Ballast System On Ship

 

  TERM PAPER INTRODUCTION TO MARINE TECHNOLOGY

BALLAST SYSTEM ON SHIP 

Created by: Pradynda Rahnia

04211740000076 04211740000076

LECTURER: Ir. Hari Prastowo, M.Sc

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SEPULUH NOPEMBER FACULTY OF MARINE TECHNOLOGY 2017

 

 

PREFACE

First of all, the writer wants to say Thank to Almighty God who has given His bless to the writers for finishing this term paper entitled “ Ballast System on Ship”. Ship ”. Also, I would like to thank Mr. Ir. Hari Prastowo, M.Sc as the lecturer who always teaches us and give much knowledge about marine technology. I do the best for this scientific term paper with support and inspiration from many firms and individuals, so I wish to express our deep and sincere gratitude for those who have provided us with assistance and materials during the writing. I realized this assignment is not perfect. Due to limited knowledge and experience, I believe there will still be many insight insight limitations in this paper. Therefore I’m looking forward to the suggestions and criticisms of the readers for the t he perfection of this paper. But I hope it can be useful for us. Of course, critics and suggestion is needed here to make this assignment be better. Last words, I that this term paper can increase the knowledge and experience for those who read our writing.

Surabaya,11ᵀᴴ Surabaya,11 ᵀᴴ December  December 2017

Writer

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TABLE OF CONTENTS  ……………………………………..……………………… ………………………..…. ….................... ...................  i PREFACE…………………………………… ……….. ..… …...……………………… ...………………………..…………… ……………..…  ii  TABLE LIST OF CONTENTS……… I. INTRODUCTION………… …………................................................ ................................................……… ………..…...…………. ...………….  1 

1.1. Background …… ……..………………………… …………………………... ...…… ……...... ......……………… ………………............. ............. 1 1.2 Formulating Formulating Of The The Problem.................................... Problem.......................................................... .......................................... .................... 1 1.3 Purpose............................ Purpose.................................................. ............................................ ............................................ ........................................ .................. 1 .....................………………… ………………….......................... ..........................……… ……….... ....…………. ………….  2  II. DISCUSSION..................... 2.1. Ship Ballast System Function......……………… Function......……………….. ..………………………… …………………………...... ...... 2 2.2. Operation of Ballast System......................................... System............................................................... ....................................... ................. 2 2.3. Component for Ballast System........................................ System.............................................................. .................................... .............. 4 2.4. Ballast Water Management Plan............................................................ Plan......................................................................... ............. 6 2.5. Ballast Water Regulation............................................ Regulation.................................................................. ........................................ .................. 7

………………………..…… ……..………………………………….. …………………………………...... .... 14  III. CONCLUSION……………………… 3.1. Conclusion.................................... Conclusion............................................. .........……………………………………… ……………………………………….. 14 ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ........................ 16  REFERENCES ...................... .

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

Every people in our live always moving from their place to other places. To move, we need some tools that can accommodate us to get to far places. So people invented an innovation called transportation that can transfer us to far places with more less time and places that hard to reached. Most of Indonesia Area are 70% consist by Sea, therefore, we need a transportation that can across the ocean from island to other island, called ship. There are several types of ship such as passenger ships, bulk carrier ships, cargo ships, tankers, container ships, and also warships. All those types of vessel have a systems, there are electrical systems, navigation system, and piping systems. If we discuss more specific about piping system, we can divide it into 5, the ballast system,  bilge system, fresh water system (sanitary), fire extinguishers, and engine cooling system. And in this paper, I would like to discuss more about the ballast system. s ystem.

1.2. Formulating Of The Problem

The author has drawn up some of the issues that will be discussed in this paper as a limitation in the discussion of the content chapter. Some of these problems are : 1. What is ballast system on ship? 2. How the ballast system works?

1.3. Purpose

Based on the formulation of the above problem then the purpose in writing this  paper as follows : 1.  1. To know about the concept of the ballast system and how it works on ship.   2.  To know the regulation of the ballast system internationally and other  provisions.

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CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

2.1. Ship’s Ballast Systems Function  Function  

Ballast system is one of system that keeping the balance of the ship’s position. This system is to adjust the degree of slope and draft of the ships. A ballast wate waterr system is essential for the safe operation of a ship, but the operation of these systems causes significant threats to the environment and local economy. The ballast system is arranged to ensure that water can be drawn from any tank or the sea and discharged to any other tank or the sea as required to trim the vessel, combined or separate mains for suction and discharge dischar ge may be provided. Where tank or cargo space can be used for ballast or dry cargo them either a ballast or bilge connection will be required. The system must therefore be arranged so that only the appropriate  pipeline is in service; the other must be securely blanked blanked or closed off. Where Where tanks are arranged for either oil or ballast a change-over chest must be fitted in pipeline so that only the ballast main or the oil transfer main is connected to the tank.

2.2. Operation of Ballast System

There are ballast pumps installed in the t he engine room or pump rooms. These pumps take their suction from sea water main line, from the high sea chest being on the port side or starboard side and from the low sea chest being on opposite side. And also, they take their discharge line to the overboard or to the ballast tank through the ballast main line.When operating ballast, ballast pump takes suction from sea chest and discharges to ballast main line through the ballast pump discharge line. When operating deballast,  ballast pump take suction from the ballast main line, and discharges discharges to overboard through the overboard valve. Each ballast tank has butterfly suction valve operated hydraulically and of the intermediate position controlled type except for the engine room, forward/aft peak tank fill/suction valves.The engine room, forward/aft peak tank fill/suction valves are of hydraulic on/off controlled type valves. Also ballast tank volume is calculated at the loading computer in accordance with the measured ballast tank level, which is transferred from the IAS to the loading computer by the serial link. The IAS monitors each ballast tank level and transfer to the loading computer by serial link. And the loading computer sends the calculated ballast volume to the IAS.

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Sea inlet and overboard discharge valves are to be secured directly on the shell  plating, or on sea chests built on the shell plating, or or on extra-reinforced and short distance pieces attached to the shell/wing tank bulkhead.Sea inlet and overboard discharge valves are to be of a flanged type or equivalent.

Ballast water transfer valves shall be fitted directly at the penetration onto watertight bulkhead of the corresponding tank. The collision bulkhead may be pierced below the bulkhead deck by not more than one pipe for dealing with fluid in the fore peak tank, provided that the pipe is fitted with a screwdown valve capable of being operated from above the bulkhead deck, the valve chest being secured inside the fore peak to the collision bulkhead. The Society may, however, authorize the fitting of this valve on the after side s ide of the collision  bulkhead provided that that the valve is readily accessible under all service conditions and the space in which it is located is not a cargo space. If the fore peak is divided to hold two different kinds of liquids the Society may allow the collision bulkhead to be pierced below the bulkhead deck by two pipes, each of which is fitted as required by the above paragraph, provided the Society is satisfied that there is no practical alternative to the fitting of such a second pipe and that, having regard to the additional subdivision provided in the fore peak, the safety of the ship is maintained.

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2.3. Component for Ballast System

There are several components that used in ballast system 1. Ballast tank Ballast tank function is to hold water and maintain the stability of the ship both when sailing and loading and unloading. It locates in after peak and fore peak that used to changing the trim. It also located in double bottom, deep ballast tanks, and side  ballast tanks. Ballast tank on this ship consists of 5 tanks on the starboard and 5 tanks on the  portside. With Wi th a total capacity of 1517,363 tons, with an estimated es timated filling time of 10 hours.

2. Ballast Pipe a)  Ballast pipe line The suction side of the ballast water tank is arranged so that in the condition of the trim the ballast water can still be in the pump. Ships that have a very wide double  bottom tank are also equipped with a suction side on the outside of the tank. Where the length of the ballast water tank is more than 30 m, the Class may be able to request an additional suction side to meet the front of the tank.  b)  Pipe through the tank Ballast water pipe should not be through the installation of drinking water tanks, raw water tanks, fuel oil tanks, and lubricating oil tanks.

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c)  Piping system When a ballast water tank will be used especially as a hatch dryer, the tank is also connected to the bilga system. The valve must be controlled from the top of the weather deck (freeboard deck) When the fore peak is directly related to a permanently permanentl y tied space (eg a bow thruster space) separate from the cargo space, this valve can be installed directly on the collision bulkhead below this space without additional equipment for its settings. 3. Ballast Pump The pump that supports ballast system consists of 2 pumps, which also supports other systems, the extinguishing system and bilge. The quantity and capacity of the pump shall conformt the operational requirements of the vessel.

4. Valves and Fittings Valves and fittings that usually used are: a) Elbow 90  b) Filter c) SDNRV (Screw Down Non Return Valve) d) Gate Valve e) T Elbow f) Butterfly Valve

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5. Seachest Seachest is a place on the hull of the ship, where in the sea chest there is a pipe inlet of sea water. In addition to the pipe, the seachest also got two other channels. That is blow  pipe and vent pipe. Blow Blow pipe is used as an air duct to spray dirt in the seachest. While the pipe is used for ventilation in the seachest. Seachest for tthis his ship is placed in the t he hull in the engine room area.

6. Outboard The function of outboard is to release unused water. The outboard should be above the waterline and must be fed one type of SDNRV valve. The laying of the outboard is approximately 011 mm above the pimsoll line.

2.4. Ballast Water Management Plan  In order to reduce the harmful effects on the marine environment that are

spread through aquatic micro organisms transferred from one area to another through ballasting operations of the ship, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted a convention in order to control and manage ships ballast and sediments ion on 13th February 2004. Port state authorities from around the world implemented their own requirements for ballasting and de-ballasting operation for ships sailing in their terrestrial water.

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To simplify the requirement of the control of ballast water problem, a “ballast water management plan” was introduced i ntroduced which was to be used and implemented on board sailing vessels entering international waters. The ballast water management plan includes the following: 1. International rules and regulations for different port state controls all over the world. 2. Location of ports providing shore discharge facility of sediments and  ballast water. 3. Duties of the personnel on board for carrying out ballast operation. 4. Operational procedure along with the method to be used for ballasting. 5. The locations at different coastal water for ballast exchange should be mentioned in the plan. 6. Sampling point and treatment method should be given in the ballast water management plan.

2.5. Ballast Water Regulation

Invasive aquatic species present a major threat to the marine ecosystems, and shipping has been identified as a major pathway for introducing species to new environments. The problem increased as trade and traffic volume expanded over the last few decades, and in particular with the introduction of steel hulls, allowing vessels to use water instead of solid materials as ballast. The effects of the introduction of new species have in many areas of the world been devastating. Quantitative data show the rate of bio-invasions is continuing to increase at an alarming al arming rate. As the volumes of seaborne trade continue overall to increase, the problem pr oblem may not yet have reached its  peak. However, the Ballast Water Management Convention, adopted in 2004, aims to  prevent the spread of harmful aquatic organisms from one region to another, by establishing standards and procedures for the management and control of ships' ballast ballas t water and sediments Under the Convention, all ships in international traffic are required to manage their  ballast water and sediments to a certain standard, according to a ship-specific ballast water management plan. All ships will also have to carry c arry a ballast water record re cord book and an international ballast water management certificate. The ballast water

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management standards will be phased in over a period of time. As an intermediate solution, ships should exchange ballast water mid-ocean. However, eventually most ships will need to install an on-board ballast water treatment system. A number of guidelines have been developed to facilitate the implementation of the Convention. The Convention will require all ships to implement a Ballast Water and Sediments Management Plan. All ships will have to carry a Ballast Water W ater Record Book and will be required to carry out ballast water wate r management procedures to a given standard. Existing ships will be required to do the same, but after a phase-in period. Parties to the Convention are given the option to take additional measures which are subject to criteria set out in the Convention and to IMO guidelines. The Convention is divided into Articles; and an Annex which includes technical standards and requirements in the Regulations for the control and management of ships' ballast water and sediments.   Annex - Section A General Provisions 

This includes definitions, application and exemptions. Under Regulation A-2 General Applicability: "Except where expressly provided otherwise, the discharge of Ballast Water shall only be conducted through Ballast Water Management, in accordance with the provisions of this Annex." Management nt and Control Requirement R equirementss for Ships     Annex - Section B Manageme

Ships are required to have on board and implement a Ballast Water Management Plan approved by the Administration (Regulation B-1). The Ballast Water Management Plan is specific to each ship and includes a detailed description descri ption of the actions to be taken to implement the Ballast Water Management requirements and supplemental Ballast Water Management practices. Ships must have a Ballast Water Record Book (Regulation B-2) to record when ballast water is taken on board; circulated or treated for Ballast Water Management purposes; and discharged into the sea. It should also record when Ballast Water is discharged to a reception facility and accidental or other exceptional discharges of Ballast Water. Other methods of ballast water management may also be accepted ac cepted as alternatives to the ballast water exchange standard and ballast water performance

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standard, provided that such methods ensure at least the same level of protection to the environment, human health, property or resources, and are approved in  principle by IMO's Marine Environment Protection Protection Committee (MEPC). Under Regulation B-4 Ballast Water Exchange, all ships using ballast water exchange should: whenever possible, conduct ballast water exchange at least 200 nautical miles from the nearest land and in water at least 200 metres in depth, taking into account Guidelines developed by IMO; in cases where the ship s hip is unable to conduct ballast water exchange as above, this should s hould be as far from the nearest land as possible, and in all cases at least 50 nautical miles from the nearest land and in water at least 200 metres in depth. When these requirements cannot be met areas may be designated where ships can conduct ballast water exchange. All ships shall remove and dispose of sediments from spaces designated to carry carr y ballast water in accordance with the  provisions of the ships' ballast water management plan (Regulation B-4).   Annex - Section C Additional measures

A Party, individually or jointly with other Parties, may impose on ships additional measures to prevent, reduce, or eliminate the transfer tr ansfer of Harmful Aquatic Organisms and Pathogens through ships' Ballast Water and Sediments. In these cases, the Party Part y or Parties should consult with adjoining or nearby States that may be affected by such standards or requirements and should communicate their intention to establish additional measure(s) to the Organization at least 6 months, except in emergency or epidemic situations, prior to the projected date of implementation of the measure(s). When appropriate, Parties will have to obtain the approval of IMO.   Annex - Section D Standards for Ballast Water Management

There is a ballast water exchange standard and a ballast water performance standard. Ballast water exchange could be used to meet the performance standard:   Regulation D-1 Ballast Water Exchange Standard - Ships performing

Ballast Water exchange shall do so with an efficiency of 95 per cent volumetric exchange of Ballast Water. For ships exchanging ballast water  by the pumping-through pumping-through method, pumping through through three times the volume of each ballast water tank shall be considered to meet the standard

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described. Pumping through less than three times the volume may be accepted provided the ship can demonstrate that at least 95 percent volumetric exchange is met.   Regulation D-2 Ballast Water Performance Standard - Ships conducting

 ballast water management shall discharge less than 10 viable organisms  per cubic metre greater than or equal to 50 micrometres in minimum dimension and less than 10 viable organisms per milliliter less l ess than 50 micrometres in minimum dimension and greater than or equal to 10 micrometres in minimum dimension; and discharge of the indicator microbes shall not exceed the specified concentrations. The indicator microbes, as a human health standard, include, but are not be limited to: a.  Toxicogenic Vibrio cholerae (O1 and O139) with less than 1 colony forming unit (cfu) per 100 milliliters or less than 1 cfu per 1 gram (wet weight) zooplankton samples  b. Escherichia coli less than 250 cfu per 100 milliliters c. Intestinal Enterococci less than 100 cfu per 100 milliliters. Ballast Water Management systems must be approved by the Administration in accordance with IMO Guidelines (Regulation D-3 Approval requirements for Ballast Water Management systems). These include systems which make use of chemicals or biocides; make use of organisms or biological mechanisms; or which alter the chemical or physical characteristics of the Ballast Water.   Prototype technologies 

Regulation D-4 covers Prototype Ballast Water Treatment Technologies. It allows for ships participating in a programme approved by the Administration to test and evaluate promising Ballast Water treatment technologies t echnologies to have a leeway of five years before having to comply with the requirements.   Review of standards

Under regulation D-5 Review of Standards by the Organization, IMO is required to review the Ballast Water Performance Standard, taking ta king into account a number of

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criteria including safety considerations; environmental acceptability, i.e., not causing more or greater environmental impacts than it solves; practicability, i.e., compatibility with ship design and operations; cost effectiveness; and biological effectiveness in terms of removing, or otherwise rendering r endering inactive harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens in ballast water. The review should include a determination of whether appropriate technologies are available to achieve the standard, an assessment of the above mentioned criteria, criter ia, and an assessment of the socio-economic effect(s) specifically in relation to the developmental needs of developing countries, particularly small island developing States.   Annex- Section E Survey and Certification Requirements for Ballast Water

Management  

Gives requirements for initial renewal, annual, intermediate and renewal surveys and certification requirements. Appendices give form of Ballast Water Management Certificate and Form of Ballast Water Wate r Record Book.

2.5. Manufacturer

There are several company who are producing the ballast system s ystem component.   Moeller Marine Products

For more than 25 years, Moeller Marine Products has been the industry industr y standard in fuel system design and construction. Moeller’s reputation is built on innovative engineering, quality construction, and award-winning service. They are:  

The largest rotational molder in the marine industry-among the top 20 across all industries nationwide

  Pioneers of Barrier Technology   Diurnal Integration Experts   ISO 9001:2008 Certified

Moeller Marine Products furnishes fuel systems or components to nearly every boat builder: from bass and ski boats to offshore salt water fishing. Since 2009, we have shipped more than 220,000 barrier tanks. Moeller tanks meet ABYC, EPA, USCG, ISO, CE, or other applicable standards, and we are represented on the ABYC fuel and vent committee. Moeller works with all major ski and towboat builders to meet their specific ballast ball ast requirements. They

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manufacture ballast water tanks in a range of configurations for bilge and bow locations which maximize volume capacity as they meet stringent space constraints. All tanks are 100% leak-tested before they ship them from the plant. To boost flexibility, we use aluminum inserts or spin-weld fittings.

  Hyde Marine

Hyde Marine is a world leader in ballast ballas t water treatment ssystems ystems designed to

control the spread of non-indigenous aquatic organisms. Owners and operators committed to operating their vessels in a responsible, sustainable, and economical way rely on the Hyde GUARDIAN Gold® Ballast Water Treatment System (BWTS) to provide an IMO type approved solution to maximize their ship’s environmental compliance. The Hyde GUARDIAN Gold system is suitable for a  broad range of treatment requirements based on our many years years of experience and can be retrofitted in-situ to existing vessels with no downtime. Hyde Marine is a pioneer in early ballast water research and continues its position as a technology leader and an integral part of Calgon Carbon UV Technologies. As early as 1995, Hyde Marine became aware that the ballast water in sships hips was carrying thousands of species of aquatic animals and plants. These invasive organisms were creating problems for the marine environment and human health in and around the Great Lakes area, threatening the economies that depend on healthy aquatic ecosystems. While transportation of ballast water cannot be stopped, sto pped, the transfer of invasive aquatic organisms and pathogens can be minimized by deep-sea exchange or suitable treatment. Ballast water exchange can be costly, time consuming, and has been found to be limited in its effectiveness. Ballast water wa ter exchange may also result in increased hull stresses stress es and stability problems. In order to avoid issues presented with ballast water wate r exchange, companies like Hyde Marine have developed ballast water treatments systems that rely on filtrati filtration on and disinfection of ballast water to prevent the transfer of invasive organisms.

  Evoqua Water Technologies

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Evoqua produce the SeaCURE® Ballast Water Treatment System . Evoqua's SeaCURE® system is an electrochlorination Ballast Water Treatment solution that has been developed to meet the IMO and USCG regulations, in all three t hree salinities including fresh water. The system is based around three main pillars of filtration, electrochlorination and proprietary ORP-control logic.

Utilising

trusted Chloropac® electrolyser technology, the system produces hypochlorite through the electrochlorination process to provide effective ballast water wat er treatment.

  Zeppelin Power Systems GmbH & Co. KG

Zeppelin Power Systems has produce Optimarin Ballast system. The type approved Optimarin Ballast System is based on filtration as pre-treatment and high doses of UV irradiation for inactivation of marine organisms, viruses and  bacteria, without affecting the normal operation of the ship. Ballast water is UV treated both during ballasting and de-ballasting to ensure the dual UV effect. Ballast water is only filtered during ballasting. The OBS is one of very few treatment options that does not use or generate chemicals or biocides in its treatment t reatment or cleaning processes. It is bas based ed on the idea that such systems should be environmentally sound, simple, flexible and easy to install, and capable of operating on both newbuilds and existing vessels. The OBS is certified to operate in all salinities (freshwater, brackish and seawater). The Optimarin Ballast System is normally installed in the pump or engine room and in close proximity to the ballast pumps. The OBS can be delivered in a container, on a skid or in separate separat e pieces to allow for eas easy y installation in most any available space. The equipment can be installed horizontally, vertically, on or suspended below deck, along the ship’s side or in several separate locations. It is relatively low weight and adds no extra noise. The OBS utilizes every square meter and does not require much space, this makes it a cost-efficient solution.

CHAPTER III

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CONCLUSION 3.1. Conclusion

Invasive Aquatic Species in ship’s ballast water is one of the biggest  problems faced by the shipping industry. Posing a great threat to the marine ecosystem, ecos ystem, these aquatic species has led to an increase in bio-invasion at an alarming rate. Under IMO’s “International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship’s Ballast  Ballast   Water and Sediments”, implementation of ballast water management plan and ballast water treatment system on board ships has thus become important. In order to ensure their ships comply with the rules and regulations re gulations set by IMO regarding Ballast Water Management, several shipping shi pping operators have started implementing ballast water treatment systems on their ships. A variety of technologies are available in the market for treating ballast water on ships. However, constraints such as availability of space, cost of implementation, and level of environmental friendliness play an important role in usage of a particular type of ballast water treatment system. A number of factors are taken into account for choosing a ballast water treatment system for a ship. Some of the main factors taken into consideration are:   Effectiveness on ballast water organisms   Environment-friendliness   Safety of the crew   Cost effectiveness   Ease of installation and operation   Space availability on board   Ship Deballasting   Ship Deballasting

The main types of ballast water treatment technologies available in the market are:   Filtration Systems (physical)   Chemical Disinfection ( oxidizing and non-oxidizing biocides)   Ultra-violet treatment   Deoxygenation treatment   Heat (thermal treatment)   Acoustic (cavitation treatment)   Electric pulse/pulse plasma systems   Magnetic Field Treatment

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A typical ballast water treatment treat ment system on board ships use two or more technologies together to ensure that the treated ballast water is of IMO standards. Physical separation or filtrations systems are used to separate marine organisms and suspended solid materials from the ballast water using sedimentation or surface filtration systems. The suspended/filtered solids and waste (backwashing) water from the filtration process is either discharged in the area from where the ballast is taken or further treated on board ships before discharging

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REFERENCES

https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-ballast-water-2293103   https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-ballast-water-2293103 http://lokerpelaut.com/apa-itu-ballast-sistem.html http://lokerpelaut.com/apa-itu-ballast-sistem.html   Taylor, D.A.1990.  Introduction to Marine Engineering Second Edition, Edition, London: Butterworths http://www.mermaid-consultants.com/ballast-system-design-in-ships.html   http://www.mermaid-consultants.com/ballast-system-design-in-ships.html http://navy.memorieshop.com/Design-Details/Reservoir.html  http://navy.memorieshop.com/Design-Details/Reservoir.html  https://www.marineinsight.com/maritime-law/what-is-ballast-water-management-plan /  http://moellermarine.com/custom-contract-manufacturing/custom-tanks/custom-ballas t-tanks/   t-tanks/ http://www.hydemarine.com/ballast_water   http://www.evoqua.com/en  http://www.evoqua.com/en  http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/International-C onvention-for-the-Control-and-Management-of-Ships%27-Ballast-Water-and-Sedime nts-(BWM).aspx   nts-(BWM).aspx

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