated. Rate-of-rise temperature detectors are designed to operate with a thermistor, electrical resistance cable, or expansion liquid. Temperature Alarm

NTC1 measuring resistor

NTC2 reference resistor

No alarm

Normal Time

Fig. 9

Operating principle of a rate-of-rise temperature detector with thermistors (NTC resistors)

The detector sensor consists of two NTC resistors which form part of a Wheatstone bridge. NTC1 is exposed to the ambient air immediately in front of the detector, whereas NTC2 is located inside the detector housing. If in the event of a fire the ambient temperature increases relatively rapidly, the resistance value of NTC1 falls faster than that of NTC2. If a predetermined threshold is exceeded, an alarm is actuated. If as a result of a very slow rise in temperature the resistance of NTC1 and NTC2 decreases equally, an alarm is actuated when the maximum temperature determined by a third resistor is reached. Rate-of-rise detectors detect flaming fires that cause a temperature rise within a given unit of time and are, therefore, suited to the detection of flaming fires.

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3

Sensor signal evaluation Detectors with collective address Collectively addressed detectors are usually designed with a single sensor. The sensor signal is amplified and if the alarm threshold is exceeded, the alarm is transmitted either directly or with a fixed delay to the system control unit where they are processed. The system control unit can identify only the line on which the alarming detector is located. The responding detector can be identified only by observing the response indicator on the detector itself. Sensor signal Alarm Alarm threshold No alarm

Time

Fig. 10 Sensor signal evaluation Detectors with individually identifiable address Addressable detectors can be equipped with either a single or multiple sensors. The sensor contains the necessary electronics for evaluating the sensor signal and for transmitting it as an analog value to the system control unit. The signals are transmitted sequentially, that is, one detector after another on a given line. The sensitivity is automatically adjusted to compensate for increasing sensor contamination. In the control unit the analog signals of each detector are evaluated and compared with preprogrammed values. In this way different detector states can be defined such as prealarm, alarm, fault, contamination, etc. With individual detector addressing the control unit can determine the status and location of each detector.

Detector signal

Alarm (normal sensitivity)

Danger information Centrally selectable / detector specific H Sensitivity H Alarm verification H Logical combination of multiple detectors

Alarm (high sensitivity)

Warning

Drift signal (contamination)

Normal

Diagnostic information Fault (defect) Seconds

Detector life

Years

Fig. 11 Signal evaluation principle

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Neuronal detectors with algorithms A neuronal detector is a multicriteria detector. With the aid of algorithms the phenomena detected by the sensor are broken down into mathematical components and compared with the programmed standard values. The algorithm’s characteristic is defined by means of parameters. By choosing a suitable parameter the detector is specifically adapted to the fire phenomena and environmental influences to be expected. This results in a dynamic detection behavior. The signal response is monitored and compared over the entire period of time during which the fire phenomena are present. The signal response refers to the totality of all measurable variables: Measured value Sensor-signal (amplitude, for example, smoke signal). Gradient Change of the measured value per unit of time (dynamic behavior, ∆ of the smoke concentration). Fluctuation Small but rapid changes, static fluctuations of the measured value (noise, transient phenomena). Algorithms Arithmetic rules adapted to the situation by means of parameters. Each detector is equipped with a microprocessor that controls the signal responses. Traditional sequential data processing is not fast enough for this purpose. For the complex signal analysis large quantities of data must be processed in short intervals. This can be achieved with the aid of a neuronal network. All logical combinations are continually linked to all others which means that the incoming data can be processed simultaneously at many levels. A neuronal detector achieves a high detection reliability and extreme deception immunity.

Typical characteristics

Sensor signals

Analysis, interpretation & sample comparison

Result

Signal strength %/m

Rate of rise

Optical sensor t

Smoke density development

Danger level

Signal fluctuation

Signal strength

Diagnostic level

°C

Rate of rise

Heat-sensor t

Temperature development

Signal fluctuation

Algorithms

Fig. 12 Signal processing in the neuronal smoke detector PolyRex

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4

Scope of monitoring Basically complete monitoring of all fire compartments should be aimed at. Limiting the monitoring to specific fire compartments (some with complete monitoring) or specific rooms or groups of rooms (partial monitoring) is only sensible in exceptional cases. For complete (or partial) monitoring also the following areas must be monitored: Elevator, transport and light shafts which due to their structure or accumulation of combustible material represent a fire risk. Cable ducts and shafts if these are accessible or if they are located close to other sectors that have no fire seal 1 ). Supply shafts of sanitary and heating installations if these are accessible or if they are located close to other sectors that have no fire seal 1 ). Rooms for ventilation and air-conditioning systems, as well as air intake and exhaust ducts. Chutes and shafts for materials and waste and their collection containers. Cabinets and structures that are large enough that a person can crawl in. Covered loading docks with protruding roof if these have no fire seal to the monitored sector 1 ). Storage areas under a protruding roof if these have no fire seal to the monitored sector 1 ). Areas below galleries. Hollow spaces above suspended ceilings and below raised floors (as shown in the following table). Hollow spaces above suspended ceilings with uniformly distributed openings that make up over 50% of the total ceiling surface and can consequently be regarded as part of the room below. Zones created in rooms by racks and other installations if the remaining clearance to the ceiling is less than 0.5m. Exceptions to the monitoring rules Sanitary installations, washrooms, toilets, if no combustible material or waste is stored there and if the walls are constructed from non-combustible material. Cable shafts with cable seals at each floor, provided no electrical switching elements or emergency-off switches are located in these shafts. Rooms that are protected by automatic extinguishing systems, that have at least a fireresistive insulation, and where no special benefit is gained from automatic monitoring. Hollow spaces above suspended ceilings and below raised floors that are constructed as a zone without monitoring. Depending on the situation (to be decided on a case-by-case basis) the following elements may be precluded from the monitoring: Separate storage tank rooms that are isolated by fire walls. Civil defense rooms which in time of peace are not used for any other purpose. Separate, private living quarters that are isolated by fire walls. Freezing chambers and cold storage rooms with an area of less than 50m2. Separate battery rooms that are isolated by fire walls 1 ). 1)

= Structural compartmentation is considered to be fire-resistive if it can withstand a fire for at least 30 to 90 minutes.

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Monitoring in hollow spaces Characteristic of hollow space Inaccessible or accessible but containing no combustible material or source of ignition or few and fire-protected electrical installations (at least self-extinguishing)

Type of monitoring in this secondary area None

Accessible, containing electrical installations with cable troughs that are concentrated in a specific location

Selective monitoring along the electrical installations

or

or

Built-in electrical equipment (for example, servo motors)

Equipment monitoring of the built-in electrical equipment

Accessible and containing a large number of distributed electrical installations

Room monitoring (complete monitoring of the hollow space)

Other/additional hollow-space characteristics that influence the fire hazard

To be determined in each case based on the fire risk (probability of a fire break-out and its consequences)

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5

Zones with fixed extinguishing systems Fixed extinguishing systems should be installed in zones where: Rapid fire development and spread is highly likely (storage areas for solvents and plastics, etc.. The building structure has inadequate fire resistance (for example, danger of collapse due to unprotected steel structures). There is a high concentration of valuable property, or where costly damage can occur and additional risk-reducing measures are needed (EDP systems, switchgear, etc.). In such zones a fire detection systems should also be installed: if the automatic extinguishing system alone cannot achieve the protection objectives, if called for by the type of extinguishing system (pre-action sprinkler system, deluge system, gas extinguishing system etc.). Depending on the fire development there can be a considerable difference in the time between the response of the fire detection system and the sprinkler system. In order to reduce the fire risk and fire damage it is often advisable to employ both systems in such zones.

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6

Choosing a suitable detector system Which detectors need to be specified where, depends on the Monitoring category or the general monitoring objectives of the fire detection system, Room height, Environmental conditions, including deceptive phenomena.

6.1

Choosing a detector for normal applications Normally a smoke detector can be chosen based on the following table, provided that disturbance variables are minor and occur only rarely. The principal criteria for choosing a detector and parameter set or sensitivity are the monitoring objective and the assessment of the fire risk exposure. Detectors

Projection / monitoring objective Detection of:

OptoRex

PolyRex

ThermoRex

I

– Flaming incipient fire

w

l

l

II

– Flaming incipient fire – Smoldering incipient fire (desired)

l

l

m

III

– Flaming incipient fire – Smoldering incipient fire

l

w

–

Monitoring category

l

Optimally suited

w

Suited

m

Conditionally suited

– Unsuited

Influence of the room height With increasing room height the influence of the fire phenomena weakens which means that more sensitive detectors must be installed. Room height

Suitable detector type

≤6m ≤7,5m

Suitability Flaming fire

Smoldering fire

Heat detector (cl. 2)

l

–

Heat detector (cl. 1)

l

–

≤12m

Smoke detector

l

l

12–20m

Smoke detector with „increased” sensitivity or Linear smoke detector

l

w

l

l

≤20m

Flame detector

l

–

l

Optimally suited

w

Suited

– Unsuited

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6.2

Choosing the appropriate AlgoRex detector Three different detector series are available: DS115..

Interactive detector system

DS113..

AnalogPLUS detector system

DS110..

Collective detector system

Each of these systems has its own special characteristics and is suited to specific applications. System

Characteristics

Applications

Interactive

– Freely programmable adjustment of the response behavior – Optimum detection reliability – Also usable under critical ambient conditions – High immunity to soiling – Immune to electromagnetic, electrical and optical interference signals – Individual addressing – Microprocessor controlled electronics – Transmits 4 danger levels – Automatic self test – Remote diagnostic capability – Loop line with T branches

– Demanding system engineering of any size – Where transient or continuous interference is present which could cause a false alarm – With direct alarm link to the fire department – Wherever the prevention of false alarms has top priority

AnalogPLUS

– Evaluation of two response sensitivities – Very good detection reliability – Immune to ambient influences – Electronics with integrated circuit (ASIC) – Individual addressing – Drift signal – Detector monitoring – Loop line with module for T branch

– Normal system engineering – Large systems – For rarely occurring deceptive phenomena that can cause false alarms – Alerting of the fire department with CAC

Collective

– One response sensitivity for a wide application range – Good detection reliability – Monitored line – Compatible with existing CERBERUS control units – Electronics with integrated circuit (ASIC) – Stub line – Favorably priced

– Easy system engineering – Small, easily manageable systems – Few potential interferences that could cause false alarms – No direct alerting of the fire department

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6.3

Suitability by application Application

Collective

AnalogPLUS

Interactive

Offices Residential premises Conference rooms

l w 1) w 1)

l w 2) w 2)

l l l

Hospital rooms Smoker’s corners, smoker’s rooms Cleaning closets

w 1) w 1) l

w 2) w 2) l

l l l

Corridors Staircases Attics, unheated Sales rooms, large

w 1) l l w 1)

w 2) l l w 2)

l l l l

Sales rooms, small Museum rooms Exhibition halls Restaurants

w 1) l w –

w 2) l l w 2)

l l l l

Kitchens Pantries Cold storage rooms Cheese ripening rooms, cheese cellars

– w w 5, 6) w 5, 6)

w 4) l w 5, 6) w 5, 6)

w 4) l w 5, 6) w 5, 6)

Telephone exchanges EDP rooms Switchgear rooms

w w w

l l l

l l l

Power supply ducts, dry Power supply ducts, moist Heating rooms Print shops

w w 5, 6) w –

l w 5, 6) l w

l w 5, 6) l l

Spinning mills Weaving mills Carpentry shops Clean industrial buildings and warehouses (for example, electronics, foodstuffs) Dusty industrial buildings and warehouses (for example, paper, textile) Dirty industrial buildings and warehouses (for example, tires, foundry, steel) Warehouse with electrical and/or gas operated vehicles Warehouse with diesel operated vehicles

– – – l

w w w l

l l l l

–

w

l

–

–

w

l

l

l

–

–

Passenger car garages Truck/bus garages

w 1) –

w 2) w 2, 3)

Legend: l Optimally suited w Suited – Unsuited

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

w l w 3)

Alarm reconfirmation (Pulse memory) required Integration required Switch-off during cold start Recommendation: ThermoRex, max. temperature 80°C Detector heating Other detection systems may possibly have to be used, for example, air sampling smoke detectors, heat cables, etc.

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Examining the environmental influences Detectors may not be exposed to inadmissible environmental influences. The following influences are particularly critical for Smoke detectors: Smoke, dust, steam and other aerosols produced by work processes Heat detector: All heat sources Flame detector: Modulated heat radiation, sunlight

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7

Number and arrangement of point-type detectors In many countries the number and arrangement of point-type detectors is regulated by specific guidelines. This must be given priority in all cases. All Detector types The fire phenomena evaluated for an alarm (smoke, heat, radiation) have different spreading properties. For this reason the number of detectors required (or the monitoring area per detector) is largely influenced by the spreading characteristics of the corresponding fire phenomena. Heat (convection)

Smoke

Radiation

Seat of fire

Fig. 13 Different spreading characteristics of different fire phenomena Each room to be monitored must contain at least one automatic detector. Smoke and heat detectors are mounted on the ceiling or wherever the fire phenomena are expected to spread and accumulate. Flame detectors require a direct line of sight to every likely fire source and are preferably installed high up in the corners of a room. The detector arrangement must be adapted to the prevailing features of the room such as ceiling construction, room division (wall recesses, etc.), furnishings, fittings, etc. Other aspects to be taken into account: The corresponding fire phenomenon (smoke/heat/radiation) must be able to reach the detector Foreseeable deceptive phenomena Foreseeable mechanical influences (vibration, etc.) Correct testing and replacement

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7.1

Monitoring area per smoke detector The monitoring area (AM) is determined as a function of the room height and the fire hazard. Room height h [m] 25 20 15 12 9 7 6 5 4 3 2

3

2

1

AM [m2]

1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 Fire hazard levels / areas:

Monitoring area per smoke detector

1 Low fire hazard 2 Medium fire hazard 3 High fire hazard

Fig. 14 Monitoring area per smoke detector as a function of the room height and fire hazard level Area 2 can be chosen for most applications. Area 1 should only be chosen if all danger to life can be precluded, no valuable or irreplaceable property is stored in the corresponding room, the fire risk is low, other fire protection measures virtually preclude fire spread, no smoke logging, in particular by corrosive fission products, can occur in adjacent areas. Area 3 is recommend if serious danger to life exists, valuable and/or irreplaceable property is stored in the corresponding room, the loss of material property and installations would threaten the economic existence of the owner of the premises, the fire risk is classified as „high”.

7.2

Monitoring area for point-type heat detectors The monitoring area depends on the size of the room to be monitored and the slope of the ceiling. Typical values are 20m2 to 40m2 per heat detector.

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7.3

Monitoring area for point-type flame detectors The flame detector should always be mounted in the high corner of the room at an angle of 45°. It monitors a cube with a side length a. The room to be monitored is subdivided into one or several cubes. These are monitored by a detector that is installed in an angle of 45° on a vertical axis. The side length a of the cube depends on the expected conditions such as flame size, room height, visibility conditions, etc. For detailed planning please consult your national or regional Cerberus office. max. mounting height = a

45°

45°

Fig. 15 Monitored cube with side length a

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8

Number and arrangement of manual call points Manual call points must be installed in intervals of not more than 40m in clearly visible locations along the escape routes, for example, in corridors, staircases, lift foyers, entrance halls, hose cabinets, and particularly hazardous areas.

Manual call point

≤40m

≤40m

Hose cabinet

>40m

Fig. 16 Arrangement of manual call points along escape routes

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9

Number and arrangement of linear smoke detectors Between the transmitter and the reflector there must be a continuous line of sight.

Detector

Reflector 5m ... 100m

Fig. 17 Admissible monitoring distances To ensure that smoldering fires with weak thermal convection can be detected in tall rooms, the detector must be installed in such a way that the IR beam is at the height at which the smoke will presumably spread.

Reflector

Detector

Reflector 3m up to 60% of room hight

Detector

Fig. 18 Arrangement of detectors at two different levels for detecting flaming and smoldering fires in tall rooms

Maximum monitoring width With increasing room height the monitoring width can be increased. Room height or installation height

(m) 20 15 12 10

If the monitoring beam is set at a low level so that smoldering fires can be detected, the distance from the floor to the detector rather than the room height is the width controlling factor. For higher risks also a smaller monitoring width may be selected.

8 6 4 3 8

9

10

11

12

13 14 15 (m) Max. monitoring width

Fig. 19 Monitoring width as a function of the room height

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10

Air sampling smoke detection systems (ASD) ASD-Duct

ASD-Mono

ÌÌ HSD

Ñ Ñ Ñ

Ó Ó Ñ Ñ

ASD-Mono

ASD-Flex

ÌÌ

Fig. 20 Application example of an air sampling smoke detection system An air sampling smoke detection system can detect even the smallest fires in equipment before serious damage occurs. To stop the spread of fire it often suffices to switch off the equipment. Air sampling smoke detectors are a valuable supplement to conventional room detectors because they are an efficient means for preventing fire damage and interruption of operations. Possible applications are Telephone exchanges, Computer rooms, Switching and control installations, Clean rooms and the like. Other applications include room monitoring.

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10.1

Air sampling smoke detection system ASD Duct The air sampling smoke detection unit ASD Duct is a passive system without its own fan. It is designed for monitoring existing ventilation systems for traces of smoke. However, monitoring is only possible as long as the ventilation remains in operation and the air is circulating. For this reason an ASD Duct can supplement but not replace a conventional fire detection system. Due to the strong dilution of the smoke the response sensitivity is usually far below that of a point-type detector. Only one smoke detector can be installed in the ASD Duct.

Fig. 21 Principle of the air sampling smoke detection unit ASD Duct.

10.2

Air sampling smoke detection system ASD Mono The air sampling smoke detection system ASD Mono is an active unit that is equipped with its own fan. The air samples are transported via a fixed pipe network to the sampling chamber. ASD Mono is an ideal supplement to conventional fire detection systems. It is particularly suitable for monitoring individual pieces of equipment and smaller rooms. Activation of the extinguishing system and shut-down of the power to the equipment is controlled by the fire detection system control unit. Only one smoke detector can be installed in the ASD Mono system. The preferred fields of application for ASD Mono are individual switching and control cabinets, EDP equipment including closed machines and ceiling voids, as well as other not easily accessible rooms and areas with a small volume.

ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ Pipe system

Sampling holes

Airflow sensor

Smoke detector

Active detector AD1 Fan

Fig. 22 Air sampling smoke detection system ASD Mono (AD1)

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10.3

Air sampling smoke detection system ASD Flex The air sampling smoke detection system is also an active system with built-in fan. It is especially designed for the varied requirements of ventilated equipment. Preferred applications are the monitoring of forced ventilated electronic cabinets, computer equipment, and similar installations. The detection unit is installed directly above or on top of the equipment to be monitored. The suction funnels are connected to the detection unit by a flexible tube. Due to their flexible design they can be installed without any modification to the equipment to be monitored. The electrical connection of the detection unit to the system control unit is established via a distribution box and special, flexible cables. This system is highly adaptable and can be easily modified if the equipment configuration or location changes. The airflow within the flexible tube is monitored. The detection unit is equipped with two optical smoke detectors, one of which can be set to a different response sensitivity. An integrated heat detector (rate of rise and maximum temperature) is available as an option. This makes the ASD flex a universal detection system with accurate status and fire location indication and differentiated alarm evaluation capability. Power switch-off to the monitored equipment can be initiated directly by the detection unit whereas the extinguishing system is activated by the fire detection system control unit. BD5

EDP equipment

ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ

Fig. 23 Air sampling smoke detection system ASD flex (BD5)

Fire detection control unit

Detection units BD5

Zone distribution box GVK- . . under the raised floor

Fig. 24 Air sampling smoke detection system ASD Flex

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10.4

Air sampling smoke detection system ASD Modular

The air sampling smoke detection system ASD modular is also an active system with its own fan. It is a very efficient system that is available in various capacity stages. The air samples are transported via fixed suction tubes to the sampling chamber. In addition to the fire detectors in the air sampling chamber, detection equipment can be installed directly in suitable locations of the air sampling tubes. With this arrangement it is possible to divide large monitoring areas into smaller areas that are easier to keep under surveillance. This makes it easier to locate the seat of the fire which is advantageous for systematic shutdown of power to the monitored equipment. It also allows the automatic extinguishing system to be activated precisely where needed. 1

Air sampling measurement chamber MP2424

2 3

3

3

3

6 5

5

ø 32

4 ∅ 40

ø 25

6

4 ∅ 40

5

6

ø 25

6 5

ø 25

7 6xø6

1 Display / operation and connections 2 Airtight metal housing with fan 3 Main smoke detector 4 Main tubes 5 Air sampling tubes with suction openings 6 Detection unit BDA2400 with smoke detector 7 Detection unit BDA2410 with smoke detector

Fig. 25 Air sampling smoke detection system ASD modular

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A multistage alarm concept can be implemented by installing the detection equipment in different locations. In addition smoke detectors with different response sensitivities can be installed in the detection units, that is, standard smoke detectors with normal or increased sensitivity, or high-sensitivity smoke detectors. In each of the four main tubes the airflow is monitored separately. For special applications a detection unit equipped with an HSD (high sensitivity detector) can be used. Due to its modular design the air sampling smoke detection system ASD modular is suited to a broad range of applications. Typical applications are EDP systems and rooms, including infrastructure equipment, telephone exchanges and control centers, electrical distribution systems, measurement, control and regulation systems, clean rooms, etc.

BDA2400 BDA2400 MP2424

Single detector monitoring

Dual detector monitoring

BDA2400

ÍÍÍÍ ÍÍÍÍ ÍÍÍÍ BDA2400

BDA2400

BDA2400

Fig. 26 Typical monitoring of control cabinets with ASD modular

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10.5

Typical applications System

Application

ASD Duct

ASD Mono

ASD Flex

ASD Modular Standard

HSD

Ventilation systems (supply air, exhaust air, circulation ducts of air-conditioning and ventilation systems) Electrical and electronic cabinets, EDP equipment, printer systems and the like – cabinet/equipment1), not ventilated – cabinet/equipment1), with forced ventilation2) EDP installations (medium to large) EDP power supply EDP air-conditioning system EDP rooms (room monitoring)

3)

EDP-automated data filing systems Raised floors, suspended ceilings – small volume – large volume Telephone exchanges and control centers

3)

Power distribution systems Measurement, control and regulation systems CNC machines / industrial robots Machines / equipment / devices – in closed housings Inaccessible rooms / zones – small volume – large volume Clean rooms, for example, for semiconductor production Tall rooms, e.g.: – covered courts / buildings with atrium – aircraft hangars – machine rooms (highly sensitive processes) Automatic parking garages

5)

High bay storage systems Operating theaters (hospitals)

4) 5)

5)

Historic buildings with valuable exhibitions or galleries

5)

5)

Archives, warehouses containing valuable works of art or documents

5)

5)

Vital installations in nuclear power stations

5)

5)

Rooms with electromagnetic sources of interference (EMI)

5)

5)

Highly sensitive electrical equipment such as flight simulators, high-performance computers

Sterile rooms Rooms with high levels of radioactivity Anechoic rooms (acoustics)

5)

Rooms with no possibility of installing point-type detectors Rooms with heavy condensation (possibly with additional equipment) 1)

Equipment: Unit within a housing, possibly with own power supply Forced ventilation: Removal of the heat produced by the equipment by means of exhaust fan or positive pressure in the room air-conditioning system 3) In addition to point-type detectors on the ceiling, for example, in case of high air change rates 4) If smoke sensitive products are stored such as foodstuffs, textiles, medicines, etc. 5) If point-type detectors cannot be used 2)

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Section 5

Fire detection control units 1.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

66

2.

Siting the control unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

67

3.

Power supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

67

4. 4.1. 4.2.

AlgoControl fire detection system control unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Evaluation – Alarm – Operation – Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Configuration and structure of the fire detection system control unit . . . . . . .

68 70 71

5. 5.1.

Alarm concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cerberus alarm concept (CAC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

76 76

6. 6.1.

Fire control facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

79 79

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1

Introduction The fire detection system control unit offers a variety of fire control and operating facilities. It has an alarm organization that can be optimally adapted to any situation. Due to its modular design the system can be configured to specific application requirements.

F

Control unit with integrated operating facility

F

Control unit with remote control console

Fig. 1

Operation of the fire detection system control unit

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2

Siting the control unit The control unit should be installed in a room near the main entrance of the area to be monitored, or at the entrance used for access by the fire department. If this is not feasible for technical reasons, the remote display and operating terminals can be used and placed accordingly. If, due to the system size, several control units are required, they are usually decentralized in order to keep the line network to the fire detectors and to the alarm and control equipment as short as possible. Each control unit functions autonomously. The signals of autonomous fire detection control units can be combined in a danger management system (see Section 8).

3

Power supply Two independent power sources must be available and both be calculated in such away that if one source fails, full operation of the system and the alarm equipment can be maintained for a specific length of time. One of the two power sources must be a permanent mains supply, the other a battery or comparable source. Power from the mains (primary source) must be supplied from a separate, fuse-protected feeder. Equipment that is not part of the fire detection system may not be connected to the system’s power supply. The battery autonomy must be sufficient to permit full operation of the fire detection system during the emergency operation time (according to local regulations), as well as full operation of the alarm devices for at least 30 minutes. In view of the requirements of fault signal detection and troubleshooting we recommend the following emergency power autonomy: Emergency power criterion

Emergency power autonomy

– Without fault signal transmission

72 h

– With fault signal transmission, but with continually staffed in-house signal receiving station – With fault signal transmission, line not monitored

12 h

– With fault signal transmission, line monitored

12 h

– Uninterruptible mains connection (for example, emergency diesel generator for 24 h operation) and fault signal transmission

24 h 4h

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4

AlgoControl fire detection system control unit The control unit is the interaction point between the operator and the AlgoRex system. The allocation of the „competence” between the fire detectors and the control unit is clearly defined in AlgoRex. Via the detector bus or detector line the AlgoControl unit receives the signals from automatic fire detectors, manual call points, and input modules, and performs the decentralized control functions, for example, via the output modules. The following detector systems can be connected to the control units of the CS1140 family: Interactive smoke detectors with AlgoLogic, series DS1150 Addressable fire detectors AnalogPLUS, series DS1130 Collective fire detectors, series DS1100 It is also possible to integrate existing system components with detectors of the series MS7, MS9, MS24. AlgoRex fire detectors with AlgoLogic, DS1150 series AlgoLogic is a unique evaluation and decision logic that is based on algorithms. It achieves maximum detection reliability and is able to clearly distinguish between true fire phenomena and deceptive phenomena. Interactive detector bus for fire detectors with AlgoLogic, Series DS1150

AlgoRex fire detectors AnalogPLUS, DS1130 series Addressable detector system with centrally selectable detector sensitivity and intelligent signal processing (alarm verification, comparison and evaluation of signals from several detectors). Addressable detector bus for fire detectors AnalogPLUS, Series DS1130

AlgoRex fire detectors, collective, DS1100 series Conventional technology with respect to communication and signal evaluation (one address per detection line, only alarm signaling). The detectors have the same highquality sensor system as the other AlgoRex detectors. Collective detection line for fire detectors series DS1100

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AlgoControl „black box” and AlgoPilot terminals In the operation of the AlgoRex system the AlgoControl signal processing unit plays an important role even though it does not have to be installed in a prominent place. As an electronic black box it is usually put into the electrical control center or another technical room. The user works with the convenient AlgoPilot terminal which can be installed in the most convenient location, for example, at the fire department access road, so that the arriving fire fighting squad can immediately obtain an accurate picture of the situation. Depending on the risk and protection concept more than one AlgoPilot terminal can be connected to the AlgoControl signal processing unit via a communications loop. This data bus between AlgoControl and AlgoPilot consists of a highly fail-save and supervised data transmission channel that is immune to short circuits and interruptions.

ALARM

AlgoPilot control console

AlgoPilot CT11

Alarm devices

C-Bus

Alarm receiving center (for example, fire department)

CPU

Fire control installations I-Bus Line module Mains

Control module

Autonomous extinguishing sector

Fire detection control unit AlgoControl FBF FSK HM

Service PC

Fig. 2

Printer

Periphery according to VdS: Fire department control panel Fire department key box Main fire alarm box

Principle of the AlgoControl fire detection system control unit with AlgoPilot control console

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4.1

Evaluation – Alarm – Operation – Control The AlgoControl fire detection system control unit can be configured either with an integrated or a remotely installed AlgoPilot control console. The principal functional characteristics of the control unit are: Parameter driven organization logic Complete freedom in the adaptation of the control unit organization to changing customer requirements is ensured. Programmable control outputs For fire control operations user-programmable control outputs are available in the control unit. Driver and/or relay outputs are available. Reliable emergency power supply Optimum charging and extended life of the emergency power batteries by using manufacturer-specific, parameter-driven charging characteristics. Real-time clock Automatic summer/winter changeover by the integrated real-time clock that has its own buffer battery. Event memory Up to 1000 events can be stored and retrieved chronologically and by information category. Integrated emergency operation function Emergency operation functions are integrated in the main function modules. This means that in the event of a component failure the system is still able to signal a fire alarm. Extinguishing section activation An extinguishing section can be activated via the „extinguishing” control module. A control unit can handle several extinguishing sections. The concept of decentralized intelligence has also been systematically implemented in the design of the signal processing unit and the operator terminal; both are completely autonomous with respect to the functions they fulfil. For this reason each unit can be installed wherever it best fulfils its functions. This clear concept of functional segregation greatly increases the reliability and availability of the system. The main criteria for the design of the user interface of AlgoRex or AlgoPilot were the user and operator requirements. Due to the diversity of data and the visualization of the information contents such a man-machine interface requires sophisticated communications capabilities.

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4.2

Configuration and structure of the fire detection system control unit The AlgoControl unit is configured largely in accordance with the logical system structure. Detailed planning and configuration information can be found in the Cerberus control unit manual CS11.

4.2.1

System overview

AlgoRex S11 DS11 Detector system

CS1140 Control unit system

OptoRex AlgoControl

AlgoPilot

DO11..

ThermoRex

Communication bus

DOT11..

Detector bus

PolyRex

Planning and maintenance

DT11..

AlgoWorks

Characteristics High selective detection capability, Menu-driven operator guidance, Distributed intelligence, Independent bus systems (detector bus / communications bus), Individual evaluation algorithms, Parameter downloading, Automatically recognizable detector replacement, Unrestricted address assignment, High configuration flexibility, Manufactured according to ecologically compatible principles, Compatibility with existing installations, High system availability and quality, Simple maintenance.

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4.2.2

System structure AlgoRex has a logical and a physical structure. The logical structure is completely separate from the physical structure which allows greater flexibility. The display and operation are governed by geographic and organizational aspects and are consequently independent of the actual hardware installation of the detector network.

Logical structure

(e.g. main building)

Area

e.g. 1st floor

Section

Zone

e.g. room 104

Element

Device

address point in room

e.g. interactive, collective

e.g. DO1151

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Logical and physical structure As the following example shows the AREA (alarm organization level, usually a building) is the highest logical level.

Geographic features (building structure)

2nd floor

1st floor

Main building

1st floor

ground floor

Room 104

Ground floor

Section Warehouse

Zone

Reception

1st floor

Room 102

Room 103

2nd floor

Room 104

Canteen

EDPRoom

Logical structure

Main building

Area

Element

Linking: The lowest levels of the two structures are logically linked to each other. This linking determines which physical devices (e.g. detectors) are installed in which geographic location.

Linking Device D-Bus

Function unit (e.g. line module)

I-Bus

Physical structure

(e.g. detector)

Station

Logical structure: The logical structure is an image of the geographic features of an installation. It can be flexibly adapted to the building structure, room utilization, etc. The logical structure is independent of the line routing within the detector network.

Physical structure: The physical structure is an image of the hardware. It results from the hardware installation.

C-Bus Operator terminal

Control unit

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4.2.3

Product range With AlgoRex fire detection systems can be tailored to the user’s requirements. Three different detector series and 2 different fire detection system control units are available. The fire detector series and control unit are selected on the basis of the application requirements and/or the system size.

Detector series DS11 Collective DS110. DO1101

Control units CS11 Stand-alone

DT1101 / DT1102

CS1110 / CS1115

AlgoControl

– Collective-signal – Limit comparator technology

AnalogPLUS DO1131

CI1110 / CI1115

DS113. DOT1131

DT1131

– For small to medium systems – With collective or analog addressable detectors

Network compatible AlgoControl

– Single-detector signal – Multi-detector logic – Drift signal

AlgoPilot

Interactive DS115. DO1151

DOT1151

CS1140

DT1152

CC1141 / CC1142 CT1141 / CT1142

– Single-detector signal – Individual evaluation algorithms – Multicriteria detectors with neuronal network – Automatic application suitability check – Multidetector logic

– For small to large systems comprising one or several control units – For collective, AnalogPLUS or interactive detectors – Remotely installable control console

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4.2.4

Topology Depending on the detector series either stub lines, loop lines, or T-taps are possible. Two types of control units are available: stand-alone and network compatible. In large systems the data line between the local control console and the danger management system is implemented as a loop line.

Stand-alone

Control unit

CS1110 / CS1115

AnalogPLUS

collective

CI1110 / CI1115

Network compatible CS1140 interactive

Control console

AnalogPLUS

CC1141 / CC1142

CT1141 / CT1142

collective

Gateway

CK1141 / CK1142

CI1141 / CI1142

Danger management system terminal

ÉÉ ÉÉ

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5

Alarm concept General The alarm concept must be defined individually for each installation. Important is the quick transmission of alarm messages to the appropriate group of recipients. Audible and visual alarm devices must generate a signal that is clearly identifiable as a fire alarm. The alarm devices must be connected to the emergency power supply of the fire detection system control unit and controlled via the corresponding alarm outputs. The fire department must be alerted via a direct line that should preferably be monitored.

5.1

Cerberus alarm concept (CAC) The Cerberus alarm concept prevents calling of the fire department for minor incidents. The concept differentiates.: 1. Responsible personnel is present ⇒ „Day organization” 2. Responsible personnel is absent ⇒ „Night organization” Day organization (personnel present) When the day organization is active an alarm is initially transmitted to the responsible personnel that investigates the situation. If it is a serious incident the fire department is called immediately from the nearest manual call point. If it is a minor incident the fire is extinguished with the resources available locally and the alarm is reset. Night organization (personnel absent) When the night organization is active all alarms immediately trigger an „External alarm”. Day and night organization When either the day or night organization is active the actuation of a manual call point or the activation of an extinguishing system immediately triggers an „External alarm”.

Monitored sequences The reaction of the personnel is monitored by 2 independent timer circuits. The first timer circuit monitors the presence of the personnel, the second circuit the duration of the reconnaissance. If no personnel is present or if the reconnaissance time is exceeded, an „External alarm” is transmitted immediately to the fire department and the preprogrammed control functions are initiated. Additional security provided by AlgoLogic Based on the experience accumulated from a large number of fire tests, detection algorithms have been created and integrated in the AlgoRex detectors. Each detector con-

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tains the data for the algorithm that is optimally suited for fire detection. The detector autonomously evaluates the existing danger level and transmits the result to the system control unit. The latter validates the incoming signals based on stored values and initiates preprogrammed decisions. In addition the detection behavior of AlgoRex detectors is dependent on the day/night organization state. The same applies to multidetector zones. The result of this technology is an incomparably high alarm validity. F

Alarm

Day / Night

Night organization

Day organization

Algorithms

Multidetector zones

Supplementary benefit in alarm concept with AlgoRex

Highest alarm validity

Local alarm

Presence

yes

Acknowledgment no

Reconnaissance

yes

Investigating

no

Emergency

no

Reset

yes F

General internal alarm

Fig. 3

External alarm Flow diagram „Cerberus Alarm Concept” (CAC)

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Alarm organization and means of alarm The operational constraints must be taken into account when specifying the alarm organization and means of alarm because the group of persons responsible for responding to a fire alarm may vary in each case. The alarm organization and means of alarm must be recorded in the system log book. Alarm

Purpose

Means of alarm

Local alarm

specific, discreet alarm for persons who have to investigate the alarm location

– Staff paging system – Audible alarm devices in the rooms where the reconnaissance squad is stationed – Coded bell signal, possibly also via staff paging system – System buzzer on the display and the control panel of the fire detection system – Mobile telephone

General internal alarm

Specific alarm for calling out the required fire fighting crews

– Same as for local alarm – Generally alarm devices that are distributed all over the building through which the members of the in-house fire brigade can be called – Telephonic transmission facilities for alerting the fire department

Initiation of the evacuation alarm, frequently only after careful deliberation, in order to avoid panic

– Separate evacuation speaker system through which specific instructions are given

Specific warnings to persons in danger, e.g. floor-by-floor

– Separate evacuation signal, e.g. intermittent alarm signal, in case trained personnel are present

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6

Fire control facilities

6.1

General Equipment that is part of the fire protection concept and which can be automatically controlled by the fire detection system. This includes, for example: Switching off air-conditioning and ventilation system, Closing fire dampers, Closing fire doors, Activating smoke and heat extraction systems, Activating emergency lighting systems, Commanding elevators to the ground floor and blocking them there, Switching of machines and equipment of all types. The control of such equipment must not adversely affect the fire detection system.

6.1.1

Activation of fire control facilities The activation of fire control facilities depends on the situation prevailing in the monitored area and must be determined individually for each installation. In smaller fire detection systems all fire control facilities are normally activated in the event of an alarm. In larger fire detection systems the fire control facilities are frequently controlled on a zone-by-zone basis and activated selectively in case of a minor alarm or general internal alarm. Vital installations can be controlled through multidetector zones. All controlled facilities should move to their safe position in the event of a power failure. For example: Fire doors and fire dampers should close. The functions of the fire control facilities must be documented in the system folder.

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6.1.2

Activating the external control On the switch panel of the controlled facility a signal must indicate that the fire control has been activated by the fire detection system. The activated facility must be restored to its normal operating state independently of the fire detection system. Example:

Fire detection system

Relay contact closes in alarm condition, opens when the alarm is reset, in exceptional cases when the audible fire alarm is switched off

External control P

Control voltage for ventilation

N

Fig. 4

6.1.3

Switching off the ventilation

Test mode of the fire detection system If the fire detection system is in TEST mode, the fire control facilities may respond only if an alarm is overriding e.g. from a manual call point.

6.1.4

Testing the fire control facility It must be possible to test the function of the fire control operation without activating the corresponding facility. Switch-off button External control Initiation

–

+ ON indicator

– Fig. 5

6.1.5

OFF indicator

+

OFF state indication of a fire control facility

Safety precautions Depending on the type of facility or equipment, activation of the fire control operation that can have consequences that may possibly negate the benefits of automatic initiation. In case of doubt, manual control should be given preference over automatic control.

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Section 6

Line network The following section describes the planning of the line network of a fire detection system. National regulations must in all cases be followed even if they are not explicitly mentioned here.

1.

Installation of a fire detection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

82

2. 2.1. 2.2.

Installation of the detection line network Basic information on the detection line network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fire detectors in explosion hazard areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

84 85

3.

Electromagnetic environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

87

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1

Installation of a fire detection system High installation flexibility AlgoRex allows complete freedom in the design of the line network. Loop lines, stub lines or both are feasible. It is also possible to connect different detector types to the same line. If existing detector networks are to be integrated or expanded, unshielded twisted pairs suffice in most cases.

Example: Existing detector network Modernization of existing systems with AlgoRex; connection of existing „collective” systems: H Loop line H Stub line H T-tab Existing installations can be integrated.

Example: New detector network With H Interactive detectors H Input/output (I/O) modules H Special detectors H Loop lines H Stub lines H T-tabs Lines: unshielded twisted pair

I Fig. 1

O

I

AlgoRex fire detection system: installation and connection versions

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Complete freedom in the design of the interactive detection line network T-taps with individual addresses can be connected to the loop at any time (without additional equipment). This means that the line network can be designed as required by the building structure and based on economic considerations rather than the limitations of the system. Later additions, extensions or utilization changes are consequently easy to implement. Very important: If AlgoRex is used to upgrade an existing system, no new cabling is required. Even the old installation wires of 220V detection systems can in most cases still be used, provided the quality of the installation conforms to current standards. AlgoRex requires shielded cables only in very extreme situations. Ex

I

I Fig. 2

I

I

I/O

I

Complete freedom in the design of the installation network with interactive detectors

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sect6 07.2001

2

Installation of the detection line network Particularly important for the AlgoRex system is the reliable function of the detection network. This means reliability also in case of line interruptions and short circuits which can occur when building work is performed. With line separators in the detector and other modules the control unit can automatically isolate the injured line segment while maintaining the functionality of the remaining detector network. On the two-wire detector bus the microprocessor-equipped output modules supply the decentralized fire control functions; input modules allow direct connection of collective fire detectors on an interactive line, as well as non-AlgoRex fire detectors and other signal outputs (e.g. sprinkler contacts). As a rule neither the output modules nor the input modules require an external power source. Also shunt-Zener-diode barriers can be integrated in the detector line so that explosion hazard rooms can be monitored with explosion-proof detectors connected to a normal detector line. The detector line routing capabilities for the AlgoRex system have been completely redesigned; priority was given to the requirements of the electrical engineer and the installer. For example parallel branches (T-taps) which were previously not allowed, are now possible with the AlgoRex system and they are also monitored. Depending on the selected intelligence level, ring and stub lines can be implemented as desired so that the detector line needs to be installed only in accordance with the building requirements rather than system limitations. Also new with AlgoRex interactive is that the external (additional) response indicator of the detector does not have to be connected to the corresponding detector itself; it can be installed anywhere on the detector line or be fed by another detector. The assignment of the indicator to the detector is programmed in the system control unit. A response indicator can also be controlled by multiple detectors (e.g. multidetector zones).

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Basic information on the detection line network Separate line network Fire detection systems must be operated via a separate line network. Separation of signal and power lines Despite the very high immunity of new detector systems, detector lines should preferably be routed separately from other lines and systems in order to prevent electromagnetic influences, (e.g. low-voltage and high-voltage cables, transmitter and high-frequency equipment, pulse controls, lightning protection systems, etc.). Ambient influences The line network (dry, wet, or explosion proof) must conform to the same standard as for electrical lighting. Cable and wiring material As protection against electromagnetic influences twisted cables should be used. Commercially available material that is suitable for telephone or low-voltage systems (