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WPCË^DF ;  NK^^KI@JW ............................................................................................. 7  >  \DXFW L@ NK^^KI@JW ............ ......................... .......................... ........................... .......................... ........................ ............ 0  >.;  Nkrrki`c l` t`rrk? ............................................................................... 0  >.>  Nkrrki`c l` `jrfgkc`jtf gfc bbkg` kg` l` gfjgr`tf?............. .......................... .................. ..... 0  >.7  Nkrrki`c l` gfjtrkbfrt`?............. .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .................. ..... 2  >..0  Nkrrki`c l` gfjgr`tf `struturkm gfc gfjtrkbfrt`s? ....... .................... ...................... ......... 5  >.2  Nkrrki`js `c krgf? ............ ......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ............... 4  7  @W\^P\P^KW............. .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ............ ;8  8  0.2  Nfrlk mdvr` fu bfmik ............................................................................ >;  0.9  Jÿgm`f g`jtrkm .................................................................................... >;   

 

0.5 Bujlkéçf ........................................................................................... >> 0.4  Lr`jki`c djt`rjk .......................... ............. .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ............... >> 

 

  0.;8 

L`skr`jklfr ................................................................................... >7 

0.;;   Kmturk lk nkrrki`c ................................... ...................... .......................... ........................... ......................... ........... >7  0.;> 

Wdst`ck `xtrkvksfr ......................................................................... >0  9  GKLKW\^F L@ DJWX@ÉÇF L@ W@IP^KJÉK L@ NK^^KI@JW.......... >2  5  LFGPC@J\FW XK^K DJWX@ÉÇF L@ W@IP^KJÉK ^@IPMK^ L@ NK^^KI@C? ............................................................................................................. >2  5.;  Bdsgkmdzkéçf l` nkrrki`js.......................... ............. .......................... .......................... .......................... ............... >9  5.>  Wdst`ck Jkgdfjkm l` Djbfrckéð`s sfnr` W`iurkjék l` Nkrrki`js  ‗   ‗  WJDWN >5  4  I@W\ÇF L@ NK^^KI@JW............. .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .................. ..... >5  ;8 

C@LDLK X^@R@J\DRK ......................................................................... >4 

;8.; 

Gfcujdlkl` dcp`l` dcpmkjtkéçf l` nkrrki`c qu` t`rdk trïs v`z`s f

vfmuc` lk l` Bujlçf ............................................................................................ 78  ;; 

FN^KW L@ CKJP\@JÉÇF X^@R@J\DRK ............. .......................... .......................... ................ ... 77 

;;.; 

Ckds W`iurkjék .............................................................................. 7 

W@IP^KJÉK L@ NK^^KI@JW............ .......................... ........................... .......................... .................... ....... 72 

;7 

Nkrrki`js EDL^@MÄ\^DGKW ................................................................ 75 

 

;

  NK^^KI@JW

Bfjt`?`j`ridklksnkrrki`js.nmfispft.gfc

 Ks nkrrki`js, l`bdjdlks gfcf fnstëgumfs fnstëgumfs krtdbdgdkds gfc k gkpkgdlkl gkpkgdlkl` ` l` l`t`r ëiuk, qukmqu`r futrf mãqudlf, r`o`dtfs, l`trdtfs, cdjärdfs, pkrk bdjs l` krckz`jkc`jtf fu gfjtrfm`, pfl`c vkrdkr `c tkckjef l`sl` p`qu`jfs ckgdéfs l` t`rrk, usklfs br`qu`jt`c`jt` `c bkz`jlks, k `jfrc`s `struturks l` gfjgr`tf fu l` kt`rrf, i`rkmc`jt` usklks pkrk bfrj`gdc`jtf l` ëiuk, l` `j`ridk edlr`mätrdgk, pkrk gfjtrfm` l` ge`dks ` pkrk drrdikéçf, kmäc l` ldv`rsks futrks bdjkmdlkl`s. Gfjstruãlks l` bfrck jkturkm fu krtdbdgdkm sfnr` g÷rr`ifs, rdfs fu gkjkds, ks nkrrki`js tïc k bujéçf l` r`t`r ` gfjtrfmkr f bmuxf l` ëiuk. Djl`p`jl`jt`c`jt` l` suk bdjkmdlkl` ` lf tdpf l` bujgdfjkc`jtf, qu` vkrdk nkstkjt`, `mks kpr`s`jtkc uc `m`c`jtf gfcuc? `c kmiuc pfjtf lf p`rgursf, k ëiuk bdgk r`tdlk jf r`s`rvkt÷rdf bfrcklf p`mfs supfrt`s `riudlfs. Fs prdjgdpkds tdpfs `xdst`jt`s l` nkrrki`js sçf ks l` kt`rrf, l` gfjgr`tfirkvdlkl` ` l` gfjgr`tf `c krgf. Ks `struturks kg`ss÷rdks fu kldgdfjkds lks nkrrki`js djgmu`c v`rt`lfurfs, `struturks l` l`sgkrik, gksks l` bfrék `mätrdgk ` ujdlkl`s l` gfjtrfm`. F t`rcf nkrrki`c prfväc `tdcfmfidgkc`jt` lk pkmkvrk

 

  brkjg`sk nkrrki`, lf sägumf UDD, qu` l`rdvk lks pkmkvrks nkrr`, lf brkjgïs, ` nkrrk, lf mktdc vumikr, qu` sdijdbdgkc "trkv`ssk, trkjgk l` b`gekr pfrtk".  Ks nkrrki`js gfjstruãlks pkrk krckz`j krckz`jkr kr ` ggfjtrfmkr fjtrfmkr `sp`gd `sp`gdbdgkc`jt` bdgkc`jt` ëiuk s` l`stdjkc i`rkmc`jt` kf knkst`gdc`jtf lfcästdgf ` djlustrdkm, è drrdikéçf, è jkv`ikéçf, è r`gr`kéçf, kf gfjtrfm` l` s`ldc`jtkéçf, kf gfjtrfm` l` ge`dks ` è prfluéçf l` `j`ridk `mätrdgk. Kmiucks nkrrki`js tïc kp`jks uck bujéçf ` sçf kssdc gfje`gdlks gfcf "nkrrki`js l` bujéçf ÿjdgk". Ktukmc`jt`, ks nkrrki`js sçf gfjstruãlks pkrk s`rvdr k ldv`rsks bujéð`s ` sçf, pfr dssf, gfje`gdlks gfcf "nkrrki`js l` usfs cÿmtdpmfs", qu` ä f gksf lk Psdjk l` \rïs \ rïs Ckrdks (k r`iumkrdzkéð`s l` vkzð`s k jkv`ikéçf djt`rdfr ` k prfluéçf l` `j`ridk `mätrdgk). F ^`idstrf Cujldkm l` Nkrrki`js, lk Gfcdssçf Djt`rjkgdfjkm l` Irkjl`s Nkrrki`js (GDIN/DGFML), gfjsdl`rk uck irkjl` nkrrki`c k nkrrki`c qu` pfssuk kmturk l` ;0 c`trfs (djl`p`jl`jt`c`jt` lf vfmuc` l` ëiuk krckz`jëv`m `c s`u r`s`rvkt÷rdf) fu tkcnäc k qu` pfssuk kmturk `jtr` ;8 ` ;0 c`trfs l`sl` qu` t`jek gkpkgdlkl` l` krckz`jkr ckds l` trïs cdmeð`s l` c`trfs gÿndgfs l` ëiuk `c s`u r`s`rvkt÷rdf. L` kgfrlf gfc `ss` grdtärdf, k kmturk l` uck nkrrki`c ä l`t`rcdjklk p`mk ldb`r`jék lk `m`vkéçf l` suk grdstk ktä f pfjtf ckds nkdxf lk suk bujlkéçf. Edstfrdgkc`jt`, ks nkrrki`js tïc s`rvdlf gfcf bfjt` gfjbdëv`m l` ëiuk pkrk k vdlk lks p`ssfks kf mfjif lfs ÿmtdcfs 0 cdm kjfs, l` kgfrlf gfc r`idstrfs krqu`fm÷idgfs qu` s` nks`dkc `c djv`stdikéð`s l` ruãjks ` jk fns`rvkéçf l` `struturks kdjlk `c bujgdfjkc`jtf. Ks nkrrki`js p`rcdt`c qu` ks pfpumkéð`s gfm`t`c ` krckz`j`c ëiuk qukjlf knujlkjt` ` l`pfds k us`c jks äpfgks l` s`gk. @mks tïc sdlf `jtçf bujlkc`jtkds jk bfrckéçf l` `stfqu`s l` ëiuk, djldsp`jsëv`ds kf `stkn`m`gdc`jtf ` kf sust`jtf l` gdlkl`s ` l` bkz`jlks, pkrk k drrdikéçf ` pkrk k prfluéçf l` kmdc`jtfs. ”Ks nkrrki`js sçf utdmdzklks pkrk f knkst`gdc`jtf l` ëiuk pkrk gfjsucf euckjf ` l` kjdckds1 pkrk k drrdikéçf, k r`gr`kéçf ` f pkdskidscf1 pkrk f gfjtrfm` lk qukmdlkl` lk ëiuk ` l` `jge`jt`s1 pkrk k ikrkjtdk cãjdck l` vkzçf k ouskjt`1 jkv`ikéçf1 kqudgumturk1 i`rkéçf l` `j`ridk `mätrdgk1 ` gfjt`jéçf l` r`o`dtfs–.  r`o`dtfs–.  

 

>

  \DXFW L@ NK^^KI@JW  K tdpfmfidk lk nkrrki`c ä l`bdjdlk `c bujéçf l` suk bfrck gfjstrutdvk ` lf

ckt`rdkm utdmdzklf `c s`u gfrpf prdjgdpkm.

>.; Nkrrki`c l` t`rrk? Ä k ckds gfcuc jf Nrksdm, gkrkgt`rdzklk pfr vkm`s cudtf mkrifs ` fcnr`drks sukv`s. Xfl` s`r l` t`rrk efcfiïj`k, gfjstruãlk gfc kp`jks uc tdpf l` ckt`rdkm1 fu l` t`rrk zfj`klk, kqu`mk qu`, pfr bkmtk l` ër`k l` `cprästdcf gfc ckt`rdkm kridmfsf subdgd`jt` pkrk k gfjstruéçf l` tflf f kt`rrf, prdfrdzk f jÿgm`f kridmfsf, jf g`jtrf. Xfr s`r uck `struturk c`jfs rãidlk, p`rcdt` bujlkéð`s ckds l`bfrcëv`ds, trkjscdtdjlf `sbfréfs nkdxfs pkrk ks bujlkéð`s l` qukmqu`r tdpf l` sfmf fu rfgek.

Bfjt`?www.cdj`drfsjk`strklk.gfc.nr

>.> Nkrrki`c l` `jrfgkc`jtf gfc bkg` l` gfjgr`tf? l` gfjgr`tf?   Ä gfjstdtuãlk l` `jrfgkc`jtfs ` pmkgks l` gfjgr`tf sfnr` f tkmul` l` cfjtkjt`. L`v` s`r lklk kt`jéçf `sp`gdkm è mdikéçf `jtr` ks pmkgks l` gfjgr`tf, pfds

 

  s` kpfdkc `c c`df l`bfrcëv`m, gfjstdtuãlf p`mk gkcklk l` `jrfgkc`jtf qu` pfl` sfbr`r r`gkmqu`s sdijdbdgktdvfs jf prdc`drf `jgedc`jtf. @xdi` kt`jéçf tkcnäc gfc k mdikéçf `jtr` k bkg` l` gfjgr`tf ` k bujlkéçf pkrk ikrkjtdr k `stkjqu`dlkl` l`ssk r`idçf. Rkjtki`js?  gfjstruéçf ckds rëpdlk, pfds djl`p`jl` lf gmdck1 tkmul`s ckds ãjir`c`s, prfpfrgdfjkjlf c`jfr`s vfmuc`s l` ckt`rdkm ` ckdfr kmturk km turk lk `struturk.

L`svkjtki`c? k bujlkéçf l`v` s`r `c rfgek sç, pfds k `struturk jçf pfl` sfbr`r r`gkmqu`s `xg`ssdvfs.

Bfjt`? b`jilfuimks.bdm`s.wfrlpr`ss.gfc

>.7 Nkrrki`c l` gfjtrkbfrt`? Ä uc tdpf rkrkc`jt` utdmdzklf jf Nrksdm ` `c qu`lk jf `xt`rdfr, `c bkvfr lfs tdpfs l` irkvdlkl` kmdvdklfs.

 

 

Bfjt`?www.cdj`drfsjk`strklk.gfc.nr

>.< Nkrrki`c l` irkvdlkl` kmdvdklk? Ä kmt`rjktdvk è nkrrki`c l` irkvdlkl` ckgdék. J`stk ÿmtdck, f gfjgr`tf `stë ckm kprfv`dtklf pfrqu` ks sfmdgdtkéð`s sçf cudtf c`jfr`s qu` k r`sdstïjgdk lf gfjgr`tf. Jk gfcpkrkéçf, gfjstktk-s` qu` k nkrrki`c l` irkvdlkl` kmdvdklk trkz `gfjfcdk jf vfmuc` ` ldcdjudéçf lks ër`ks sfnr` ks qukds pfl` kidr k sunpr`ssçf ` k pr`ssçf djt`rstdgdkm.

 

 

Bfjt`?www.cdj`drfsjk`strklk.gfc.nr

>.0 Nkrrki`c l` gfjgr`tf `struturkm gfc gfjtrkbfrt`s? Ä bfrcklk pfr uck mko` dcp`rc`ëv`m k cfjtkjt`, kpfdklk `c gfjtrkbfrt`s v`rtdgkds, `x`rg`jlf gfcpr`ssçf jk bujlkéçf, ckdfr lf qu` jk nkrrki`c l` irkvdlkl`. K bujlkéçf, j`st` gksf, l`v` s`r rfgek gfc `m`vklk rdidl`z. W` gfcpkrklk gfc ks nkrrki`js l` irkvdlkl`, ks prdjgdpkds vkjtki`js sçf c`jfr vfmuc` ` c`jfr sunpr`ssçf jk nks`. Jf `jtkjtf, ks nkrrki`js gfc gfjtrkbfrt`s `xdi`c uc prfo`tf `struturkm ckds gfcpm`xf ` f usf l` uc jÿc`rf ckdfr l` bürcks jk `x`guéçf lfs gfjtrkbfrt`s.

 

 

Bfjt`?`j`ridklksnkrrki`js.nmfispft.gfc

>.2 Nkrrki`js `c krgf? Wçf pkrtdgumkrc`jt` kprfprdklks pkrk vkm`s `str`dtfs ` gfc nfks gfjldéð`s l` fcnr`drks. @ssks `struturks tdrkc pkrtdlf lks prfprd`lkl`s l` gfcpr`ssçf lf gfjgr`tf, trkjscdtdjlf fs `cpuxfs edlrëumdgfs pkrk ks fcnr`drks. Rkjtki`js? usf l` c`jfr qukjtdlkl` l` gfjgr`tf `c gfcpkrkéçf gfc ks l`ckds1 klcdt`c bujlkéð`s l` pdfr qukmdlkl` `c r`mkéçf ès nkrrki`js `c gfjtrkbfrt`s, pfrqu` uck c`jfr pkrt` lk gkrik ä `b`tdvkc`jt` trkjsb`rdlk pkrk k bujlkéçf. L`svkjtki`js? `xdi`c nfks gfjldéð`s ` fcnr`drks (i`rkmc`jt` `c rfgek), ` k gfjgr`tki`c lf krgf r`qu`r t`gjfmfidk ckds sfbdstdgklk l` mfgkéçf, bürck, krckéçf ` kpmdgkéçf.

 

 

Bfjt`? www.iffim`.gfc

7

@W\^P\P^KW  Ks nkrrki`js pfl`c s`r gfjstdtuãlks l` ldv`rsks `struturks bujgdfjkds

j`g`ssërdks pkrk k suk `stkndmdlkl`, bujgdfjkc`jtf ` ckjut`jéçf? F nkrrkc`jtf l` gursfs l—ëiuk pkrk k bfrckéçf l` mkifs krtdbdgdkds gfjstdtud uck lks ckds kjtdiks tägjdgks l` kuc`jtkr ks ldspfjdndmdlkl`s eãlrdgks pkrk kt`jldc`jtf l` l`ckjlks pfr ëiuks p`mks sfgd`lkl`s. Wçf lftklks l` c`gkjdscfs l` gfjtrfm` gfc k bdjkmdlkl` l` fnt`r k `m`vkéçf lf jãv`m l` ëiuk fu grdkr uc r`s`rvkt÷rdf l` kgucumkéçf l` ëiuk fu l` r`iumkrdzkéçf l` vkzð`s. Gfjsdl`rk-s` j`ss` rft`drf nësdgf gfcf p`qu`jk nkrrki`c, qukjlf k kmturk lf ckgdéf, gfjtklk lf jãv`m lf t`rr`jf è grdstk, s`ok c`jfr fu diukm k ;8 c`trfs. Ldb`r`jt`c`jt` lf pkssklf, qukjlf fs r`s`rvkt÷rdfs s÷ `rkc vdstfs p`mf mklf lfs n`j`bãgdfs, efo` k sfgd`lkl` `stë ckds grãtdgk ` oë fmek pkrk f r`s`rvkt÷rdf p`mf mklf lfs dcpkgtfs j`iktdvfs ` l` p`ssfks qu` sçf l`smfgklks s`c gfcp`jskéçf subdgd`jt`. Eë bfrt`s cfvdc`jtfs frikjdzklfs gfjtrk k gfjstruéçf l` irkjl`s nkrrki`js. @cnfrk ekok, `c kmiujs gksfs, `xki`rfs jfs ckm`s ktrdnuãlfs kfs irkjl`s mkifs krtdbdgdkds, ä dcpfrtkjt` qu` s`okc kjkmdsklfs s`us pfjtfs ` fpdjdð`s.

 

  \kcnäc, pfl`-s` gfjsdl`rkr qu`, cudtks v`z`s, eë `xki`rfs jk kvkmdkéçf lfs n`j`bãgdfs ktrdnuãlfs k kmiucks fnrks. Pck kjëmds` tägjdgk, `qudmdnrklk ` dcpkrgdkm, qu` bfrj`ék sunsãldfs è sfgd`lkl` ` kfs l`gdsfr`s, pkrk s` gfjstrudr fu jçf, fu kdjlk, gfcf fp`rkr ` prft`i`r fs mkifs `xdst`jt`s, l`v` s`r s`cpr` gfjsdl`rklk. Eë l` s` kt`jtkr, jf `jtkjtf, qu` fs dcpkgtfs kcnd`jtkds l`gfrr`jt`s l`ss`s `cpr``jldc`jtfs sçf, jk ckdfrdk lks v`z`s, ldr`tkc`jt` prfpfrgdfjkds è ër`k djujlklk p`mf r`s`rvkt÷rdf. K bfrckéçf l` uc irkjl` r`s`rvkt÷rdf l` ëiuk pkrk k prfluéçf l` `j`ridk `mätrdgk jçf l`v` s`r kvkmdklk lk c`sck bfrck qu` k gfjstruéçf l` uc r`s`rvkt÷rdf pkrk knkst`gdc`jtf pÿnmdgf fu pkrk k vdkndmdzkéçf lk ktdvdlkl` kirfp`guërdk. Jçf s` pfl` uskr ks c`scks r`irks pkrk fs lfds tdpfs ldb`r`jt`s l` `cpr``jldc`jtfs, uck pfl` s`r j`iktdvk pkrk f c`df kcnd`jt` ` k futrk `xtr`ckc`jt` pfsdtdvk.

Bfjt`?www.ktmkslkskiuks.ubv.nr

 

   K sust`jtkndmdlkl` sust`jtkndmdlkl` lk kirfp`guërdk, jk ckdfr ckdfr pkrt` lks prfprd`lkl`s kirãgfmks, ä l`p`jl`jt` lk r`s`rvkéçf l` ëiuk pkrk usf `c p`rãflfs l` `sgkss`z, f qu` ä i`rkmc`jt` r`sfmvdlf gfc k gfjstruéçf l` p`qu`jfs r`s`rvkt÷rdfs. @c ër`ks rurkds utdmdzk-s` k gfjstruéçf lk nkrrki`c l` t`rrk pkrk uck särd` l` bdjkmdlkl`s, l`stkgkjlf-s` k drrdikéçf, s`iudlk l`? knkst`gdc`jtf lk prfprd`lkl`, pdsgdgumturk, r`gr`kéçf, `cn`m`zkc`jtf, l`ss`l`jtkéçf l` kjdckds, l`jtr` futrks. Fs dcpkgtfs prfvfgklfs l`st`s r`s`rvkt÷rdfs i`rkmc`jt` sçf l` pfugk `xpr`ssdvdlkl` bkg` fs n`j`bãgdfs qu` `m`s pfl`c prfpfrgdfjkr. Ä l` gfje`gdc`jtf gfcuc qu` k ckjut`jéçf l` uck gkrik edlrfstëtdgk ckds `m`vklk sfnr` f t`rr`jf ` f kuc`jtf lk ër`k pkrk djbdmtrkéçf prfpfrgdfjkc ckdfr r`gkrik l` ëiuk `c ldr`éçf kfs ckjkjgdkds sunt`rrîj`fs. F knkst`gdc`jtf l` kquãb`rfs sunt`rrîj`fs ä bujlkc`jtkm pkrk kuc`jtkr f `sgfkc`jtf l` nks`, cdjdcdzkjlf fsgdmkéð`s l` vkzçf `c gursfs l—ëiuk sup`rbdgdkds. Gfc k `m`vkéçf lf jãv`m br`ëtdgf, pfl`rë ekv`r ckdfr ldspfjdndmdzkéçf l` ëiuk pkrk ks pmkjtks, pfr `b`dtf l` ksg`jsçf gkpdmkr, kmäc l` pfssdndmdtkr bmuxf l` ëiuk sunt`rrîj`k subdgd`jt` pkrk k ckjut`jéçf lk vkzçf ` p`r`jdzkéçf l` p`qu`jfs g÷rr`ifs sfn djbmuïjgdk l`ssks ëiuks br`ëtdgks. b r`ëtdgks. Gfc ckdfr r`gkrik lfs kquãb`rfs jf gkcpf, fs r`s`rvkt÷rdfs pfl`c s`rvdr c`mefr kf s`u ckds jfnr` fno`tdvf? krckz`jkr qukjlf f r`gursf ä knujlkjt`, pkrk uskr jf cfc`jtf l` `sgkss`z. F kuc`jtf lk ldspfjdndmdlkl` eãlrdgk jks nkgdks edlrfirëbdgks, pfssdndmdtkc tkcnäc, qu` ks futfriks l` ldr`dtf l` usf lk ëiuk s`okc gfjg`ldlks pkrk uc ckdfr jÿc`rf l` usuërdfs, kt`jl`jlf, kssdc, kfs cÿmtdpmfs usfs lk ëiuk l` ckj`drk ckds `bdgkz. Xfrtkjtf, jklk ckds p`rtdj`jt` qu` fs ÷riçfs r`spfjsëv`ds p`mk i`stçf lfs r`gursfs eãlrdgfs `c jãv`ds b`l`rkm, `stklukm ` l` nkgdk edlrfirëbdgk `stdcum`c ` bkgdmdt`c k gfjstruéçf l` p`qu`jks nkrrki`js jks prfprd`lkl`s rurkds fno`tdvkjlf f usf cÿmtdpmf lk ëiuk jk nkgdk.  Kdjlk j`ssk gfjt`xtukmdzkéçf l`stkgk-s`, tkcnäc, k pfssdndmdlkl` l` utdmdzkr fs p`qu`jfs nkrrkc`jtfs gfc f fno`tdvf l` kc`jdzkr prfnm`cks l` djujlkéð`s `c ër`ks urnkjks l` ckdfr rdsgf, dcpmdgkjlf, kssdc irkjl`s `gfjfcdks. @ss` ä f kjs`df lk i`stçf djt`irklk, fu s`ok, gfcpktdndmdzkr rdsgfs ` fpfrtujdlkl`s jk `sgkmk lk nkgdk. W` kcnd`jt`s urnkjfs sfbr`c gklk v`z ckds gfc ks djujlkéð`s prfvfgklks p`mks

 

  `jge`jt`s, pfl`-s` krckz`jkr `ss` `xg`ssf jf gkcpf, f qu` p`rcdt` kt`jukr k fjlk l` ge`dk jks gdlkl`s ` kprfv`dtkr `ssk ëiuk pkrk drrdikéçf jfs p`rãflfs l` `sgkss`z.  Ks p`qu`jks nkrrki`js l` t`rrk pfr s`r`c l` bëgdm gfjstruéçf, cudtks v`z`s fs ksp`tfs tägjdgfs, m`ikds ` kcnd`jtkds sçf j`imdi`jgdklfs. Wkn`-s` qu` fs rfcpdc`jtfs l`stks p`qu`jks fnrks sçf br`qu`jt`s s`jlf uck lks prdjgdpkds gkusks f sulldc`jsdfjkc`jtf l` `xtrkvksfr`s, prfvfgkjlf ikmikc`jtf. Fs ckdfr`s prfnm`cks edlrfm÷idgfs fns`rvklfs klvïc lfs p`qu`jfs nkrrkc`jtfs qu`, juc `b`dtf lfcdj÷, pfl`c vdr k gfcprfc`t`r fnrks ckdfr`s ` ktä gkuskr cfrt`s ` irkjl`s pr`ouãzfs `gfjücdgfs. J`ss` gfjt`xtf, fns`rvk-s` uck irkjl` mkgujk jk mdt`rkturk `sp`gdkmdzklk qukjlf s` trktk l` c`tflfmfidks gfjbdëv`ds ldr`gdfjklks kf ldc`jsdfjkc`jtf l` p`qu`jks fnrks edlrëumdgks, jftklkc`jt` fs p`qu`jfs nkrrkc`jtfs. F prfo`tf l` uck nkrrki`c r`qu`r bujlkc`jtkmc`jt` k kjëmds` ` kpmdgkéçf gfrr`tk l` lfds dt`js r`m`vkjt`s r`mkgdfjklfs è s`iurkjék lk nkrrki`c qukds s`okc?

@stulfs edlrfm÷idgfs L`s`jvfmvdlfs jk nkgdk edlrfirëbdgk `c `stulf fjl` s` l`t`rcdjk k vkzçf cëxdck l` ge`dk ` f vfmuc` l` krckz`jkc`jtf j`g`ssërdf k r`iumkrdzkéçf lk vkzçf

@stulfs edlrëumdgfs Ptdmdzklfs prdjgdpkmc`jt` jf ldc`jsdfjkc`jtf lf sdst`ck `xtrkvksfr (`mdcdjkéçf lf `xg`ssf l` ëiuk ` ldssdpklfr l` `j`ridk), lf l`skr`jklfr l`s kr`jklfr (`mdcdjkéçf lfs l`p÷sdtfs lf bujlf `, fu `svkzdkc`jtf lf r`s`rvkt÷rdf), ` lk tfcklk l` ëiuk (`struturk pkrk gkptkéçf lk ëiuk r`pr`sklk). Gfc k bdjkmdlkl` l` bfrj`g`r sunsãldfs kfs tägjdgfs qu` trknkmekc jk ër`k l` `ji`jekrdk l` r`gursfs eãlrdgfs gfc bfgf jk `mknfrkéçf ` dcpmkjtkéçf l` p`qu`jks  nkrrki`js l` t`rrk jf `stklf l` Cdjks I`rkds l`s`jvfmv`u-s` f pr`s`jt` lfguc`jtf guof fno`tdvf prdjgdpkm bfd l`s`jvfmv`r uc "^ft`drf Nësdgf pkrk @mknfrkéçf l` Xrfo`tfs l` X`qu`jks Nkrrki`js l` \`rrks" ` fno`tdvfs `sp`gãbdgfs? k) @stkn`m`g`r uck c`tflfmfi c`tflfmfidk dk gfjbdëv`m ldr`gdfjklk kf ldc`jsdfjkc`jtf ldc`jsdfjkc`jtf l`stks fnrks edlrëumdgks gfc nks` `c djbfrckéð`s edlrfm÷idgks r`idfjkds l` bfrck qu` fs prfo`tfs kpr`s`jt`c ckdfr `bdgëgdk, c`jfr dcpkgtf kcnd`jtkm ` c`jfr gustf bdjkjg`drf `,

 

  n) Kpr`s`jtkr fs ksp ksp`gtfs `gtfs m`ikds k s`r`c gfjsdl`rklfs jk gfjstruéçf l`s l`stks tks fnrks edlrëumdgks.

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GFJWDL@^KÉÐ@W I@^KDW WFN^@ F ^F\@D^F NËWDGF XK^K X@[P@JKW NK^^KI@JW L@ \@^^K Ä bujlkc`jtkm `sgmkr`g`r qu` f rft`drf r ft`drf nësdgf l`s`jvfmvdlf jçf t`c k djt`jéçf

l` kpr`s`jtkr k c`mefr sfmuéçf pkrk f nkrrkc`jtf fu pkrk suks `struturks `c r`mkéçf kf `cpr``jldc`jtf kjkmdsklf. J`c pr`t`jl` knrkji`r fs t`cks knfrlklfs gfc f rdifr lks punmdgkéð`s tägjdgks l` tflfs gfje`gdlf. K prfpfstk l`st` rft`drf ä fb`r`g`r kfs tägjdgfs uc `x`cpmf l` l`s`jvfmvdc`jtf l` uc prfo`tf l` uck p`qu`jk nkrrki`c l` t`rrk, `c jãv`m nësdgf, kgfcpkjeklf lfs gfjg`dtfs ` `qukéð`s djldsp`jsëv`ds è suk gfcpr``jsçf.  K knfrlki`c l` ckj`drk sdcpm`s s`rv` gfcf bb`rrkc`jtk `rrkc`jtk ldlëtdgk ` jçf l`v` djluzdr f m`dtfr è bkmsk dcpr`ssçf l` qu` s` pfl` prfo`tkr n`c ` gfcp`t`jt`c`jt`, s`c `xp`rdïjgdk. Oumikr gfrr`tkc`jt` fs vkmfr`s fntdlfs r`qu`r kjfs l` `stulf ` prëtdgk. F kuxãmdf k qu`stð`s sfnr` cätflfs gfjstrutdvfs, gëmgumfs `struturkds, `stkndmdlkl`, i`ft`gjdk, p`rgfmkéçf l`jtr` futrfs, l`v` s`r fntdlf jk ndnmdfirkbdk tägjdgk ` kl`quklk kf prfo`tf lf nkrrkc`jtf prfpfstf. Wkn`-s` qu` k ckdfr pkrt` lks p`squdsks i`ftägjdgks jk ër`k lks nkrrki`js bfrkc ` sçf frd`jtklks pkrk f `stulf l` fnrks l` irkjl` pfrt`, l`dxkjlf `c s`iujlf pmkjf fnrks c`jfr`s. Kssdc s`jlf, fs prfo`tfs l`stks ÿmtdcks bdgkc mdcdtklfs kp`jks k frd`jtkéð`s prfv`jd`jt`s l` ckjukds tägjdgfs, kpfstdmeks ldlëtdgks ` r`gfc`jlkéð`s `cpãrdgks. Ä dcpfrtkjt`, tkcnäc, l`stkgkr qu` fnrks edlrëumdgks gfcf nkrrkc`jtfs, c`scf s`jlf l` p`qu`jf pfrt`, ldstdjiu`c- s` pfr djt`rb`rdr jfs gursfs l—ëiuk ` `stkr suo`dtks kf pfl`r l`strudlfr lks `jge`jt`s, `jvfmv`jlf rdsgfs qu` okckds pfl`c s`r l`sgfjsdl`rklfs. Kssdc s`jlf, f ldc`jsdfjkc`jtf l` prfo`tfs ` fnrks j`g`ssërdfs kf usf lfs r`gursfs eãlrdgfs l`v`rçf s`r `x`gutklfs sfn r`spfjskndmdlkl` l` prfbdssdfjkm l`vdlkc`jt` ekndmdtklf jf G^@K.

 

0

  X^DJGDXKDW @M@C@J\FW L@ PCK X@[P@JK NK^^KI@C L@ \@^^K Fno`tdvkjlf uc c`mefr `jt`jldc`jtf l` uc prfo`tf l` uck p`qu`jk nkrrki`c

l` t`rrk, kpr`s`jtk-s` ks suks prdjgdpkds pkrt`s gfjstdtudjt`s, n`c gfcf, fs gfjg`dtfs nësdgfs ` fs prfg`ldc`jtfs c`tflfm÷idgfs (`stulfs edlrfm÷idgfs ` edlrëumdgfs) r`gfc`jlklfs pkrk f ldc`jsdfjkc`jtf lk fnrk. Rdstk sup`rdfr lf ckgdéf, `sp`mef l—ëiuk ` gkjkm `xtrkvksfr .

Bfjt`? www.iffim`.gfc

^`pr`s`jtkéçf `squ`cëtdgk lfs `m`c`jtfs nësdgfs l` uck p`qu`jk nkrrki`c l` t`rrk.

 

 

Bfjt`? www.iffim`.gfc

Rdstk l` p`rbdm lk nkgdk edlrëumdgk, lf l`skr`jklfr ` r`sp`gtdvk tunumkéçf v`rtdgkm ` lf `xtrkvksfr mkt`rkm.

Bfjt`? www.iffim`.gfc

 

  0.; Ckgdéf fu kt`rrf Ä k pr÷prdk `struturk lk nkrrki`c. Gfjstruãlf trkjsv`rskmc`jt` kf gursf l—ëiuk ä k pkrt` r`spfjsëv`m pfr r`t`r k ëiuk. ëiuk.   @tkpks l` gfjstruéçf lf ckgdéf l` nkrrki`c lk nkgdk lf rdf Lfg` - cujdgãpdf l` Dtkcnkgurd ` nkgdk lf rdf O`qudtdjefjek - cujdgãpdf l` C`ldjk. Gfjstruéçf lf ckgdéf - sgrkp`r gfjouiklf

Bfjt`?`j`ridklksnkrrki`js.nmfispft.gfc

 Kpmdgkéçf ëiuk usklk jk gfcpkgtkéçf lf c ckgdéf kgdéf

Bfjt`?`j`ridklksnkrrki`js.nmfispft.gfc

 

  Ouskjt` djgmdjkéçf >?;

Bfjt`?`j`ridklksnkrrki`js.nmfispft.gfc

0.> \kmul`s lf Ckgdéf Wçf ks bkg`s mkt`rkds ` djgmdjklks, pkrkm`mks kf `dxf lf ckgdéf s`jlf, tkmul` l` cfjtkjt` f mklf qu` bdgk `c gfjtktf gfc k ëiuk, `, ouskjt`, f lf futrf mklf, s`c gfjtktf gfc k ëiuk. F tkmul` l` cfjtkjt` l`v` s`r ckds djgmdjklf qu` f l` ouskjt`, pkrk p`rcdtdr k ckdfr `stkndmdlkl` lf kt`rrf, l`vdlf kf l`gräsgdcf lk gfcpfj`jt` efrdzfjtkm lk bfrék, qu` t`jl` k `cpurrkr f ckgdéf lk nkrrki`c. ^`gfc`jlk-s` djgmdjkéð`s l` >,0?; ` >?; pkrk fs tkmul`s l` cfjtkjt` ` ouskjt`, r`sp`gtdvkc`jt`. Rdstks l` tkmul`s l` cfjtkjt` ` ouskjt` l` uck nkrrki`c gfjstruãlk p`mk ^urkmcdjks jk nkgdk lf rdf Lfg` - cujdgãpdf l` Dtkcnkgurd. Cfjtkjt` djgmdjkéçf >,0?;

 

  Bfjt`?`j`ridklksnkrrki`js.nmfispft.gfc

Ouskjt` djgmdjkéçf >?;

Bfjt`?`j`ridklksnkrrki`js.nmfispft.gfc

0.7 Grdstk lf Ckgdéf Jk dj`xdstïjgdk l` bktfr`s gfcf trîjsdtf p`sklf ` g`rtks gfjldéð`s mfgkds, qu` gfjldgdfjkc k mkriurk lk grdstk, pfl`c s`r klftklfs fs vkmfr`s l`t`rcdjklfs pfr gëmgumf, utdmdzkjlf k b÷rcumk `cpãrdgk lf P. W. Nur`ku fb ^`gmkcktdfj.

G 3 mkriurk lk grdstk lk nkrrki`c (c)1 E 3 kmturk lk nkrrki`c (c). Rdstk lf djãgdf l` `jgedc`jtf lf r`s`rvkt÷rdf, lf cfji` ` tärcdjf lk gfjstruéçf lk grdstk lf ckgdéf (G 3 7,0 c).

 

 

Bfjt`?`j`ridklksnkrrki`js.nmfispft.gfc

0.< Nks` lf Ckgdéf Gfjsdst` jk prfo`éçf lk grdstk ` lfs tkmul`s l` cfjtkjt` ` ouskjt` sfnr` k sup`rbãgd` lf t`rr`jf1 ä k ër`k lf t`rr`jf sfnr` k qukm s` gfmfgk f kt`rrf. F gfcprdc`jtf lk nks` lf ckgdéf (N), `c c`trfs, pfl` s`r gkmgumklk pfr `c qu`,G 3 mkriurk lk grdstk lk nkrrki`c (c)1_c 3 prfo`éçf efrdzfjtkm jf tkmul`

l`

cfjtkjt`1_o

3

prfo`éçf

efrdzfjtkm

jf

tkmul`

E 3 kmturk lk nkrrki`c (c).

0.0 @sp`mef l—ëiuk   Ër`k lk r`pr`sk1 sup`rbãgd` l—ëiuk kgucumklk jf r`s`rv r`s`rvkt÷rdf. kt÷rdf.  

l`

ouskjt`1

 

 

Bfjt`?`j`ridklksnkrrki`js.nmfispft.gfc

0.2 Nfrlk mdvr` fu bfmik Ldstîjgdk v`rtdgkm `jtr` f jãv`m lk ëiuk, qukjlf k r`pr`sk `stdv`r ge`dk, ` k grdstk lf ckgdéf fu lf kt`rrf. Jfrckmc`jt` klftk-s`, gfcf cãjdcf, f vkmfr l` ;,8 c`trf.

Bfjt`?`j`ridklksnkrrki`js.nmfispft.gfc

0.9 Jÿgm`f g`jtrkm [ukjlf f ckt`rdkm ldspfjãv`m pkrk gfjstruéçf lf ckgdéf fu kt`rrf jçf ä nfc (ckt`rdkm efcfiïj`f gfc pr`lfcdjîjgdk l` kridmk), fu kdjlk, ekv`jlf uck gkcklk

 

  kr`jfsk p`rc`ëv`m jf m`dtf lf mfgkm, ä dcpr`sgdjlãv`m k gfjstruéçf l` uc jÿgm`f g`jtrkm gfc pr`lfcdjîjgdk l` kridmk qu` djt`rg`pt` k trko`t÷rdk lk ëiuk. Xfl`-s` tkcnäc, kf djväs lf jÿgm`f g`jtrkm, utdmdzkr ldkbrkick l` gfjgr`tf (sdcpm`s fu krcklf), prdjgdpkmc`jt` s` k bujlkéçf bfr gfjstdtuãlk l` rfgek.

0.5 Bujlkéçf Gfjstruãlk trkjsv`rskmc`jt` kf gursf l—ëiuk ` jf `dxf lk nkrrki`c. GfjstdtudGfjstdtud s` `c uck vkmk fu trdjge`drk qu` ä pr``jgedlk gfc t`rrk l` nfk qukmdlkl` l`vdlkc`jt` gfcpkgtklk. K r`kmdzkéçf l` sfjlki`js, j`g`ssërdk jk bks` b ks` l` s`m`éçf lf mfgkm l` gfjstruéçf lk nkrrki`c, pfssdndmdtkrë f l`s`jef lf p`rbdm lk s`éçf trkjsv`rskm lk ër`k, qu` djldgkrë k prfbujldlkl` lf jÿgm`f dcp`rc`ëv`m. K sfjlki`c pfl`rë s`r b`dtk pfr trklki`c, sfjlki`c k p`rgussçf, kn`rturk l` trdjge`drks fu pfr c`df l` `jskdfs l` r`sdstïjgdk lf sfmf. W`cpr` qu` pfssãv`m k trdjge`drk l`v`rë s`r gfjstruãlk sfn tflk k nks` lf ckgdéf ` knrkji`jlf uck prfbujldlkl` ktä k rfgek fu `strktf dcp`rc`ëv`m. F `qudpkc`jtf ckds kprfprdklf ä k r`trf`sgkvkl`drk fu `sgkvkl`drk edlrëumdgk.

Bfjt`?`j`ridklksnkrrki`js.nmfispft.gfc

0.4 Lr`jki`c djt`rjk Xkrk k mdjek l` skturkéçf ckjt`r-s` knkdxf lf pä l` uck nkrrki`c l` t`rrk, dstf ä, l`jtrf l` s`u gfrpf, fu pkrk r`luzdr k sunpr`ssçf edlrëumdgk, pfl`-s` r`gfrr`r kf usf l` lr`jfs, gfmfgklfs, i`rkmc`jt`, jf t`réf bdjkm lf tkmul` l` ouskjt`, fu

 

  c`scf gfjstrudjlf-s` uc `jrfgkc`jtf l` p`lrks jf bdjkm l`st` (lr`jf l` pä). Fs lr`jfs l`v`c s`r gfjstruãlfs l` cflf qu` ks ëiuks l` djbdmtrkéçf pfsskc skdr s`c gkuskr `rfsçf jf kt`rrf, bujgdfjkjlf gfcf bdmtrfs djv`rsfs. Ks gkcklks p`rdbärdgks l`v`c s`r l` kr`dk irfssk ` gksgkmef cdÿlf, kuc`jtkjlf-s` f tkckjef lf ckt`rdkm è c`ldlk qu` s` gkcdjek pkrk f g`jtrf.

Bfjt`?`j`ridklksnkrrki`js.nmfispft.gfc

0.;8 L`skr`jklfr Fno`tdvk prdjgdpkmc`jt` k `mdcdjkéçf lfs l`p÷sdtfs lf bujlf ` kf `svkzdkc`jtf lf r`s`rvkt÷rdf. Djbfrckéð`s sfnr` f bujgdfjkc`jtf l`ssk `struturk ` lk b÷rcumk l` ldc`jsdfjkc`jtf ckds kprfprdklk.

0.;; Kmturk lk nkrrki`c  K kmturk l` uck nkrrki`c ä k ldstîjgdk v`rtdgkm `jtr `jtr` ` k sup`rbãgd` lf t`rr`jf qu` r`g`n` k nkrrki`c ` k sup`rbãgd` lk ëiuk jf r`s`rvkt÷rdf, pfr fgksdçf lk fgfrrïjgdk lk vkzçf cëxdck l` prfo`tf lf `xtrkvksfr, kgr`sgdlk l` uck nfrlk mdvr` fu bfmik.

 

  0.;> Wdst`ck `xtrkvksfr F sdst`ck `xtrkvksfr l` uck nkrrki`c gfrr`spfjl` nksdgkc`jt` k gfjstruéçf l` luks `struturks fno`tdvkjlf? k) p`rcdtdr f `sgfkc`jtf lk vkzçf cëxdck l` `jge`jt` ` n) prft`éçf lf mfgkm l` r`stdtudéçf lks ëiuks v`rtdlks kf gursf l'ëiuk.

0.;7 \fcklk l` ëiuk Ä k `struturk pkrk gkptkéçf lk ëiuk r`pr`sklk. Xfl` kpr`s`jtkr ldv`rsks bfrcks, `jtr`tkjtf, ks ckds gfcujs sçf kqu`mks gfjstruãlks ldr`tkc`jt` jf gfrpf lk nkrrki`c fu pfr c`df l` tfrr`s l` tfcklk djs`rdlks jk r`pr`sk. Jf ldc`jsdfjkc`jtf lk tunumkéçf lk tfcklk l` ëiuk pfl`-s` utdmdzkr k c`sck b÷rcumk pkrk gfjlutfs bfréklfs (`qukéçf l` Ekz`j-Ydmmdkjs) utdmdzklk jf ldc`jsdfjkc`jtf lf l`skr`jklfr. Gfc nks` jk vkzçf l`s`oklk, gfcprdc`jtf lk tunumkéçf ` lf tdpf l` tunf k utdmdzkr gkmgumk-s` f ldîc`trf j`g`ssërdf.

Bfjt`?www.sujfrl`ji`jekrdk.gfc.nr

 

2

  L@WKBDFW Xkrk prfo`tkr ` gfjstrudr nkrrki`js, sçf j`g`ssërdfs  j`g`ssërdfs   prfbdssdfjkds qukmdbdgklfs, 

gfc `xp`rdïjgdk ` ckturdlkl`. ”@ss` ä f prdc`drf irkjl` l`skbdf lf `cpr``jldc`jtf–.. F dl`km ä k bfrckéçf `c jãv`m l` p÷s-irklukéçf, gursfs kdjlk `cpr``jldc`jtf– rkrfs jf pkãs ldkjt` lf vfmuc` l` fnrks. F gkcpus l` \uguruã, lk PBXK, pfr c`df lf Jÿgm`f l` L`s`jvfmvdc`jtf Kckzüjdgf `c @ji`jekrdk (JLK@) knrdu, jf djãgdf l` >8;2, f gursf l` c`strklf prfbdssdfjkmdzkjt` l` @ji`jekrdk l` Nkrrki`js ` I`stçf  Kcnd`jtkm.  K Xfmãtdgk Jkgdfjkm Jkgdfjkm l` W`iurkjék l` l` Nkrrki`js Nkrrki`js (m`d j¿ ;>.778;8) grdk r`irks pkrk k kgucumkéçf l` ëiuk, l` r`sãlufs djlustrdkds ` k ldspfsdéçf bdjkm fu t`cpfrërdk l` r`o`dtfs. @ssk pfmãtdgk tkcnäc `stkn`m`g` qu` k Kiïjgdk Jkgdfjkm l` Ëiuks (KJK) ä k r`spfjsëv`m pfr frikjdzkr, dcpmkjtkr ` i`rdr f Wdst`ck f  Wdst`ck Jkgdfjkm l` Djbfrckéð`s sfnr` W`iurkjék l` Nkrrki`js (WJDWN)1  (WJDWN)1  prfcfv`r k krtdgumkéçf `jtr` fs ÷riçfs bdsgkmdzklfr`s l` nkrrki`js1 gffrl`jkr k `mknfrkéçf lf ^`mkt÷rdf l` W`iurkjék l` Nkrrki`js1 ` r`g`n`r l`jÿjgdks lfs l`ckds ÷riçfs fu `jtdlkl`s bdsgkmdzklfr`s sfnr` qukmqu`r jçf gfjbfrcdlkl` qu` dcpmdqu` `c rdsgf dc`ldktf è s`iurkjék fu qukmqu`r kgdl`jt` fgfrrdlf jks nkrrki`js.  K KJK tkcnäc bdsgkmdzk f kt`jldc`jtf ès jfrcks r`mktdvks è s`iurkjék l` nkrrki`js `c gursfs l'ëiuk sfn suk ourdsldéçf, kmäc l` ckjt`r f gklkstrf ktukmdzklf, gfc dl`jtdbdgkéçf lfs `cpr``jl`lfr`s. F WJDWN t`c, pfr fno`tdvf, gfm`tkr, krckz`jkr, trktkr, i`rdr ` ldspfjdndmdzkr, pkrk k sfgd`lkl`, ks djbfrckéð`s r`mkgdfjklks è s`iurkjék l` nkrrki`js `c tflf f t`rrdt÷rdf jkgdfjkm. K djs`réçf d js`réçf l` djbfrckéð`s jf sdst`ck `stë sfn k r`spfjskndmdlkl` l` gklk `jtdlkl` fu ÷riçf bdsgkmdzklfr l` s`iurkjék l` nkrrki`js jf Nrksdm. Bdgfu p`rg`ptãv`m k brkidmdlkl` lf sdst`ck qukjlf kssdstdcfs kf trëidgf kgdl`jt` qu` fgfrr`u `c Ckrdkjk (CI), gfc k nkrrki`c l` Bujlçf.  K s`iurkjék ` k bdsgkmdzkéçf lks nkrrki`js sçf f s`iujlf irkjl` l`skbdf `jbr`jtklf p`mf s`tfr. Nkstk ldz`r qu` f ÿmtdcf lklf i`rklf p`mf ^`mkt÷rdf l` W`iurkjék l` Nkrrki`js (^WN), `cdtdlf p`mk Kiïjgdk Jkgdfjkm l` Ëiuks (KJK), r`v`mk qu` kp`jks 7% lks nkrrki`js gklkstrklks jf sdst`ck bfrkc, l` bktf,

 

  vdstfrdklks. ”Dssf l`cfjstrk f tkckjef lf l`skbdf–, m`cnrkjlf qu`, s`iujlf k kiïjgdk, f Nrksdm t`c ;22 `cpr``jldc`jtfs jk suk ër`k l` ktukéçf.  K Kiïjgdk Jkgdfjkm l` @j`ridk @mätrdgk (KJ@@M) kpfjtk 2, `jqukjtf f L`pkrtkc`jtf Jkgdfjkm l` Xrfluéçf Cdj`rkm (LJXC) bkmk `c 227 nkrrki`js. K bdsgkmdzkéçf ä `xtr`ckc`jt` dcpfrtkjt` pkrk f gucprdc`jtf lk M`d J¿ ;>.778;8, qu` `stkn`m`g`u k Xfmãtdgk Jkgdfjkm l` W`iurkjék l` Nkrrki`js (XJWN). Xfräc, f jÿc`rf l` tägjdgfs ä djsubdgd`jt`, kmäc lk bkmtk l` gkpkgdtkéçf lfs tägjdgfs jk `x`guéçf lf s`rvdéf.

9

GKLKW\^F L@ DJWX@ÉÇF L@ W@IP^KJÉK L@ NK^^KI@JW F rfcpdc`jtf l` uc nkrrkc`jtf pfl` gkuskr djÿc`rfs trkjstfrjfs, rdsgf è

vdlk, pr`ouãzfs `gfjücdgfs, kcnd`jtkds ` sfgdkds. @jtçf, k djsp`éçf r`iumkr lks nkrrki`js tfrjk-s` uc djstruc`jtf l` dcpfrtîjgdk `ss`jgdkm pkrk fns`rvkr kmiuc p`rdif ` kvkmdkr k sdtukéçf l` gklk nkrrki`c futfriklk.  K Kiïjgdk Jkgdfjkm l` Ëiuks (KJK) t`c f pkp`m bbujlkc`jtkm ujlkc`jtkm l` bdsgkmdzkr k s`iurkjék l` nkrrki`js pkrk ks qukds futfrifu f ldr`dtf l` usf ` l` frd`jtkr ks c`ldlks pr`v`jtdvks fu gfrr`tdvks k s`r`c tfcklks p`mf `cpr``jl`lfr l` r`gursfs eãlrdgfs, qu` ä f r`spfjsëv`m r`spfjsëv`m m`ikm p`mk s`iurkjék lk nkrrki`c. Gfc k kvkmdkéçf r`kmdzklk pfr uc tägjdgf `sp`gdkmdzklf ` `xp`rd`jt`, ä pfssãv`m kpfjtkr, gfc k kjt`g`lïjgdk fu uriïjgdk r`qu`rdlk, k j`g`ssdlkl` l` r`gup`rkr fu r`bfrckr k nkrrki`c qu` r`pr`s`jtk kc`kéks. K djsp`éçf r`iumkr l`v`rë s`r r`kmdzklk gfc k p`rdfldgdlkl` `stkn`m`gdlk l` kgfrlf gfc k gmkssdbdgkéçf l` rdsgf ` lkjf pft`jgdkm lk nkrrki`c, l`v`jlf s`r r`kmdzklks p`mf `cpr``jl`lfr lurkjt` fs gdgmfs l` djsp`éð`s.

5 LFGPC@J\FW XK^K DJWX@ÉÇF L@ W@IP^KJÉK ^@IPMK^ L@ NK^^KI@C?

  Bdgek l` djsp`éçf l`vdlkc`jt` pr``jgedlk

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    ^`mkt÷rdf l` djsp`éçf djsp`éçf l` ss`iurkjék `iurkjék r`iumkr l lk kn nkrrki`c krrki`c (` (`mknfrklf mknfrklf pfr

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prfbdssdfjkm ekndmdtklf p`mf G^@K)1   @xtrktf lf r`mkt÷rdf l` djsp`éçf, qu` l`v` s`r `jgkcdjeklf `jgkcdjeklf pkrk k KJK

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p`mf sdst`ck WJD^E. Fn`l`g`jlf kfs prkzfs `stkn`m`gdlfs `c bujéçf lf jãv`m l` p`rdif gfjstktklf pkrk k nkrrki`c? `c`riïjgdk - `c ktä ; ldk kp÷s k r`kmdzkéçf lk djsp`éçf1 km`rtk- `c ktä ;0 ldks kp÷s k r`kmdzkéçf lk djsp`éçf1 fu jfrckm ` kt`jéçf- ktä 7; l` ckdf l` gklk kjf, pkrk ks djsp`éð`s r`kmdzklks lurkjt` f Xrdc`drf Gdgmf l` Djsp`éð`s1 ` ktä 78 l` jfv`cnrf l` gklk kjf, pkrk ks djsp`éð`s r`kmdzklks lurkjt` f W`iujlf Gdgmf l` Djsp`éð`s.  K bdgek ` f r`mkt÷rdf l` djsp`éçf l`v`rçf s`r krqudvklfs oujtf kf r`sp`gtdvf Xmkjf l` W`iurkjék l` Nkrrki`c.

5.; Bdsgkmdzkéçf l` nkrrki`js  K Xfmãtdgk Jkgdfjkm l` W`iurkjék l` Nkrrki`js-XJWN (m`d j¿ ;>.778;8), l`bdj` k KJK gfcf djstdtudéçf r`spfjsëv`m pfr bdsgkmdzkr k s`iurkjék l` nkrrki`js l` kgucumkéçf l` ëiuk mfgkmdzklks `c rdfs l` lfcãjdf lk Pjdçf pkrk ks qukds `cdtdu futfrik, gfc `xg`éçf lkqu`mks utdmdzklks pkrk k i`rkéçf l` `j`ridk `mätrdgk. `mätrd gk.  Kmäc ldssf, ä ktrdnudéçf lk KJK frikjdzkr, frikjdzkr, dcpmkjtkr ` i`rdr f  f  Wdst`ck Jkgdfjkm l` Djbfrckéð`s sfnr` W`iurkjék l` Nkrrki`js (WJDWN),  kssdc gfcf prfcfv`r k

krtdgumkéçf `jtr` fs ÷riçfs bdsgkmdzklfr`s l` nkrrki`js ` gffrl`jkr k `mknfrkéçf lf ^`mkt÷rdf l` W`iurkjék l` Nkrrki`js. \flfs fs `cpr``jl`lfr`s l` nkrrki`js bdsgkmdzklks p`mk KJK l`v`c fn`l`g`r k  k ^`sfmuéçf KJK j¿ >72/>8;9, qu` `stkn`m`g`u k p`rdfldgdlkl`, qukmdbdgkéçf tägjdgk ` gfjt`ÿlf lf Xmkjf l` W`iurkjék lk Nkrrki`c, lks Djsp`éð`s l` W`iurkjék ^`iumkr ` @sp`gdkm, lk ^`vdsçf X`rd÷ldgk l` W`iurkjék l` Nkrrki`c ` lf Xmkjf l` Kéçf l` @c`riïjgdk.

 

  5.> Wdst`ck Jkgdfjkm Jkgdfjkm l` Djbfrckéð`s sfnr` W`iurkjék l` N Nkrrki`js krrki`js ‗ WJDWN L` kgfrlf gfc k Xfmãtdgk Jkgdfjkm l` W`iurkjék l` Nkrrki`js, k Kiïjgdk Jkgdfjkm l` Ëiuks (KJK) ä k djstdtudéçf bdsgkmdzklfrk r`spfjsëv`m pfr ckjt`r fs gklkstrfs ktukmdzklfs lks nkrrki`js mfgkmdzklks `c rdfs l` lfcãjdf lk Pjdçf, `xg`tf kqu`mks l`stdjklks pkrk bdjs l` kprfv`dtkc`jtf edlr`mätrdgf, jf Wdst`ck Jkgdfjkm l` Djbfrckéð`s sfnr` W`iurkjék l` Nkrrki`js (WJDWN).  Kp`jks ks nkrrki`js qu` t`jekc, jf cãjdcf, uc lfs r`qudsdtfs knkdxf j`g`ssdtkc gfjstkr jf WJDWN?

  Kmturk ckdfr fu diukm k ;0 c1

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  Gkpkgdlkl` tftkm lf r`s`rvkt÷rdf ckdfr fu diukm k 7 ec·1

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  ^`s`rvkt÷rdfs qu` ggfjt`jekc fjt`jekc r`sãlufs p`rdifsfs, gfjbfrc` jfrcks

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tägjdgks kpmdgëv`ds1   Lkjf pft`jgdkm kssfgdklf cäldf fu kmtf.

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4

I@W\ÇF L@ NK^^KI@JW Fs r`spfjsëv`ds pfr `cpr``jldc`jtfs djlustrdkds ` cdj`rërdfs qu` pfssu`c

nkrrki`js l` gfjt`jéçf l` r`o`dtfs, l` r`sãlufs ` l` r`s`rvkt÷rdfs l` ëiuk l`v`c kpr`s`jtkr è B`kc f Gklkstrf l` Nkrrki`c, `c gucprdc`jtf è L`mdn`rkéçf Jfrcktdvk GFXKC 59/>880.  59/>880.  F bfrcumërdf `m`trüjdgf lf Gklkstrf l` Nkrrki`c `stë ldspfjãv`m jf jf Nkjgf  Nkjgf l` L`gmkrkéð`s Kcnd`jtkds  ‗  ‗   NLK - ` l`v` s`r pr``jgedlf ` `jvdklf è Bujlkéçf @stklukm l` C`df Kcnd`jt` (B`kc) `xgmusdvkc`jt` `c bfrcktf ldidtkm. F NLK p`rcdt` kf usuërdf r`kmdzkr f Gklkstrf l` Nkrrki`c ` `cdtdr prftfgfmf l` `jvdf, qu` l`v`rë s`r ckjtdlf p`mf r`spfjsëv`m pkrk bdjs l` gfcprfvkéçf oujtf kf ÷riçf kcnd`jtkm. F gklkstrkc`jtf lks nkrrki`js `c Cdjks I`rkds t`c pfr fno`tdvf prfcfv`r k gmkssdbdgkéçf qukjtf kf pft`jgdkm l` lkjf kcnd`jtkm ` k ktukmdzkéçf sdst`cëtdgk lks djbfrckéð`s r`mktdvks ès kuldtfrdks l` s`iurkjék, vdskjlf è cdjdcdzkéçf lk prfnkndmdlkl` lk fgfrrïjgdk l` kgdl`jt`s gfc lkjfs kcnd`jtkds. F c`lf l` s`r vkrrdlf s`c qukmqu`r gekjg` l` `sgkpkt÷rdk pfr uck fjlk l` r`o`dtfs l` cdjärdf bdgfu ckds `vdl`jt` `c Cdjks kp÷s f `cnm`cëtdgf rfcpdc`jtf lk

 

  Nkrrki`c lf Bujlçf, `c Ckrdkjk, `c 0 l` jfv`cnrf l` >8;0. @ vfmtfu k s` tfrjkr p`skl`mf l` i`jt` qu` vdv` kfs päs l`ss`s irkjl`s ckgdéfs l`stdjklfs k r`pr`sks l` r`sãlufs l`pfds qu` k Nkrrki`c l` Gksk l` X`lrk, `c Gfjifjeks, kpr`s`jtfu djbdmtrkéð`s irkv`s.  K `struturk pr`gdsfu pksskr pfr djt`rv`jéð`s uri`jt`s ` dcpmkjtkr uc sdst`ck l` `vkgukéçf l` `c`riïjgdk pkrk qu` ks g`rgk l` 08 c`trfs lf gfcpm`xf tr`djkss`c prfg`ldc`jtfs l` skmvkc`jtf. K `x`cpmf l`ssks gfcujdlkl`s, cudtks gfjvdv`c gfc f c`lf l` s`r ldzdcklks gfcf `c Ckrdkjk, fjl` efuv` ;4 cfrt`s  ‗  ‗   uck lks vãtdcks j`c s`qu`r t`v` f gfrpf mfgkmdzklf. @ss` tdpf l` r`g`df p`rs`iu` ldkrdkc`jt` qu`c cfrk, pfr `x`cpmf, knkdxf lk Nkrrki`c l` Gkpçf lk W`rrk, `c Jfvk Mdck, ` vï fnrks s`jlf b`dtks jf kmtf lf r`pr`skc`jtf s`c skn`r k qu` s` l`stdjkc. Lk c`sck bfrck, ekndtkjt`s l` kmiujs nkdrrfs l` ^df Kgdck, jk Irkjl` NE, kc`kéklfs p`mfs r`o`dtfs t÷xdgfs lk nkrrki`c knkjlfjklk lk Cujlf Cdj`rkéçf, uc p`rdif qu` pfl` gfjtkcdjkr ktä c`scf f ^df lks R`meks ` gfcprfc`t`r f knkst`gdc`jtf lk Irkjl` NE.

;8 C@LDLK X^@R@J\DRK  Knkjlfjklks l`sl` >8;>, ks luks nkrrki`js lk Cujlf Cdj`rkéçf, `c ^df  Kgdck, bfrkc kssucdlks p`mf ifv`rjf l` Cdjks I`rkds j`st` kjf, oustkc`jt` pkrk ikrkjtdr qu` fs cdj`rkds t÷xdgfs kgucumklfs jçf ktdjokc cfrkldks ` kgkn`c djir`sskjlf `c gfrpfs eãlrdgfs lk r`idçf. F pdfr lfs g`jërdfs s`rdk k pfmudéçf l`skstrfsk lf ^df lks R`meks, oustkc`jt` kjt`s lk gkptkéçf r`kmdzklk p`mk Gfpksk `c Jfvk Mdck, r`spfjsëv`m pfr knkst`g`r g`rgk l` 7 cdmeð`s l` p`ssfks lk Irkjl` NE.  Kdjlk qu` sfn `ssk kc`kék, pfugks p`ssfks lf `jtfrjf skn`c lf pft`jgdkm l` irkvdlkl`. ”Jçf t`jef gfje`gdc`jtf sfnr` k nkrrki`c, s÷ s`d qu` `xdst`. Cudtk i`jt` bkmk sfnr` `mk. Oë fuvd bkmkr qu` `mk pfl` uck efrk rfcp`r. Kgef qu` k t`jlïjgdk ä qu` p`iu` (k fjlk l` r`o`dtfs) ucks bkz`jlks ` ge`iu` ktä f ^df lks R`meks. F p`ssfkm l`pfds lf r`s`rvkt÷rdf (gkptkéçf lk Gfpksk) l`p`jl` l`ssk ëiuk, ` k cdj`rkéçf l` furf ä gfjtkcdjklk, pfl` kgknkr gfc tulf–, fns`rvk f kpfs`jtklf

 

   Kjtüjdf Nfsgf ^dn`drf, l` 2< kjfs, cfrklfr l` uc lfs nkdrrfs gfc rdsgf l` s`r ktdjidlf `c gksf l` rfcpdc`jtf, f Rdmk Jfssk W`jefrk lf Gkrcf. Pck `qudp` l` p`squdsklfr`s lf G`jtrf l` L`s`jvfmvdc`jtf lk \`gjfmfidk Jugm`kr (GL\J) lk Pjdv`rsdlkl` B`l`rkm l` Cdjks I`rkds (PBCI) qu` bkz m`vkjtkc`jtfs sfnr` ks gfjldéð`s lks `struturks ` pfssãv`ds gfjtkcdjkéð`s l` m`jé÷ds br`ëtdgfs ` l` gfrpfs eãlrdgfs sup`rbdgdkds, r`mktkrkc qu` jçf bfrkc dl`jtdbdgklfs rdsgfs dc`ldktfs, kp`skr l` ks djstkmkéð`s `stkr`c knkjlfjklks knkjlfjklks ` jçf t`r`c pkssklf p`mf prfg`ldc`jtf l` s`iurkjék qu` `jvfmv`rdk f `jg`rrkc`jtf lks ktdvdlkl`s juc `cpr``jldc`jtf lkqu`m` pfrt`. Fs r`pr`s`jtkjt`s lf g`jtrf gfjbdrckrkc qu` vërdfs tdpfs l` t÷xdgf l` usf trkldgdfjkm jf prfg`ssf l` prfluéçf l` furf s` `jgfjtrkc ldspfstfs jks nkrrki`js l` r`o`dtfs r`v`stdlks pfr c`cnrkjks. Pc l`ss`s t÷xdgfs ä f gdkj`tf, qu`, qukjlf `c gfjtktf gfc f efc`c fu fs kjdckds `c qukjtdlkl` `m`vklk, pfl` m`vkr è cfrt` `c pfugf t`cpf pfr pkrklk gkrldfrr`spdrkt÷rdk.

;8.; Gfcujdlkl` dcp`l` dcpmkjtkéçf l` nkrrki`c qu` t`rdk trïs v`z`s f vfmuc` lk l` Bujlçf W` k mutk lks gfcujdlkl`s l` ër`ks kc`kéklks `c gksf l` rfcpdc`jtf lks nkrrki`js l` r`o`dtfs ä pkrk qu` ks `struturks s`okc cfjdtfrklks ` kpr`s`jt`c ikrkjtdks l` `stkndmdlkl`, eë cdj`drfs qu` trkvkc futrk nktkmek? k r`sdstïjgdk è djstkmkéçf l` `cpr``jldc`jtfs qu` v`jekc k tdrkr k suk pkz. Pck l`ssks `struturks ä k Nkrrki`c Ckrkvdmeks 7, qu` k cdj`rklfrk Rkm` l`s`ok gfjstrudr `c Dtkndrdtf, pr÷xdcf kf mdcdt` gfc Jfvk Mdck, jk Irkjl` NE. L`pfds l` gfjs`iudr k Mdg`jék l` Dcpmkjtkéçf `c s`t`cnrf, s`jlf gfjbdrcklk `c jfv`cnrf p`mf Gfjs`mef @stklukm l` Xfmãtdgk Kcnd`jtkm (Gfpkc), f djãgdf lks fnrks `stë kdjlk susp`jsf pfr bfrék l` mdcdjkr jk Oustdék gfjg`ldlk `c bkvfr lf Cdjdstärdf Xÿnmdgf (CX). F nkrrkc`jtf t`c kmtf pft`jgdkm pfmudlfr pfr t`r l`jtrf l` suk ër`k l` kmkikc`jtf gfjlfcãjdfs l` Jfvk Mdck gfcf f @stîjgdk Kmpdjk ` f Rkm` lfs Xdjekds, kmäc l` kc`kékr ldv`rsfs gfrpfs eãlrdgfs ` k pr÷prdk gkptkéçf l` ëiuk lk Gfpksk jf ^df lks R`meks, r`spfjsëv`m p`mf knkst`gdc`jtf l` 7 cdmeð`s l` ekndtkjt`s lk Irkjl` NE. K Rkm` kbdrck qu` k gfjstruéçf s`iu` tflfs fs trîcdt`s ` `xdiïjgdks m`ikds. F nkrrkc`jtf `stë prfo`tklf

 

  pkrk kmgkjékr uck kmturk cëxdck l` 52 c`trfs, gfc gkpkgdlkl` pkrk gfjt`r ;85 cdmeð`s l` c`trfs gÿndgfs (quks` trïs v`z`s f vfmuc` lk Nkrrki`c lf Bujlçf, `c Ckrdkjk, qu` rfcp`u `c >8;0, cktkjlf ;4 p`ssfks ` l`skmfokjlf cdmekr`s).  K cdj`rklfrk cd j`rklfrk klcdt` qu` k gfjstruéçf kdjlk jçf t`c lktk l`bdjdlk, cks qu` s`rë b`dtk p`mf cätflf l` kmt`kc`jtf pkrk ouskjt` (jk ldr`éçf l` fjl` k ëiuk l`dxk k `struturk), gfc uc kmt`kc`jtf gfc kt`rrf gfcpkgtklf ` bujlkéçf sfnr` t`rr`jf jkturkm pr`vdstf `c prfo`tf. ”@stk c`tflfmfidk p`rcdt` gfcpkgtkéçf l` tflf f gfrpf lk nkrrki`c, c`mefr gfjtrfm` lk lr`jki`c djt`rjk ` ckdfr r`sdstïjgdk r`sdstï jgdk k sdscfs, kmäc l` jçf kpr`s`jtkr rdsgf l` mdqu`bkéçf lf ckgdéf–, djldgk k `cpr`sk, juck r`b`rïjgdk è tägjdgk gfjstrutdvk ckds trkldgdfjkm ` ktukmc`jt` ckmvdstk, l` kmt`kc`jtf k cfjtkjt` (jk ldr`éçf l` fjl` k ëiuk v`c), qu` ä suo`dtk k vërdfs prfnm`cks.  K tägjdgk k cfjtkjt` `rk k utdmdzklk jk Nkrrki`c lf Bujlçf, `c Ckrdkjk, ` t`c sdlf kmvf l` `jlur`gdc`jtf l` `xdiïjgdks p`mks prfpfstks l` m`idsmkéçf qu` trkcdtkc jk Kss`cnm`dk M`idsmktdvk l` Cdjks I`rkds I`r kds eë lfds kjfs, l`sl` k äpfgk lk ckdfr trkiäldk sfgdfkcnd`jtkm lf Nrksdm.

Bfjt`?www.bkgumlkl`krjkmlf.gfc.nr

 K Rkm` sust`jtk qu` k gfjstruéçf lk r`pr`sk ä j`g`ssërdk pkrk ldspfr fs r`o`dtfs prfv`jd`jt`s lks Djstkmkéð`s l` \rktkc`jtf l` Cdjärdf (D\C) lks Cdjks lf Xdgf ` Rkri`c Irkjl`, qu` ktukmc`jt` gfrr`spfjl`c è prfluéçf l` gdjgf ujdlkl`s djlustrdkds. Djbfrcfu, tkcnäc, qu` bfd l`s`jvfmvdlf f `stulf l` rupturk edpftätdgk

 

  (uck sdcumkéçf lk `xt`jsçf l` `strkifs `c gksf l` k nkrrki`c s` rfcp`r) gfc k `mknfrkéçf l` ckpk l` djujlkéçf, qu` gfjstk jf Xmkjf l` Kéçf l` @c`riïjgdk l` Nkrrki`js (XK@NC). ”Xkrk k nkrrki`c l` Ckrkvdmeks 7, fs `stulfs bfrkc l`s`jvfmvdlfs `c gucprdc`jtf kf prfg`ssf l` mdg`jgdkc`jtf kcnd`jtkm ` f lfguc`jtf XK@NC s`rë prftfgfmklf jk L`b`sk Gdvdm cujdgdpkm c ujdgdpkm ` `stklukm qukjlf lk `jtrklk l` fp`r kéçf kéçf l`stk `struturk–, kgr`sg`jtfu k `cpr`sk pfr c`df l` jftk.  jftk.   Pck km`ikéçf kldgdfjkm lk Rkm` ä qu`, lurkjt` f prfg`ssf l` mdg`jgdkc`jtf, bfrkc r`kmdzklks r`ujdð`s gfc ks gfcujdlkl`s pr÷xdcks kf `cpr``jldc`jtf, n`c gfcf gfc k L`b`sk Gdvdm cujdgdpkm l` Dtkndrdtf Dtkn drdtf pkrk k ”kpr`s`jtkéçf lks kéð`s kssfgdklks è i`stçf l` s`iurkjék ` ès ktdvdlkl`s `c l`s`jvfmvdc`jtf l` prfjtdlçf pkrk i`stçf l` `c`riïjgdks l` nkrrki`js, gfcf pfr `x`cpmf f gklkstrf lks p`ssfks l`jtrf lk zfjk l` kutfsskmvkc`jtf, k dcpmkjtkéçf l` sdst`ck l` sdr`j`s ` k prfpfstk l` rftks l` buik ` l` pfjtfs l` `jgfjtrf–.  `jgfjtrf–. 

Bfjt`?www.iffim`.gfc

 

  ;; FN^KW L@ CKJP\@JÉÇF X^@R@J\DRK  K kjëmds` br`qu`jt` ä r`spfjsëv`m pfr kpfjtkr j`g`ssdlkl`s l` klkptkéð`s klkptkéð`s fu ckjut`jéð`s. ”K `ji`jekrdk jkgdfjkm ä ckds lf qu` qukmdbdgklk pkrk gfjstrudr ` r`kmdzkr ckjut`jéð`s `c nkrrki`js gfjv`jgdfjkds. Djgmusdv`, jfssks `struturks sçf ckds s`iurks lf qu` cudtks lkqu`mks `xdst`jt`s `c pkãs`s l`s`jvfmvdlfs–. Jf `jtkjtf, f g`jërdf ä tftkmc`jt` fpfstf qukjlf sçf knfrlklks ks nkrrki`js l` r`o`dtfs l` cdj`rkéçf. ”Irkjl` pkrt` lf c`df tägjdgf gfjgfrlk qu` `ss` tdpf l` `struturk t`c prfnm`cks ` jçf ä s`iurk. Wçf gfjstruãlks s`c fs gudlklfs lks gfjv`jgdfjkds–, gfcpm`c`jtk. Jk cdj`rkéçf, k ktdvdlkl` prdjgdpkm ä k `xpmfrkéçf, ` k nkrrki`c s`rv` sfc`jt` pkrk gfjt`r fs l`trdtfs. Xfr dssf, k `struturk jfrckmc`jt` ä `jgkrklk p`mk cdj`rklfrk gfcf uc gustf. ”Rdskjlf ckxdcdzkr s`u mugrf, k `cpr`sk kgknk r`luzdjlf f djv`stdc`jtf l`stdjklf l`stdjklf pkrk k nkrrki`c–.  nkrrki`c–.   Kmäc ldssf, k `struturk ä `x`gutklk kfs pfugfs ` bdjkjg`drkc`jt` jçf gfcp`jsk gfjstrudr uck irkjl` `struturk qu` l`cfrkrë 78 kjfs pkrk s`r tftkmc`jt` pr``jgedlk. Kssdc, f cdj`rklfr kgknk bkz`jlf uc prdc`drf ldqu` l` gdjgf c`trfs `, qukjlf `st` `stdv`r ge`df, gfc`ék k gfjstruéçf l` futrf `, kssdc, sug`ssdvkc`jt`. ”K fnrk vkd kgfjt`g`jlf kfs pfugfs, f qu` ldbdgumtk k djstkmkéçf l` sdst`cks kl`quklfs l` lr`jki`c–. lr`jki`c–. F pr÷prdf cätflf gfjstrutdvf utdmdzklf `c nkrrki`js l` r`o`dtfs l` cdjärdfs gfmknfrk pkrk tfrjë-mks djs`iurks. K `stdcktdvk ä qu` 48% l`ssks `struturks t`jekc sdlf `x`gutklks sfnr` f pr÷prdf ckt`rdkm l` r`o`dtfs. @ss` `rk f gksf lk nkrrki`c l` Bujlçf, `c Ckrdkjk (CI), qu` rfcp`u `c jfv`cnrf l` >8;0 prfvfgkjlf f ckdfr l`skstr` kcnd`jtkm lk edst÷rdk lf Nrksdm. Nrksdm. ”K kmt`rjktdvk ä `sgfmedlk pfr prfpfrgdfjkr c`jfr gustf–, djldgk f lfg`jt`.  lfg`jt`.   C`scf kp÷s k trkiäldk l` Ckrdkjk, `b`tdvkc`jt` jçf efuv` irkjl`s culkjéks jk `x`guéçf lks nkrrki`js l` r`o`dtfs l` cdjärdfs. F L`pkrtkc`jtf Jkgdfjkm l` Xrfluéçf Cdj`rkm (LJXC)  ‗  ‗   ÷riçf b`l`rkm r`spfjsëv`m pfr gudlkr lk cdj`rkéçf ‗ cdj`rkéçf  ‗ pkssfu  pkssfu k `xdidr r`mkt÷rdfs l`tkmeklfs sfnr` ks gfjldéð`s lks `struturks

 

  `c tflf f pkãs. ”Xfräc, `ssk kéçf jçf ä cudtf `b`tdvk, sfc`jt` fnrdikjlf f cdj`rklfr k kpr`s`jtkr k lfguc`jtkéçf tägjdgk ` k mdlkr gfc kmiuck nurfgrkgdk–. nurfgrkgdk–.  K gfjstruéçf pr`gdsk s`iudr è rdsgk f prfo`tf ` tulf l`v` s`r b`dtf m`vkjlf `c gfjsdl`rkéçf ks gfjldéð`s lf `jtfrjf Xrfvk ä qu` k `struturk l` Ckrdkjk `stkvk `c gfjbfrcdlkl` gfc f ckjukm l` vdstfrdks. F r`mkt÷rdf p`l` sfc`jt` uck djsp`éçf `xt`rjk lk nkrrki`c. Cks, `c Cdjks I`rkds, bfrkc ks pr`ssð`s djt`rjks qu` s` `m`vkrkc ` gkuskrkc f rfcpdc`jtf.  Ks r`vdsð`s lks tägjdgks gfjstrutdvks, qu` l`vdkc s`r gfjsdl`rklks ks djdgdktdvks ckds dcpfrtkjt`s, kgknkrkc bdgkjlf l` mklf. ”F kssujtf ge`ifu g e`ifu k s`r l`nktdlf gfc f dcpkgtf djdgdkm gkusklf p`mk trkiäldk. Jf `jtkjtf, k ldsgussçf `sbrdfu ` gkdu jf `squ`gdc`jtf. Gfc dssf, ks gfdsks p`rckj`g`c lk c`sck ckj`drk qu` `stkvkc kjt`s lf fgfrrdlf–, ldz f i`÷mfif. i`÷mfif.   Pc lfs prdjgdpkds gudlklfs pkrk `vdtkr k r``ldéçf lk trkiäldk l` Ckrdkjk ä f cfjdtfrkc`jtf gfjstkjt` ` kl`quklf. @ssk v`rdbdgkéçf l`v` s`r r`kmdzklk gfc nks` `c djstruc`jtfs `sp`gãbdgfs, qu` tïc k bujéçf l` kb`rdr ks r`kds gfjldéð`s lks nkrrki`js. ”F prfg`ldc`jtf oë fgfrr` jks `struturks gfjv`jgdfjkds, gfjv`j gdfjkds, cks, jks l` r`o`dtfs l` cdjärdfs, ks vdstfrdks bdgkc r`strdtks k kjëmds`s vdsukds–. vdsukds–.  

;;.; Ckds W`iurkjék  K gfjstruéçf l` uck nkrrki`c gfjs gfjsdl`rklk dl`rklk s`i s`iurk urk gfc`ék gfc k `mknfrkéçf l` uc `stulf lf c`df bãsdgf. J`ss` m`vkjtkc`jtf sçf gmkssdbdgklfs fs tdpfs l` sfmf ` sunsfmf, `struturks i`fm÷idgks, gfjldéð`s l` ëiuk, `jtr` futrfs `m`c`jtfs. ”\kcnäc ä pr`gdsf r`kmdzkr djv`stdikéçf d jv`stdikéçf i`ftägjdgk, ktdvdlkl` bujlkc`jtkm pkrk qukmqu`r fnrk `, `c `sp`gdkm, pkrk ks nkrrki`js. Kbdjkm, sçf irkjl`s fnrks qu` dcpð`c t`jsð`s `m`vklks jf sfmf–, ldz f lfg`jt`.  lfg`jt`.   Djl`p`jl`jt`c`jt` lk tdpfmfidk, k `x`guéçf l`v` s`r b`dtk l` kgfrlf gfc ks ldr`trdz`s lks jfrcks tägjdgks ` s`cpr` `cpr`ikjlf fs ckt`rdkds kl`quklfs. ”K gfjstruéçf pr`gdsk s`iudr è rdsgk f prfo`tf ` tulf l`v` s`r b`dtf m`vkjlf `c gfjsdl`rkéçf ks gfjldéð`s lf `jtfrjf–. `jtfrjf–. Jçf `xdst`c jfrcks tägjdgks `sp`gãbdgks pkrk `ssks gfjstruéð`s. F qu` eë ä uck vkstk gfm`tîj`k l` ldr`trdz`s pkrk gklk `tkpk lf prfo`tf ` `x`guéçf. ”Ckds l`

 

  08 jfrcks pr`gdskc s`r s`iudlks, gfcf ks qu` jfrt`dkc jfrt`d kc f prfg`ssf l` sfjlki`c ` l` r`kmdzkéçf lf kt`rrf–. kt`rrf–. F Xrfirkck @stklukm l` Gfjstruéçf l` Nkrrki`js pr`vï djv`stdc`jtfs l` ^$ 28 cdmeð`s, pfr c`df l` r`gursfs lk W`gr`ktkrdk l` @stklf lk Kirdgumturk,  Knkst`gdc`jtf, Kqudgumturk ` X`sgk (W`ki), pkrk k dcpmkjtkéçf l` 28 r`s`rvkt÷rdfs l` ëiuk jf djt`rdfr lf @stklf ktä `st` kjf, kmäc lk r`tfcklk lks fnrks lk ckdfr nkrrki`c lf @spãrdtf Wkjtf. Xkrk k l`bdjdéçf lfs mfgkds fjl` bdgkrçf ks 7< nkrrki`js, bfrkc m`vklfs `c gfjsdl`rkéçf fs s`iudjt`s bktfr`s?   @xdstïjgdk l` \`rcfs l` Koustkc`jtf l` Gfjlutk (\KGs) bdrcklfs1

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  Mfgkds qu` pfssdndmdtkvkc pfssdndmdtkvkc k gfjstruéçf gfjstruéçf l` nk nkrrki`js rrki`js cäldks ` gfc uck

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ckdfr r`mkéçf vfmuc`/mîcdjk1   Mfgkds qu` jçf j`g`ssdtkvkc l` l`skprfprdkéçf (ër`ks lfklks)1

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  Ckdfr jÿc`rf l` usuërdfs n`j`bdgdklfs.

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 K W`ki tkcnäc `stë mdgdtkjlf ks fnrks pkrk k gfjstruéçf l` >2 nkrrki`js l` usf gfm`tdvf `c kss`jtkc`jtfs l` trknkmeklfr`s rurkds gkpdxknks jf Jfrt` lf @stklf. @mks t`rçf gkpkgdlkl` l` krckz`jkc`jtf l` ;,0 ndmeçf l` mdtrfs l` ëiuk ` r`pr`s`jtkc uc djv`stdc`jtf l` kprfxdcklkc`jt` ^$ ;< cdmeð`s.  K W`ki tkcnäc `stë gfjgmudjlf ks fnrks lk nkrrki`c l` Xdje`drfs-Nfk @sp`rkjék, uc djv`stdc`jtf l` ^$ 2,; cdmeð`s. @ssk nkrrki`c s`rë k ckdfr lf @spãrdtf Wkjtf, gfc g`rgk l` >98 e`gtkr`s l` ër`k kmkiklk, `c uck `xt`jsçf l` kprfxdcklkc`jt` ;8 qudmüc`trfs. K gkpkgdlkl` l` krckz`jkc`jtf lk nkrrki`c s`rë l` ;9 ndmeð`s l` mdtrfs l` ëiuk, qukjtdlkl` subdgd`jt` pkrk knkst`g`r uck pfpumkéçf l` 7;8 cdm ekndtkjt`s pfr uc p`rãflf l` uc kjf.  K dcpmkjtkéçf lk nkrrki`c t`v` djãgdf `c >887. Djd Djdgdkmc`jt`, gdkmc`jt`, ks fnrks `rkc tfgklks p`mk pr`b`dturk l` Xdje`drfs, `c pkrg`rdk gfc f Ifv`rjf B`l`rkm. Jf `jtkjtf, kf mfjif lfs kjfs, f prfo`tf sfbr`u gfc djÿc`rks pkrkmdskéð`s. Gfcf bfrck l` lkr kidmdlkl` è gfjgmusçf lk r`pr`sk ` kuc`jtkr k s`iurkjék eãlrdgk `c tflk k r`idçf l` knrkjiïjgdk lk nkrrki`c, f Ifv`rjf lf @stklf l`gdldu kssucdr k fnrk jf bdjkm lf kjf pkssklf. K `xp`gtktdvk ä qu` f nkrrkc`jtf `st`ok b`geklf ktä f prdc`drf s`c`str` l` >8;9.

 

   Ks fnrks l` gfjgmusçf lk r`pr`sk l` Xdje`drfs-Nfk @sp`rkjék gfjsdst`c jf b`gekc`jtf lk nkrrki`c, jk l`mdcdtkéçf ` jk r`gup`rkéçf lks ër`ks l` pr`s`rvkéçf p`rckj`jt` ` jk mdcp`zk ` jk pr`pkrkéçf lk ër`k qu` s`rë kmkiklk. W`rçf r`bmfr`stklfs kprfxdcklkc`jt` ;88 e`gtkr`s jf `jtfrjf lk nkrrki`c, gucprdjlf k `xdiïjgdk m`ikm l` ckjt`r gfcf Ër`k l` Xr`s`rvkéçf Kcnd`jtkm (KXX) uck bkdxk l` 78 c`trfs k pkrtdr lk ckri`c lk r`pr`sk.  Kmäc lks nkrrki`js gdtklks, k Gfcpkjedk @spãrdtf Wkjt`js` l` Wkj`kc`jtf (G`skj) ` k W`ki bdrckrkc b drckrkc uc gfjvïjdf pkrk k `mknfrkéçf l` s`ds jfvfs prfo`tfs l` nkrrki`js l` cäldf pfrt`. L` kgfrlf gfc f gfjvïjdf, k G`skj vkd r`pksskr ^$ 288 cdm pkrk qu` k W`ki r`kmdz` k mdgdtkéçf pkrk `mknfrkr fs `stulfs ` prfo`tfs nësdgfs j`g`ssërdfs pkrk gfjtrktkr ks fnrks l` gfjstruéçf lks nkrrki`js. K prdfrdlkl` lfs `cpr``jldc`jtfs ä pkrk f knkst`gdc`jtf euckjf, cks fs r`s`rvkt÷rdfs tkcnäc pfl`c s`r utdmdzklfs pkrk futrfs bdjs, gfcf i`rkéçf l` `j`ridk, drrdikéçf ` gfjt`jéçf l` `jge`jt`s. F fno`tdvf l` gfjstruéçf lks nkrrki`js ä krckz`jkr ëiuk pkrk ikrkjtdr k s`iurkjék eãlrdgk ` k r`iumkrdlkl` lf knkst`gdc`jtf pÿnmdgf. Fs cujdgãpdfs n`j`bdgdklfs s`rçf Kmtf ^df Jfvf, Rdmk Xkvçf, X`lrf Gkjërdf, @gfpfrkjik, Nkrrk l` Wçf Brkjgdsgf ` Wçf ^fqu` lf Gkjkç, gdlkl`s qu` `stçf `jtr` ks ckds kb`tklks p`mk grds` eãlrdgk. K `xp`gtktdvk ä qu` fs prfo`tfs l` `ji`jekrdk s`okc gfjgmuãlfs ktä f prdc`drf s`c`str` lf kjf qu` v`c.  Ks nkrrki`js l`v`rçf s`r gfjstruãlks `c ër`ks `strktäidgks ` kt`jl`r ès r`idð`s qu` edstfrdgkc`jt` kpr`s`jtkc r`luéçf jk ldspfjdndmdlkl` lk ëiuk ` qu` `stçf gfc fs ckjkjgdkds `c `stklf `xtr`ckc`jt` grãtdgf. K gfjstruéçf lks nkrrki`js tkcnäc vkd r`luzdr fs `b`dtfs lks culkjéks gmdcëtdgks jf r`idc` l` geuvks ` lk nkdxk r`t`jéçf l` ëiuk p`mf sfmf l`vdlf kf l`scktkc`jtf.

;> W@IP^KJÉK L@ NK^^KI@JW  K M`d j¿ ;>.778;8 `stkn`m`g` k Xfmãtdgk Jkgdfjkm l` W`iurkjék l` Nkrrki`js. K s`iurkjék l` nkrrki`js ä k gfjldéçf qu` vdsk ckjt`r k suk djt`irdlkl` `struturkm ` fp`rkgdfjkm lk nkrrki`c ` k pr`s`rvkéçf lk vdlk, lk skÿl`, lk prfprd`lkl` ` lf c`df kcnd`jt`.

 

  L` kgfrlf gfc m`d, k s`iurkjék lk nkrrki`c ä r`spfjskndmdlkl` lf `cpr``jl`lfr. Oë k r`spfjskndmdlkl` p`mk bdsgkmdzkéçf lk s`iurkjék lks nkrrki`js ä ldvdldlk `jtr` quktrf irupfs, l` kgfrlf gfc k bdjkmdlkl` lk nkrrki`c. K skn`r?   Nkrrki`js pkrk i`rkéçf l` `j`ridk? Kiïjgdk Jkgd Jkgdfjkm fjkm l` @j`ridk

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@mätrdgk (KJ@@M)1   Nkrrki`js pkrk gfjt`jéçf l` r`o`dtfs cdj`rkds? L`pkrtkc`jtf Jkgdfjkm

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l` Xrfluéçf Cdj`rkm ‗ Cdj`rkm ‗ LJXC1  LJXC1   ddd) Nkrrki`js Nkrrki`js p pkrk krk gfjt`jéçf gfjt`jéçf l` r`o`dtfs r`o`dtfs djlustrdkds? djlustrdkds? Djstdtutf Nrk Nrksdm`drf sdm`drf

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lf C`df Kcnd`jt` ` lfs ^`gursfs Jkturkds ^`jfvëv`ds (Dnkck) fu ÷riçfs kcnd`jtkds `stklukds, k l`p`jl`r lk `cdssçf lk Mdg`jék  Kcnd`jtkm1 `   dv) Nkrrki`js Nkrrki`js l` usfs c cÿmtdpmfs? ÿmtdpmfs? Kiï Kiïjgdk jgdk Jk Jkgdfjkm gdfjkm l l` ` Ëiuks (KJK) fu

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l` ÷riçfs i`stfr`s `stklukds l` r`gursfs eãlrdgfs. Gfcf `x`cpmf l` gfcp`tïjgdks, jf gksf `sp`gãbdgf lf kgdl`jt` l` Ckrdkjk/CI, k bdsgkmdzkéçf lk s`iurkjék lk nkrrki`c gkn`rdk kf L`pkrtkc`jtf Jkgdfjkm l` Xrfluéçf Cdj`rkm (LJXC), pfr s` trktkr l` nkrrki`c l` r`o`dtfs.  K bdsgkmdzkéçf bdsgkmdzkéçf lk s`iurkjék, pfr ssuk uk v`z, v`z, jçf `xgmud ks kéð`s kéð`s l` f futrfs utrfs ÷riçfs, gfcf k bdsgkmdzkéçf r`mktdvk kf mdg`jgdkc`jtf kcnd`jtkm, futfriks `tg.  Ktukmc`jt` f DNKCK gfnrk f gklks gklkstrkc`jtf trkc`jtf lkqu`m`s q qu` u` pfssu`c pfssu`c n nkrrki`js krrki`js `c s`us `cpr``jldc`jtfs, ` qu` sçf fnrdiklfs k s` r`idstrkr`c jf Gklkstrf \ägjdgf B`l`rkm (G\B), l` qu` trktk k M`d k M`d ;8.;20 l` >888.  >888.  Fs `cpr``jldc`jtfs qu` pfssu`c nkrrki`js, s`okc l` ëiuk, s`okc pkrk r`t`jéçf l` r`sãlufs/r`o`dtfs, kmäc lf ^`mkt÷rdf Kjukm l` Ktdvdlkl`s Xft`jgdkmc`jt` Xfmudlfrks ` Ptdmdzklfrks l` ^`gursfs Kcnd`jtkds - ^KXX, fnrdiktfrdkc`jt` l`v`c tkcnäc pr``jge`r f ^`mkt÷rdf Kjukm pkrk Nkrrki`js, `c `sp`gãbdgf ks p`ssfks bãsdgks `/fu ourãldgks qu` `x`rg`r`c ktdvdlkl` suo`dtk è \kxk l` Gfjtrfm` l` Bdsgkmdzkéçf Kcnd`jtkm (\GBK) ` qu` pfssukc nkrrki`js. Kmiucks djbfrckéð`s qu` sçf bfrj`gdlks jf r`mkt÷rdf? vfmuc` lf nkrrkc`jtf, tdpf lf prflutf/r`sãluf pfmu`jt` j`mk krckz`jklf, `xdstïjgdk l` Xmkjf l` Kéçf l` @c`riïjgdk jf îcndtf lf s`u r`sp`gtdvf mdg`jgdkc`jtf kcnd`jtkm, n`c gfcf s` efuv` kmiuc tdpf l` cfjdtfrkc`jtf l` suk s`iurkjék jkqu`m` p`rãflf.

 

  ;7 NK^^KI@JW EDL^@MÄ\^DGKW

Bfjt`? www.v`ok.knrdm.gfc.nr

 Ks nkrrki`js edlr`mätrdgks gfjstdtu`c efo` k prdjgdpkm bfjt` l` `j`ridk `mätrdgk jf Nrksdm ` uck lks ckdfr`s prflutfrks jf cujlf. Wçf gfcpm`xks gfjstruéð`s qu` utdmdzkc prdjgãpdfs nësdgfs lk bãsdgk pkrk i`rkr `m`trdgdlkl`, uskjlf k bfrék lk ëiuk r`pr`sklk qu`, kf s`r pr`ssdfjklk k pksskr p`mfs lutfs lfs pkr`lð`s, dcpumsdfjk ks pës lks turndjks qu` kgdfjkc fs i`rklfr`s. Ä uck bfjt` jkturkm ktä g`rtf pfjtf ` uck kmt`rjktdvk `xtr`ckc`jt` vdëv`m qukjlf k ëiuk `rk `jgfjtrklk knujlkjt`c`jt` ` jçf ekvdk rdsgfs l` suk `xtdjéçf jf cujlf.  Kp`skr l` s`r`c prfo`tfs l` `ji`jekrdk gkrãssdcfs pfr gfjtk l` suk ldbãgdm dcpmkjtkéçf, lk j`g`ssdlkl` l` `stulfs prävdfs l`tkmeklfs sfnr` vdkndmdlkl` ` l` `xdidr gfjstkjt` ckjut`jéçf lk djbrk`struturk prflutdvk, k `m`trdgdlkl` i`rklk p`mks nkrrki`js edlr`mätrdgks kdjlk ä uck lks ckds nkrktks qu` f efc`c oë prfluzdu.

 

  Irkjl`s ldbdgumlkl`s sçf `jgfjtrklks pkrk k gfjstruéçf l` nkrrki`js gfcf? mdlkr gfc f r`idc` lfs rdfs, gfc s`us gursfs ` r`m`vfs pkrtdgumkr`s, gfc f gmdck ` ktä gfc k djfspdtkmdlkl` lf mfgkm k s`r kt`jldlf pfr uck qukjtdlkl` dc`jsk l` ckt`rdkm l` gfjstruéçf ` l` cëqudjks.  Kdjlk kssdc, kssdc, sçf sçf fn fnrks rks qu` qu` l`sp`rtkc l`sp`rtkc f djt`r`ss` djt`r`ss` tk tkjtf jtf l lks ks gf gfjstrutfrks jstrutfrks gfcf lfs ifv`rjfs, p`mf s`u kmtf gustf, pkrk ujs, ` p`mf s`u pft`jgdkm l` i`rkéçf l` `j`ridk, pkrk futrfs.  Kmäc ldssf, ks nkrrki`js sçf usklks pkrk futrfs bdjs gfcf k pdsgdgumturk, k drrdikéçf l` ër`ks lf `jtfrjf, gkptkéçf l` ëiuk pkrk bfrj`gdc`jtf k ktdvdlkl`s djlustrdkds, `tg. pfräc, f irkjl` prfnm`ck l`mks ä f kmtf gustf sfgdfkcnd`jtkm gkusklf p`mfs dcpkgtfs l` suk dcpmkjtkéçf. Xkrk k gfjstruéçf l` uck nkrrki`c edlr`mätrdgk, ä j`g`ssërdf f r`pr`skc`jtf lk ëiuk l` uc rdf qu`, s`c t`r gfcf gfjtdjukr s`u gursf jkturkm, kmkik irkjl`s pkrki`js è suk vfmtk, bfrckjlf uc dc`jsf mkif fjl` kjt`s ekvdk bkujk ` bmfrk, bm frk, kmäc l` gfcujdlkl`s djt`drks ` pfvfs frdidjërdfs. Cudtks p`ssfks p`rl`rçf suks gksks (gdlkl`s djt`drks oë bfrkc kmkiklks),  oujtkc`jt` gfc suks ktdvdlkl`s `gfjücdgks, i`rkmc`jt` mdiklks kf rdf, ` vërdks `spägd`s s`rçf kc`kéklks, tkjtf l` pmkjtks gfcf l` kjdckds, pfr ckdfr qu` s`ok f `sbfréf `c gktkmfië-mks ` culë-mks l` r`idçf.  Kmiucks `spägd`s, sdcpm`sc`jt`, jçf s` klkptkc, ` kssdc tkcnäc ä gfc f s`r euckjf qu` ä r`cfvdlf l` s`u ekndtkt jkturkm. Xfr `ss` cftdvf ä j`g`ssërdf p`jskr-s` `c kmt`rjktdvks pkrk k gfjstruéçf l` nkrrki`js edlr`mätrdgks `, prdjgdpkmc`jt`, pkrk jfssk bfrck l` gfjsucf l` `m`trdgdlkl`. Kmäc ldssf, pfr s`r`c gfcpm`tkc`jt` l`p`jl`jt`s lfs r`idc`s lfs rdfs, ks culkjéks gmdcëtdgks qu` `stçf fgfrr`jlf jf cujlf tflf pfl`c cfldbdgkr k gkpkgdlkl` l` prfluéçf l` uck nkrrki`c, ofikjlf bfrk irkjl`s qukjtdks ikstks. Pc djv`stdc`jtf `c jfvks t`gjfmfidks jk prfluéçf, trkjscdssçf ` jf gfjsucf, qu` cdjdcdz`c f l`sp`rlãgdf, tkcnäc ä uck nfk kmt`rjktdvk pkrk ldcdjudr jfssk j`g`ssdlkl` l` kuc`jtf jk prfluéçf l` `j`ridk.

 

  ;< K DCXF^\ÎJGDK LKW NK^^KI@JW NK^^KI@JW XK^K K GFJRDRÏJGDK GFC K W@GK  K `sgkss`z l` ëiuk s`cpr` s`cpr` bfd f irkjl` l`skbdf l`skbdf pkrk k sfnr`vdvïjgdk euckjk ` kjdckm, sfnr`tulf jf Jfrt` ` Jfrl`st` l` Cdjks I`rkds, fjl` k `stdki`c ä prfmfjiklk. Pck kmt`rjktdvk qu` s`cpr` l`u g`rtf bfd k gfjstruéçf l` nkrrki`js kn`rtks fu sunt`rrîj`ks.

Bfjt`? www.v`ok.knrdm.gfc.nr

 K tägjdgk l`stk ÿmtdck ä r`mktdvkc`jt` sdcpm`s. Gfjsdst` `c gkptkr ` krckz`jkr k ëiuk lk geuvk `c p`qu`jks vkmks kn`rtks ktä k pkrt` dcp`rc`ëv`m lf sfmf. L`pfds gfnr`-s` gfc mfjks, t`rrk ` v`i`tkéçf rkst`drk. Oë ks nkrrki`js kn`rtks sçf l`p÷sdtfs l` ëiuk n`c ckdfr`s gfc k bdjkmdlkl` l` knkst`g`r irkjl`s ër`ks pfvfklks fu k ktdvdlkl` kirfp`guërdk. Eë ckds l` quktrf sägumfs ks nkrrki`js vïc prfpdgdkjlf `jfrc`s n`j`bãgdfs. Kp`skr l` f Nrksdm t`r k ckdfr r`s`rvk l` ëiuk pftëv`m lf cujlf, sfbr`cfs prfnm`cks l` gfjtkcdjkéçf l` ckjkjgdkds ` drr`iumkrdlkl` pmuvdfcätrdgk. Ks nkrrki`js tïc l`cfjstrklf r`sumtklfs n`c `xdtfsfs pkrk s` `vdtkr dssf.

 

  Jf `jtkjtf, j`g`ssdtkc l` djv`stdc`jtf bdjkjg`drf, euckjf ` kcnd`jtkm, kmäc l` kgfcpkjekc`jtf, cfjdtfrkc`jtf ` ckjut`jéçf, pkrk ikrkjtdr s`u bujgdfjkc`jtf ` `vdtkr kgdl`jt`s. Ä `xktkc`jt` dssf qu` f ifv`rjf lf @stklf l` Cdjks v`c bkz`jlf. W÷ pkrk s` t`r dl`dk, k W`gr`tkrdk l` @stklf l` L`s`jvfmvdc`jtf ` Djt`irkéçf lf Jfrt` ` Jfrl`st` l` Cdjks I`rkds (W`ldjfr) mdn`rfu ^$ 4 cdmeð`s pkrk ks fnrks l` kcpmdkéçf lf sdst`ck l` knkst`gdc`jtf l` ëiuk lf cujdgãpdf l` Cfjt`s Gmkrfs ` ^$ cdmeð`s pkrk k gfcpm`c`jtkéçf lk Nkrrki`c Rdkcçf, `c Cktf R`rl`.  Ks fnrks `c Cfjt`s Gmkrfs, qu` gfc`ékrkc k s`r `x`gutklks jf kjf pkssklf, vçf ikrkjtdr f knkst`gdc`jtf `c tflk k gdlkl` ` ldstrdtfs lk zfjk rurkm >< efrks pfr ldk, s`c sfbr`r djt`rrupéð`s. K gkpkgdlkl` l` trktkc`jtf lk @stkéçf l` \rktkc`jtf l` Ëiuk - @\K R`rl` Irkjl` s`rë quks` lfnrklk, pksskjlf lfs ktukds 288 mdtrfs/s`iujlf pkrk ;.;02 mdtrfs/s`iujlf. Oë k @\K Cfrrdjefs, qu` s`rë tftkmc`jt` cfl`rjdzklk, pksskrë lfs ktukds >08 pkrk 8;2 `jtr` f ifv`rjf l` Cdjks I`rkds ` f Cdjdstärdf lks Gdlkl`s. Jçf r`stk lÿvdlk qu` ks nkrrki`js sçf dcpfrtkjt`s djstruc`jtfs l` l`s`jvfmvdc`jtf, ekok vdstk qu` prfpdgdkc k i`rkéçf l` `j`ridk edlr`mätrdgk, f bfrj`gdc`jtf l` ëiuk, k r`iumki`c lks ge`dks ` n`j`bdgdkc ldr`tkc`jt` k drrdikéçf, f qu` pfl` s`r trkluzdlf `c ckds bkrturk pkrk k c`sk lfs nrksdm`drfs. Irkéks ès nkrrki`js, f Nrksdm t`c c`mefr`s gfjldéð`s l` `jbr`jtkr fs l`skbdfs lk s`gk ` prfpfrgdfjkr uck vdlk c`jfs gru`m pkrk suk i`jt`. Gfjtdjukr`cfs j`ssk `cpr`dtklk l` koulkr fs cdj`drfs, lks ckds mfjiãjquks gdlkl`s, k t`r`c ëiuk l` qukmdlkl` lurkjt` tflf kjf. @ss` ä f gfcprfcdssf qu` oë `stkcfs gucprdjlf.

Nkrrki`js l` t`rrk sçf j`g`ssërdks ès ktdvdlkl`s rurkds   K ëiuk ä uc r`gursf jkturkm l` irkjl` dcpfrtîjgdk pkrk f efc`c, pfds suk utdmdzkéçf ä djldsp`jsëv`m djldsp`jsëv `m `c qukmqu`r ktdvdlkl`. Kp`skr lk suk knujlîjgdk jk \`rrk, kf mfjif lfs kjfs, `mk

 

  v`c sfbr`jlf kir`ssð`s djt`jsks `, `c gfjs`quïjgdk, suk ldspfjdndmdlkl` v`c ldcdjudjlf gklk v`z ckds. Ä bëgdm p`rg`n`r qu` k r`luéçf jk qukjtdlkl` ` jk qukmdlkl` lk ëiuk pfl`rë s` tfrjkr uc prfnm`ck cudtf särdf pkrk k euckjdlkl`. Xfrtkjtf, `c qukmqu`r sdtukéçf, `mk l`v` s`r utdmdzklk l` bfrck rkgdfjkm, dstf ä, l` ckj`drk jçf knusdvk ` s`cpr` `vdtkjlf-s` k gfjtkcdjkéçf lfs ckjkjgdkds. \`jlf `c vdstk qu` k ckdfrdk lks nkgdks l` gkn`g`drk, fjl` jksg`c fs rdfs, `jgfjtrkc-s` `c prfprd`lkl`s rurkds, rurkd s, k pr`s`rvkéçf lk qukmdlkl` lk ëiuk l`v` djdgdkr p`mf c`df rurkm . L`p`jl`jlf lk ktdvdlkl` qu` f prflutfr l`s`ok prktdgkr, pkrk qu` `mk s`ok gfjluzdlk l` bfrck `bdgd`jt`, tfrjks` j`g`ssërdf gfjstrudr uck nkrrki`c. Xfräc, k ktukm m`idsmkéçf r`b`r`jt` è pr`s`rvkéçf lfs r`gursfs kcnd`jtkds r`gfje`g` qu` fs gursfs l—ëiuk, c`scf kqu`m`s qu` s`  s`   mfgkmdzkc `c prfprd`lkl`s pkrtdgumkr`s, sçf ër`ks l` pr`s`rvkéçf p`rckj`jt` `, pfr dssf, k gfjstruéçf l` uck nkrrki`c, qu` i`rkmc`jt` ä b`dtk djt`rg`ptkjlf uc gursf l—ëiuk, jçf pfl`rë s`r uck l`gdsçf `xgmusdvkc`jt`

lf

prflutfr.

Ä pr`gdsf ekv`r uck kutfrdzkéçf lfs ÷riçfs gfcp`t`jt`s gfc nks` `c gfcprfvkéçf l` qu` k fnrk s`rë l` djt`r`ss` pÿnmdgf fu qu` bkvfr`g`rë f l`s`jvfmvdc`jtf sfgdkm lk r`idçf. Ä pr`gdsf, tkcnäc, ekv`r gfcprfvkéð`s l` qu` k gfjstruéçf lk nkrrki`c s`rë gfjluzdlk s`iudjlf grdtärdfs tägjdgfs kl`quklfs qu` r`sumtkrçf `c uck nkrrki`c `bdgd`jt`, s`iurk, s`c rdsgfs l` krrfcnkc`jtfs

`

l`jtrf

lks

jfrcks

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Pck nkrrki`c l` t`rrk ä uck `struturk gfjstruãlk `c s`jtdlf, i`rkmc`jt`, trkjsv`rskm kf bmuxf l` uc gursf l—ëiuk, l` tkm bfrck qu` p`rcdtk k bfrckéçf l` uc r`s`rvkt÷rdf krtdbdgdkm. @ss` t`rë k bdjkmdlkl` l` kgucumkr ëiuk fu `m`vkr f jãv`m lf gursf. [ukjlf kp`jks ks ëiuks lks geuvks s`rçf kgucumklks jf r`s`rvkt÷rdf, `m` ä l`jfcdjklf l` kéul`1 oë kqu`m`s r`s`rvkt÷rdfs qu` tïc r`idc` jfrckm l` knkst`gdc`jtf (g÷rr`ifs, rdkgefs fu rdfs) sçf l`jfcdjklfs l` r`pr`sks. L`p`jl`jlf lk ktdvdlkl` qu` f prflutfr l`s`ok prktdgkr, tfrjk-s` j`g`ssërdf k gfjstruéçf l` uck nkrrki`c 

 K gfjstruéçf gfjstruéçf l` uck uck nkrrki`c nkrrki`c pfl`rë pfl`rë s`r b`dtk vdskjlf kt`jl`r k ldv`rsks sdtukéð`s, tkds gfcf p`rcdtdr f knkst`gdc`jtf ujdbfrc` l` ëiuk pkrk gfcujdlkl`s1 krckz`jkr ëiuk pkrk s`r utdmdzklk `c  `c drrdikéð`s1 `m`vkr f jãv`m l` uc gursf l` ëiuk pkrk pfssdndmdtkr f knkst`gdc`jtf, pfr irkvdlkl`, k sdst`cks l` drrdikéçf, pdsgdgumturks, pdsgdgumturks, grdkt÷rdfs l` kjdckds (nfvdjfs, `quãl`fs, kv`s), `jtr` futrfs1 ` pfssdndmdtkr k djstkmkéçf l` rflks l—ëiuk, kssfgdklks k nfcnk s l` pdstçf, pkrk r`kmdzkr nfcn`kc`jtf nfcn`kc`jtf l` ëiuk, pfssdndmdtk pfssdndmdtkjlf jlf k grdkéçf l` p`dx`s `c tkjqu`s-r`l`1 `jtr` futrks.  Kp`skr l` s`r nkstkjt` bëgdm gfjstrudr gfjstrudr uck uck nkrrki`c, nkrrki`c, pkrk pkrk qu` qu` `mk s`ok b`dtk gfc s`iurkjék s`iurkjék ` s`ok `bdgd`jt`, tfrjk-s` j`g`ssërdf `jt`jl`r fs `m`c`jtfs qu` k gfjstdtu`c1 skn`r kvkmdkr s` uc

 

  l`t`rcdjklf mfgkm ä kl`quklf pkrk gfjstruã-mk1 ` lfcdjkr ks tägjdgks gfjstrutdvks. Gfc f fno`tdvf l` cfstrkr fs grdtärdfs tägjdgfs, qu` ikrkjtdrçf uck nkrrki`c `bdgd`jt`, s`iurk ` s`c rdsgfs l` krrfcnkc`jtfs, f GX\  ‗  ‗  G`jtrf l` Xrfluéð`s \ägjdgks `mknfrfu f gursf  ”Gfjstruéð`s l` X`qu`jks Nkrrki`js l` \`rrk–, jf qukm vfgï r`g`n`rë djbfrckéð`s lf gursf prfb`ssfr Ofsä L`rc`vkm Wkrkdvk Mfp`s, `ji`je`drf kirãgfmk, c`str` `c `ji`jekrdk kirãgfmk, gfc

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Jk gfjstruéçf lks nkrrki`js l` t`rrk sçf utdmdzklfs ckt`rdkds jkturkds ` `qudpkc`jtfs sdcpm`s. @mks sçf dl`kds l` s`r`c gfjstruãlks `c vkm`s kn`rtfs1 `c mfgkds qu` pfssukc irkjl`s qukjtdlkl`s l` sfmf kridmfsf fu kr`jf-kridmfsf1 ` qu` ldspfjek, p`mf c`jfs, `c uck l` suks mkt`rkds, l` uc `spkéf qu` pfssdndmdt` k gfjstruéçf l` uc `xtrkvksfr, s`c k j`g`ssdlkl` l` bkz`r irkjl`s gfrt`s jf t`rr`jf. \flf f sfmf r`tdrklf jk kn`rturk lf `xtrkvksfr l`v`rë s`r kprfv`dtklf pkrk k gfjstruéçf lf gfrpf lk nkrrki`c.

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dcpfrtîjgdk jk @ji`jekrdk  \flk fnrk l` `ji`jekrdk t`c p`mf c`jfs pkrt` l` suk `struturk `c gfjtktf gfc rfgeks fu sfmfs. Gfje`g`r ks gfjldéð`s i`fm÷idgks lf mfgkm jf qukm s`rë djs`rdlk uck nkrrki`c, pfr `x`cpmf, pfssdndmdtk uc prfo`tf `x`gutklf l` bfrck ckds `bdgd`jt` `c vërdfs ksp`gtfs. Gkn` kf i`÷mfif bkz`r fs m`vkjtkc`jtfs ` tflk k djv`stdikéçf j`g`ssërdk pkrk trkz`r kf `ji`je`drf k jktur`zk ` k sdtukéçf l`ss`s t`rr`jfs. K fnrk dl`km ä kqu`mk qu` t`jek t`cpf l` `x`guéçf r`luzdlf, ` gfjs`qu`jt`c`jt`, s`us gustfs tkcnäc. Ikrkjtdr k suk s`iurkjék pkrk qu` jçf kgfjt`ékc l`skstr`s jf buturf ` k pr`s`rvkéçf (fu cãjdcf l`sikst` pfssãv`m) lf c`df kcnd`jt` sçf dt`js diukmc`jt` gfjsdl`rklfs `c uc prfo`tf. Jçf nkstk sfc`jt`, gfcf qu`r`c kmiujs prfbdssdfjkds, k klféçf l` gf`bdgd`jt`s l` s`iurkjék ckds kmtfs, pfds `ssk c`ldlk dcpmdgk `c fnrks ckds gkrks, prfvkv`mc`jt` ckds l`cfrklks `, gmkrf, c`jfs gfcp`tdtdvks. K vdlk l` uck fnrk l` nkrrkc`jtf djdgdk-s` gfc f prfo`tf lk fnrk, pksskjlf p`mk gfjstruéçf ;.

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DJ\^FLPÉÇF? 

 K `sgkss`z l` ëiuk jk r`idçf lf s`cd-ërdlf s` gfjstdtud juc irkjl` fnstëgumf è p`rckjïjgdk euckjk jf c`df rurkm. Pck kmt`rjktdvk pkrk `ss` prfnm`ck ä k gfjstruéçf lks Nkrrki`js Wunt`rrîj`ks (NW—s). K tägjdgk ä r`mktdvkc`jt` sdcpm`s, gfjsdst` `c gkptkr ` krckz`jkr k ëiuk lk geuvk jf p`rbdm lf sfmf pfr c`df l` uck ―pkr`l`— dcp`rc`ëv`m trkjsv`rskm kf l`smfgkc`jtf lk ëiuk. L` nkdxf gustf, `ssk t`gjfmfidk t`c ldv`rsdbdgklf f sdst`ck kirãgfmk, ` gfjs`qu`jt`c`jt`, c`mefrk lk qukmdlkl` kmdc`jtkr lk bkcãmdk. Gfc f fno`tdvf l` kvkmdkr ks gfjldéð`s s÷gdf-`gfjücdgks s÷gdf-`gfjücdgks lks bkcãmdks qu` ldspð`c lks NW—s, bkz-s` bkz-s` j`g`ssërdf tkcnäc `stulkr k ldv`rsdbdgkéçf l` gumtdvf ` prfluéçf kirãgfmk. @ssk `xp`rdïjgdk r`mktklk kqud pr`t`jl` cfstrkr gfcf ä pfssãv`m grdkr gfjldéð`s l` gfjvdvïjgdk gfc f s`cd-ërdlf, t`jlf pfr nks` k gfjstruéçf l` nkrrki`js sunt`rrîj`ks.  C@\FLFMFIDK? 

@st` trknkmef t`v` gfcf prdjgdpkm bfjt` f Djstdtutf Kirüjfcf l` X`rjkcnugf ‗ X`rjkcnugf ‗ DXK,  DXK, jf qukm bfd pfssãv`m bkz`r kjëmds`s qukjtdtktdvks ` qukmdtktdvks lks NW—s `xdst`jt`s jf cujdgãpdf l` X`lrk, mfgkmdzklf jf Kir`st` p`rjkcnugkjf, jk cdgrfrr`idçf lf Rkm` lf Dpkj`ck, ldstkjt` >00 Ac lk gkpdtkm. Bfrkc r`gfmedlfs ckt`rdkds dgfjfirëbdgfs ` r`kmdzklks vdsdtks ”dj mfgf– jk qukm bfd fns`rvklf quktrf NW—s, s`jlf pfssãv`m kjkmdskr fs lklfs fntdlfs ` l`mdj`kr fs r`sumtk r`sumtklfs lfs vdstfs `c gkcpf. ^@WPM\KLFW? 

 Ks NW—s bfrkc gfjstruãlks, gfjstruãlks, k prdfrd, pkrk fb`r`g`r k pfs pfssdndmdlkl` sdndmdlkl` l` uck kmdc`jtkéçf kmdc`jtkéçf ckds kl`quklk ès bkcãmdks `c äpfgk l` s`gk, cks t`c surpr``jldlf p`mf s`u pft`jgdkm l` kprfv`dtkc`jtf. @mks pfl`c bfrj`g`r ëiuk pkrk usf lfcästdgf, gfjsucf kjdckm ` ktä drrdikéçf. @ssks fnrks sfckc ckds l` 088 ujdlkl`s jf s`cd-ërdlf p`rjkcnugkjf. Ä bujlkc`jtkm, kjt`s l` gfjstrudr uck nkrrki`c sunt`rrîj`k, g`rtdbdgkr-s` lk qukmdlkl` lk ëiuk lf rdkgef ` lf sfmf gdrgujlkjt` pkrk jçf kpr`s`jtkr prfnm`cks l` skmdjdlkl`, qu` ä f prdjgdpkm djldgklfr. F futrf, jçf

 

  c`jfs dcpfrtkjt`, ldz r`sp`dtf kf cflf l` gfjstruéçf lks NW—s, qu` pfl` s`r c`gkjdzklk fu ckjukm. F gustf vkrdk `jtr` ^$ 088, s` bfr ckjukm, uskjlf k cçf-l`-fnrk bkcdmdkr ` lkjlf `cpr`if t`cpfrërdf, ktä ^$ 2 cdm, s` bfr c`gkjdzklk. Fs r`sumtklfs l`cfjstrkc tkjtf k `xpmfrkéçf l` gumturks kjukds, tkds gfcf cdmef, b`doçf, sfrif, gfcf tkcnäc gumturks p`r`j`s? ckjik, irkvdfmk, mdcçf, ifdknk, kg`rfmk. Xkrk k grdkéçf l` kjdckds, bdgfu gfjstktklf qu` ä c`mefr ”grdkr kjdckds qu` n`nkc pfugk ëiuk–, gfcf kbdrck uc grdklfr l` ikmdjeks. Kjdckds l` c`jfr pfrt` gfjsfc`c c`jfs ëiuk. \flfs `ss`s bktfr`s `m`vkc k qukmdlkl` l` vdlk lk bkcãmdk jf s`cdërdlf, s`c qu` s` cfstr`c j`g`ssërdks gfjstruéð` gfjstruéð`ss l` c`ik nkrrki`js `/fu trkjspfsdéð`s.  GFJGMPWÇF? 

 Kjt` f `xpfstf, v`rdbdgk-s` v`rdbdgk-s` qu` `xdst`c l ldb`r`jt`s db`r`jt`s kmt`rjktdvks kmt`rjktdvks p pkrk krk k grdkéçf ` k `xpmfrkéçf l` r`s`rvks eãlrdgks jk r`idçf lf s`cd-ërdlf. s`cd-ërdlf. K gfjstruéçf l` NW—s, `c gfjldéð`s bkvfrëv`ds, pfl` s`r k skmvkéçf l` cdmekr`s l` bkcãmdks. Ldkjt` ldssf, `ss` `stulf v`c prfpfr qu` k nkrrki`c sunt`rrîj`k gfjstdtuk uck kmt`rjktdvk è gkptkéçf l` ëiuk, l` bfrck qu` djgr`c`jt` k prflutdvdlkl` kirãgfmk, n`c gfcf v`c prfpfr k p`rckjïjgdk lf efc`c jf gkcpf gfc gfjldéð`s ldijks pkrk k suk sfnr`vdvïjgdk. 

K s`iurkjék lks nkrrki`js nrksdm`drks  ;0 l` oujef l` >884  >884  27

Ks fnrks l` `ji`jekrdk l`v`c s`cpr` gfjsdl`rkr fs `b`dtfs l` geuvks djt`jsks. @ ks nkrrki`js jçf sçf `xg`éð`s CKDW PCK v`z k `ji`jekrdk nrksdm`drk s` vdu ldkjt` l` uck trkiäldk. Kifrk bfd f rfcpdc`jtf lk nkrrki`c l` Kmiflð`s, jf Xdkuã, `c >9/0. L`sl` f kjf pkssklf, Kmiflð`s `rk uck nkrrki`c lf`jt`, qu` kpr`s`jtkvk prfnm`cks särdfs. Fs r`spfjsëv`ds l`cfrkrkc jf ldkij÷stdgf ` sun`stdckrkc k lf`jék. F r`cäldf v`df brkgf ` tkrldf. Gfc k gfjbdrckéçf l`

 

  p`mf c`jfs s`t` p`ssfks cfrtks, `ss` bfd f ckdfr kgdl`jt` gfc nkrrki`js oë

r`idstrklf jf pkãs. Ckds uck v`z k geuvk bfd rkpdlkc`jt` kpfjtklk gfcf k gumpklk p`mfs ifv`rjkjt`s, p`mfs r`spfjsëv`ds ` p`mfs drr`spfjsëv`ds. F rfcpdc`jtf lk nkrrki`c ` k djujlkéçf r`sumtkjt` bfrkc gmkssdbdgklfs gfcf sÿndtfs fu dj`sp`rklfs. Wçf kriuc`jtfs qu` jçf s` sust`jtkc qukjlf kvkmdklfs gfc uc cãjdcf l` s`rd`lkl`. Ks fnrks l` `ji`jekrdk l`v`c s`cpr` gfjsdl`rkr fs `b`dtfs l` geuvks djt`jsks. @ ks nkrrki`js jçf sçf `xg`éð`s. X`mf gfjtrërdf, sçf prfo`tklks pkrk r`sdstdr è pdfr djujlkéçf pr`vdstk pkrk kgfjt`g`r `c cdmekr`s l` kjfs. Kjukmc`jt`, cudtks nkrrki`js rfcp`c jf pkãs. @c r`ujdçf tägjdgk r`kmdzklk jk KJK (Kiïjgdk Jkgdfjkm l` Ëiuks), efrks kjt`s lk trkiäldk lf Xdkuã, bkmfu-s` `c 588 kgdl`jt`s fu djgdl`jt`s gfc nkrrki`js nrksdm`drks jfs ÿmtdcfs fdtf kjfs. Fu s`ok, `c cäldk, k gklk trïs fu quktrf ldks, uck nkrrki`c kpr`s`jtk irkv`s prfnm`cks jf Nrksdm. K irkjl` ckdfrdk s`c ldvumikéçf jk cãldk jkgdfjkm. J`ss` g`jërdf kmkrckjt`, gfc k pfpumkéçf pksskjlf k t`c`r ks nkrrki`js, pfl` pkr`g`r gfjtrkldt÷rdf kbdrckr qu` k jfssk `ji`jekrdk l` nkrrki`js ä uck lks ckds gfjg`dtuklks lf cujlf. Wkn`cfs prfo`tkr ` gfjstrudr nkrrki`js s`iurks, gfc t`gjfmfidk qu` jklk bdgk k l`v`r k j`jeuc pkãs. K gumpk l`ss`s djÿc`rfs kgdl`jt`s pfl` s`r ktrdnuãlk è cë i`stçf. @xdst`c efo` jf Nrksdm g`jt`jks l` nkrrki`js s`c lfjf, s`c uc r`spfjsëv`m prdvklf fu ifv`rjkc`jtkm. G`jt`jks l` nkrrki`js knkjlfjklks, s`c vdstfrdks, s`c kvkmdkéçf, s`c cfjdtfrkc`jtf, s`c ckjut`jéçf. Xr`gdskcfs uri`jt`c`jt` r`iumkc`jtkr k s`iurkjék lks nkrrki`js. Jf Nrksdm, pfmãtdgfs ` ifv`rjkjt`s jçf lçf dcpfrtîjgdk è i`stçf lks nkrrki`js. W` l`ss`c, oë t`rdkc kprfvklf uc prfo`tf l` m`d sfnr` f kssujtf (XM ;;5;/87), qu` trkcdtk eë kjfs ` s`c pr`ssk jk Gîckrk lfs L`putklfs. W`iurkjék l` nkrrki`js t`c sdlf t`ck br`qu`jt` l` `jgfjtrfs tägjdgfs jf Nrksdm, r`ujdjlf fs ckdfr`s `sp`gdkmdstks jkgdfjkds ` `strkji`drfs. Gfcf r`sumtklf, `c l`z`cnrf l` >885, luks trkldgdfjkds `jtdlkl`s lk jfssk `ji`jekrdk, f GNLN (Gfcdtï Nrksdm`drf l`

 

  Nkrrki`js) ` k KNCW (Kssfgdkéçf Nrksdm`drk l` C`gîjdgk lfs Wfmfs `

@ji`jekrdk I`ftägjdgk), mkjékrkc uck gkrtk kn`rtk, gfc r`gfc`jlkéð`s r`m`vkjt`s sfnr` f kssujtf. K grdkéçf l` uc ÷riçf `sp`gãbdgf, tkm gfcf uck gfcdssçf b`l`rkm sfnr` s`iurkjék l` nkrrki`js, ä l` `xtr`ck dcpfrtîjgdk pkrk l`bdjdr r`spfjskndmdlkl`s ` dcpmkjtkr prfg`ldc`jtfs pklrfjdzklfs. Ä kssdc jfs prdjgdpkds pkãs`s l`s`jvfmvdlfs. Pc nfc `x`cpmf v`c l` Cdjks I`rkds. Kp÷s k ruãjk lk nkrrki`c lk Cdj`rkéçf ^df R`rl`, `c >88;, k pr`ssçf lk sfgd`lkl` m`vfu k W`gr`tkrdk lf C`df Kcnd`jt` k dcpmkjtkr uc prfirkck `stklukm l` s`iurkjék. Bfrkc `stkn`m`gdlfs fs r`qudsdtfs pkrk k gfjg`ssçf ` k r`jfvkéçf l` mdg`jéks lks nkrrki`js l` cdj`rklfrks gmkssdbdgklks gfc ckdfr pft`jgdkm l` lkjf. Fs prfprd`tërdfs l`v`c kpr`s`jtkr uc pmkjf l` kéð`s `c`ri`jgdkds, l`mdcdtkjlf k ër`k kb`tklk jf gksf l` `v`jtukm rfcpdc`jtf. @ l`v`c kdjlk kpr`s`jtkr kjukmc`jt` uc r`mkt÷rdf l` s`iurkjék, `cdtdlf pfr `sp`gdkmdstk djl`p`jl`jt`. F ÷riçf kcnd`jtkm t`c pfl`r pkrk j`ikr k mdg`jék s` fs r`qudsdtfs jçf bfr`c kt`jldlfs. Jf gksf l` Kmiflð`s, k `c`riïjgdk bfrk kjujgdklk jf djãgdf l` ckdf, qukjlf cdmekr`s l` r`sdl`jt`s bfrkc r`cfvdlfs lks ër`ks k ouskjt` lk nkrrki`c. K l`gdsçf sfnr` f `v`jtukm r`tfrjf lks bkcãmdks jçf pfl`rdk s`r tfcklk `c kcnd`jt` l` pr`ssð`s sfgdkds ` pfmãtdgks. K sdtukéçf r`qu`rdk uck kvkmdkéçf `sp`gdkmdzklk, `sp`gdkmdzklk, gfc uc pkdj`m djl`p`jl`jt` l` tägjdgfs. Jk ër`k lk skÿl`, uck `c`riïjgdk sfnr` pkjl`cdk ä tfcklk `c r`ujdçf l` cäldgfs `sp`gdkmdzklfs. Jk Oustdék, ks l`gdsð`s sçf tfcklks pfr ckidstrklfs ` ouãz`s. Cks k jfssk `ji`jekrdk kjlk c`scf s`c pr`stãidf? k l`gdsçf sfnr` f rdsgf l` rupturk lk nkrrki`c Kmiflð`s bfd tfcklk pfr uc `ji`je`drf g`rgklf l` pfmãtdgfs, nfcn`drfs ` m`difs. Ks vdlks lfs cfrklfr`s bfrkc l`gdldlks juck r`ujdçf l` bujlf pfmãtdgf. K sdtukéçf lk s`iurkjék lks nkrrki`js p`rckj`g` djl`bdjdlk. Ks kutfrdlkl`s pr`gdskc s` s`jsdndmdzkr pkrk jçf r`p`tdr `rrfs. \kmv`z k irkjl` trkiäldk l` Kmiflð`s pfssk kf c`jfs gfjtrdnudr pkrk r`v`rt`r k sdtukéçf. F gfje`gdc`jtf sfnr` ks dcpmdgkéð`s lf krckz`jkc`jtf l` cdmeð`s l`

tfj`mklks l` r`o`dtfs `c nkrrki`js, prdjgdpkmc`jt` k mfjif prkzf, kdjlk jçf

 

 

sçf pm`jfs. K gfjstruéçf l` irkjl`s nkrrki`js l` r`o`dtfs t`c sdlf b`dtk eë ckds l` uc sägumf, ` `ssks `struturks r`qu`r`c k ckjut`jéçf lk suk djt`irdlkl` `c p`rp`tudlkl`. Xfräc, kp`jks uc p`rãflf r`mktdvkc`jt` gurtf l` suk `xdstïjgdk ` l`s`cp`jef t`c sdlf `stulklf.  Ks t`gjfmfidks pkrk prfo`tf ` gfjstruéçf kvkjékc l` bfrck gfjstkjt` lurkjt` f t`cpf, prdjgdpkmc`jt` cftdvklks pfr bkmeks l` nkrrki`js qu` sdjkmdzkc k j`g`ssdlkl` l` uck kjëmds` ckds prfbujlk, n`c gfcf k r`qudsdéçf l` pr`cdssks ckds gfjs`rvklfrks pkrk prfo`tfs. F `m`vklf jÿc`rf l` kgdl`jt`s l` nkrrki`js, l` irkjl` ckijdtul`, fgfrrdlfs jfs ÿmtdcfs kjfs, prdjgdpkmc`jt` `c r`mkéçf ks `struturks l` cdj`rkéçf, jfs r`c`t` k qu`stð`s kssfgdklks k djv`stdikéçf l`stks bkmeks. Jfs gksfs edst÷rdgfs, t`c-s` f rfcpdc`jtf `c ;452 lk nkrrki`c l` r`o`dtfs lk Cdjk l` B`rjkjldjef (Dtkndrdtf) qu` r`sumtfu jk cfrt` l` s`t` p`ssfks. Kdjlk jk grfjfmfidk lfs irkjl`s kgdl`jt`s, l`stkgk-s` k Nkrrki`c lk Cdj`rkéçf ^df R`rl` (Ckgkgfs ‗ (Ckgkgfs ‗ Jfvk  Jfvk Mdck) `c >88;, `c uck ër`k l` 8 l` ckréf l` >887, k nkrrki`c l` uc lfs r`s`rvkt÷rdfs lk Djlÿstrdk Gktkiuks`s l` Xkp`m s` rfcp`u, rfc p`u, mdn`rkjlf g`rgk l` ;,< ndmeð`s l` mdtrfs l` mdxãvdk jf g÷rr`if ^df Xfcnk ` bkz`jlf gfc qu` k B@KC dcpmkjtkss` f sdst`ck l` bdsgkmdzkéçf l` nkrrki`js jf @stklf. @c Cdrkã, jk _fjk lk Cktk, uck nkrrki`c lk cdj`rklfrk ^df Xfcnk Gktkiuks`s s` rfcp`u `c >889, r`sumtkjlf `c 8;8;0, f rfcpdc`jtf lk Nkrrki`c lk Wkckrgf, `c Ckrdkjk, gfc k prfpkikéçf l` 2> cdmeð`s l` c 7 l` r`o`dtfs ` k l`strudéçf tftkm lf Ldstrdtf l` N`jtf ^flrdiu`s. Jf g`jërdf Djt`rjkgdfjkm, gdtk-s` `c >8;8, f rfcpdc`jtf lf r`s`rvkt÷rdf l` mdxf t÷xdgf lk prfluéçf l` kmucãjdf jk Eujirdk, jf M`st` @urfp`u, gfc k cfrt` l` quktrf p`ssfks. K Gedjk r`idstrfu djÿc`rfs kgdl`jt`s l`ssk jktur`zk

 

 

jfs ÿmtdcfs kjfs, gfc ckds l` luz`jtks cfrt`s, s`jlf qu` k ckdfrdk `stë kssfgdklk kfs `b`dtfs lk mdqu`bkéçf `c bujéçf lf irkjl` jÿc`rf l` tr`cfr`s l` t`rrk. F m`vkjtkc`jtf `b`tuklf `c >8;< p`mf DGFML lks rupturks l` nkrrki`js fgfrrdlks `jtr` fs kjfs l` ;4;0 k >8;;, gfjsdl`rk ks rupturks l` nkrrki`js `c gdjgf gkt`ifrdks, gfcf pfl` s`r vdstf jk \kn`mk ; s`jlf? • (;) ^upturks cudtf irkv`s l` nkrrki`js l` r`o`dtfs, gfc p`rlks l` vdlk l` kprfxdcklkc`jt` >8 p`ssfks `/fu l`rrkckc`jtf diukm fu sup`rdfr k ;.888.888c7 l` s`cd-s÷mdlfs `/fu lkjfs `c >8ac fu ckds. • (>) ^upturks irkv`s l` nkrrki`js l` r`o`dtfs, gfc p`rlks l` vdlk `/fu l`rrkckc`jtf diukm fu sup`rdfr k ;88.888c 7 l` s`cd-s÷mdlfs `/fu lkjfs `c >8ac fu ckds. • (7) L`ckds tdpfs l` rupturks l` nkrrki`js l` r`o`dtfs, gfc bkmeks l` `ji`jekrdk fu l` prfg`ssf, qu` pfl`c s`r gmkssdbdgklks gfcf cudtf irkv` i rkv` fu irkv`, s`c p`rlks l` vdlk. •  ( fu 7. • (0) Futrfs tdpfs l` kgdl`jt`s jçf r`mkgdfjklfs k r`o`dtfs fu l` gkusks l`sgfje`gdlks, tkds gfcf ëiuks sunt`rrîj`ks, bujlkéçf, `tg. \kn`mk ; ‗ ^upturks l` nkrrki`js l` r`o`dtf `jtr` ;4;0 ` >8;< (DGFML>8;25 rupturks gklkstrklks, 7>% r`b`r`-s` k kmt`kc`jtfs l` cfjtkjt` (59 `struturks) `, l`st` p`rg`jtukm, g`rgk l` >>% s`c djldgkéçf l` p`rlks l` vdlk euckjk. @jtr`tkjtf, t`c-s` uc tftkm l` ;;8 `struturks qu` jçf kpr`s`jtkc `ss` tdpf l` djbfrckéçf, fu s`ok, . 

 

 

\kn`mk > ‗ ^upturks `c bujéçf lf tdpf l` kmt`kc`jtf  Ks rupturks l` nkrrki`c jçf `stçf mdcdtklks k tägjdgks kjtdiks ` gfjs`rvklfrks fu pkrk pkãs`s gfc `b`tdvf gfjtrfm` jk r`iumkc`jtkéçf. K ckdfrdk lks bkmeks jks nkrrki`js l` r`o`dtf fgfrr`c `c cdjks `c fp`rkéçf, s`jlf qu` 88;), kf mfjif l` uck `stdcktdvk l` vdlk l` ;8.888 kjfs, qu` ä uck `stdcktdvk gfjs`rvklfrk pkrk ikrkjtdk lk djt`irdlkl` l` uck `struturk, tïc-s` uck gekjg` l`sprfpfrgdfjkm l` fgfrrïjgdk l` bkmeks bkg` k `m`vkéçf lf jÿc`rf l` `struturks. @jtr`tkjtf, `ssk p`rdfldgdlkl` ä r`m`vkjt` s` gfjsdl`rklf f bktf l` qu` fs kvkjéfs t`gjfm÷idgfs pkrk c`tflfmfidks l` ldspfsdéçf fgfrr`c k tflf cfc`jtf, gfrrdidjlf ` cdjdcdzkjlf jfvks bkmeks. Fu s`ok, c`scf gfc f klv`jtf ` dcpm`c`jtkéçf l` jfvks t`gjfmfidks, fs kgdl`jt`s gfjtdjukc k fgfrr`r jk c`sck prfpfréçf, f qu` jfs m`vk k gr`r qu` jçf sfc`jt` uc nfc prfo`tf ikrkjtdrë k djt`irdlkl` lks `struturks, l`v`jlf s`r gfjsdl`rklfs futrfs bktfr`s pkrk k vdlk ÿtdm lf `cpr``jldc`jtf.

 

  @c r`mkéçf k `ss`s bktfr`s, pfl`-s` gdtkr uck gfjsdst`jt` gkcpkjek l` djv`stdikéçf i`fm÷idgf-i`ftägjdgk pkrk sunsdldkr f prfo`tf ` pfssãv`ds djt`rv`jéð`s lurkjt` k fp`rkéçf, kgfcpkjekc`jtf lks c`tflfmfidks gfjstrutdvks klftklks, klféçf l` pmkjfs `b`tdvfs l` cfjdtfrkc`jtf ` ckjut`jéçf, prfg`ssfs l` fp`rkéçf gfjldz`jt`s gfc f qu` bfd gfjsdl`rklf jf prfo`tf, bdsgkmdzkéçf djgdsdvk ` gfrr`tdvk, l`jtr` futrfs. Oë sçf ;0 kjfs l`sl` qu` f DGFML djdgdfu fs trknkmefs pkrk djv`stdikéçf l` tägjdgks gfjstrutdvks ` prëtdgks fp`rkgdfjkds l` nkrrki`js l` r`o`dtfs jk rupturk, s`jlf qu` k tkxk l` bkmeks pfr kjf t`c s` ckjtdlf gfjstkjt`. F ikmikc`jtf l` uck nkrrki`c ä, i`rkmc`jt`, f pr`gursfr l` uc `v`jtf l` rupturk ` pfl` s`r frdidjklf `c bujéçf l` uc prfo`tf djkl`quklf lf sdst`ck `xtrkvksfr, nmfqu`df lfs v`rt`lfurfs fu l`gräsgdcf lk grdstk lk nkrrki`c `/fu nfrlk mdvr`. Fs prfnm`cks kssfgdklfs k bujlkéçf, djgmudjlf k djstkndmdlkl` i`ftägjdgk lf ckgdéf, tkcnäc sçf cflfs l` bkmek r`gfrr`jt`s, kssdc gfcf k `rfsçf djt`rjk gkusklk pfr djbdmtrkéçf, l`jfcdjklk pdpdji , ` fs l`slfnrkc`jtfs lk mdqu`bkéçf lfs r`o`dtfs. Kdjlk pfl`-s` kssfgdkr fs cflfs l` rupturk k prfnm`cks `struturkds r`mkgdfjklfs k utdmdzkéçf djkl`quklk l` ckt`rdkds l` gfjstruéçf, n`c gfcf k `stdcktdvk djkl`quklk lfs pkrîc`trfs l` r`sdstïjgdk ` bkmeks jf sdst`ck l` ckjut`jéçf. F prfo`tf ` k gfjstruéçf l` uck nkrrki`c jçf sçf fs ÿjdgfs pfjtfs l` kt`jéçf jk ikrkjtdk l` `stkndmdlkl` l` uck `struturk, l`v`jlf ekv`r uc rãidlf gfjtrfm` l` fp`rkéçf, ckjut`jéçf ` bdsgkmdzkéçf lurkjt` tflk k vdlk ÿtdm lf `cpr``jldc`jtf. L` kgfrlf gfc fs m`vkjtkc`jtfs ` `stulfs r`kmdzklfs, ks prdjgdpkds gfjgmusð`s `c r`mkéçf ks gkusks ckds prfvëv`ds l` rupturks sçf pfjtfs qu` l`v`c s`r fns`rvklfs pkrk ikrkjtdk lk djt`irdlkl` ` `stkndmdlkl` l` uck `struturk, tkds gfcf? •  Gkusks kssfgdklks k j`imdiïjgdk lfs l`tkmekc`jtfs, tkm gfcf tkxks l` kmt`kc`jtf cudtf `m`vklks (djgmusdv` gfcpkgtkéçf lks gkcklks), culkjéks `c `qudp`s l` gfjstruéçf ` fp`rkéçf, umtrkpksski`c lks kmturks l` prfo`tf, culkjék jks prfprd`lkl`s lfs r`o`dtfs lurkjt` k fp`rkéçf ` k kusïjgdk l` uc nkmkjéf eãlrdgf grdt`rdfsf jk pr`v`jéçf lfs ikmikc`jtfs1 • F gfje`gdc`jtf tägjdgf `xdst` pkrk p`rcdtdr qu` ks nkrrki`js s`okc gfjstruãlks ` ckjtdlks k `stkndmdlkl`, cks rupturks fgfrr`c gfc br`quïjgdk `c

 

  bujéçf l` bkmeks l` dcpmkjtkéçf `, prdjgdpkmc`jt`, fp`rkéçf ` ckjut`jéçf lks `struturks1 • K prfpfréçf l` rupturks t`c s` ckjtdlf k gklk kjf c`scf gfc fs kvkjéfs t`gjfm÷idgfs, fu s`ok, jçf t`c sdlf lklk k l`vdlk dcpfrtîjgdk k i`stçf s`iurk lks nkrrki`js jf qu` ldz r`sp`dtf è ckjut`jéçf c kjut`jéçf ` bdsgkmdzkéçf lks `struturks1 • K djlÿstrdk lk cdj`rkéçf fp`rk gfc f fno`tdvf gfjstkjt` l` r`luéçf l` gustfs, uck v`z qu` ä p`rg`ptãv`m fs kjs`dfs l` r`tfrjf sfnr` f gkpdtkm djv`stdlf bkg` k r`luéçf lfs pr`éfs l` v`jlk lfs cdjärdfs. Kldgdfjk-s` k dssf k utdmdzkéçf l` prfbdssdfjkds gklk v`z c`jfs `xp`rd`jt`s, gfc ekndmdlkl`s tägjdgks ` fp`rkgdfjkds jçf tçf kpurklks. Fs r`mkt÷rdfs sfnr` ks rupturks `c nkrrki`js l` r`o`dtf sçf, i`rkmc`jt`, djgfcpm`tfs ` bfrt`c`jt` t`jl`jgdfsfs, jçf m`vkjlf `c gfjsdl`rkéçf k nks` l` lklfs cujldkm lfs tdpfs l` bkmeks edst÷rdgks. K ckdfrdk lfs djgdl`jt`s `c nkrrki`js p`rckj`g`c jçf l`gmkrklfs, `sp`gdkmc`jt` jfs pkãs`s `c l`s`jvfmvdc`jtf, uck v`z qu`, kp`skr lf `jt`jldc`jtf tägjdgf sfnr` fs c`gkjdscfs nësdgfs l` rupturk, k tkxk l` rupturks pfr kjf s` ckjtäc.  Ks mdéð`s kpr`jldlks, prdjgdpkmc`jt` gfc gfc ks rupturks, gfjsdst gfjsdst`c `c `c uck nks` l` lklfs `ss`jgdkm jf `jt`jldc`jtf lf bujgdfjkc`jtf k mfjif prkzf lks nkrrki`js l` r`o`dtf. @st` t`xtf kjkmdsk k klféçf l` prfg`ldc`jtfs l` mdg`jgdkc`jtf kcnd`jtkm jf Nrksdm, jk Ãjldk ` jk Gedjk `c uck ër`k grãtdgk pkrk k kcndéçf l`s`jvfmvdc`jtdstk l`ss`s pkãs`s? k l` gfjstruéçf l` nkrrki`js ` i`rkéçf l` djbrk`struturk edlr`mätrdgk. Xkrk tkjtf, ` k pkrtdr l` kjëmds` ndnmdfirëbdgk ` lfguc`jtkm, sçf kpr`s`jtklks gkrkgt`rãstdgks lfs prfg`ssfs l` mdg`jgdkc`jtf kcnd`jtkm l` trïs `cpr``jldc`jtfs djt`rjkgdfjkmc`jt` gfje`gdlfs pfr s`us irkjl`s pft`jgdkds edlr`mätrdgfs ` tkcnäc pfr s`us dcpkgtfs sfgdfkcnd`jtkds? k usdjk edlr`mätrdgk l` N`mf Cfjt`, jf Nrksdm1 f gfcpm`xf edlr`mätrdgf lf rdf Ju, jk Gedjk1 ` k nkrrki`c l` Wkrlkr Wkrfvkr, jk Ãjldk. \`jlf `c vdstk k klféçf lf djstruc`jtf l` mdg`jgdkc`jtf kcnd`jtkm  ‗ n`c  ‗ n`c gfcf gkrkgt`rãstdgks s`c`mekjt`s qu` klvïc lk gfjldéçf l` pkãs`s `c`ri`jt`s ` irkjl`s pftïjgdks edlr`mätrdgks  ‗  ‗,, ä pfssãv`m dl`jtdbdgkr sdcdmdtul`s jk fp`rkéçf l`st` djstruc`jtf l` i`stçf kcnd`jtkm. Jçf fnstkjt`, p`gumdkrdlkl`s jkgdfjkds bkz`c gfc qu` `ss`s prfg`ssfs kssuckc uc gkrët`r ÿjdgf, ckrgklf p`mks ldstdjéð`s jk

 

  gfjbdiurkéçf lf @stklf, jfs pklrð`s l` djt`rkéçf `jtr` kiïjgdks ifv`rjkc`jtkds ` jks bfrcks l` kéçf lk sfgd`lkl` gdvdm frikjdzklk.  frikjdzklk.   Kp`skr l` pfssuãr`c gumturk, `gfjfcdk ` sdst`cks pfmãtdgfs nkstkjt` ldb`r`jt`s, Nrksdm, Gedjk ` Ãjldk tïc sdlf trktklfs gfcf pkrt` l` uc c`scf nmfgf. Fs trïs pkãs`s bkz`c pkrt` lf irupf l`jfcdjklf N^DGW; ` sçf kpfjtklfs gfcf `gfjfcdks gfc sdijdbdgktdvf gr`sgdc`jtf `gfjücdgf, qu` t`jl`c k kuc`jtkr s`u prftkifjdscf jf g`jërdf djt`rjkgdfjkm. Gfjbfrc` s`rdk `sp`rklf, `st` gr`sgdc`jtf rëpdlf s` bkz è gustk lf usf l` r`gursfs jkturkds, f qu` pfl` i`rkr dcpkgtfs sdijdbdgktdvfs jf c`df ndfbãsdgf. @c rkzçf ldssf, kf c`scf t`cpf `c qu` ks pr`ssð`s sfnr` r`gursfs jkturkds kuc`jtkc, k nusgk pfr prftkifjdscf djt`rjkgdfjkm tkcnäc l`ckjlk  ‗  ‗   kf c`jfs bfrckmc`jt`  ‗  ‗   qu` `ss`s pkãs`s s` gfcprfc`tkc gfc r`iumkéð`s, pfmãtdgks ` djstruc`jtfs l` i`stçf kcnd`jtkm djt`rjkgdfjkmc`jt` `stkn`m`gdlfs, gfcf ä f gksf lfs prfg`ldc`jtfs l` mdg`jgdkc`jtf kcnd`jtkm. @c i`stçf kcnd`jtkm, f prfg`ssf l` `cumkéçf l` nfks prëtdgks ä g`jtrkm. Ä gfcuc qu` uc prfirkck, uc prfo`tf fu uc djstruc`jtf l` i`stçf gfjsdl`rklf n`c-sug`ldlf `c suk frdi`c s`ok ldss`cdjklf ` r`pmdgklf `c futrfs gfjt`xtfs, jk t`jtktdvk l` r`prfluéçf l` s`us r`sumtklfs (Bfjs`gk ` Nursztyj, >8841 Cdmkj`z ` Nýers, >884). F prfg`ssf l` `cumkéçf t`c sdijdbdgktdvf kmgkjg` jf jãv`m djt`rjkgdfjkm, ` pfmãtdgks kcnd`jtkds l` pkãs`s `c`ri`jt`s br`qu`jt`c`jt` sçf nks`klks `c suks gfjiïj`r`s frdidjklks `c pkãs`s l`s`jvfmvdlfs. Kssdc, k klféçf l` prfg`ldc`jtfs l` mdg`jgdkc`jtf kcnd`jtkm pfr pkãs`s `c`ri`jt`s ä kcpmkc`jt` ldss`cdjklk k pkrtdr lfs kjfs l` ;458, sfn pr`ssçf djdgdklk `c îcndtf djt`rjkgdfjkm pfr ifv`rjfs l` pkãs`s l`s`jvfmvdlfs, kiïjgdks cumtdmkt`rkds ‗ cumtdmkt`rkds  ‗ tkds  tkds gfcf f Nkjgf Cujldkm (Lrka` `t km., >88>1 Wkjtdsf, >88;)  ‗  ‗   ` pfr frikjdzkéð`s lk sfgd`lkl` gdvdm l` kmgkjg` djt`rjkgdfjkm. @st` `stulf kjkmdsk k klféçf l` prfg`ldc`jtfs l` mdg`jgdkc`jtf kcnd`jtkm jf Nrksdm, jk Ãjldk ` jk Gedjk `c uck ër`k grãtdgk pkrk k kcndéçf l`s`jvfmvdc`jtdstk l`ss`s pkãs`s, tkjtf jf qukjtdtktdvf l` suk utdmdzkéçf, qukjtf jfs gfjbmdtfs kcnd`jtkds i`rklfs? k l` gfjstruéçf l` nkrrki`js ` i`rkéçf l` djbrk`struturk edlr`mätrdgk. Xkrk tkjtf, ` k pkrtdr l` kjëmds` ndnmdfirëbdgk ` lfguc`jtkm, s`rçf kpr`s`jtklks gkrkgt`rãstdgks lfs prfg`ssfs l` mdg`jgdkc`jtf kcnd`jtkm l` trïs `cpr``jldc`jtfs djt`rjkgdfjkmc`jt`  djt`rjkgdfjkmc`jt` 

 

  gfje`gdlfs pfr s`us irkjl`s pft`jgdkds edlr`mätrdgfs ` tkcnäc pfr s`us dcpkgtfs sfgdfkcnd`jtkds? k usdjk edlr`mätrdgk l` N`mf Cfjt`, jf Nrksdm1 f gfcpm`xf edlr`mätrdgf lf rdf Ju, jk Gedjk1 ` k nkrrki`c l` Wkrlkr Wkrfvkr, jk Ãjldk. Gfcf f fno`tdvf l`st` krtdif ä dl`jtdbdgkr ks p`gumdkrdlkl`s jkgdfjkds jk klféçf l` uc djstruc`jtf l` i`stçf kcnd`jtkm djt`rjkgdfjkmc`jt` `stkn`m`gdlf, k p`squdsk jçf bfgkrë jks p`gumdkrdlkl`s m`ikds fu bfrckds lf mdg`jgdkc`jtf. F fno`tdvf ä kpfjtkr  ‗   ‗  kdjlk qu` l` bfrck jçf `xkustdvk ‗ `xkustdvk  ‗ k  k djbmuïjgdk l` `m`c`jtfs gfcf k gfjbdiurkéçf lf @stklf, k r`mkéçf `jtr` kiïjgdks ifv`rjkc`jtkds ` `jtr` @stklf ` frikjdzkéð`s lk sfgd`lkl` gdvdm, jk bfrck gfcf f prfg`ssf l` mdg`jgdkc`jtf kcnd`jtkm ä gfjluzdlf j`ss`s pkãs`s. @st` t`xtf s` `struturk lk s`iudjt` bfrck. K s`éçf ; kpr`s`jtk k djtrfluéçf1 k s`éçf > ldss`rtk sfnr` ks sdcdmkrdlkl`s `jtr` Nrksdm, Gedjk ` Ãjldk, jf qu` tkji` kf cfc`jtf edst÷rdgf l` suks `gfjfcdks `c`ri`jt`s ` è prfcféçf l` fnrks l` djbrk`struturk edlr`mätrdgk. Oë k s`éçf 7, gfc nks` jk l`sgrdéçf l` gklk `stulf l` gksf, kpr`s`jtk ks p`gumdkrdlkl`s lfs prfg`ssfs l` mdg`jgdkc`jtf kcnd`jtkm jfs pkãs`s `stulklfs, kpfjtkjlf ks gfjldéð`s pfmãtdgks ` sfgdkds qu` bkz`c gfc qu` k `cumkéçf l` pfmãtdgks kcnd`jtkds s`ok djgfcpm`tk `c gklk gksf, r`bfrékjlf f kriuc`jtf l` qu`, kp`skr lf prfg`ssf ckssdvf l` r`pmdgkéçf l` djstruc`jtfs l` i`stçf kcnd`jtkm, ks gfjldéð`s sfgdkds ` pfmãtdgks jkgdfjkds sçf bujlkc`jtkds pkrk k kjëmds` ` `xpmdgkéçf lf sug`ssf fu brkgkssf jk dcpm`c`jtkéçf l` pfmãtdgks kcnd`jtkds. F krtdif gfjgmud k s`quïjgdk, jk s`éçf @W\KLF, L@W@JRFMRDC@J\F @ I^KJL@W NK^^KI@JW? N^KWDM, GEDJK @ ÃJLDK Jf gfjt`xtf lf prftkifjdscf lks `gfjfcdks `c`ri`jt`s jf g`jërdf imfnkm, f pkp`m lf @stklf vfmtk k s`r p`rg`ndlf gfcf bujlkc`jtkm pkrk f l`s`jvfmvdc`jtf. @ss` jfvf cfc`jtf p`rcdt` r`c`t`r k uck bks` edst÷rdgk pfst`rdfr è W`iujlk Iu`rrk Cujldkm, `c qu` `gfjfcdks p`rdbärdgks tkcnäc fntdv`rkc sdijdbdgktdvf gr`sgdc`jtf `gfjücdgf, gfc bfrt` pr`s`jék lf @stklf jk `gfjfcdk.  `gfjfcdk.  Jf `jtkjtf, j`ss` jfvf ãcp`tf l` djt`rkéçf @stklf-`gfjfcdk, ks gfjldéð`s pfmãtdgks ` sfgdkds jçf sçf ks c`scks. K `gfjfcdk `stë ckds djt`irklk ` imfnkmdzklk1 k sfgd`lkl` gdvdm frikjdzklk ä dcpfrtkjt` pmky`r jk kr`jk pfmãtdgk1 jfvfs s`tfr`s l` pfmãtdgk pÿnmdgk, tkds gfcf ks pfmãtdgks l` ldr`dtfs euckjfs ` l` cdjfrdks, s`

 

  `struturkrkc. @jtr` `ssks jfvks ër`ks l` pfmãtdgks pÿnmdgks, k pfmãtdgk kcnd`jtkm s` l`stkgk. K bfrt` pr`s`jék `stktkm jk `gfjfcdk (tkm gfcf fgfrr`u jf Nrksdm jf p`rãflf Rkriks ` jf r`idc` cdmdtkr) `stë i`rkmc`jt` r`mkgdfjklk ès pfmãtdgks djlustrdkds ` ès l` djbrk`struturk. F r`idc` cdmdtkr nrksdm`drf, pfr `x`cpmf, m`vfu k gknf uck särd` l` irkjl`s fnrks l` djbrk`struturk, tkds gfcf k ^flfvdk \rkjskckzüjdgk ` usdjks edlr`mätrdgks gfcf k Psdjk Ndjkgdfjkm l` Dtkdpÿ (jk brfjt`drk gfc f Xkrkiukd, jf Wum lf Nrksdm), \uguruã ` Nkmndjk (kcnks jk Kckzüjdk nrksdm`drk). Jf `jtkjtf, tkds fnrks jçf `jbr`jtkrkc, `c s`u cfc`jtf edst÷rdgf, irkjl`s fnstëgumfs sfgdkds `/fu kcnd`jtkds, kp`skr l` t`r`c tdlf dcpkgtfs sdijdbdgktdvfs `c kcnks ks br`jt`s, gfcf jf l`smfgkc`jtf l` pfpumkéð`s djlãi`jks ` rdn`drdjeks, jk kmt`rkéçf lf vfmuc` ` gursf l` rdfs ` jf kmkikc`jtf l` irkjl`s pkrg`mks l` bmfr`stk jktdvk (B`krjsdl`, ;454). Dssf s` l`v`, pfr uc mklf, kf bktf l` qu` k sfgd`lkl` gdvdm jçf s` `jgfjtrkvk krtdgumklk ` jçf tdjek dcpfrtîjgdk pfmãtdgk sdijdbdgktdvk jk i`stçf l` pfmãtdgks pÿnmdgks `, pfr futrf, kf bktf bkt f l` qu` k pfmãtdgk kcnd`jtkm kdjlk jçf s` `jgfjtrkvk pm`jkc`jt` `struturklk l`jtrf lf kpkrktf `stktkm. K pkrtdr lk s`iujlk c`tkl` lf sägumf UU, kvkjéfu f ktdvdscf l` jfvfs cfvdc`jtfs sfgdkds, qu` dl`fmfidgkc`jt` qu`stdfjkc k dj`xfrkndmdlkl` lf prfir`ssf gd`jtãbdgf ` t`gjfm÷idgf, gfc bfgf jk qukmdlkl` l` vdlk jf mfjif prkzf ` jk dcpfrtîjgdk l` vkmfr`s ` gfje`gdc`jtfs trkldgdfjkds (^dn`drf, ;44;1 Wkjtdmmd, >880). @c l`gfrrïjgdk ldssf, ` k pkrtdr l` ckrgfs c krgfs gfcf ks gfjb`rïjgdks lks Jkéð`s Pjdlks sfnr` c`df kcnd`jt` ` l`s`jvfmvdc`jtf (`c ;49> ` ;44>), k gekcklk ”qu`stçf sfgdfkcnd`jtkm– s` bfrtkm`g`u gfcf ër`k l` pfmãtdgk pÿnmdgk ` s` kmkstrfu `c cÿmtdpmfs lfcãjdfs lk pfmãtdgk ` lk sfgd`lkl`, tkjtf `c îcndtf mfgkm qukjtf imfnkm (Wfrfc`jef-Ckrqu`s, ;448;>)  ‗   ‗  cfvdc`jtfs djlãi`jks, l` ktdjidlfs pfr nkrrki`js, kcnd`jtkmdstks. Kmäc ldssf, tflks `ssks qu`stð`s pr`gdskc s`r `qukgdfjklks pfr ldstdjtfs s`tfr`s, l`jtrf lf kpkrktf ifv`rjkc`jtkm, `jvfmvdlfs `c ldb`r`jt`s ër`ks l` pfmãtdgks pÿnmdgks, tkds gfcf pfmãtdgk `j`riätdgk, l` trkjspfrt`s, l` ldr`dtfs l` cdjfrdks ` kcnd`jtkm. K pfmãtdgk `j`riätdgk ä `m`c`jtf `strktäidgf lf prfg`ssf l` l`s`jvfmvdc`jtf, oë qu` k i`rkéçf l` `j`ridk ä gfjldéçf sdj` quk jfj pkrk qu` pfmãtdgks djlustrdkds ` l` l`s`jvfmvdc`jtf t`gjfm÷idgf s`okc prfcfvdlks.

 

   Kssdc gfcf ä tkcnäc `x`cpmkr pkrk dmustrkr k djt`rkéçf `, pfr v`z`s, gfjtrkldéçf `jtr` pfmãtdgks l` djbrk`struturk ` pfmãtdgk kcnd`jtkm. @ssk gfjldéçf l` dmustrkéçf ikjek gfrpf k pkrtdr lk kjëmds` lfs prfg`ssfs l` mdg`jgdkc`jtf kcnd`jtkm l` irkjl`s usdjks edlr`mätrdgks. Lf pfjtf l` vdstk `gfjücdgf, ks nkrrki`js sçf bfjt`s dcpfrtkjt`s l` `j`ridk pkrk pkãs`s gfc kmtf pft`jgdkm edlr`mätrdgf. Dssf fgfrr` jk Gedjk, jk Ãjldk ` jf Nrksdm, qu` `stçf `jtr` fs pkãs`s qu` ckds utdmdzkc nkrrki`js gfcf bfjt` l` `j`ridk ` l` s`iurkjék eãlrdgk (@X@, >8;;1 D@K, >8;>1 YGL, >888). K tkn`mk ; cfstrk qu` fs trïs t rïs pkãs`s `stçf rkjqu`klfs `jtr` fs l`z ckdfr`s pkãs`s `c trïs gkt`ifrdks-gekv`. Jk gkt`ifrdk lfs pkãs`s gfc ckdfr prfluéçf l` `j`ridk edlr`mätrdgk, k Gedjk kpkr`g` `c prdc`drf muikr, gfc 9>> \`rkwktts/efrk (\Ye), r`pr`s`jtkjlf >8,0% lk prfluéçf edlr`mätrdgk cujldkm1 f Nrksdm kpkr`g` `c s`iujlf muikr, gfc prfluéçf l` % l` suk `j`ridk `mätrdgk t`jlf t `jlf frdi`c edlr`mätrdgk. K Gedjk, kp`skr l` fgupkr k mdl`rkjék jfs lfds rkjadjis kjt`rdfr`s, t`c kp`jks ;9,>% l` suk i`rkéçf l` `j`ridk frdujlk l` edlr`mätrdgks. K Ãjldk fgupk k sätdck pfsdéçf jfs trïs rkjadjis gdtklfs. Ä dcpfrtkjt` t`r `c c`jt` qu` Nrksdm, Gedjk ` Ãjldk, sfcklfs, r`spfjl`c pfr 70,7% l` tflk k `j`ridk edlr`mätrdgk prfluzdlk cujldkmc`jt`. Xfrtkjtf, uc `stulf gfcpkrktdvf lk pr`s`jék l` edlr`mätrdgks j`ss`s pkãs`s ä r`pr`s`jtktdvf lfs ldm`cks ` prfnm`cks pr`s`jt`s jk gfjstruéçf l` nkrrki`js `c jãv`m imfnkm. Kjkmdskjlf sfn k ÷tdgk kcnd`jtkm, ks edlr`mätrdgks prfvfgkc särdks gfjs`quïjgdks. W`, pfr uc mklf, sçf r`gfje`gdlks bfjt`s r`jfvëv`ds l` `j`ridk ` gfjtrdnu`c pkrk k r`iumkrdzkéçf lk vkzçf (`vdtkjlf `jge`jt`s), pfr futrf sçf r`spfjsëv`ds p`mf kmkikc`jtf l` irkjl`s pkrg`mks l` bmfr`stk jktdvk, p`mf l`svdf ` kmt`rkéçf lf gursf l` rdfs ` p`mk `cdssçf l` c`tkjf jk ktcfsb`rk,> `jtr` `jtr ` futrfs dcpkgtfs jf `gfssdst`ck ` jk ndfldv`rsdlkl` r`idfjkm. @c r`mkéçf è qu`stçf sfgdkm, edlr`mätrdgks i`rkc l`smfgkc`jtf `/fu dcpkgtf ldr`tf jfs c`dfs l` sunsdstïjgdk l` pfpumkéð`s trkldgdfjkds (gfcf djlãi`jks, qudmfcnfmks ` rdn`drdjefs) ` l` pfpumkéð`s rurkds `c i`rkm. Kf c`scf t`cpf, k gfjstruéçf l` uck edlr`mätrdgk i`rk bmuxf cdirkt÷rdf djt`jsf qu`, s`c kl`quklf

 

  pmkj`okc`jtf ` pr`pkrkéçf, pfl` t`r gfjs`quïjgdks sdijdbdgktdvks pkrk f pmkj`okc`jtf urnkjf ` t`rrdtfrdkm ` pkrk fb`rtks l` s`rvdéfs pÿnmdgfs nësdgfs, gfcf skÿl`, `lugkéçf ` s`iurkjék pÿnmdgk. Lf pfjtf l` vdstk klcdjdstrktdvf, irkjl`s nkrrki`js ‗ nkrrki`js  ‗ kssdc  kssdc gfcf futrks dcpfrtkjt`s fnrks l` djbrk`struturk  ‗ sçf  ‗ sçf ÿt`ds pkrk l`cfjstrkr lfds lfs prdjgdpkds ikrikmfs jk dcpm`c`jtkéçf l` pfmãtdgks pÿnmdgks `c pkãs`s `c`ri`jt`s? fs gfjbmdtfs ` k bkmtk l` krtdgumkéçf `jtr` ÷riçfs ` kiïjgdks jf djt`rdfr lf kpkrktf `stktkm. @c uc cfc`jtf edst÷rdgf, `c qu` f @stklf r`gup`rk uc pkp`m ktdvf jf pmkj`okc`jtf ` jk `x`guéçf l` pfmãtdgks `c ldv`rsfs s`tfr`s, k r`gfrrïjgdk l` prfnm`cks l` gffrl`jkéçf t`c f pft`jgdkm l` i`rkr cÿmtdpmks dj`bdgdïjgdks, tkjtf pfr pkrt` lk kéçf `stktkm, qukjtf `c r`mkéçf k kggfujtkndmdty ` gfjtrfm` sfgdkm p`mk sfgd`lkl` gdvdm. 7 MDG@JGDKC@J\F

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^@KMDLKL@W Jk s`quïjgdk, kpr`s`jtkc-s` r`mktfs lks s`c`mekjéks ` p`gumdkrdlkl`s lfs prfg`ssfs l` mdg`jgdkc`jtf kcnd`jtkm jf Nrksdm, jk Gedjk ` jk Ãjldk, gfc nks` `c trïs tr ïs gksfs l` gfjstruéçf l` irkjl`s nkrrki`js. Gfjsdl`rkjlf k r`p`rgussçf jkgdfjkm ` djt`rjkgdfjkm, n`c gfcf k kcpmk ndnmdfirkbdk kgklïcdgk `c tfrjf l` tkds gksfs, kgr`ldtk-s` qu` fs c`scfs s`okc r`pr`s`jtktdvfs lks prdjgdpkds ldjîcdgks ` ldm`cks `c tfrjf lfs prfg`ssfs l`gds÷rdfs sfnr` irkjl`s nkrrki`js. F bfgf klftklf ä kpfjtkr gkrkgt`rãstdgks lf prfg`ssf l`gds÷rdf l` gklk pkãs, qu` vkrdkc gfjbfrc` k gfjbdiurkéçf lf @stklf, ks r`mkéð`s djtrkifv`rjkc`jtkds ` f p`rbdm ` ks pfssdndmdlkl`s l` kéçf `jgfjtrklks p`mk sfgd`lkl` gdvdm frikjdzklk. 7.; Edlr`mätrdgk l` N`mf Cfjt`, Xkrë, Nrksdm F prfg`ssf l`gds÷rdf l` irkjl`s nkrrki`js jf Nrksdm djgfrpfrk uc prfg`ssf l` mdg`jgdkc`jtf kcnd`jtkm qu` gfjt`cpmk trïs `tkpks ldstdjtks? Mdg`jgdkc`jtf Xrävdf (MX), Mdg`jgdkc`jtf l` Djstkmkéçf (MD) ` Mdg`jgdkc`jtf l` Fp`rkéçf (MF). Ä lurkjt` f prfg`ssf l` mdg`jgdkc`jtf qu` eë ckdfr djt`rkéçf `jtr` k nurfgrkgdk lf s`tfr l` `j`ridk ` f s`tfr kcnd`jtkm, n`c gfcf ä f cfc`jtf `c qu` k sfgd`lkl` gdvdm frikjdzklk `jgfjtrk gkjkds ktdvfs ` nusgk djbmu`jgdkr k pfmãtdgk. Jf cfc`jtf kjt`rdfr kf mdg`jgdkc`jtf kcnd`jtkm, f prfg`ssf l`gds÷rdf ä g`jtrklf jk nurfgrkgdk lf s`tfr `mätrdgf, t`jlf pfugk djt`rkéçf gfc ÷riçfs kcnd`jtkds. F prfg`ssf l` mdg`jgdkc`jtf kcnd`jtkm nrksdm`drf ä nkstkjt` gfcpm`xf ` gfjsdl`rklf ‗ gfjsdl`rklf ‗ kf  kf c`jfs bfrckmc`jt` ‗ bfrckmc`jt` ‗ uc  uc lfs ckds rdifrfsfs lf cujlf. Pc `x`cpmf ldssf ä qu` kp`jks jf Nrksdm ‗ Nrksdm ‗ `  ` `c j`jeuc futrf pkãs ‗ pkãs ‗ ä  ä klftklf uc

 

  prfg`ssf l` mdg`jgdkc`jtf gfcpfstf pfr trïs bks`s ldstdjtks (Yfrml Nkja, >885). F irku l` kn`rturk kf l`nkt` ` k ckjdb`stkéçf l` gfjbmdtfs ` gfjtrkldéð`s l`jtrf lf kpkrktf `stktkm ` `jtr` @stklf ` sfgd`lkl` gdvdm sçf sdijdbdgktdvfs, cks k prfnkndmdlkl` l` v`tf ` l` ktrksf lks fnrks l` djbrk`struturk ä kmtk (Gfstk, >8;81 Gkrvkmef, >8821 X`r`drk, >8;7). F gksf lk usdjk edlr`mätrdgk l` N`mf Cfjt`, sdtuklk jf rdf Udjiu ` mfgkmdzklk jf cujdgãpdf l` Kmtkcdrk7 (bdiurk ;), jf Xkrë, ä ãcpkr pkrk `xpmdgdtkr gfcf fp`rkc fs gfjbmdtfs, gfjtrkldéð`s ` `sbfréfs l` gffrl`jkéçf djtrkifv`rjkc`jtkm jf @stklf nrksdm`drf, `c uck ër`k grãtdgk kf l`s`jvfmvdc`jtf jkgdfjkm (k l` djbrk`struturk) ` `c qu` k ldc`jsçf lk djgfrpfrkéçf l` pklrð`s l` sust`jtkndmdlkl` kcnd`jtkm r`pr`s`jtk l`skbdf sdijdbdgktdvf. K djt`jéçf l` gfjstrudr N`mf Cfjt` r`cfjtk kf r`idc` cdmdtkr, ` k pr`vdsçf lk fnrk oë gfjstkvk jf Xmkjf Jkgdfjkm l` @j`ridk @mätrdgk (XJ@) ;459>8;8. J`st` pmkjf, N`mf Cfjt` (kjt`rdfrc`jt` l`jfcdjklk Akrkrkü) `rk tdlk gfcf g`jtrkm pkrk f kprfv`dtkc`jtf `j`riätdgf lf rdf Udjiu. Oë `c ;455, jf `v`jtf Xrdc`drf @jgfjtrf lfs Xfvfs Djlãi`jks lf Udjiu qu` gfjtfu gfc k pkrtdgdpkéçf l` 7 cdm p`ssfks (s`jlf 208 ãjldfs), ä dl`jtdbdgklk cfndmdzkéçf lk sfgd`lkl` gdvdm kb`tklk p`mk usdjk. K pfssdndmdlkl` l` dcpkgtfs kcnd`jtkds ` sfgdkds, sfnr`tulf kb`tkjlf gfcujdlkl`s djlãi`jks ` rdn`drdjeks, bfd k tüjdgk l` uc ldsgursf qu` ujdu cfvdc`jtfs ` frikjdzkéð`s kcnd`jtkmdstks ` sfgdkds jfs jãv`ds djt`rjkgdfjkm, jkgdfjkm ` mfgkm. Jçf fnstkjt`, N`mf Cfjt` gfjtdjufu bkz`jlf pkrt` lfs pmkj`okc`jtfs `j`riätdgfs lf ifv`rjf b`l`rkm. Kp÷s ckjdb`stkéð`s sfgdkds ` k r`gusk lf Nkjgf Cujldkm `c bdjkjgdkr k usdjk (Efgest`tm`r, >8;;), f prfo`tf djdgdkm bfd b fd r`cfl`mklf `c ;44 l` ër`k, pkrk uc kprfv`dtkc`jtf `j`riätdgf cäldf l` 77 CY. Dssf bkz l` N`mf Cfjt` k t`rg`drk ckdfr usdjk lf cujlf. K pr`ssçf p`mk gfjstruéçf kuc`jtfu `c >88;->88>, kp÷s f Nrksdm ktrkv`sskr uc p`rãflf l` rkgdfjkc`jtf `j`riätdgf gfje`gdlf gfcf ”grds` lf kpkiçf–. \km grds` `vdl`jgdfu k pr`gkr d`lkl` d`lkl` ` vumj`rkndmdlkl` lk cktrdz `j`riätdgk jkgdfjkm, kpfjtkjlf k l`bdgdïjgdk l` djv`stdc`jtfs `c i`rkéçf ` ldstrdnudéçf l` `j`ridk, qu` gkrkgt`rdzfu k lägklk l` ;448. K gfjstruéçf l` N`mf Cfjt` `stkvk `jtr` ks c`ldlks pr`vdstks `c uc pmkjf `c`ri`jgdkm qu` bfd `mknfrklf `c r`spfstk è grds`, pkrk kuc`jtkr k fb`rtk l` `j`ridk.  Kssdc, f prfg`ssf l` mdg mdg`jgdkc`jtf `jgdkc`jtf l` N`mf Cfjt` bfd djdgdklf `c > >88> 88> ` l`sl` `jtçf

 

  fgfrr`u uc prfg`ssf gfjturnklf, ckrgklf pfr gfjbmdtfs ` fpfsdéçf `jtr` gfkmdzð`s bkvfrëv`ds ` gfjtrërdks è usdjk.  K gfkmdzçf bkvfrëv`m ä gfcpfstk pfr kiïjgdks `stktkds lf s`tfr `mätrdgf lf ifv`rjf b`l`rkm1 pfr pkrt` sunstkjtdvk lfs ifv`rjfs mfgkds lfs cujdgãpdfs gdrgujlkjt`s è fnrk1 ` pfr ktfr`s mdiklfs è djlÿstrdk l` nkrrki`js ` l` prfluéçf l` kmucãjdf (qu` s`rçf n`j`bdgdklfs gfc k i`rkéçf l` `j`ridk). @jtr` fs kriuc`jtfs l`ssk gfkmdzçf pfl`c-s` gdtkr (Kz`v`lf, >8;;1 M`dt`, >8;81 ^fsk `t km, >88885)? d) k `j`ridk edlr`mätrdgk ä ckds nkrktk ` ckds sust`jtëv`m kcnd`jtkmc`jt` qu` suks kmt`rjktdvks `j`riätdgks, gfcf t`rcf`mätrdgks ` usdjks jugm`kr`s1 dd) pkrk k prfcféçf lf l`s`jvfmvdc`jtf `gfjücdgf ` sfgdkm jkgdfjkm, kt`jl`jlf k l`ckjlk pfr suprdr f usf gfc`rgdkm ` r`sdl`jgdkm l` ;48 cdmeð`s l` nrksdm`drfs, ä j`g`ssërdf kcpmdkr sdijdbdgktdvkc`jt` k fb`rtk l` `j`ridk jf Nrksdm, `c uck tkxk l` 788 CY pfr kjf `jtr` >885 ` >8;01 ` ddd) N`mf Cfjt` kmkikrë uck pkrg`mk p`qu`jk l` ër`k (0;2 ac> ) s` gfcpkrklf k s`u irkjl` pft`jgdkm edlrf`mätrdgf, n`c gfcf jçf kmkikrë j`jeuck t`rrk djlãi`jk. Dssf bkz gfc qu` k gfjstruéçf lk usdjk s`ok uc prfo`tf l` `xg`m`jt` gustf-n`j`bãgdf, gfc dcpkgtfs sfgdkds ` kcnd`jtkds p`qu`jfs, qukjlf gfcpkrklf kf cfjtkjt` l` `j`ridk i`rklf. K gfkmdzçf gfjtrërdk ä gfcpfstk p`mk nurfgrkgdk lf s`tfr kcnd`jtkm ` l` s`tfr`s mdiklfs è qu`stçf djlãi`jk jf ifv`rjf b`l`rkm, pfr frikjdzkéð`s jçf ifv`rjkc`jtkds (FJIs)` cfvdc`jtfs pr`fgupklfs gfc qu`stð`s kcnd`jtkds ` sfgdkds ` tkcnäc p`mk ktukéçf sdijdbdgktdvk lf Cdjdstärdf Xÿnmdgf (CX). @jtr` fs prdjgdpkds kriuc`jtfs l`ssk gfkmdzçf pfl`c-s` gdtkr? d) k usdjk t`rë dcpkgtfs j`iktdvfs jk ndfldv`rsdlkl` kckzüjdgk, s`ok gfc r`mkéçf è ndfldv`rsdlkl` sdtuklk jk ër`k kmkiklk, s`ok qukjtf ès `spägd`s sdtuklks jf r`idc` bmuvdkm qu` k gdrgujlk1 dd) k gfjstruéçf lk fnrk kgkrr`tkrë lkjfs sfgdkds sdijdbd sdijdbdgktdvfs, gktdvfs, gfcf f l`smfgkc`jtf l` uc gfjtdji`jt` `jtr` >8 ` 77 CY, N`mf Cfjt` i`rkrë `c cäldk , pkrk f klv`jtf lks culkjéks gmdcëtdgks1 ` v) k `j`ridk i`rklk p`mk usdjk n`j`bdgdkrë prdfrdtkrdkc`jt` irkjl`s djlÿstrdks l` kmucãjdf djstkmklks jk Kckzüjdk, ` s`us n`j`bãgdfs jçf s`rçf sfgdkmdzklfs l` bfrck kcpmk pkrk k pfpumkéçf nrksdm`drk (B`krjsdl`, >882, >8;;1 Bfjs`gk ` Nfurifdijd`, >8;;1 Xkdj`m l` @sp`gdkmdstks, >8841 _efurd, >8;;). Ä djt`r`sskjt` jftkr qu` fs ÷riçfs kcnd`jtkds sçf pfr v`z`s vdstfs gfcf ktfr`s-gekv` jk gfkmdzçf gfjtrërdk è usdjk, cks tkcnäc sçf pfr v`z`s vdstfs gfcf uc ktfr kcnãiuf, oë qu` bfrkc `m`s  ‗  ‗ sfnr`tulf  sfnr`tulf f Djstdtutf Nrksdm`drf lf C`df  Kcnd`jt` ` lfs ^`gursfs Jkturkds ^`jfvëv`ds (Dnkck)  ‗   ‗  qu` kprfvkrkc f mdg`jgdkc`jtf lk usdjk. @ssk kcndiudlkl` `stë djtdckc`jt` r`mkgdfjklk gfc k p`rg`péçf l` qu` ks r`mkéð`s djtrkifv`rjkc`jtkds, jf ifv`rjf b`l`rkm, sçf ckrgklks pfr uck kssdc`trdk l` pfl`r. @stuldfsfs gfcf B`krjsdl` (>8;;) ` Gkrvkmef (>882) kriuc`jtkc qu` fs djt`r`ss`s l`b`jldlfs pfr ÷riçfs mdiklfs kf s`tfr kcnd`jtkm ` sfgdkm s`rdkc sdst`cktdgkc`jt` sunouiklfs pfr djt`r`ss`s l` kiïjgdks lf s`tfr `mätrdgf ` l` irupfs `gfjücdgfs prdvklfs. W`, pfr uc mklf, fs `m`c`jtfs kpfjtklfs kjt`rdfrc`jt` l`jftkc uc prfg`ssf djtrdjs`gkc`jt` gfjbmdtufsf ` ckrgklf pfr kssdc`trdks l` pfl`r, pfr futrf, sçf dl`jtdbdgklfs, `jtr` ks kiïjgdks lf ifv`rjf b`l`rkm, prfnm`cks tãpdgfs l` gffrl`jkéçf djtrkifv`rjkc`jtkm, tkds gfcf bkmeks jf bmuxf l` djbfrckéð`s `jtr` kiïjgdks lf s`tfr `mätrdgf ` lf s`tfr kcnd`jtkm (Yfrml (Y frml Nkja, >885). K Gksk Gdvdm lk Xr`sdlïjgdk lk ^`pÿnmdgk, ÷riçf bfrckmc`jt` r`spfjsëv`m p`mk gffrl`jkéçf l` kéð`s `jtr` ks ldv`rsks kiïjgdks lf ifv`rjf b`l`rkm, b`z `sbfréfs k bdc l` sfmugdfjkr `ssks bkmtks, gfcf k grdkéçf l` uc Irupf l` \rknkmef Djt`rcdjdst`rdkm (I\D), `c >887 (Gfstk, >8;8). Jf `jtkjtf, fs djstruc`jtfs l` gffrl`jkéçf utdmdzklfs p`mk Gksk Gdvdm djgmu`c f `stkn`m`gdc`jtf l` lktks-mdcdt` pkrk k gfjg`ssçf lk mdg`jék kcnd`jtkm  ‗   ‗  s`c qu` k pfssdndmdlkl` l` jçf `x`guéçf lk fnrk s`ok kv`jtklk gfcf uck pfssdndmdlkl` r`km (^`z`jl`, >884). \kcnäc eë gksfs `c qu` pr`sdl`jt`s ` ldr`tfr`s lfs ÷riçfs kcnd`jtkds bfrkc sunstdtuãlfs `c cfc`jtfs grãtdgfs lf prfg`ssf l` mdg`jgdkc`jtf, lkjlf k s`jskéçf l` qu` fs ktfr`s ifv`rjkc`jtkds gfjtrërdfs è gfjstruéçf lk usdjk bfrkc j`utrkmdzklfs lurkjt` f prfg`ssf (Bfjs`gk ` Nfurifdijd`, >8;;1 B`krjsdl`, >8;;1 Efgest`tm`r, >8;;1 Xkdj`m l` @sp`gdkmdstks, >884). L` tflf cflf, kp÷s uc mfjif prfg`ssf qu` `jvfmv`u kuldïjgdks pÿnmdgks, `stulfs bkvfrëv`ds

 

  ` gfjtrërdfs è usdjk ` uck irkjl` ouldgdkmdzkéçf lf prfg`ssf,< k MX bfd `cdtdlk p`mf Dnkck `c ;f l` b`v`r`drf l` >8;8  ‗  ‗   gfjtulf, sfn k kguskéçf l` qu` efuv` uc prfg`ssf l` mdg`jgdkc`jtf djkl`quklf ` kpr`ssklf, n`c gfcf l` qu` k Gksk Gdvdm (r`spfjsëv`m bfrckm p`mk gffrl`jkéçf djtrkifv`rjkc`jtkm) djt`rb`rdu djl`vdlkc`jt` jk ktukéçf lf ÷riçf mdg`jgdklfr (M`dtçf, >8;8). F m`dmçf lk usdjk bfd r`kmdzklf `c >8 l` knrdm, s`jlf v`jg`lfr f Gfjs÷rgdf Jfrt` @j`ridk W/K. Ktukmc`jt`, k usdjk l` N`mf Cfjt` `jgfjtrk-s` `c gfjstruéçf, gfc nks` `c uck MD gfjg`ldlk p`mf Dnkck `c ;f l` oujef l` >8;;. K pr`vdsçf ä l` qu` ks fnrks s`rçf gfjgmuãlks `c >8;0. Xkrk fs qu` kpfdkc k gfjstruéçf lk nkrrki`c, f mdg`jgdkc`jtf kcnd`jtkm ä uc prfg`ssf nurfgrëtdgf ` dj`bdgd`jt`, qu` ktrksk `c l`cksdklf k `x`guéçf l` fnrks l` djbrk`struturk j`g`ssërdks kf l`s`jvfmvdc`jtf jkgdfjkm. K Ãjldk, gfcf pkãs `c`ri`jt`, j`g`ssdtk l` `j`ridk `mätrdgk ` l` r`gursfs eãlrdgfs gkpkz`s l` sust`jtkr `m`vklks tkxks l` gr`sgdc`jtf `gfjücdgf. J`ss` gfjt`xtf, efuv`, k pkrtdr lfs kjfs >888, uc cfvdc`jtf l` s`tfr`s lf ifv`rjf ` l` `cpr`sërdfs jf s`jtdlf l` sdcpmdbdgkr ` tfrjkr ckds gäm`r`s fs prfg`ssfs l` mdg`jgdkc`jtf kcnd`jtkm. L` kgfrlf gfc jfvk m`d r`mkgdfjklk kf mdg`jgdkc`jtf kcnd`jtkm, punmdgklk `c >884, eë prkzfs r`luzdlfs pkrk gfjg`l`r ks mdg`jéks ` fs prfg`ssfs l` pkrtdgdpkéçf sfgdkm sfgdkm ‗  ‗ gfcf  gfcf ks kuldïjgdks pÿnmdgks ‗ pÿnmdgks  ‗ bfrkc  bfrkc sdcpmdbdgklfs ` tdv`rkc s`u `sgfpf r`luzdlf.;9 ;2. K `x`cpmf lks frikjdzkéð`s djldkjks Jkrcklk Nkgekf Kjlfmkj (Cfvdc`jtf Wkmv` f rdf Jkrcklk), G`jtrf pkrk f Gfje`gdc`jtf \rkldgdfjkm (W`tu), K^GED-Rkedjd ` frikjdzkéð`s djt`rjkgdfjkds gfcf k Pjdçf Djt`rjkgdfjkm pkrk k Gfjs`rvkéçf lk Jktur`zk ` lfs ^`gursfs Jkturkds ‗ Jkturkds ‗ Djt`rjktdfjkm  Djt`rjktdfjkm Pjdfj bfr Gfjs`rvktdfj fb Jktur` (DPGJ) ‗ (DPGJ) ‗ `  ` Fxbkc. ;9. Pc `x`cpmf ldssf ä qu`, l` kgfrlf gfc k jfvk m`d, s÷ ä p`rcdtdlk jks kuldïjgdks pÿnmdgks k pkrtdgdpkéçf lfs gdlklçfs ldr`tkc`jt` dcpkgtklfs p`mk usdjk, tkds gfcf fs qu` s`rçf l`smfgklfs. Kssdc, c`cnrfs l` frikjdzkéð`s gdvds l` îcndtf jkgdfjkm fu djt`rjkgdfjkm tïc `spkéf c`jfr l` djt`rv`jéçf jf prfg`ssf l`gds÷rdf @ss` jfvf cfc`jtf jk pfmãtdgk kcnd`jtkm djldkjk s`iu` uck frd`jtkéçf qu` bkvfr`g` f gr`sgdc`jtf `gfjücdgf, `c l`trdc`jtf lk gfjs`rvkéçf kcnd`jtkm. \km cfc`jtf ä `x`cpmdbdgklf p`mf pr÷prdf prfg`ssf l` Wkrlkr Wkrfvkr. Kp÷s uc gfjbmdtf qu` s` krrkstfu pfr ckds l` trdjtk kjfs,;5 `c >882, uck l`gdsçf lk Wupr`ck Gfrt` Djldkjk p`rcdtdu k gfjstruéçf lk ÿmtdck `tkpk lk nkrrki`c, qu` kcpmdfu suk kmturk pkrk ;27 c`trfs, ckxdcdzkjlf fs dcpkgtfs jf kcnd`jt` jkturkm ` jf l`smfgkc`jtf

 

  pfpumkgdfjkm. Jçf efuv`, gfcf `c N`mf Cfjt`, uc r`ldc`jsdfjkc`jtf lf prfo`tf ` l` s`us dcpkgtfs frdidjkmc`jt` pr`vdstfs. Jçf fnstkjt`, f prfg`ssf l`gds÷rdf l` Wkrlkr

Wkrfvkr

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f

`stkn`m`gdc`jtf

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cfvdc`jtf

sfgdfkcnd`jtkmdstk ktdvf ` ÷riçfs kcnd`jtkds bfrt`c`jt` djstdtugdfjkmdzklfs, kdjlk qu` k l`sdiukmlkl` l` pfl`r s`ok k tüjdgk lfs gfjbmdtfs ` `sbfréfs l` gffrl`jkéçf `jtr` ks kiïjgdks lf @stklf. < GFJWDL@^KÉÐ@W BDJKDW? GK^KG\@^ÃW\DGKW GFCXK^KLKW Kjkmdskr gfcf ks p`gumdkrdlkl`s jkgdfjkds gfjldgdfjkc f mdg`jgdkc`jtf kcnd`jtkm `c pkãs`s `c`ri`jt`s bfd f fno`tdvf l`st` krtdif. Djt`rjkgdfjkmc`jt` `stkn`m`gdlf, `stkn`m`gdlf, f mdg`jgdkc`jtf ä pr`s`jt` jf Nrksdm, jk Gedjk ` jk Ãjldk. \`jlf `c vdstk k klféçf l`st` djstruc`jtf  ‗   ‗  n`c gfcf gkrkgt`rãstdgks s`c`mekjt`s qu` klvïc lk gfjldéçf l` pkãs`s `c`ri`jt`s ` irkjl`s pftïjgdks edlr`mätrdgks  ‗  ‗,, ä pfssãv`m dl`jtdbdgkr sdcdmdtul`s jk fp`rkéçf l`st` djstruc`jtf l` i`stçf kcnd`jtkm. Jçf fnstkjt`, p`gumdkrdlkl`s jkgdfjkds bkz`c gfc qu` `ss`s prfg`ssfs kssuckc uc gkrët`r ÿjdgf, ckrgklf p`mks ldstdjéð`s jk gfjbdiurkéçf lf @stklf, jfs pklrð`s l` djt`rkéçf `jtr` kiïjgdks ifv`rjkc`jtkds ` jks bfrcks l` kéçf lk sfgd`lkl` gdvdm frikjdzklk. Kssdc, k gfcpkrkéçf `jtr` gkrkgt`rãstdgks lfs prfg`ssfs l` mdg`jgdkc`jtf kcnd`jtkm lks nkrrki`js l` N`mf Cfjt`, jf Nrksdm1 l` Wkrlkr Wkrfvkr, jk Ãjldk1 ` f gfcpm`xf edlr`mätrdgf lf rdf Ju, jk Gedjk, trkz mdéð`s djt`r`sskjt`s pkrk sdtukr f mdg`jgdkc`jtf kcnd`jtkm nrksdm`drf vds-è-vds k futrfs pkãs`s `c`ri`jt`s. K r`tfcklk l` kmiujs pfjtfs ldsgutdlfs kf mfjif l`st` krtdif p`rcdt` k `mknfrkéçf l` kmiucks gfjgmusð`s pr`mdcdjkr`s. ;5. Gfjbmdtf ckrgklf pfr ktdvdscf lk sfgd`lkl` gdvdm ` ldsputks djtrkifv`rjkc`jtkds. Xkrk djbfrckéð`s l`tkmeklks lf edst÷rdgf lf prfg`ssf, v`r X`t`rsfj (>8;8). Mdvrf ;525.djln >2 >4/85/>8;7 ;8?8>?09 \`xtf pkrk Ldsgussçf ;525 >9 K Gfjstruéçf l` Irkjl`s Nkrrki`js jf Nrksdm, jk Gedjk ` jk Ãjldk? sdcdmdtul`s ` p`gumdkrdlkl`s lfs prfg`ssfs l` mdg`jgdkc`jtf kcnd`jtkm `c pkãs`s `c`ri`jt`s K prdc`drk l`mks ä qu`, kp`skr lks ldb`r`jéks jfs pklrð`s l` djt`rkéçf `jtr` kiïjgdks ifv`rjkc`jtkds, `xdst`, jfs trïs pkãs`s, uck pfmkrdzkéçf `jtr` kiïjgdks ifv`rjkc`jtkds lf s`tfr `mätrdgf ` lf s`tfr kcnd`jtkm. Gklk s`tfr ifv`rjkc`jtkm gfjtk gfc uck gfkmdzçf l` supfrt`, s`jlf br`qu`jt` k `xdstïjgdk l` kmdkjéks `jtr` ÷riçfs ` c`cnrfs lf s`tfr kcnd`jtkm ` l` frikjdzkéð`s lk sfgd`lkl` gdvdm sfgdfkcnd`jtkmdstk, n`c gfcf kmdkjéks `jtr` ÷riçfs ` c`cnrfs lf s`tfr `mätrdgf ` irupfs l` djt`r`ss` `gfjücdgf ` prflutdvf. Jf Nrksdm ` jk Ãjldk, t`jlf

 

  `c vdstk k ckdfr trkjspkrïjgdk lf prfg`ssf l` mdg`jgdkc`jtf, prfpfrgdfjklk p`mk pr`s`jék l` djstdtudéð`s l`cfgrëtdgks, ä p`rg`ndlk uck sdijdbdgktdvk kssdc`trdk l` pfl`r ` gfjbmdtfs `jtr` ÷riçfs lf s`tfr `mätrdgf ` kcnd`jtkm, s`jlf f prdc`drf r`spfjsëv`m p`mks l`gdsð`s ckds dcpfrtkjt`s lf prfg`ssf, ` f s`iujlf pfr ktrdnudéð`s ` pfssdndmdlkl`s l` kéçf mdcdtklks, gfc bfgf `c c`ldlks l` cdtdikéçf ` gfcp`jskéçf pkrk r`luzdr f dcpkgtf sfgdfkcnd`jtkm. Jk Gedjk, pfr suk v`z, `cnfrk ekok tkcnäc gfjbmdtf `jtr` fs s`tfr`s `mätrdgf ` kcnd`jtkm, k vdsdndmdlkl` lfs c`gkjdscfs qu` gfjldgdfjkc f gfjbmdtf ä r`luzdlk, jk c`ldlk `c qu` cudtks bks`s lf prfg`ssf l` mdg`jgdkc`jtf kcnd`jtkm fgfrr`c `c sdidmf. Futrk gfjgmusçf dcpfrtkjt` `stë r`mkgdfjklk gfc k kn`rturk lf prfg`ssf pr fg`ssf è pkrtdgdpkéçf lk sfgd`lkl` gdvdm, qu` ä ckdfr jf Nrksdm, fjl` k sfgd`lkl` gfjtk gfc cÿmtdpmfs ktfr`s gfc pfl`r l` v`tf. Jf gksf nrksdm`drf, f prfg`ssf l` mdg`jgdkc`jtf fgfrr` `c p`rãflf r`mktdvkc`jt` mfjif, cks jf qukm fs ktfr`s gfjtrërdfs è gfjstruéçf lk usdjk gfjs`iu`c kmiucks gfjqudstks-gekv` (tkds gfcf k r`cfl`mkéçf lf prfo`tf djdgdkm, r`luzdjlf pft`jgdkds dcpkgtfs kcnd`jtkds l` N`mf Cfjt`). Ktä fs kjfs ;448, f mdg`jgdkc`jtf djldkjf tdjek gkrkgt`rãstdgks s`c`mekjt`s kf nrksdm`drf. Kmäc l` s`c`mekjéks jk m`idsmkéçf, eë s`c`mekjéks jf p`rbdm lk sfgd`lkl` gdvdm frikjdzklk, qu` t`c uc gkrët`r pr`lfcdjkjt`c`jt` sfgdfkcnd`jtkmdstk qukjlf qu`stð`s kcnd`jtkds ` sfgdkds `stçf dcnrdgklks. Fs bfrt`s vãjgumfs `jtr` frikjdzkéð`s mfgkds, jkgdfjkds ` djt`rjkgdfjkds ä futrf pfjtf l` gfjtklf `jtr` Ãjldk ` Nrksdm. Jf `jtkjtf, r`bfrcks jk m`idsmkéçf djldkjk, r`kmdzklks jk prdc`drk lägklk lf sägumf UUD, tdv`rkc f `b`dtf l` sdcpmdbdgkr f prfg`ssf l` mdg`jgdkc`jtf kcnd`jtkm, ikrkjtdjlf ckdfr g`m`rdlkl` jk gfjstruéçf l` irkjl`s nkrrki`js. F `b`dtf gfmkt`rkm bfd k r`luéçf lf `sgfpf l` ktukéçf lk sfgd`lkl` gdvdm, qu` t`c tdlf c`jfs pfjtfs l` v`tf ` c`jfr gkpkgdlkl` l` djbmu`jgdkr fs prfg`ssfs, pft`jgdkmdzkjlf dcpkgtfs sfgdfkcnd`jtkds. L` Mdvrf ;525.djln >9 >4/85/>8;7 ;8?8>?09 >5 ^df l` Okj`drf, kifstf l` >8;7 tflk bfrck, `c kcnfs fs pkãs`s, eë uck irkjl` pfmkrdzkéçf `jtr` fs s`tfr`s `mätrdgf ` kcnd`jtkm, ` k ldsputk p`mf v`tf  ‗  ‗   `c l`trdc`jtf lk nusgk pfr gffrl`jkéçf ` j`ifgdkéçf ‗ j`ifgdkéçf  ‗ ä  ä k tüjdgk lf prfg`ssf l` mdg`jgdkc`jtf kcnd`jtkm. Jk Gedjk, pfr suk v`z, jçf eë prfg`ldc`jtfs bfrckds pkrk pkrtdgdpkéçf lk sfgd`lkl` gdvdm jf mdg`jgdkc`jtf, ` k ktukéçf lks frikjdzkéð`s gdvds ä sdijdbdgktdvkc`jt` g`jtrklk `c r`l`s djbfrckds, qu` nusgkc kjikrdkr kpfdf l` c`cnrfs djbmu`jt`s jf XGG. Kp`skr

 

  l` tãcdlk qukjlf gfcpkrklk kfs gksfs nrksdm`drf ` djldkjf, k cfndmdzkéçf `c tfrjf lf mdg`jgdkc`jtf kcnd`jtkm jf gfcpm`xf edlr`mätrdgf lf rdf Ju ä kpfjtklk gfcf pfjtf l` djbm`xçf jf prfg`ssf l`gds÷rdf gedjïs gfcf uc tflf (` jçf kp`jks jk ër`k kcnd`jtkm). Pc `x`cpmf ldssf ä qu` ks cfndmdzkéð`s gfjtrërdks è gfjstruéçf lf gfcpm`xf edlr`mätrdgf lf rdf Ju kmgkjékrkc djäldtf r`sumtklf kf prfvfgkr k susp`jsçf lk gfjstruéçf lks nkrrki`js. Oë qu` k Gedjk `stë gklk v`z ckds `jvfmvdlk gfc j`ifgdkéð`s djt`rjkgdfjkds jk ër`k kcnd`jtkm, k nusgk pfr m`idtdcdlkl` sfgdkm jf gkcpf kcnd`jtkm t`c m`vklf kf bfrtkm`gdc`jtf l` ÷riçfs ifv`rjkc`jtkds ` k uck tfm`rîjgdk ckdfr qukjtf è cfndmdzkéçf lk sfgd`lkl` gdvdm, r`spkmlklk, djgmusdv`, p`mk kéçf lks Ifjifs, qu` sçf frikjdzkéð`s lk sfgd`lkl` gdvdm pkrgdkmc`jt` gfjtrfmklks p`mf ifv`rjf g`jtrkm gedjïs. W` k ktukéçf lks Ifjifs, jk Gedjk, r`sskmtk uc g`jërdf `c qu` fs djt`r`ss`s jkgdfjkds ` mfgkds jk rr`pÿnmdgk `pÿnmdgk gedj`sk jçf sçf efcfiïj`fs ` kpr`s`jtkc gkrkgt`rãstdgks pfr v`z`s gfjbmdtufsks, f mdg`jgdkc`jtf lk Nkrrki`c l` Wkrlkr Wkrfvkr l`cfjstrk k jktur`zk kdjlk ckds gfjbmdtufsk lf b`l`rkmdscf djldkjf.  Ks ldsputks `jvfmv`jlf quktrf `stklfs lk b`l`rkéçf pfssu`c, `jtr` s`us djir`ld`jt`s, gmdvki`js ätjdgks ` l` gkstk, kcpmdkjlf k pfmkrdzkéçf `jtr` fs ktfr`s ` irupfs `jvfmvdlfs jf prfg`ssf. @c gfjtrkst`, kdjlk qu` ldsputks djt`r`stklukds s`okc gfcujs jf b`l`rkmdscf nrksdm`drf, f gksf l` N`mf Cfjt` jçf cfstrfu sdijdbdgktdvfs gfjbmdtfs djt`r`stklukds. L` cflf i`rkm, bfd dl`jtdbdgklk uck gfjbmuïjgdk l` djt`r`ss`s `jtr` kiïjgdks lf s`tfr `mätrdgf b`l`rkm ` ifv`rjfs mfgkds, r`mkgdfjkjlf k dcpfrtîjgdk lk usdjk kf l`s`jvfmvdc`jtf r`idfjkm. Kp`skr l` ÿt`ds pkrk dmustrkr gfcf f mdg`jgdkc`jtf kcnd`jtkm fp`rk `c pkãs`s `c`ri`jt`s, gfc djstdtudéð`s pfmãtdgks ` gumturkds ldstdjtks, ks nr`v`s gfcpkrkéð`s r`kmdzklks jfs pkrëirkbfs kjt`rdfr`s ` jf gfrpf lf krtdif jçf pr`t`jl`c `siftkr f kssujtf r`b`r`jt` kfs prfg`ssfs l` mdg`jgdkc`jtf j`ss`s pkãs`s. Jk v`rlkl`, ks gfjgmusð`s kp`jks djldgkc uc gkcpf brutãb`rf pkrk `stulfs qu` pr`t`jlkc kprfbujlkr `ss`s pfjtfs l` gfcpkrkéçf, dl`jtdbdgkjlf jukjg`s qu` jçf bfrkc kjkmdsklks j`st` krtdif, qu` s` nks`dk `c bfjt`s ndnmdfirëbdgks ` lfguc`jtkds. Kprfbujlkr kmiujs `m`c`jtfs ldsgutdlfs kjt`rdfrc`jt` s`rë f fno`tdvf lks pr÷xdcks bks`s l`stk p`squdsk, qu` kdjlk s` `jgfjtrkc `c kjlkc`jtf. W`c p`rl`r l` vdstk k r`mkéçf `jtr` ks p`gumdkrdlkl`s jkgdfjkds jf mdg`jgdkc`jtf ` fs r`sumtklfs lfs prfg`ssfs l`gds÷rdfs, k `tkpk s`iudjt` l`stk p`squdsk gudlkrë l` kjkmdskr, `c l`tkme`s, fs prfg`ssfs l` gfjbmdtf `

 

  gffrl`jkéçf djtrkifv`rjkc`jtkm `jtr` ks `sb`rks nurfgrëtdgks `jvfmvdlks jks ër`ks l` pfmãtdgks l` djbrk`struturk ` pfmãtdgk kcnd`jtkm jf Nrksdm, jk Gedjk ` jk Ãjldk. Fnrks l` irkjl`s dcpkgtfs sfgdkds, kcnd`jtkds ` `gfjücdgfs, ks nkrrki`js s`cpr` `stdv`rkc kssfgdklks kf l`s`jvfmvdc`jtf lk gdvdmdzkéçf pfr p`rcdtdr`c gfjtrfmkr djujlkéð`s, i`rkr `j`ridk edlr`mätrdgk, ikrkjtdr f knkst`gdc`jtf l` ëiuk pkrk gfjsucf euckjf, drrdikr pmkjtkéð`s ` ktä pkrk jkv`ikéçf. Xkrk s` t`r uck dl`dk lk dcpfrtîjgdk l`ssks fnrks, ktukmc`jt` quks` c`tkl` lfs rdfs l` tflf f pmkj`tk t`c kf c`jfs uck irkjl` nkrrki`c, s`iujlf r`mkt÷rdf lk Gfcdssçf Cujldkm l` Nkrrki`js, `jtdlkl` mdiklk kf Nkjgf Cujldkm. Xfr trës lk gfjg`péçf l`ss`s `cpr``jldc`jtfs l` kmtk gfcpm`xdlkl`, `stçf prfbdssdfjkds qu` pr`gdskc gfjtkr gfc uck särd` l` ekndmdlkl`s ` lfcãjdf l` ldsgdpmdjks gfcf i`ft`gjdk ` c`gîjdgk lfs sfmfs, kmäc l` s÷mdlfs gfje`gdc`jtfs t`÷rdgfs ` prëtdgfs l` `ji`jekrdk. Ldspfsdéçf pkrk vdkokr pkrk muikr`s m uikr`s r`cftfs, kpr`éf pfr sdtukéð`s l`skbdklfrks, bm`xdndmdlkl` pkrk kssdcdmkr djfvkéð`s t`gjfm÷idgks `, kdjlk, gkpkgdlkl` pkrk mdlkr gfc ks dcpr`vdsdndmdlkl`s lk jktur`zk sçf futrks gkrkgt`rãstdgks qu` l`v`c gfcpfr f p`rbdm lf prfo`tdstk l` nkrrki`js. @cnfrk ks `xdiïjgdks pkr`ékc cudtks, eë fpfrtujdlkl`s è ldspfsdéçf lfs prfbdssdfjkds qu` kmc`okc djir`sskr j`ss` rkcf, `sp`gdkmc`jt` jf Nrksdm, qu` kpfstk jk bfrék l` suks ëiuks pkrk koulkr k supfrtkr f kuc`jtf lk l`ckjlk pfr `j`ridk kiukrlklf pkrk fs pr÷xdcfs kjfs. @cnfrk k prdjgdpkm cktrdz `j`riätdgk lf Xkãs s`ok eãlrdgk, ktukmc`jt` f Nrksdm `xpmfrk kp`jks >8% lf s`u pft`jgdkm edlr`mätrdgf, gfjbfrc` lklfs lf Ifv`rjf B`l`rkm. Xkrk kqu`m`s qu` trknkmekc ldr`tkc`jt` prfo`tkjlf `ssks `struturks, f c`rgklf l` trknkmef jfs ÿmtdcfs 885.;05p. LKA@^, K. Gkptkéçf, `m`vkéçf ` c`mefrkc`jtf lk ëiuk? k ëiuk jk kirdgumturk . 2. @l. R`r. @ kcpm. ^df l` Okj`drf? B. Nkstfs, ;457.v.>,7