Balance Térmico Giacomi-Tapia (1963)

 

 

Dj`s Mtdcda Mtdcda hi @dmgaod @dmg aod y Gmrcas E

Fmcmjgi tärodga

mpdm

~

~

.

 

Is prandfdhm cm riprahuggd÷j tatmc a pmrgdmc

]uihm nigna ic hip÷sdta qui omrgm cm ciy

6hm. Ihcgdgj Xdra_i 922 iliop cmris

Dop Dopris risa a ij Mr`ijt djm

 

M ` r m h i g i o a s m ca s Dj ` i j di ra s

Mtdcda

hi

@dm g a od

Gmrcas

E.

y

X mpdm hi cm G í t i h r m h i

Dj stm cm g da j i s G a o p c i -

oijtmrdms

hic mýa

=457 c m gajeiggd÷j h i c

p r i s i j t i trm f m la .

 .,

.--.

 

-

F

Gmcar

C

'.'

JGI XIVODGA

par Is cm gmusm ixtirj m hi cms sijsmgdajis vuc`mroijti gajagdhís par cms ixprisdajis gmcdijti y erea Is ujm earom a omjdeistmgd5j hi cm ijir`rm prapdm hi cas oavdodijtas m qui ist5j sulitms cms oacägucms qui gajstdtuyij cas guirpas.

Xiopic ]turm

ujm gumcdhmh hi cas guirpas qui hipijhi hi su istmha ggcajecga. Gumjha uj guirpa si gmcdijtm a si ci mhdgdajm gmcar, muoijtm tiopirmturm y gumjha si ijerrj a si ci qudtm gmcar mquiccm hdsodjuyi, m ixgipgd5j hi cas gmsas ij qui agurrij gmofdas hi istmha ist mha ersdga. ersdga. Cm tiop irmt urm is ujm om`jdtuh ricmtdvm qui hiedji has istmhas gmcar eedg eedgas as hdstdjtas hi uj guirp a, pira ja is ujm ujm gmjtdhmh prapdmoijti tmc, parqui ja is susgiptdfci hi oihdhm ij ic rd`urasa sijtdha hi cm pmcmfrm. Gaoa tahms cms prapdihmhis hi cas guirpas saj oahdedgmhms par ic gmcar, gumcqudir hitirocjmgd5j gumjtdtmtdvm hi cms vmrdmg dajis afsirvmhms ij cas guirpas prahugdhms par vmrdmgd5j hi tiopirmturm puihi sirvdr hi jarom pmrm mprigdmr a oihdr tmc v g r c g g c ä j Rmrm oihdr cms tiopirmturms, oilar hdgna cms vgrcggdajis hi tiopirmturm, si iopcim ujm isgmcm gajvijgdajmc gaj hdvdsdajis d`umcis y mrfdtrmrdms m pmrtdr hi uj ard`ij qui si gajsdhirm gaoa gira hi cm isgmcm.

Gmcartm

cm gmjtdhmh hi gmcar qui si jigisc ti mýmhdr m uj kdca`rmoa hi m`um histd cmhm m cm prisd÷j mtoaseärdgm pmrm qui su tiopirmturm si icivi ij uj `rmha gijte`rmha. Wu hdoijsd÷j is< kdcagmcartm (Kgmc).

Gmcar impigt ga

Is cm gmjtdhmh hi gmcar jigismrdm pmrm qui ujkdca`rmoa hi ujm

s

s

sustmjgdm muoijti su su tiopirmturm ij uj `rmha gijtt`rmha.

c

•

gmcar

9

 

 

;.

ispihedga vmrrm ij eujgdAj hi cm tiopirmturm y ij cas `ms is ij

eujgdAj hi cm prisc÷j. Wu hdoijsdAj is< Kgmc¡=3` aG y ca djhdgmrioas gaj ic scrjfa a Gi.

Gmcar sijsdfci

ic gmcar qui hitirodjm sacmoijti uj gmofda hi tiopirmturm hi ujm sustmjgdm. Wu stofaca is ]s y hi mguirha gaj su hiedjdgdAj< Is

]s ? Gi .R.t

Gi

R t Gmcar cmtijti

Is

hajhi

is ic gmcar isp ih e d ga hi cm sustmjgdm ij Kgmc¡=3`aG is ic p pisa isa hi cm sustmjgdm ij K` is ic gmofda hi tiopirmturm ij aG

ca gmjtdhmh hi gmcar qui si hifi mhdgdajmr a sufstrmir m ujm

sufstmjgdm pmrm qui pmsi par gaopcita hi uj istmha ersdga m atra, sacdha m Drqudha (eusdAj), ccqucha m vmpar (ifuccdgdAj) a vdgivirsm. Odijtrms si prahugij istas gmofdas hi istmha cm tiopirmturm ja si oahdedgm. Rar iliopca< pmrm gmofdmr uj kdca`rmoa hi ndica hi AA

m uj kdca`rmoa hi m`um m AAG, si jigisdtm suodjdstrmr c ? 75 Kgmc, odijtrms qui pmrm gmofdmr uj kd ca`rmoa hi m`um hi cAAa ij vmpar hi cm odsom tiopirmturm si jigisdtm suodjdstmr c ?

689 Kgmc

Gmcar tatmc

Is cm suom hic gmcar sijsdfci y hic gmcar cmtijti

Rirhdhms y

Ic hmta ois dopartmjti pmrm taha prayigta hi djstmcmgdAj hi gcdom mrtdedgdmc, tmjta sd si trmtm hi mgajhdgdajmodijta gaj gmciemggdAj gaoa hi mgajhdgdajmodijta gaj rierd`irmgdAj, is ic hi cm pärhdhm a `mjmjgdm hi gmcar ixpirdoijtmhm ij ic cagmc aflita hic mgajhdgdajmodijta, ym qui hi isti hmta hipijhij cm patijgdm gmcarredgm a erd`arredgm y ic hdoijsdajmodijta hi cas iqudpas qui gaopajij cm djstmcmgdAj tärodgm. Cms pärhdhms hi gmcar hipijhij hi cm hdeirijädm hi tiopirmturms ijtri ic cagmc mgajhdgdajmha y ic ixtirdar a cas cagmcis gajtd`uas, is_ gaoa hi cm gajstruggd Aj ij sr hic ihdedgda y si hifij m cm trmjsodsdAj hic gmcar m trmväs hi cms pmrihis, suicas, tignas, puihms y vijtmjms. Cms `mjmjgdms hi gmcar saj hifdhms m cm iodsdAj . gajstmjti hi gmcar par cas agupmjtis hic cagmc, par cas mpmrmtas (oataris, narjas, quiomharis, itg. par ic mcuofrmha y ij ic gmsa

`mjmjg¡ms hi

-gmcar

°

l

=

°=

 

hi qui ic cagmc mgajhdgdajmha hifm tijir ujm tiopirmturm djeirdar m cm hic ixtirdar a cm hi cas cagmcis mhymgijtis ijtrmj tmofdäj ij gajsdhirmgd÷j cms gmjtdhmhis hi gmcar trmjsodtdhms hi meuirm nmgdm mhijtra m trmväs hi cms Rmrihis, puirtas, vijtmjms itg. y cm rmhdmgd÷j sacmr qui pijitrm m trmväs hi vijtmjmodijtas, .pirihis y tigna s. . Ic gicguca hi cms pärhdhms a `mjmjgdms hi gmcar par trmjsodsd÷j m trmväs hi pmrihis, tignas itg. ixd`i ic gajagcocijta hitmccmha hic sdstiom hi gajstruggd÷j y hi cas omtirdmcis iopcimhas ij ic ihdedgda hmtas qui hifij sir emgdcdtmhas mc tägjdga qui prayigtm cm djstmcmgd÷j hi mgajhdgdajmodijta. Rrivdmoijti hifi istuhdmrsi cas eujhmoijtas hi cm trmjsodsd÷j gmcarredgm.

Cm trmjsodsd÷j hic gmcar ijtri ic mdri hi mofas cmhas hi ujm pmrih' si virdedgm ij tris earoms hdstdjtms< par gajviggd÷j par gajhuggd÷j y par rmhdmgd÷j. Gajviggd÷j

Is ic pmsa hi gmcar hi uj pujta m atra hijtra hi cm omsm hi uj ecutha , trqjspartmha pa parr ic oavdodijta hi cms oacägucms hi hdgna Ecucha, oavdodijta qui si hifi m cms vmrdmgdajis hi hijsdhmh hijtra hi cms pargdajis hic ecurha qui rigdfij gícar.

Gajhuggd÷j

Is ic pmsa hi gmcar hi ujms oacägucms m atrms hijtra hi cm odsom.

sufstmjgdm a hi vmrdms sufstmjgdms pu9 MA 2.99 =.09

5.42 =2.22 =6.>2 =9.42 7.22 8.72 9.52 0.=2

=.82 7.79

9.>2

=.>9 8.>2 =.72 7.22

> < 6 2 =2.>2 =8.62 =0.22 8.>2 8.> 2 0.=2 4.72 =6.22

==

"

gajstruggd÷j

nuigm hi

... , d''''' o7

6,= o7 =,0 o7 =,= o7

rijavmh ajis

Cm gmjtdhmh hi ~ ¡ r i   edctrmha si hitirodjm ij earom `cafmc ij fmsi m uj gdirta jüoira hi gmofdas hi mguirha mc tdpa, usa y afcgggcij

hi mdri

hic cagmc.

J ² hi rijavmg..

X dp a h in mf dt mgd5j

=) Cagmcis sdj vijtmjms apuijtas ixtirdaris°°°° . "

pmr narm

>.92

>.22 =2.82 =6.42

,' ,

6.>2 0.82 =7.92 =0.72 62.92 66.92 Q,

: ,

cms

9.42

2.99 =.09

 

Oätaha' hi

8>.7

82

-

Wdodcmr, sdj furcitis,   hi gajstrug .' ' gd÷j djeirdar, nijhdlm hh 6.8 oo 6.92 5.82 =2.82 = 8.92 67.62

"

=/ chirj, m j t . ~ ¡ < ~ A GAD oita!< ,

>

-,

 

D

Gmrmgtihstdgms

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•

'

6

==

gaj

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==

ij uj c m h a . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

=

7) Dhio ij has cmha cmhass • = 8) Dhio ij tris cmhas 6 9) UistXfucas hi i j t r m h m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Q.. 

Rmrm mfirturm gaj furcitis si taom ic 55, hi istas vmcaris (6/7). Isti oätaha is oijas prigdsa qui ic mjtirdar hi cms nijhdhurms, pira su mpcdgmgd÷j is oís prígtdggc,gumjha si gmrigi hi hmtas prigdsas. Ist Istas as vmcari s si riedirij í cagmcis d j d v d u c i ~ j a si i ~ c c S s d h i r m   taha ic i h d e d g d ~ Q i f Q i   t ~ i j   góijtm-nOecctmh hi cas vgcaris djhdvdhumcis, parqui ic mdri qui pijitr5 hifi smcdr hic mofdijti y par ca tmjta rihugi m cm odtmh cm djNctrmgd5j tatmc gmcgucmhm.

 

 

' Q - - ~ ?

DjedDtrmi< d 5j cm gceirijgdm hi hif hm

tiopirmturm

' c ' c ' c '

' d

~ , . . . . . . . .

 

Q

 

Q ???

? ?...........Q

.......

 

Ij ihdedgdas mctas ic ieigta hi gndoijim prahugdrä ujm g,ar`m qui si m`ri`mr5 mc ieigta hic vdijta ij cas jcvicis fmlas y qui si ristaró ij cas jdvicis mctas, sdijha cm Drjim jiutrm cm mcturm oihdm hic ihdedgda. Wi gmcgucm,muoijtmjha cm vicagdhmh hic vdijta ij cm pmrti djeirdar, hilc2 is uj vmcar oihda hi jarom y hifi sirajgcczgha pmrm mofdijtis hi hdstdjta histdja.

 

Xiopirmturms djtirdaris ij Djvdirja

=}

Wmcms, gaoiharis

•

Hajjdtardas mhuctas Hajjdtardas jdýas Fmrx.s

Aedgdjms

Nmcc 6)

ag

Ihdedgdas hi vdvdijgcm y aedgdjms

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=>2 - 62² =>² =>2 - 62² 622 - 672 =>² =5² - =>²

Xmcciris y Ihdedgdas Uircas Xmcciris • • • • • • • • • Isguicms - mucms •• • • • .`dojmsda • • Naspdtmcis - Wmcms ije ijeiro iroas as (hrg (hrg)) • • • • • • • • • • == == (jagni) • • • == apirmhas ••• • apirmgdajis Nmccs y pmsdccas

Jmtmtard as - Rd Ditm

Uistumrda Cmvmtardas Ji`agdas • Ximtras Gd jiomt5`rmeas' jiomt5`rmeas' Ousias

"

• •

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.

 

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=>² - 62²

•

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=>²

• 

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=5² - =>² 67² - 68² 62²

=>

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=5² - =>² =>2 - 62² =5² - =>² =3= - 62² =0: - =>² 62² - 67² 68² - 69²

=>²

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=5²-=>²

Jatm Ag Dr

  92   NV

NV 84 % NV

9

 

Nioas istuhdmha qui cas gmofdas hi gmcar si hifij m gmusms djtirjms y ixtirjms y mjmcdzmha gmhm ujm hi iccms. Gmusms ixtirjms< Gmusms djtirjms<

gijhggg däj-rghcggcäj sacmr-vijtdcmgd÷j

djed Dtrmgd÷j. agupmjtis-cugis-oataris-mpmrmtas-gaggd÷j

gajhugtas. Cas Cas emgtaris qui hi ujm u atrm omjir m djecuyij iij j cms gajsdhirmgdajis hi g5cguca saj<

M) ixtirdaris a g=do5tdgas< tiopirmturm ixtirdar-vicagdhmh hic vdijta ccuvdm y jdivi-rmhdmgd÷j sacmr. F gmrmgtirtstdgms hic ihdedgda< omtirdmcis y su vmcar K-djedctrmgd÷j-`rmha hi mfsargd÷j hi cm rghdagdäj sacmr. G) gajhdgdajis djtirdaris< tiopirmturm djtirdar-istrmtdedgmgd÷j hic mdr i sdstiom hi gmciemggd÷j mhaptmha-riquirdodijta hi vijtd cm cmgg d÷rr-agu d÷rr-agu pm g dAj-ri`u Dmg D÷j, D÷j,

 

m si`udr eH=D hitijjdjmr cm gmr`m hi

Oitaha

=) 6)

gmciemggdAj

7) 8)

cm tiopirmturm djtirdar hic a hi cas cagmcis sd`udijha cm tmfcm hi rigaoijhmgdajis. Wi hitijjdjm cm tiopirmturm ixtirdar hi g5cguca fms5jhasi ij i mhaptm

cm gaiecgcijti ocjdog mfsacutm hi cm istmgd÷j ic hi eriguijgdm hic 42pmrm . cas üctdoas =2 mýas gaj Wi icd`ij a gmcgucmj cas gaiedgdijtis hi trmjsodsd÷j K pmrm pmrihis, pdsas, vdhrdas, tignas, itg. i gmcgucm ic 5rim hi gmhm uja hi istas icioijtas.

Xahas istas gícgucas si nmgij gaj cas pcmjas m cm vdstm, ij isgmcm ja oijar hi =) riprisijtm cm pärhdhm tatmc hi gmcar gumjha si nm mcgmjzmha i D istmha hi rä`doij. =2) Cm suom hi cms gmr `ms tärodg ms gmcgucmhm ij 4) hifi djgrioijtmrsi ij ij pargijtmlis pmrm   ic istmha hi rä`doij ij uj tärodja hi tdiopa mhigumha y ij fmsi m isti hmea edjmc gmcgucmr cas icioijtas hi gmciemggd÷j y sus gajhuggdajis. Cas supcioijtas par isti gajgipta saj< Wirvdgdas gaj cmr`ms djtirrupgdajis (d`cisdms, smcajis, itg. Wirvdgdas gaj 4 m =6 narms hdmrdms

72% 62%

Wir vdggda da gaj =6 m gdLrmjti =9 narm narms hdmrd mrdms Wirvd gajtrjua gdLrmj tis ichd hrm hrmms? Wirvdgda mutaoAtdga (hrm y jagni)

=9% =2% 2%

==) Rmrm hieirodjmr cm gmpmgdhmh hi cms gmchirms, hifi m`ri`mrsi uj Actdoa pargijtmli mc tatmc aftijdha ij ic pujta cm . Isti pargijtmli tdiji ij guijtm cms pärhdhms hi gacar ij gmýirems, y gajhugtas (mprigdmhm ästm ij uj 69%), -omr`ij pmrm ic prigmcijtmodijta mgicir mha,- omcm gmcdhmh hi gaofustdfci,'"

hiedgdijgdms hi tdrmli, itg. c tatmc m djgrioijtmr hipijhi hi hic tmomýa hi cm djstacmgd÷j y pmrm gmchirms hi vmpar a m`um gmcdijti mcdoijtmhms omjumcoijti garrispajhi mpcdgmr cas sd`udijtis pargijtmlis< nmstm

69.222 Kgmc/n WA AAA

c

59%

mm hi 52% hi 69.222 92.222 cWA.222 99% hi =92.222 m 92% 722.222 /= hi 722.222 m 892.222 /= 89% hi oAs hi 892.222 /= 82% Wd cm mcd oijtmgd÷j hi gaofustdfci is gajtracmhm mutao5tdgmoijti is sued gdij ti m`ri`m r uj supcioijta hi hicc 62% mc tatmc jita gmcgucmha, gumcqudirm sim cm gmpmgdhmh risuctmjti. 70 c