Bajtín y La Antropología Americana

 

ONJPÅK T IN NKP_HVHIHAÅN NEM_DGNKN

 Pntdnkn Ouokhvn ]KNE Onlbtdk ds `dstnkt crhe us, out kht, hc ghursm, drrmimvnkt. Onlbtdk gnk stdii spmnl th us, out wm bnvm th nsl bde tbm rdabt qumstdhks. Lmk Bdrsgblhp Im pinktmnehs n ukn guiturn njmkn prmauktns kumvns, qum miin kh sm bn pinktmn`h n så edsen, ousgnehs mk miin rmspumstns n mstns kumstrns dktmrrhanktms, y in guiturn njmkn khs rmsphk`m ni `mvminr nktm khshtrhs sus nspmgths khvm`hshs, sus prhcuk`d`n`ms `mi smktd`h. Onjtåk (MGS 77=) Vnrn E.-Vdmrrmttm Eniguzyksld

¸Bnstn quä pukth ihs ghkgmpths `m Onjtåk mstîk prmsmktms mk uk supumsth ’`dsgursh nemrdgnkh― ‗uk `dsgursh `mi ’smr nemrdgnkh― ngmrgn `m så edseh8 ]kn bdp÷tmsds smemjnktm ph`rån smr amkmrn`n mk mi `hedkdh qum Onjtåk rmingdhknon ghk in nktrhphihaån cdihs÷cdgn. Mstm tmxth ms uk dktmkth phr ehstrnr g÷eh cukgdhkn in ’nktrhphihaån cdihs÷cdgn― `m Onjtåk, ’mxpidgdtnk`h― (bngdmk`h qum ghormk gumrph mxtmrdhr: hvkmsbvimkdm) sus hvkmsbvimkdm) sus t÷pdghs prdkgdpnims > ni prhymgtnrihs bngdn niaukns rmnid`n`ms `m in guiturn . Mstn ’mxtmrdhrdzngd÷k―, ’pinsengd÷k― `mi ’gumrph `mi smktd`h― (’gumrph odghrphrni―: `huoim-oh`dm` oh`y) kmgmsnrdnemktm ghkvmram ghk in nktrhphihaån gheh ghkjukth `m `dsgdpidkns y prîgtdgns `mi snomr shorm ih buenkh mk mstm ghktdkmktm ’odghrphrni― iinen`h Neärdgn. Neärdgn. Vmrh ghemkznrä n pnrtdr `m in d`mn `m in ’pninorn njmkn― mvhgnk`h mi ghemktnrdh `m uk ghkhgd`h onjtdkdstn dkaiäs (ms in `mi mpåarncm) -―Onjtåk ms `dstnktm `m khshtrhs, pmrh `ms`m iumah kh ms drrmimvnktm. Onjtåk th`nvån khs pum`m bnoinr, pmrh bmehs `m pinktmnrim prmauktns ghrrmgtns―-, ghktrnstîk`hin ghk in gdtn -ukn `m ins phsdoims, mk rmnid`n`-, `mi prhpdh Onjtåk ?. Nsdedseh, vdmkm ni gnsh qum ’in gheprmksd÷k `m ihs ghktmephrîkmhs kh pum`m `nrkhs rmspumstns n kumstrns dktmrrhanktms \ngmrgn `m _nomindsU, phrqum pnrn nqumiihs msns dktmrrhanktms kh mxdstånk núk― (Onjtåk _nominds 16-1>). ’Gdgntrdgms smedohrrn`ns `m mkukgdn`hs njmkhs― (Onjtåk >441, ?23) shk, `m bmgbh, kumstrns dkamkdhsns nsmrgdhkms   O]OKHSN, Pntdnkn. ’Onjtåk y in nktrhphihaån nemrdgnkn ―. Mk Vrhgmm`dkas hc tbm Mimvmktb Dktmrkngdhkni Onlbtdk Ghkcmrmkgm. ]kdvmrsd`n`m Cm`mrni `h Vnrnkî Gurdtdon, Vnrnkî, Ornsdi, Juiy, ?>-?=, ?667, pp. >6-?>. > Ni enkdcmstnrsm enkdcm stnrsm ni mxtmrdhr, uk cmk÷ cmk÷emkh emkh hguith h guith h dktråksmgh ghorn ukn uk n chren mxtmrkn, entmrdni< in chren ms ukn crhktmrn mktrm ih mxtmrkh y ih dktmrkh, mktrm mi yh mi yh y mi htrh htrh.. ]k smktd`h ni tmkmr ukn enkdcmstngd÷k entmrdni n`qudmrm uk gumrph crhktmrdzh dkngnon`h, pmrtmkmgm n td y n eå, ms odghrphrni , dktmrtmxtuni, dkvhiugrn rmsphksnodidznk`h, rmsphk`m n niah nktmrdhr, prhvhgn ukn rmspumstn n su vmz, mtg. Ms uk gumrph `mi smktd`h, smktd`h, edgrheh`mih `dni÷adgh. ? Dktrh`uzgh mi jumah `m ins gdtns ghk uk audþh bngdn ihs vnidhshs trnonjhs `m Ordnk Vhhim, Anidk Pdbnkhv, Lmk Bdrsgblhp, Grnda Ornk`dst, @nvd` Wbmpbmr` y htrhs qum bnk ghktrdoud`h n `msguordr ins `dvmrsns ’cumktms― `m !

Onjtåk,bngdn niaukns `m mstns sdtungdhkms mk ’`mutmrhgnk÷kdghs― ’pinadh―, h qum ins ghemktnrhk iúgd`nemktm, gheh mi `montm rush mk thrkh `m n inprästneh, nuthrån `mrnynkns ihs tmxths (p. m., Du. Em`vm`mv crmktmnsån K. Vnklhv).

 

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onjtdkdznktms. Pni ms in cukgd÷k bmuråstdgn `m Onjtåk: khs bdzh pinktmnrkhs prmauktns qum nktms kh sm khs hgurrånk. Kumstrns prmauktns ni vhivmrsm `m vmrns ’kumstrns― ni edseh tdmeph phkmk `m enkdcdmsth phr quä mstm prhgmsh `m in pinsengd÷k/ghrphrdzngd÷k `m h, sd sm qudmrm, `m in ’rmsphksnodidzngd÷k― phr mi smktd`h mstî sdmk`h oîsdgnemktm eniharn`h. Mi ’gumrph odghrphrni― `mi mkukgdn`h7 kh sm pmrgdom gheh tni, ms `mgdr, gheh pnrtdgdpntdvh m dkghkgiush, gheh prhpdh y njmkh, gheh crhktmrn y iuanr `m amkmrngd÷k `mi smktd`h, sdkh qum sdaum prmtmk`dmk`h mrdadrsm mk ukn vmr`n` ’phsdtdvn―, pmrh pnrn uk ush prdvn`h mk in qum ’th`h ih rmpmtdoim y rmghkhgd`h sm `dsumivm phr ghepimth y sm nsdedin phr in ghkgdmkgdn `mi qum gheprmk`m, qum mk in njmkn s÷ih ms gnpnz `m rmghkhgmr in suyn prhpdn. Kn`n im mkrdqumgm. Mk ih njmkh kh rmghkhgm sdkh ih prhpdh― (Onjtåk MGS , 701). Onjtåk mk gunkth kumstrh ’htrh rn`dgni―, kumstrh ’tmrgmrh mk in ghktdmk`n―, ms tmstdah y jumz mk mi ’arnk tdmeph― `m ih qum mstnehs bngdmk`h n pnrtdr `m sus rmcdmxdhkms y nktm su prmsmkgdn. Ms ukn prmsmkgdn arngdns n in guni kh ph`mehs yn vmr n khshtrhs edsehs, kd mi euk`h, `m in edsen enkmrn qum nktms `m in npnrdgd÷k mk kumstrh bhrdzhktm, bngm ukhs trmdktn nþhs, `m mstm ’tmrgmrh―0. @ms`m mkthkgms thenehs tnkth `m äi y grmnehs n pnrtdr `m äi tnkths ehkstruhs odghrphrnims `mi smktd`h= qum kh tdmkm hojmth bngmr nquå uk rmgumkth `m sus nphrtngdhkms, kd bny iuanr, tnephgh, pnrn kdkaukn ginsm `m rmgineh. Kh prmtmk`h gmrrnr in dkvmstdangd÷k kd mi `montm mk thrkh n su horn `ms`m ukn ’onjtdkhihaån― purdstn< s÷ih grmh pmrtdkmktm rmghr`nr qum bnstn nquå, khshtrhs shehs sus `mu`hrms, kh jumgms 3. Idtmrnturn mstî idan`n n nktrhphihaån euy åktdenemktm, shorm th`h mk Intdkhneärdgn1< nktrhphihaån n su vmz sm bn vumith ghksgdmktm ngmrgn `m guîkth im `mom n idtmrnturn y n sus prhgm`dedmkths. Ihs nktrhp÷ihahs ngtunims bnk imå`h tmhrån idtmrnrdn, m dkgiush niah `m Onjtåk. Ni rmginenr in pntmrkd`n` `m ukn ’nktrhphihaån `dni÷adgn― gheh uk rneh dk`mpmk`dmktm ghk rmspmgth ni `dnihadseh `m Onjtåk, phkmk mk mi gmktrh mi `dîihah gheh mi eäth`h `m dkvmstdangd÷k surad`h `m ins edsens grdsds `m in `dsgdpidkn, hivd`nk`h qum mi `dnihadseh kh ms ih edseh qum uk `dîihah, smn ghtd`dnkh h `d`îgtdgh h ghakhsgdtdvh (gc. Bdrsgblhp >444, 7-0). Vmrh ni ehstrnr ins cukgdhkms `m ins chrens `dnihanktms mk ins shgdm`n`ms prmbdspîkdgns, phr ghktrnstm ni ush trn`dgdhkni `m in chren `dnihani gheh prhgm`dedmkth nimggdhkn`hr y `haeîtdgh, ihs kumvhs nktrhp÷ihahs ngtúnk pimknemktm mk mi mspårdtu `m Onjtåk, ih edseh qum gunk`h mstu`dnk in dkcdkdtn cdmxdodid`n` y ins cukgdhkms shgdnims `m ins chrens `dni÷adgns ghimgtdvns mk ush mk ins shgdm`n`ms dk`åamkns ngtunims. Mk mi `dîihah, mi ’khshtrhs― dk`åamkn nemrdgnkh pum`m tmkmr uk vnihr `dcmrmktm y euy dephrtnktm mk ghepnrngd÷k ghk ihs ushs `m ins chrens nkîihans mk ins imkauns dk`hmurhpmns. Mi nkîidsds `m mstns chrens `dnihadznktms prhpdns `m in arneîtdgn `m ins 7 In

d`mn `mi gumrph gheh mkukgdn`h npnrmgm mk Znvnin >44>, 17. pninorn ms uk `rnen mk qum pnrtdgdpnk trms pmrshknjms (kh ms uk `uh, sdkh uk tråh― /Onjtåk >414, 76>/), sdmk`h qum mi tmrgmrh pum`m smr ’@dhs, in vmr`n` noshiutn, mi judgdh `m in ghkgdmkgdn buenkn `msnpnsdhkn`n, mi pumoih, mi judgdh `m in bdsthrdn, in gdmkgdn, mtg.― (Onjtåk, dod`. dod`.,, 763). ^umrh rmsgntnr pnrn mi gnsh mi pnpmi `m Onjtåk gheh ’nignbumtm `m in vmr`n`―. Vhr htrn pnrtm, suornynr ukn vmz eîs in trnymgthrdn `m Onjtåk `ms`m ukn vdrtuni dknu`dodid`n` ( kmusiysbnkkhst―  kmusiysbnkkhst― , gc. Onjtåk >443, 772) bngdn ukn n vmgms dkvdsdoim, pmrh pmrenkmktm prmsmkgdn sdakdcdgntdvn mk mi bhrdzhktm mpdstmehi÷adgh `m ins gdmkgdns buenkns n pnrtdr `m >437< prmsmkgdn guyh depngth don vnrdnk`h ghkchrem nuemktnon mi arn`h `m ghkhgdedmkth m dkciumkgdn `m sus tmxths y ghkchrem mi tdph `m dktmrnggd÷k qum msths mk gunkth mkukgdn`hs susgdtnonk. =  Onjtåk y @mrrd`n, Onjtåk y An`nemr, Onjtåk y Iävdkns, Onjtåk y Bmd`maamr, Onjtåk y Wnussurm, Onjtåk y  Qdttamkstmdk, Onjtåk y Sniäry, Onjtåk y mi tmntrh jnphkäs.., ¸sdah8 Gc. N. Qnii >442, >42: ’Ns n rmsuit tbm Onlbtdks wm nrm prh`ugdka nrm arhwdka curtbmr nk` curtbmr npnrt.― T ens n`minktm: ’D―e ncrnd` tbnt wm―vm grmntm` n ehkstmr― (?61). 3  N niaukhs onjtdkdstns ncmgths n in vmr`n` ’phsdtdvn― bngm cnitn rmghr`nrims ins pninorns `mi enmstrh: ’Mi bheorm ghkcrhktn in vmr`n` shorm så edseh gheh ukn cumrzn nsmsdkn―. T uk phgh nktms: ’Mi prhgmsh grmntdvh 0 ’In

sdmeprm `m vdhimkgdn qumghkgmpgdhkms in vmr`n` mjmrgm 1msEm onsh uk mk prhgmsh oumkn em`d`n mk ins `m

shorm mi nien― (OnjtåkMgbmvnrrån >443, 31). (mspmgdniemktm  Edth y _homrth Ahkzîimz

nrgbdvh ). nrgbdvh ).

 

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imkauns nemrdgnkns eumstrn g÷eh mi mkukgdn`h cukgdhkn mk gunkth ngth. In nktrhphihaån cdihs÷cdgn onjtdkdnkn ms shorm mi ngth ukd`h n in pninorn. pninorn. Kh ms qum bngmr 2 buodmsm sd`h ih edseh qum bnoinr . Vmrh in pninorn mstî mk th`h y nghepnþn, pnsdvn h ngtdvnemktm, th`h ngth y sm vumivm ngth. Nså, in nktrhphihaån cdihs÷cdgn ms, ni edseh tdmeph, cdihshcån `mi imkaunjm, ätdgn, mstätdgn, mpdstmehihaån `mi `dîihah. Mepmgmehs `drmgtnemktm `ms`m mstn ’nktrhphihaån cdihs÷cdgn―4, ghk su ghkgmpgd÷k `mi yh, pnrn pnsnr dkem`dntnemktm n ihs nsukths prhpdnemktm ’nemrdgnkhs― (in edsen phsdodid`n` `m ukn ’nktrhphihaån nemrdgnkn― ms phiäedgn -`dni÷adgn- y suadmrm ghkcrhktngdhkms d`mhi÷adgns: odmk, pmimehs msn aumrrn)>6. ’Msgugbnr, hår vhgms ms `nr pnsh n ih `dsghr`nktm...― (Znvnin >443, ?1). Mi yh s÷ih ms gnpnz `m `mcdkdrsm n så edseh phr su rmingd÷k ghk mi htrh: ms cuk`nemktni, pnrn mktmk`mr msh, mi prdsen yh-pnrn-ed, yh-pnrn-htrh, htrh-pnrn-eå, em`dnktm mi guni mstnoimgmehs kumstrh våkguih nrqudtmgt÷kdgh ghk mi euk`h y khs ncdrenehs mk mi ngth (ätdgh) pmksn`h, `dgbh, ngtun`h, smktd`h, grmn`h. Vmrh nktm th`h, ’yh tneodäk shy―, phrqum mi htrh yn mstuvh nquå gunk`h iimauä. (Onjtåk mstuvh nktms `m qum ’yh― iimanrn n su tmrrmkh, y yh vhy n bnoinr `m eå y `m äi utdidznk`h sus pninorns) >>. Ed nuthghkgdmkgdn mepdmzn `ms`m mi ehemkth mk qum em pmrgnth `m in edrn`n y in prmsmkgdn `mi htrh. In vd`n sm ghkgdom mk täredkhs `m ukn grmngd÷k pmrenkmktm `mi ngth (ätdgh). In nuthrån `mi ngth ms `hoim phr `mcdkdgd÷k< sus pnrtdgdpnktms ghktrnmk rmsphksnodid`n`, ghkaäkdtn, ghktmxtuni y hkthi÷adgn n in vmz, phr mi htrh y phr mi ngth, ih guni depidgn qum ’mk ’mk mi smr kh bny ghnrtn`n―: smr mk mi euk`h gheprhemtm, khs austm h kh. Mi ngth ms tneodäk uk gumrph `mi smktd`h, phrqum ’smr― ms uk nghktmgmr mspmgåcdgh (shoytdm oytdn), uk nghktmWmr, uk ’smr-jukths-mk-mi-smr―, jukths mi yh y mi htrh. In suojmtdvd`n` ms in enkdcmstngd÷k `m ed bngmr nktm mi htrh, ghk mi htrh, pnrn mi htrh. Mi ngth ms ghkgrmth, nrrndan`h mk in gdrgukstnkgdn pmrshkni m bdst÷rdgn, pmrh tdmkm ukn prhymggd÷k hkthi÷adgn. Onjtåk ms htrh pnrn khshtrhs tnkth guiturni gheh bdst÷rdgnemktm: ms niaudmk qum vdkh n 2  ’In

imkaun, in pninorn, ih ms gnsd th`h mk in vd`n buenkn. Vmrh kh bny qum pmksnr qum mstn rmnid`n` hekdnonrgn`hrn y phidcngätdgn pum`m smr hojmth `m ukn shin gdmkgdn, in idkaùåstdgn, y pum`m smr gheprmk`d`n tnk s÷ih em`dnktm in emth`hihaån `m in idkaùåstdgn. Ms hojmth `m in idkaùåstdgn pum`m smr úkdgnemktm mi entmrdni, ihs rmgurshs `m in gheukdgngd÷k `dsgursdvn, ens kh in gheukdgngd÷k `dsgursdvn mk så, kh ihs mkukgdn`hs rmnims, kd tnephgh ins rmingdhkms (`dni÷adgns) mktrm miihs, kd ins chrens `m in gheukdgngd÷k `dsgursdvn h ihs aäkmrhs `dsgursdvhs― (  MGS ?41). 4 G. N. Cnrngh prhphkm ghksd`mrnr mi `dnihadseh onjtdkdnkh ukn Qmitnksgbnuuka , ukn vdsd÷k `mi euk`h n pnrtdr `m in guni sm ghkstruym su nktrhphihaån cdihs÷cdgn, ukn cdihshcån aihonidznktm cdihshcån  aihonidznktm `mi smr buenkh y `m sus rmnid`n`ms, ’y kh tnk s÷ih tmhråns y eh`mihs chrenims `m crnaemkths `m ghsns―. (Cnrngh >>1) Mstn pmguidnr cdihshcån onjtdkdnkn `m in vd`n y `mi bheorm ukm ni smr buenkh ’`mi gumrph n in pninorn―, mk uk ngth ätdgh, ghk htrh smr buenkh: ’In vd`n ms `dni÷adgn phr knturnimzn. Sdvdr sdakdcdgn pnrtdgdpnr mk uk `dîihah: dktmrrhanr, ntmk`mr, rmsphk`mr, nsmktdr, mtg. Mi smr buenkh pnrtdgdpn mk mstm `dîihah th`h y ghk th`n su vd`n: ghk hjhs, inodhs, enkhs, nien, mspårdtu, ghk th`h su gumrph y ghk th`hs sus ngths. Dkvdmrtm th`n su pmrshkn mk in pninorn, y mstn pninorn mktrn n chrenr pnrtm `mi tmjd`h `dni÷adgh `m in vd`n buenkn, `mi sdephsdue ukdvmrsni― (Onjtåk >414, 7>2). >6  Mk prdemr iuanr, ¸`m guîktns ’nktrhphihaåns nemrdgnkns― sm pum`m bnoinr8 In nktrhphihaån mk gunkth `dsgdpidkn dephrtn`n mk Intdkhneärdgn, shiån prhgm`mr `ms`m uk enrgh shgdni y mpdstmehi÷adgh mk ghktrn`dggd÷k ghk ihs hojmtdvhs kngdhknims, `msmeohgnk`h mk ukn mspmgdm `m ghihkdnidseh dktmrkh. In nuthghkgdmkgdn `mi sujmth intdkhnemrdgnkh ph`ån ghkstrudrsm phr em`dh `m eh`mihs ghihkdnidstns, smn trntnk`h `m kmanrihs, smn nsuedmk`h dkghksgdmktmemktm sus ehi`ms. Gnrpmktdmr, J. E. Nraum`ns, Iuds `m Id÷k, ihs nuthrms ’tmstdehkdnims―, ihs nrtdstns ’prmchrentdvhs―, th`hs miihs `m `dcmrmktm enkmrn ngtúnk mk prmsmkgdn `m uk phtmkgdni eh`mih ghihkdnidstn pnrn mi ghkhgdedmkth `m så edsehs. (Mi gnsh `m in ghkgdmkgdn phätdgn qum trnth nquå ms `dstdkth, nukqum bhe÷ihah n in prîgtdgn `mi pmrchrenkgm  `mi  pmrchrenkgm  ). >> Vrhymgtnk`h

mstn prdehamkdturn bngdn in rmnid`n` y shgdni ph`mehs `mgdr mi murhpmh (y mi emstdzh) tneodäk shk, `mi pmrhhtrh mi dk`åamkn ‗hojmth bdst÷rdgn cuk`nemktni `m innemrdgnkn, nktrhphihaån‐ yn bn sd`h qum `ms`m nktms `m in iiman`n h in npnrdgd÷k `m nqumiih.

 

7

 

bnoinrkhs `mi gnrknvni `msgrdodmk`h uk ghktmxth qum kukgn pu`h bnomr prmsmkgdn`h phr så edseh, y jneîs tuvh in hphrtukd`n` `m n`vmrtdr in dephrtnkgdn `mi gnrknvni nquå, mk mstn pnrtm `mi aihoh tmrrîqumh, `hk`m pmrenkmgm vdvh onjh täredkhs nknidznoims ghk sus prhpdns bmrrnedmktns. Vhr htrn pnrtm, mvhgnrä ins pninorns `mi cdkn`h S. K. Puroåk (nedah y smaud`hr rush `m Onjtåk, gråtdgh idtmrnrdh): ukn tmhrån chreuin`n bngm trmdktn nþhs y mk uk `mtmredkn`h ghktmxth bdst÷rdgh, pmrh `n`n n ghkhgmr trmdktn nþhs `mspuäs mk htrh ghktmxth, kh ms in edsen tmhrån. Mi gnrknvni onjtdkdnkh sm bn mxtrnvdn`h mk mi tdmeph. Ph`h msth `mom thenrsm mk gumktn, y bny eugbns dkvmstdangdhkms mk thrkh n mstn mxtrnþmzn y htrm`n`, shorm th`h mk ihs úitdehs `dmz nþhs. Bmehs `m rmspmtnr in `dstnkgdn, y eîs nuk phrqum Onjtåk pnrn khshtrhs ms, nktm th`h, mi rmsuitn`h `m vnrdns mtnpns bdsthrdnoims `m in rmgmpgd÷k, eîs qum uk ghrpus `m tmxths gnk÷kdghs gmrrn`h y mstnoimgd`h `m ukn vmz pnrn sdmeprm. Onjtåk ms eîs ih qum htrhs bnk `dgbh `m äi, qum Onjtåk edseh. T nquå s÷ih msthy npuktnk`h bngdn su prhpdn cdihshcån `mi imkaunjm qum ghkvdmrtm in pninorn njmkn mk mi hojmth prdvdimadn`h `m in rmcdmxd÷k< pninorn nsued`n gheh prhpdn h rmgbnzn`n, gniin`n u hedtd`n, tmradvmrsn`n, enimktmk`d`n h rmpinktmn`n< pninorn-ngth, pninorn-pmksnedmkth, pninornsmktdedmkth. Vninorn iugbn y pninorn msgîk`nih. Vninorn mspmrnkzn. Vninorn ngth, nrtm y vd`n. @m th`h msth qudmrh rmsgntnr in prmsmkgdn `mi pmksnedmkth `m Onjtåk (in pninorn njmkn) -`m phr så ntrnvmsn`h phr dktmrcmrmkgdns njmkns `ms`m mi nþh >437>?, `dnihadzn`h, mkrdqumgd`h, tmradvmrsn`h, pumsth ni `ån ’ghk in mxngtdtu` `m bnstn ni rmväs―>7  pmrh, shorm th`h rmngmktun`h>0, mk kumstrns tnrmns ghtd`dnkns `m pmksnr y bnoinr `m in guiturn, `m in idtmrnturn, mk kumstrn rmcimxd÷k ngmrgn `m khshtrhs edsehs y `mi euk`h mk qum ngtunehs. Eîs qum kumstrh dktmrihguthr `drmgth, ms kumstrh tmrgmrh, ms `mgdr, in msgnin `ms`m in guni vnihrnehs ins ghsns y ins mktmk`mehs: ’In pdm`rn sdaum sdmk`h pdm`rn, y mi shi ms shi, pmrh mi (dkghkgiush) nghktmgdedmkth `mi smr sm vumivm htrh, phrqum mk mi msgmknrdh `m in mxdstmkgdn tmrrmstrm npnrmgm uk kumvh pmrshknjm prhtna÷kdgh: tmstdah y jumz― (Onjtåk >414, 70>). Bny gdmrtn shimekd`n` dkbmrmktm ni amsth `m uodgnrih gheh ’tmrgmrh mk in ghktdmk`n―. Kh hivd`mehs in rmvmrsdodid`n` `m ihs cmk÷emkhs qum Onjtåk edseh khs mksmþ÷ n pmrgdodr: ins cngmtns `mi thkth `m gnrknvni, pågnrh y ouc÷k memramk, dkkheorn`ns, `m ihs `dsgurshs ngtunims `m ihs ’dkgrä`uihs bdjhs― (G. Memrshk) shorm kumstrh Wmr Gdnppmiimtth (Ginrl/Bhiqudst >420, 0-=). Mi rmghkhgdedmkth `m mstn prmsmkgdn (mk pnrtdguinr mk in nktrhphihaån), qum dktmrpmin `ms`m mi ’arnk tdmeph―, ms crnkgnemktm msgnsh y shorm th`h msgntden`h, bmgbh qum kh ms gnpnz `m gnkgminr sus mcmgths. Vnsmehs n in ’nktrhphihaån nemrdgnkn―. Mstm `hedkdh (guyn ukd`n` pum`m smr pumstn mk >?  Nþh

`m in npnrdgd÷k `m in smauk`n m`dgd÷k (ghksd`mrnoimemktm nepidn`n) `m In phätdgn `m @hsthdmvsld Ms mi ghedmkzh `m in enrgbn trdukcni `m sus d`mns. >7 Vninorns `m W. W. Nvmrdktsmv, onjtdkdstn rush. >0 Mi gneodh `mi smktd`h mk mi prhgmsh `m in bdsthrdn ms in ghk`dgd÷k prdemrn `mi `dnihadseh: kumvhs imgthrms, kumvhs prhoimens, kumvns vdsdhkms, `m qum eh`h `dnihadznehs n Onjtåk, rmghr`nk`h in dkvdtngd÷k inkzn`n bngm niaukhs nþhs phr Drds E. Znvnin (>443) n rm-ngmktunr ihs cmk÷emkhs guiturnims `mi pnsn`h y `mi prmsmktm n pnrtdr `m ihs kumvhs ghktmxths `m dktmrnggd÷k ghk ins d`mns `m Onjtåk. Drds E. Znvnin thenon n su vmz msm ghkgmpth `m rm-ngmktungd÷k `mi nrsmkni shgdh`dsgursdvh `mi gårguih `m Onjtåk. (S. Shi÷sbdkhv, ’In pninorn mk in  vd`n y in pninorn mk in phmsån― (>4?3), trn`. P. Ouokhvn, mk Znvnin >441). T pnrn rmsuedr mstn phsdgd÷k, rmgurrdrä n in c÷reuin `m uk ghemktnrdstn rush (Vnkdgb >32): mi bheorm ghkgmod`h phr Onjtåk ms niaudmk qum im rmsphk`m n th`h mi euk`h y ms mk in edsen em`d`n rmsphksnoim nktm th`hs ihs `meîs. Gc. tneodäk: ’In anrnktån `m supmrngd÷k rmintdvdseh ms justnemktm bmgbh`m`mrmsphk`mr in gh-rmsphksnodid`n` gunk`h gn`nin ukh `m ihs `mi ngths phstmrdhrms kh pum`mkmi`mjnr (mk iåedtm) n(’ghrrmsphk`mkgdn―) th`hs ihs ngths ghemtd`hs prmvdnemktm ( d`me  d`me  ).

 

0

 

`u`n, pmrh qum mk ed hpdkd÷k tdmkm eugbh smktd`h)>=, qum bn rmgdod`h uk gdmrth depngth `mi pmksnedmkth `m Onjtåk (depngth qum kh `mom mxnamrnrsm), nuk nså kh pum`m smr vdsth `m in edsen enkmrn qum nktms `m äi. Ms uk tmrrmkh cmguk`n`h phr uk `dîihah prhpdgdn`h phr su prmsmkgdn, tnkth mk mi nspmgth cdihs÷cdgh gheh mk mi mtkhi÷adgh. mtkhi÷adgh. Mstm `dîihah vn hrdmktn`h tnkth ntrîs, bngdn mi pnsn`h, gheh n`minktm, bngdn ukn phsdoim rmspumstn cuturn. N vmgms ph`rån pnrmgmr qum mk mi ghktdkmktm nemrdgnkh ins diuedkngdhkms onjtdkdnkns im prmgm`mk mk mi tdmeph ni prhpdh Onjtåk: gheh sd rmsphk`dmrnk n ukn smrdm `m dktmrrhanktms intdkhnemrdgnkns.  Nså gheh uk msgrdthr grmn sus prhpdhs prmgurshrms (smaúk Ohrams), ih edseh uk pmksn`hr suram mk em`dh `m uk `dîihah mk mi ’arnk tdmeph―, y kh s÷ih mk mi gårguih gmrrn`h `mi ’edgrhtdmeph― `m su vd`n pmrshkni, sdkh qum pum`m nonrgnr uk grhkhthph eîs ukdvmrsni.  Cmrknk`h Hrtdz, phr mjmepih, ghkgdod÷ in aäkmsds `m in guiturn y `m in d`mktd`n` guonkn mk täredkhs `m ’ghktrnpuktmh―. Ms uk ghktrnpukth `m hphsdgdhkms odknrdns mktrm tnongh y nzúgnr, mktrm ih cmemkdkh y ih ensguidkh, mktrm guonkd`n` y mxtrnkjmrån, mktrm gmktrdpmtdseh y gmktrdcuangd÷k, mtg., eugbh nktms `m qum ins khgdhkms `mi cdi÷shch rush cumsmk ghkhgd`ns mk mstm in`h `mi euk`h.  Nguþ÷ mi ghkgmpth `m in ’trnksguiturngd÷k ’trnksguiturngd÷k―, ―, pnrn cuk`nemktnr su d`mn `m ihs eúitdpims emstdznjms guiturnims, qum mk in iuz onjtdkdznktm `m ihs smaud`hrms sm mepnrmktnrån ghk in bdord`ngd÷k (Anrgån Gnkgidkd, Värus). In trnksguiturngd÷k khs bngm rmghr`nr in ’trnksidkaùåstdgn― h, emjhr, in ’emtnidkaùåstdgn― onjtdkdnkn, `drdad`n bngdn uk mspngdh -shgdni y hkthi÷adgh n in vmz- mk qum sm chrenk smktd`hs odghrphrnims m båord`hs qum bngmk phsdoim in mxdstmkgdn, in gheukdgngd÷k, mi ngth. Ins guiturns båord`ns `m Anrgån Gnkgidkd y ihs imkaunjms båord`hs mk in mxpmrdemktngd÷k idtmrnrdn intdkhnemrdgnkn (J. E. Nraum`ns,  pmrh tneodäk _uich) npnrmgmk gheh ih `n`h y ih grmn`h mk su eúitdpim dktmrnggd÷k, mktrm in edsed`n` y in htrm`n`. Vninorns y guiturns th`ns shk båord`ns y emstdzns  phr `mcdkdgd÷k: mstn ms in ghkgiusd÷k gnrknvnidznktm `mi amsth `m rmghkhgmr mk in amkmrngd÷k `mi smktd`h uk båord`h arhtmsgh, odghrphrni m depmrcmgth (`åansm ’dkngnon`h―). ’Mi gumrph prh`ugm ghkvmrsdhkms, mk cukgd÷k `m mstrntmadns, y hphsdgdhkms, suohr`dkngdhkms y mxgiusdhkms. Mi gumrph khs rmvmin ihs `dcmrmktms y ghktrn`dgthrdhs smktd`hs...― (Znvnin >443, ??4) In nktrhphihaån gheh `dsgdpidkn (’dkvmkth `m bheorm oinkgh―) mstnon dkdgdniemktm hrdmktn`n bngdn mi mstu`dh `m ins shgdm`n`ms supumstnemktm ’prdedtdvns―, ’mx÷tdgns―, ’suo`msnrrhiin`ns―, ’îarncns― y, mk mi smktd`h eîs mxtmksh, htrns. In gnrngtmrdznon ’in dkstnkgdn `hguemktni y hosmrvngdhkni prhpdn `m ihs gdmktåcdghs knturnims― (Gidcchr` >422, >01). Ms `mgdr, guiturns y shgdm`n`ms oîsdgnemktm `moånk shemtmrsm n uk nkîidsds smemjnktm ni qum sm npidgn n ihs cmk÷emkhs knturnims. Mk ihs úitdehs tdmephs bnk npnrmgd`h mstu`dhs mtkharîcdghs `m ins shgdm`n`ms ’`msnrrhiin`ns― ghktmephrîkmns (p. m. Edgbmi `m Gmrtmnu y su msgumin), pmrh mi hojmth prmcmrmkgdni `m in nktrhphihaån sdaum sdmk`h ih ’mx÷tdgh―, ih ’prdedtdvh―, ih ’suo`msnrrhiin`h―, mk rmsuemk, ih ’htrh―. @mgdr ’htrh―. @mgdr ih ’htrh―, ms uk eh`h `m kmutrnidznr u hguitnr, onjh npnrdmkgdn `m hojmtdvd`n`, niah qum kh qumrmehs phkmr `m enkdcdmsth: ’Mk mi ghktmxth ghihkdni, mi ’Htrh― ms ukn gntmahrån nkniåtdgn hgupn`n  phr th`hs ihs sujmths emkhs mi murhpmh― (N`hrkh, >4). ]tdidznk`h in gntmahrdzngd÷k qum dktrh`ujh, n pnrtdr `m Onjtåk, ed ghiman mi nktrhp÷ihah Jhsä Nimjhs, `drä qum in nktrhphihaån mkchgn`n `ms`m in emtr÷phids bngdn in ghihkdn trn`dgdhkniemktm sm bn nohgn`h n >= Em

ntmkah n ihs eh`mihs qum mimaå pnrn mstm trnonjh. Gnrpmktdmr dkghrphrn ihs t÷pdghs `m in nktrhphihaån (eîs niiî `mi ghstueordseh h rmadhknidseh idtmrnrdh) onjh mi nsgmk`mktm `m in nktrhphihaån murhpmn. Nraum`ns cum `dsgåpuih `m nktrhp÷ihahs khrtmnemrdgnkhs< in mxtrnþmzn `m Iuds `m Id÷k, gheh vmrmehs, sm `mom n in prîgtdgn ‗cåsdgn, `m uknamharîcdgn, nktrhphihaån cdihs÷cdgn dkvmrtd`n. nuthrmssuqum msthysuojmtdvd`n` nknidznk`hem`dnktm nquå sm sdtúnk mk in  crhktmrn  crhktmrn ‗cåsdgn, guiturni, mtg.‐ qum imsPh`hs pmredtmihs`mcdkdr prhpdn in rmingd÷k idedknr ghk mi htrh. In nktrhphihaån nemrdgnkn ms ukn y ms `hoim (h eúitdpim) mk eîs `m uk smktd`h.

 

=

 

mstu`dnr ni htrh-qum-yh-kh-qudmrh-smr, enrgn`h phr uk judgdh vnihrntdvh kh ghkcmsn`h kd tmhrdzn`h mspmgåcdgnemktm.  Mxdstmk sdtungdhkms mk qum mstn ngtdtu` depiågdtn pmrenkmgm vdamktm mk ihs prhgm`dedmkths, eäth`hs y hojmtdvhs `m in kumvn nktrhphihaån nemrdgnkn `m cumrtm vhgngd÷k shgdni.

Onjtåk `dsmþn ukn nrqudtmgt÷kdgn rmingdhkni `mi yh suadrdmk`h su prhcuk`n `mpmk`mkgdn ghkstdtutdvn, uk tnkth d`åidgn, `mi htrh. Mk rmnid`n`, in `mpmk`mkgdn mktrm yh y htrh qum prmsmkgdnehs nbhrn ms tni qum dkgiush ph`rån `msgrdodrsm mk täredkhs `m ukn gntîstrhcm mghi÷adgn: mi dktmräs gdmktåcdgh phr mi htrh-qum yh-kh-qudmrh-smr, ukn vmz qum sm rmchreuin `ms`m in ghkgdmkgdn ätdgn y shorm th`h n in iuz `m ihs rmsuitn`hs `m in ngtdvd`n` trnkschren`hrn `m in rnz÷k, ms ukn meprmsn qum eugbhs mstu`dhshs ghk ghkgdmkgdn ’mghi÷adgn― yn kh pum`mk ghktdkunr>3 `m in edsen enkmrn qum nktms >1. @mspuäs `m mstm `msidk`m prmidedknr, ph`mehs pnsnr n in ghktrhvmrsdni ’nktrhphihaån nemrdgnkn― guyh hojmth prmcmrmktm bn sd`h mstm ’htrh-pnrn-eå-qum-yh-kh-qudmrh-smr― `mi ghktdkmktm iinen`h Neärdgn. T ms ukh `m ihs smktd`hs qum pum`m ntrdouårsmim n in ’nktrhphihaån nemrdgnkn―. Mxdstm uk pnås qum sm `dgm n så edseh Neärdgn. @ms`m mi yhpnrn-eå `m mstn Neärdgn, th`h ih nemrdgnkh cumrn `m sus crhktmrns prmgdsn `m ukn `mcdkdgd÷k ghepimemktnrdn, y th`hs ghkhgmehs ins phiäedgns, ins justdcdgngdhkms bdst÷rdgns, amharîcdgns, phiåtdgns, ihs njustms iäxdghs qum sm bnk amkmrn`h n pnrtdr `mi bmgbh `m qum in  vhz `m mstn ’Neärdgn― smn bmame÷kdgn. Mk `mcdkdtdvn, ’Neärdgn― mk gunkth sdakh d`mhi÷adgh sdmeprm bn sd`h ukn nrmkn `m iugbn (¸`m ginsms 8) `m phsdgdhkms n vmgms drrmghkgdidnoims. ’Msm ms mi phtmkgdni `dni÷adgh `mi sdakh, nodmrth sdmeprm n in suovmrsd÷k y n mstniinr...― (Znvnin >443, ?>2). Shivmrä n mstm pukth eîs n`minktm, ni dktrh`ugdr mi ghkgmpth `m crhktmrn. @ms`m mi pmråh`h ghihkdni, phr htrn pnrtm, ihs kumvhs phoin`hrms `m in phrgd÷k intdkn `m mstm ghktdkmktm trntnrhk `m `mcdkdr n så edsehs `ms`m su rn`dgni `dcmrmkgdn y khvm`n` mk ghepnrngd÷k ghk ihs prdemrhs ghkqudstn`hrms y shorm th`h ghk rmspmgth n ins rmspmgtdvns emtr÷phids. Wu pmrcdi ätkdgh, rngdni, shgdni, d`mhi÷adgh, guiturni sm don trnkschrenk`h n trnväs `m in bdsthrdn, pmrh su yh pmrenkmgån mk hphsdgd÷k ni htrh-pnrn-eå-qum-yh-kh-qudmrh-smr, edmktrns qum kd mi yh, kd mi htrh ph`ånk smr ihs edsehs. In nktrhphihaån cdihs÷cdgn ms gnpnz `m nonrgnr, mk su thtnid`n`, n in nktrhphihaån gheh ghkjukth `m `dsgdpidkns qum mstu`dnk ins guiturns, pnrn dktmarnrins, mk gunkth nrqudtmgt÷kdgns mspmgåcdgns, mk uk shih pmksnedmkth ngmrgn `m ih buenkh `ms`m in ÷ptdgn `m ins rmingdhkms ghepimjns y ghktrhvmrtd`ns ghk in htrm`n`, mk mi ghktmxth `m in rmsphksnodid`n` -ghkaäkdtn pmrh ghktmxtuni, hkthi÷adgn pmrh n in vmz ghkgrmtn- y `m in kh ghnrtn`n mk mi smr. @m bmgbh, ins bdp÷tmsds `m _. Ahkzîimz Mgbmvnrrån ngmrgn `m in dephrtnkgdn `mi edth y nrgbdvh mk in amkmrngd÷k `mi `dsgursh idtmrnrdh intdkhnemrdgnkh -phr gdmrth dkcdud`ns phr Onjtåk, y tneodäk phr Chugnuit- pmredtmk uodgnr in nktrhphihaån, gheh pumsth `m hosmrvngd÷k y gheh

>3 Vhr

msh mi kumvh nktrhp÷ihah nemrdgnkh, qum pum`m smr rmgiutn`h `m ins cdins `m ins phoingdhkms nut÷gthkns, tdmkm htrh pmrcdi, eugbh eîs pnrtdgdpntdvh rmspmgth `mi ’hojmth― `m hosmrvngd÷k gdmktåcdgn, ncåk n in chreuingd÷k `m @nrgy _domdrh `m in tnrmn nktrhphi÷adgn gheh ’in `m ousgnr chrens `m `mvhivmr n ihs dk`dhs y htrns phoingdhkms qum mstu`dnehs nqumiin pnrtm `mi ghkhgdedmkth qum `m miihs nignkznehs, qum pum`n smrims útdi mk sus mscumrzhs pnrn snidr `m in sdtungd÷k `rneîtdgn mk qum sm mkgumktrnk― (_domdrh >44?, >>2). >1Vhr

supumsth, trnth `m utdidznr`msnrrhiin`n drhkån. Em rmcdmrh qumninth`ns theniugms `m ukn ghkgdmkgdn nitrudstn, in ngtdtu` ’knturnidstn― trn`dgdhkniemktm bngdn miqum, htrheîs rmsuitn nuth`mstrugtdvn, y `mstrugtdvn `m th`h mk amkmrni.

 

3

 

`dsgursh bmame÷kdgh, mk in aäkmsds `m in khvmin intdkhnemrdgnkn `mi sdaih RR >2. Gunk`h Juidn Lrdstmvn inkznon, bngm eîs `m trmdktn nþhs, su prhpumstn inpd`nrdn: ’Vhur in säedhtdqum, in idttärnturm kmxdstm pns―, phghs mrnk gnpngms `m n`vmrtdr qum `mtrîs `m mstm mxtrmedseh smed÷tdgh mstnon tneodäk in phsdgd÷k eîs rnzhkn`n y nuk eîs hekdnonrgn`hrn hekdnonrgn`hrn `m Onjtåk, in `mi ’prhoimen `m ihs aäkmrhs `dsgursdvhs― y, eîs nepidnemktm, mi ’ngth ätdgh― thtni. Ihs aäkmrhs `dsgursdvhs shk eh`mihs (eugbns vmgms pnrh`dn`hs) pnrn in minohrngd÷k `m ihs `dsgurshs idtmrnrdhs y shk ukd`n`ms smeîktdgns qum pmredtmk nknidznr in gheukdgngd÷k shgdni mk mi smktd`h eîs nepidh . Ni pinktmnr in pninorn `ms`m in pmrspmgtdvn `mi ngth (ätdgh), `ms`m in rmsphksnodid`n`, mi gheprhedsh y in kh ghnrtn`n mk mi smr, gunk`h in pninorn sm vumivm nggd÷k mk eîs `m uk smktd`h, vhy n phkmr `m mjmepih tmxths y sujmths shgdnims sdk bngmr `dstdkgd÷k mktrm mi `dsgursh idtmrnrdh y `dsgursh shgdni, sdmk`h qum mi prdemrh mkgnjn gheh pnrtm mk uk th`h qum ms mi smauk`h.  Smr ihs tmxths `ms`m mi pukth `m vdstn `mi ngth, y kh gheh hojmths `m mxnemk mspmgdnidzn`h, ms ukn hpmrngd÷k emth`hi÷adgnemktm prmvdn ni mstu`dh ’gdmktåcdgh― h ’mstätdgh― h n guniqudmr htrh tdph `m nkîidsds mspmgåcdgh. Vhr msh vmrmehs qum ’khvmin―, ’phmsån―, ’mspmgtîguih― y ’tmstdehkdh― gheh aäkmrhs guiturniemktm `mcdkd`hs, qum pum`mk pinktmnr prhoimens tm÷rdghs mk gunkth `dsgurshs smed÷tdgn y shgdniemktm `dstdkths, pum`mk smr bhehihan`hs mk gunkth prhgmshs `m ngth ätdgh, gheh enkdcmstngdhkms nktrhphi÷adgns.

Mi ngth kh pum`m rmnidznrsm sdk in pnrtdgdpngd÷k `mi htrh (kh tmk`rån mi smktd`h `mi ngth). Iumah, mi ngth ms ukn thtnid`n` phrqum mk äi sm gheodknk ihs nspmgths ätdgh, mstätdgh y prnaeîtdgh-ghakhsgdtdvh, ukd`n` prmvdn n guniqudmr mspmgdcdgngd÷k `mktrh `m ihs gnephs ghrrmsphk`dmktms. @dgbh mk ins pninorns `m Nichksh _myms, ’\iUhs cmk÷emkhs sm mstu`dnk y sm `msgrdomk phr pnrtms, pmrh mxdstmk mk enkmrn `m ghktdkud`n`― (_myms ?61). Mi ngth bhiåstdgh tdmkm uk nuthr, y in nuthrån ms ukn ngtdvd`n` `dni÷adgn, pnrtdgdpntdvn, rmsphksdvn y rmsphksnoim. @m nbå, in idtmrnturn ms vd`n mk gunkth pnrtm `mi ngth ätdgh aihoni, n`meîs `m smr suoprh`ugth mstätdgh y prnaeîtdgh `m ukn ngtdvd`n` `dni÷adgn. ’Nrtm y  vd`n kh shk ih edseh, pmrh bnk `m ghkvmrtdrsm mk ih edseh mk eå, mk in ukd`n` `m ed rmsphksnodid`n`― (Onjtåk, MGS 3). ¸_menkmktms `mi pmksnedmkth eîadgh `m in emktnid`n` rusn8 ¸Prn`dgd÷k rheîktdgn `m in ghkstruggd÷k `m in vd`n prhpdn8 In emjhr eumstrn `m in cusd÷k `m nrtm y vd`n ph`rån rmsuitnr mi bnppmkdka y mi pmrchrenkgm `m ihs nrtdstns `m in crhktmrn eäxdgh-khrtmnemrdgnkn. eäxdgh-khrtmnemrdgnkn. Kh hostnktm, tneodäk pnrn Nichksh _myms ’\iUn idtmrnturn... kh ms ukn ngtdvd`n` `m n`hrkh, sdkh in mxprmsd÷k eîs ghepimtn `mi bheorm. Ph`ns ins `meîs mxprmsdhkms sm rmcdmrmk ni bheorm mk gunkth ms mspmgdnidstn mk niaukn ngtdvd`n` sdkauinr. W÷ih in idtmrnturn mxprmsn ni bheorm mk gunkth ms bheorm, sdk `dstdkah kd gnidcdgngd÷k niaukn― (_myms >?1)>4.  Nuthr y bärhm sm ghkvdmrtmk mk gntmahråns cdihs÷cdgns `m nkîidsds `m in dktmrsuojmtdvd`n` mk ihs tmxths (idtmrnrdhs h kh) qum sm pinktmnk gheh ngths ukn vmz >2 @moh

rmghkhgmr in `mu`n qum bm ghktrnå`h ghk th`n ukn smrdm `m d`mns `m _. Ahkzîimz Mgbmvnrrån , guyns imgturns dkghepimtns `m Onjtåk kh im bnk depm`d`h prhphkmr, pnrn mktmk`mr in guiturn y in idtmrnturn intdkhnemrdgnkn, niaukns ginvms eîs onjtdkdnkns `m ih qum äi edseh qudzîs buodmsm qumrd`h suphkmr. >4 ’In prdkgdpni pnrtdguinrd`n` `m ih mstätdgh qum ih `dstdkaum `rîstdgnemktm `m in ghakdgd÷k y `mi ngth ätdgh ms su gnrîgtmr rmgmptdvh, `m ngmptngd÷k phsdtdvn: in rmnid`n` bniin`n phr mi ngth mstätdgh, rmghkhgd`n y mvniun`n phr mi ngth ätdgh, chren pnrtm `m in horn `m nrtm (h eîs mxngtnemktm `mi hojmth mstätdgh) y sm ghkvdmrtm mk su kmgmsnrdh ehemkth ghkstdtutdvh. Mk mstm smktd`h ph`mehs `mgdr: ms vmr`n`, in vd`n kh s÷ih sm mkgumktrn cumrn `mi sdkhmitneodäk nrtm,khmkmsin mspmgdnidzn`h< pimkdtu` `m sumipmsh nxdhi÷adgh: shgdni, phiåtdgh, ghakhsgdtdvh htrh. Mi nrtmnrtm, ms rdgh< nrtm kh mk ms mismgh, nrtdstn s÷ih sm mspmgdnidzn mk gunkth enmstrh,y ms `mgdr, s÷ih rmspmgth `mi entmrdni― (Onjtåk >41=, ?4< in trn`uggd÷k ms eån).

 

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ngtunidzn`hs phr ins sugmsdvns imgturns `m ins kumvns amkmrngdhkms. In nktrhphihaån gheh ghkjukth `m snomrms mtkhi÷adghs h nktrhphihaån gheh ghkgmpgd÷k `mi yh mk dktmrnggd÷k ghk mi htrh  `m `dcmrmktms enkmrns sm dksgrdomk mk mi qumbngmr vdtni `m Nimjh Gnrpmktdmr, msgrdthr guonkh< `m Jhsä Enrån Nraum`ns, khvmidstn y nktrhp÷ihah pmrunkh< `m _núi Zurdtn, phmtn gbdimkh< `m Iuds `m Id÷k, msgrdthr auntmenitmgh< `m _dahomrtn Emkgbú, auntmenitmgn tneodäk, `mcmkshrn `m ihs `mrmgbhs buenkhs `m su pumoih dk`åamkn. Vhr htrn pnrtm, Audiimreh A÷emz Vmþn, ’nrtdstn prmchrentdvh― eäxdghgbdgnkh, trntn `m phkmr mk in prîgtdgn `m su qumbngmr nrtåstdgh in edsen d`mn `m qum ngth ms  vd`n, y horn ih ms tneodäk. tneodäk.

horn,  guyh ’htrh― ms mi bärhm: mk in ’rmnid`n`― Mi nuthr gheh pnrtm `mi prhgmsh `m su horn,  mstätdgnemktm hr`mkn`n qum dktmrpmin n su grmn`hr mk uk `dîihah hkthi÷adgh, kh pum`m smr smpnrn`h `m su horn mk gunkth prhgmsh `m amkmrngd÷k `mi smktd`h. T kh bnoinehs `m ihs nspmgths trn`dgdhkniemktm odharîcdghs `m in nuthrån, sdk `msgnrtnr su dephrtnkgdn. Mi msgrdthr gheh nuthr `m uk mkukgdn`h rmsphksnoim mk mi ’arnk tdmeph― khs dktmrmsn gheh phtmkgdniemktm rmgmptdvh n kumstrn dktmrpmingd÷k `ms`m mstm kumvh bhrdzhktm `m in vd`n. Ms phr msh qum mi nuthr ms rmbäk `m su horn y `m su prhpdh bärhm, sdmk`h gheh smn ukn rmnid`n` tmxtuni, edmktrns qum mi bärhm, ghkvmrtd`h mk rmnid`n` tmxtuni phr mi nuthr, vdmkm kh hostnktm ’`ms`m cumrn― y mk gunkth menkngd÷k `m in rmnid`n` phsmm ukn `mtmredkn`n nuthkheån y bnstn uk enramk `m idomrtn`. Gnrpmktdmr: mi ’yh-pnrn-htrh― gheh edrn`n njmkn shorm så edseh

 Nimjh Gnrpmktdmr, mi ’pmrmardkh ’pmrmardkh mk su pntrdn― pntrdn―,, kngd`h mk Guon mk >460 ``mm pn`rms mxtrnkjmrhs  ‗uk crnkgäs y ukn rusn- mxprmsn gheh phghs mi gnrîgtmr crhktmrdzh `m ukn phsdgd÷k idedknr mk mi euk`h y ni edseh tdmeph su guonkd`n` mk gunkth dksuinrd`n`: nuthpmrgmpgd÷k `m ndsinedmkth y `m kh pmrtmkmkgdn. _mghrrm mi euk`h murhpmh y nemrdgnkh mk ousgn `m ukn d`mktd`n` prhpdn, y ni pmrgntnrsm `m qum s÷ih pum`m `mcdkdrsm n så edseh mk cukgd÷k `m su nemrdgnkd`n`, ousgn, gheh th`n ukn smrdm `m sus ghmtîkmhs nemrdgnkhs eîs cdrememktm nrrndan`hs mk su mkthrkh ’kngdhkni― (Wneumi _nehs, Nichksh _myms, Cmrknk`h Ahkzîimz, Cmrknk`h Hrtdz, Hgtnvdh Vnz, mktrm htrhs) mstn `mcdkdgd÷k prdemrh `m ih guonkh n trnväs `mi ncrdgnkdseh, iumah mk in ÷ptdgn surrmnidstn, pnrn pnsnr iumah n in ukdvmrsnid`n` nemrdgnkn em`dnktm ihs ghkgmpths `m ih rmni enrnvdiihsh nemrdgnkh, mi kmhonrrhgh, in tmhrån `m ihs ghktmxths, mtg. Vmrh ih qum pmrsdstm mk ihs emjhrms mjmepihs `m su cdggd÷k, qum prmtmk`m mxpidgnr ih nemrdgnkh `ms`m mi mxtmrdhr (htrh-pnrn-eå), y pnrn mi mxtmrdhr (yh-pnrn-htrh), ms in edrn`n `m nktrhp÷ihah, `m ghimggdhkdstn y `m eusm÷arnch dkstnin`n mk in rngdhknid`n` hggd`mktni. Mi eh`mih ’htrh-pnrn-eå― prmvnimgm mk Mguä-Tneon- H, khvmin gunsd mtkharîcdgn. Mi ’mstnr nbå― gheh amsth nktrhphi÷adgh dktmarn su dkvmstdangd÷k prmidedknr `m Ihs pnshs pmr`d`hs. Ihs trdstms tr÷pdghs, `m Iävy-Wtrnuss, uk tmxth `m mtkharncån pimkh `m entdgms iårdghs, pmrh ghk arnk ghkgdmkgdn emth`hi÷adgn, pnrmgm smr uk eh`mih pnrn mstn khvmin. In invnk`mrn `m Gnrpmktdmr, qum vmk`m su nien dkehrtni (`åansm, sus gnkgdhkms) phr uk nrtmcngth miägtrdgh, mk ins `midomrngdhkms `mi knrrn`hr `m Ihs pnshs pmr`d`hs, npuktn mi emrh emhiih `m in `dsgusd÷k shorm in d`mktd`n` (intdkh)nemrdgnkn nrrhiin`n phr mi prharmsh. In `m Gnrpmktdmr ms ukn uthpån uodgn`n mk mi pnsn`h, gheh in `m Nraum`ns, mk gdmrtn chren. In ghktrn`dgthrdn hrdadknid`n` `m Gnrpmktdmr mk pnrtm prhgm`m `m in oúsqum`n pmrshkni `m ukn d`mktd`n` prhpdn mk niaudmk qum sdmktm su hrdamk gheh crhktmrn guiturni y vdvmkgdni `m eugbhs euk`hs, y `m in kmgmsd`n` `m nignkzn in trnksgrdpgd÷k mstn d`mktd`n` `ms`m mk täredkhs ukdvmrsniemktm rmghkhgdoims. Gnrpmktdmr vmr Guon, `m y Intdkhneärdgn, cumrn y  

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`ms`m `mktrh ni edseh tdmeph, gheh uk kntdvh y gheh mxtrnkjmrh qum in `msguorm phr prdemrn vmz, y sm `drdam n ihs qum kukgn ih bnk vdsth gheh guonkh?6. Ousgnr n så edseh mk mi prhgmsh `mi `dîihah n in vmz dktmrkh y mxtmrkh -yh-pnrn-eå, yh-pnrn-htrh- ghkchren su guonkd`n` edsen. Wus dkgursdhkms ut÷pdgns ni cuturh kh naunktnk in prumon `mi tdmeph, mk gneodh su pnpmi, mk mi arnk tdmeph, gheh Gurn`hr y Auån `mi tdmeph nemrdgnkh, pmrenkmgm. Nraum`ns: msgrdturn gheh vd`n y eumrtm

Mk mi gnsh `m Jhsä Enrån Nraum`ns, msgrdthr qum sm ghksd`mrn odguiturni, tmkmehs uk yhpnrn-eå dkgnpnz `m mstnoimgmr ukn `dvdsd÷k `rîstdgn mktrm så edseh y mi htrh-pnrn-eå, `mod`h n su uodgngd÷k ghkcidgtdvn mk ukn crhktmrn ätkdgn, guiturni, idkaùåstdgn `m uk eh`h tnk mspmgåcdgh qum ih bngm dkvmrtdr ihs vnihrms depumsths phr in guiturn hcdgdni mk in enkmrn `m gnidcdgnr y trntnr ni htrh phr `mcdkdgd÷k `m in guiturn pmrunkn hcdgdni: in enyhrån dk`åamkn sdimkgdn`n, shjuzan`n y shormmxpihtn`n. Chren`h `mktrh `m in imymk`n `m su pmrtmkmkgdn ni euk`h qumgbun, Nraum`ns vdvm ukn pmrenkmktm dktmrpmingd÷k dktmrkn n in qum trntn `m rmsphk`mr grmnk`h ukn mxprmsd÷k idtmrnrdn `mi htrh-pnrn-eå em`dnktm in n`qudsdgd÷k uk yhpnrn-htrh cnktnseni y n su vmz dktmrpmin`h phr ihs nvntnrms `m su prhcmsd÷k: in nktrhphihaån, `hk`m mi `mom mstu`dnr ni htrh-pnrn-eå (gheh sd cumrn n så edseh) ’hojmtdvnemktm― edmktrns ghkgdom su yh-pnrn-eå gheh ghkstrud`h phr mi htrh `msprmstdadn`h, `mspinzn`h, prdvn`h `m vhz prhpdn?>. Mkthkgms, sm nohgn n rmghkstrudr mstn vhz em`dnktm uk imkaunjm grmn`h n pnrtdr `m in dktmrnggd÷k mktrm ins imkauns `n`ns, mi mspnþhi y mi qumgbun, mktmk`d`ns gheh uk `momr smr: ih pinktmn`h??. Vmrh, gheh smþnin Ahkzîimz Mgbmvnrrån, ’kh ms phsdoim \...U iharnr uk tmxth qum ih mkaihom th`h y qum prmtmk`n ukdr mi ghkhgdedmkth shorm ihs kntdvhs n`qudrd`h em`dnktm in prîgtdgn nktrhphi÷adgn y mi ghkhgdedmkth qum miihs tdmkmk `m så edsehs― (Ahkzîimz Mgbmvnrrån ???). Ph`h msth iimvn n Nraum`ns, ’dk`dh oinkgh―, ’`mehkdh cmidz― qum sm mxprmsn nimarmemktm mk qumgbun y mk mspnþhi, n uodgnr mi pnsn`h mk ukn `demksd÷k ut÷pdgn mk qum uk smr `msprhtmad`h sm ngham mk in entrdz omkdakn y prhtmgthrn `mi euk`h dk`åamkn. Gunk`h mi nktnahkdseh mktrm mi yh-pnrn-eå dk`åamkn y mi yh-pnrn-eå dk`damkdstn ih iimvn n in mstmrdid`n` grmn`hrn, rmkdman `m in nktrhphihaån ‗em`dh `m supmrvdvmkgdn, gheh nsmaurn- y mxnitn mi gnrîgtmr vdvmkgdni, ’kh prhcmsdhkni―, `m in idtmrnturn, in dktmarn mk su prhgmsh mxdstmkgdni -qum ghedmkzn ghk mi kngdedmkth ’pnrn htrhs―, tmredkn ghk in eumrtm qum s÷ih mxdstm pnrn htrhs, tneodäk (vmr Onjtåk >414)-: ’Kh ms ukn `msarngdn iugbnr ghktrn in eumrtm msgrdodmk`h―, ’phrqum sd yh kh msgrdoh y puoidgh, em pmah uk tdrh―?7, y ghkstruym su prhpdn eumrtm, mk gunkth uk mimemkth eîs mk in ghkstruggd÷k `m in d`mktd`n`, ni prhgmsh grmntdvh. ’Ghk uk oninzh gheh pukth cdkni, Mi Zhrrh nonk`hkn mi tmrrmkh `m in idtmrnturn prngtdgn`n gheh jumah, y norm ukn dktmrrhangd÷k mk sus emehrdns sm rmcdmrm n Gnrpmktdmr (sdk `u`n `midomrn`nemktm) gheh msgrdthr crnkgäs  msgrdthr crnkgäs . mi dk`damkdseh trn`dgdhkni sm nahtnon mk ukn rmprmsmktngd÷k mxtmrdhr, ’gdmktåcdgn― (knturnidstn) `mi euk`h dk`åamkn y `m sus gbhqums ghk mi euk`h hggd`mktni y gnpdtnidstn ‗ni qum pmrtmkmgånk tnkth mi imgthr gheh mi nuthr‐, mi ’dk`damkdseh― nraum`dnkh `mjnon `m smr ukn mvhgngd÷k `ms`m cumrn y ni cdk ghihkdnidstn `mi euk`h smrrnkh, phrqum `mvhivån n in guiturn, n in ghsehvdsd÷k, ni pmksnedmkth `m ihs bheorms nk`dkhs ‗qumgbuns‐ uk pnpmi mstrugturni mk sus tmxths― (Idmkbnr` 7??). ??  ’Mrn kmgmsnrdh mkghktrnr ihs sutdims `mshr`mknedmkths qum bnrån `mi gnstmiinkh mi ehi`m justh, mi dkstruemkth n`mgun`h. T gheh sm trntnon `m uk bniinzah mstätdgh, äi cum nignkzn`h gheh mk ihs sumþhs, `m enkmrn deprmgdsn. Th rmshivå mi prhoimen grmîk`hims uk imkaunjm gnstmiinkh mspmgdni, qum `mspuäs bn sd`h mepimn`h ghk bhrrdoim mxnamrngd÷k mk trnonjhs njmkhs. Vmrh ihs dk`dhs kh bnoink mstm gnstmiinkh kd ghk ihs `m imkaun mspnþhin, kd eugbh emkhs mktrm miihs. Ms ukn cdggd÷k. Ph`n in tdmrrn `mi sur y `mi gmktrh, ghk mxgmpgd÷k `m niaukns gdu`n`ms, ms `m bnoin qumgbun thtni― ( npu` npu` Gnr`hzn ?2-?4). In `msgrdpgd÷k sm njustn n ih ?6 Kmru`n

?> ’Wd

qum `dgm idtmrnrdhs Onjtåk shorm in khvmin  prhoimens y mstätdghs  , >41=).gheh prhgmsh `m grmngd÷k `m denamk `mi imkaunjm (’In pninorn mk in khvmin―, mk ?7 Gc. Nraum`ns, Mi Nraum`ns, Mi zhrrh..., zhrrh..., p. 70>.

 

4

 

shorm in phsdodid`n` `m in msgrdturn khvmimsgn mk uk pnås gheh mi Vmrú― (Idmkbnr` >42>, >24). E nrån Nraum`ns, ih edseh qum Gnrpmktdmr, ms htrh  Jhsä Enrån htr h mjmepih `dstdkth `m bnodtnr  y `m ghornr chren ’mk-in-crhktmrn― `m uk bheorm bheor m qum sm pmrgntn tmeprnknemktm `mi arnk `msmqudidordh shgdni m bdst÷rdgh mktrm ih nemrdgnkh kntdvh y ih nemrdgnkh memramktm qum sm `msidk`n `m su pnrtm dk`åamkn gheh `mi htrh-pnrn-eå-qum-khqudmrh-smr.

Wdktmtdznk`h msths `hs gnshs, sm ph`rån `mgdr qum Gnrpmktdmr mk Ihs pnshs pmr`d`hs ghkstruym uk yh n mxpmksns `mi htrh-qum-yh-kh-qudmrh-smr ni enktmkmr in edrn`n hojmtdvn`hrn nktrhphi÷adgn shorm uk smr qum kh tdmkm vhz, kd `dsgursh prhpdh shorm så edseh (pnrn bngmrim justdgdn ni msgrdthr guonkh, mstm yh rmdcdgn`hr crngnsn, y mi htrh sm im msgnpn pnrn sdmeprm mktrm ihs pnshs pmr`d`hs). Nraum`ns qudmrm `nrim vhz ni htrh, pmrh kh gheh phrtnvhz, sdkh qum prmtmk`m smr mstm htrh pimknemktm (mk Mi zhrrh... sm ngmrgn n ukn  vdsd÷k dktmarn`hrn)?0. @msarngdn`nemktm, mstn phsturn mktrn mk aumrrn (pmimmehs) ghk in msmkgdniemktm hpumstn `m nktrhp÷ihah, qum sdmeprm ms mi qum bnoin, sdmeprm sm nprhpdn `m in vhz njmkn `ms`m in nuthrd`n` ’gdmktåcdgn―:  ’gdmktåcdgn―:  \iUn phsdtdhk `u sujmt äkhkgdntmur ävhqum ukm sdtuntdhk `―ukdintärnidtä dktmrprätntdvm qud sm enkdcmstm gindrmemkt æ trnvmrs uk `dsghurs rnpphrtä< im gbmrgbmur dktmrprâtm ims räsuitnts `ms dkchrentmurs. Vnr mxmepim, Nraum`ns k―utdidsm jnends im styim `drmgt `nks sms mssnds< mk rmvnkgbm, `nks sms rägdts cdgtdhkkmis, ihsqu―di gbmrgbm æ ätnoidr ukm chkgtdhk `m in pnrhim qud nohidrndt im ghkgmpt `m bdärnrgbdm mktrm dktmrvmknkts (uk ägbnkam äanidtndrm), di k―bäsdtm pns æ i―utdidsmr (@m Arnk`ds 703). Mk gdmrtn chren, gnm vågtden `m ih edseh `m qum bnoån ngusn`h n Gnrpmktdmr mk Mi zhrrh... `m ghksd`mrnr ’kumstrns ghsns dk`åamkns gheh mxgmimktm mimemkth h entmrdni `m trnonjh― (Mi zhrrh... >?)-, phr ih qum ni cdkni sm vm hoidan`h n rmghkhgmr: ’yn kh tmkah mkmraån m diuedkngd÷k pnrn smaudr trnonjnk`h, ms `mgdr, pnrn justdcdgnr in vd`n― (dod`., ?=7). Mstn tmk`mkgdn bngdn ’\iUn eumrtm, ‐`dgm Ahkzîimz Mgbmvnrrån (euy onjtdkdnknemktm)-, ms ukn emtîchrn `m in dephsdodid`n` `m qum bnyn uk `dsgursh shorm mi Htrh qum kh sm onsm mk phtmkgdni mk uk ph`mr imtni shorm äi― (??2). ]kn vmz eîs, ’\mUi prhgmsh grmn`hr ms sdmeprm uk prhgmsh `m vdhimkgdn qum in vmr`n` rmnidzn shorm mi nien― (Onjtåk >443, 31). In nrqudtmgt÷kdgn onjtdkdnkn bn sd`h emkhs gheprmk`d`n mk su rmingd÷k ghk in phmsån. Onsîk`hsm mk ukn imgturn pnrgdni `m gdmrths pnsnjms `m In pninorn mk in khvmin, ihs gråtdghs phr ih amkmrni nsuemk qum mi ’nuthrdtnrdseh― `m in phmsån iårdgn qum Onjtåk phstuin ms ukn mspmgdm `m `msvnihrdzngd÷k y `msprmgdh phr in iårdgn mk amkmrni. In phmsån iårdgn dktmrprmtn`n `ms`m in cdihshcån `mi ngth ms ukn phsturn mxdstmkgdni qum enkdcdmstn, dauni qum htrhs prh`ugths ’`dni÷adghs― `m in ngtdvd`n` aihonidznktm, ukn prhcuk`n rmingd÷k ghk mi htrh, qum, gdmrtnemktm, sm nrtdguin `m ukn enkmrn rn`dgniemktm hpumstn n gheh sm pmrgdom mk in khvmin, pmrh sm ghkgdom dauniemktm `ms`m mi `dîihah: `dîihah ghk uk ’htrh― `dstnktm h ’tmrgmrh― (phr mjmepih @dhs, h mi judgdh `m in Bdsthrdn)< pmrh pnrn ntrmvmrsm n n`hptnr mstn phsturn ’nuthrdtnrdn―, mk su eh`nid`n` `m ardth (’¡Th sä in vmr`n`!/ ¡Cumrn ins vmr`n`ms `m _åhs prhcuk`hs, Wdivdn Knad smþnin: smþnin: ’]k cumrtm smktdedmkth `m mepntån gnrngtmrdzn in ngtdtu` `mi knrrn`hr ghk rmspmgth n ihs pmrshknjms. Nukqum mi cdujh `m ghkgdmkgdn `mi knrrn`hr sm rmnidgm mk rmadstrh guith, mi knrrn`hr/pmrshknjm ms odidkaùm, y sm `drdam n ihs dk`åamkns mk su prhpdh d`dhen, mi qumgbun. Nraum`ns bngm ?0 _mspmgth

ukn ordiinktm idkaùåstdgn (Vhkmkgdn y trnkspinktn ni ghkarmsh gnstmiinkh `m in INWN, sdktnxds ?2-76 qumgbun, phrqum äi edseh `hedkn qumgbun ghehenkdhorn d`dhen entmrkh.― mk mi `m smptdmeorm `m >44=, vmrsd÷kmi dktmrkmt).

 

>6

 

nktdauns!― `dgm in phmtn rusn E. Psvmtîdmvn) mi phmtn gumktn nktm th`h ghk mi nphyh ’ghrni― qum, eîs qum uk nu`dthrdh prnaeîtdgh, ms uk aruph shgdni qum im pmredtm `mgdr: in phmsån ms in ghkgdmkgdn `m tmkmr rnz÷k (pninorns `mi phmtn rush Enk`mistne). Vhr htrn pnrtm, in mgungd÷k ’nrtm ms ’vd`n―, tmhrdzn`n mk Onjtåk em`dnktm mi nghktmWmr `mi ngth ätdgh, pum`m mjmepidcdgnrsm mk ins nrtms prmchrentdvns qum, gheh snomehs, mk in  Neärdgn Intdkn, ghk su pmrcdi vnkaunr`dstn y kmh-vnkaunr`d kmh-vnkaunr`dstn, stn, ms mstîk tîk idan`ns mk ukn enyhr h emkhr em`d`n n in nggd÷k phiåtdgn. In phmsån pum`m ih edseh pnrtdr `mi ardth ’nuthrdtnrdh― qum `m uk sdimkgdh dktmrpmintdvh< su nrqudtmgt÷kdgn sm nrtdguin `mktrh `m in ghkgdmkgdn `m tmkmr rnz÷k y tmkmr mi `mrmgbh n in phsturn iårdgn, d`mktdcdgnk`h nrtm y vd`n mk in thtnid`n` `mi ngth ätdgh< `m bmgbh ’sm phstuin in dktmarngd÷k `m nrtm y vd`n, ih guni depidgn ukn prîgtdgn `m trnkschrengd÷k `m ihs shphrtms shgdnims, ghrphrnims y mspngdnims `m in msgrdturn y suphkm uk dktmksh enkmjh `m in nimahrån― (Gnrrnsgh >424, 34). Zurdtn: dktmrihguthr `m uk @dhs nusmktm

Mk ousgn `m ukn vhz prhpdn, _núi Zurdtn, phmtn gbdimkh qum mepdmzn n msgrdodr mk smrdh, rmsphksnoimemktm, mk mi pmhr ehemkth `m in `dgtn`urn edidtnr, `mom rmpinktmnr tnkth quä ms ih qum sm pum`m `mgdr y mk qum mspngdh sm pum`m rmnidznr in vhz y/h in msgrdturn, n pnrtdr `mi bmgbh `m qum nirm`m`hr `m äi rmdkn uk sdimkgdh shgdni noshiuth ?=  y ukn dknu`dodid`n` qum Onjtåk `msgrdod÷ gheh denamk edsen `mi dkcdmrkh?3. Mk in oúsqum`n `m in phsdodid`n` `m ukn  vhz prhpdn sm vm ghepmid`h n ousgnr uk kumvh mspngdh `m in msgrdturn y, mk täredkhs eîs nepidhs, `m in mxprmsd÷k nrtåstdgn m d`mhi÷adgn, `hk`m in vhz sdimkgdn`n pum`n smr hå`n  vdrtuniemktm. Msths nrtdstns ghkgdomk ’in vd`n `m ukh y `m ihs htrhs gheh in úkdgn horn `m nrtm qum vnim in pmkn smr mjmgutn`n― (_dvmrn 43). ’@mi gumrph n in pninorn―: mi gumrph sm ghkvdmrtm mk uk mspngdh `m in msgrdturn em`dnktm su shemtdedmkth n ukn nuth-thrturn qum mstî rmem`nk`h in thrturn `m ihs gumrphs `m ihs htrhs `m su amkmrngd÷k: Zurdtn sm ghrtn in gnrn mk púoidgh, trntn `m gmanrsm mgbîk`hsm îgd`h n ihs hjhs: uk eh`h `m rhepmr mi sdimkgdh, vmkgmr in onrrmrn `m in dknu`dodid`n`. Bny htrns ’nggdhkms `m nrtm― ’qum ghksdstmk oîsdgnemktm mk ngths `m dktmrvmkgd÷k `m `mtmredkn`ns sdtungdhkms `m in vd`n púoidgn m dkstdtugdhkni― (Gnrrnsgh 34), mk ukn gdrgukstnkgdn qum dkvhiugrn tnims phsturns ’rheîktdgns―?1  mk rdmsahs rmnims, gunk`h in eumrtm cîgdiemktm pum`m ghornr uk sdakdcdgn`h `m ngth ghkstdtutdvh `m in vd`n y `mi nrtm. Ousgnk`h mstm kumvh mspngdh `m in msgrdturn phätdgn, msgrdom mk mi gdmih `m Kumvn Thrl ghk ihs msgnpms `m nvdhkms. Vrmaukth: ¸ngnsh mstm ’nuthrdtnrdseh― phätdgh kh mstî sustmktn`h mk mi nphyh ghrni, dkgiush mk mi kdvmi eîs prnaeîtdgh8 Kmgmsdtnon kh s÷ih imgthrms, sdkh g÷epidgms, pnrn mcmgtunr mstn msgrdturn guyh `mstdkntnrdh ms uk @dhs `mginrn`h nusmktm?2. T in ’ghkgdmkgdn `m tmkmr rnz÷k―, in msmkgdn `m in phsturn phätdgn, mstî eîs qum imadtden`n phr ukn vd`n qum sm npumstn n så edsen phr in phsdodid`n` `m bngmrsm hår. ?= 

’Wm pum`m `mgdr qum n pnrtdr `mi ahipm `m mstn`h th`n in rmnid`n` ms nqumiih qum kh sm `dgm mk in ghkvmrsngd÷k, bnoinr ms yn mjmrgmr uk ngth qum mk så edseh ms shspmgbhsh, y mk äi qum gn`n dktmrihguthr h gn`n medshr nsuem ukn mspmgdm `m gnstdah, mjmrgmr in pninorn pnsn n smr gnstdah― Gc. _dvmrn >421, 4?. ?3 Gc. Onjtåk >443, 772. ?1  Em rmcdmrh n in ghkstruggd÷k `m in vd`n prhpdn gheh sd cumrn ukn horn `m nrtm, ghkgmpth `m hrdamk rheîktdgh, qum `ms`m in vnrdnktm rusn `mi rhenktdgdseh cum rmthen`h phr ihs dktmimgtunims `mi iinen`h ’sdaih `m pintn― rush. ?2 ’In ghk`dgd÷k oîsdgn `m in mkthkngd÷k iårdgn ms ukn ghkcdnkzn dkqumornktnoim mk in sdepntån `m ihs hymktms―

(Shi÷sbdkhv `m >4?3, 27).aruph Wm trntn `mstdkntnrdh qum s÷ih pum`m smr uk pmrtmkmgm. phrtn`hr `m  vnihrngdhkms nqumi shgdni`m niukqum’hymktm―, mi phmtn,ukgheh sujmth ghksgdmktm `m så edseh, Ms ins mi ohr`m mk qum in vhz iårdgn ms gnpnz `m ghkvmrtdrsm mk phrtnvhz `m `dsgurshs d`mhi÷adghs.

 

>>

 

Iuds `m Id÷k: in edrn`n `mvumitn

Iuds `m Id÷k (>474->426), msgrdthr auntmenitmgh `m mtkdn lnlgbdlmi, sm sdtún n så edseh mk mi rmth `m mstnoimgmr uk ghktngth ghk in guiturn `hedknktm, pmrh kh `ms`m ins rmains qum ästn trn`dgdhkniemktm im dephkm. Vhr mjmepih, sd bnoinrn gheh auntmenitmgh kh smrån prhoimeîtdgh (in pninorn Auntmenin kukgn npnrmgm mk ins pîadkns `m su khvmin)< äi prmcdmrm bnoinr gheh dk`åamkn, y ms uk rhi pnrn mi guni `mom ousgnr imkaunjm, pukth `m vdstn, bdsthrdn `dcmrmktms. Wm kdman n rmthenr mi prmjudgdh bdst÷rdgh y nktrhphi÷adgh depiågdth ngmrgn `m su guiturn dk`åamkn, pnrn iimvnr n gnoh su prhpdn nuth`mcdkdgd÷k `ms`m in rmingd÷k bngdn ih bmame÷kdgh, pmrh mkchgn`n `ms`m su prhpdh in`h. Kh smrî mi suonitmrkh nktm in bmamehkån, hojmth sdk vhz `msgrdth phr uk sujmth ’`m rnz÷k―, vågtden ni in`h `m su `mcmkshr, mtg.?4 Ms gheh sd uk hojmth trn`dgdhkni `m in nktrhphihaån y ukn eumstrn `m eusmh sm rmominrn y enkdcmstnrn ukn nuthghkgdmkgdn ni enramk `m ihs gidgbäs hggd`mktnims. Vnrn`÷jdgnemktm, ih tdmkm qum bngmr, pnrn smr gheprmk`d`h, mk mi chrenth `dsgursdvh (khvmin), pnrn äi dephrtn`h, y mk ukn imkaun qum kh ms in prhpdn, sdkh n`qudrd`n, pnrn ph`mr smr msgugbn`h. Vmrh su vhz kh smrî ghk`msgmk`dmktm kd nrehkdhsn. Imjhs `m n`hptnr mi chrenth ’nktrhphi÷adgh― ’nktrhphi÷adgh― y/h dk`damkdstn trdiin`h, y `m ehstrnr ukn denamk `mi dk`åamkn qum shorm th`h ghepingm ni mah `mi hprmshr76 -’arngdns, dk`dths, phr su oumk ghrnz÷k―, ghemktn snrgîstdgnemktm-, pmredtm mktrmvmr uk rmkghr inranemktm ghktmkd`h bngdn su prhpdh ’htrh―, mi in`dkh, gumstdhkn su ghktrhvmrtd`n rmingd÷k smguinr qum mk eugbhs nspmgths pum`m amkmrnr, eîs niiî `mi rmgbnzh, gumstdhknedmkth, h`dh, nuth-h`dh y in gnpngd`n` th`nvån kh 7> sucdgdmktmemktm mxpihrn`n `mi rmsmktdedmkth qum ms , ni cdk y ni gnoh, gheh `djh mi cdi÷shch, mi ehthr `m in Bdsthrdn. Mi pnths  Mi  pnths  `m   `m uk odmkpmksnktm idomrnidseh hggd`mktni pum`m smr eni mktmk`d`h phr pnrtm `m ihs supumstnemktm omkmcdgdn`hs `m tni ngtdtu` hojmths `m in `msgrdpgd÷k mtkharîcdgn. @m bmgbh, mk mi euk`h mstnehs prmsmkgdnk`h uk `mspmrtnr `mi ’htrh-pnrn-eå-qum-yh-kh-qu ’htrh-pnrn-eå -qum-yh-kh-qudmrh-smr― dmrh-smr― mk mi euk`h mktmrh7?. Ih vmr`n`mrnemktm hrdadkni m dkkhvn`hr mk Iuds `m Id÷k ms su gnpngd`n` `m mvn`dr in edrn`n ghsdcdgn`htn qum prhvdmkm `mi `dsgursh bmame÷kdgh (mi `m in khvmin) phr mi guni `mom hptnr pnrn mktnoinr mi `dîihah mk qum pum`n smr hå`h. Hojmth pmrenkmktm `m ukn ntmkgd÷k mtkharîcdgn, mi sujmth rmomin`h ghkcrhktn in pninorn njmkn shorm su pmrshkn, ukn pninorn qum ms in vdhimkgdn edsen. In pninorn vdhimkgdn prmsuphkm uk hojmth nusmktm y gniin`h, uk hojmth qum kh hym kd rmsphk`m< in pninorn kh sm `drdam n su hojmth kd mxdam su ghksmktdedmkth< ms pninorn dk nosmktdn . Ih qum in pninorn `dgm ngmrgn `m su hojmth jneîs ghdkgd`m ghk ih qum mi hojmth pum`m `mgdr `m så edseh \...U In pninorn qudmrm dkciumkgdnr `ms`m mi mxtmrdhr, `mcdkdr `ms`m cumrn (Onjtåk >443, 33). ?4 Dkgiush

sm kdman n smr vågtden< ghihkdnidseh ni rmväs. Gc. Pbhrk, >??. mk úitden dkstnkgdn sm rmehktn n in d`mn `mi ’oumk snivnjm―, amkmrn`n kh pnrn nknidznr in rmnid`n` `mi htrh ’vmkgd`h―, sdkh pnrn smrvdr gheh ginvm mxpidgntdvn `mi cukgdhknedmkth `m in shgdm`n` prhpdn. 7> Mi nuth-h`dh pum`m smr mi mcmgth `m in nuthghkgdmkgdn mk ins rmingdhkms ghk mi htrh, ihs gneodhs d`mktdtnrdhs (idkaùåstdghs, d`mhi÷adghs, guiturnims) qum in guiturn dk`åamkn bn sucrd`h mk in dktmrnggd÷k ghk in hggd`mktni, qum pum`m smr pmrgdod`h gheh ukn mspmgdm `m trndgd÷k bngdn su prhpdn guiturn m d`mktd`n` (gc. Ouokhvn ?66?)< in ghkgdmkgdn `m in pär`d`n h `dsedkugd÷k `m su prhpdn bdsthrdn y trn`dgd÷k, mk arnk em`d`n phr ihs amkhgd`dhs bdst÷rdghs y in nkdqudingd÷k guiturni, mtgätmrn. Mk mi gnsh `m Iuds `m Id÷k (qum `m bmgbh sm iinenon Iuds `m Im÷k @ånz), su prhpdh smu`÷kdeh idtmrnrdh pnrmgm smr ukn mspmgdm `m räpidgn bngdn in guiturn bdspîkdgn

76 ^um

bmame÷kdgn: gheh kh su arnk nktmgmshr, uk Iuds `m Im÷k, pmrh ghk ngmkth Id÷k. mi dk`dh khs them mk 7? ’Mk Auntmenin sm trntn s÷ih `m ms thenr mk gumktn ni dk`dh< sm trntn `m dk`dh: qum enþnkn gumktn― (gc. Gnr`hzn y Nrna÷k, Edaumi Nrna÷k, Edaumi Îkami Nsturdns. Gnsd G nsd khvmin , Mrn, Eäxdgh, >44>, p. >>=).

 

>?

 

Iuds `m Id÷k `mom iugbnr ghk in vdhimkgdn depiågdtn `m in edrn`n y `mi `dsgursh `mi htrh em`dnktm ihs gunims `mom nknidznr tneodäk n så edseh: ’Th kh phsmh uk pukth `m vdstn mxtmrkh shorm ed pmrshkn, gnrmzgh `m mkchqum bngdn ed prhpdn denamk dktmrdhr. @ms`m eds hjhs em edrnk ihs hjhs `mi htrh― (Onjtåk >443, 1>). Eîs nuk, Iuds `m Id÷k iharn `mvhivmrim ni htrh su edrn`n. ¸G÷eh sm vm in vmr`n` phsdtdvn `m in gdmkgdn hggd`mktni `ms`m mi pndsnjm `mshin`h phstghihkdni877 Ins rmnid`n`ms yn kh sm `mcdkmk mk cukgd÷k `m in vmr`n` (rmidadhsn, gdmktåcdgn) gheh chren `m ph`mr, sdkh phr mi ph`mr edseh (sd rmthenehs mi gnsh `ms`m mi ’hrdmktnidseh―). Mstnehs nktm ukn sdtungd÷k vmr`n`mrnemktm mxpihsdvn, gheh bnk ehstrn`h ihs nghktmgdedmkths rmgdmktms. Mk rmingd÷k ghk in nuthrån ghkcidgtdvn, bny qum emkgdhknr mi aäkmrh crhktmrdzh `m tmstdehkdh, qum mstî n gnoniih mktrm ih idtmrnrdh, mk gunkth in chren `m su nrtdguingd÷k, y ih `hguemktni, `hk`m mi prhoimen `m rmprmsmktngd÷k nsdedseh sm dktmrsmggdhkn ghk ihs prhoimens tm÷rdgh-idtmrnrdhs. Nktrhphihaån y idtmrnturn sm gruznk htrn vmz `m in enkmrn eîs shcdstdgn`n.  Ju`dtb Pbhrk rmpinktmn mi pnpmi `m in idtmrnturn mk cukgd÷k `mi aäkmrh `m tmstdehkdh, euy n ghktrnpmih ghk in tmhrån idtmrnrdn ngtuni, qum trntn `m `dvhrgdnr `mcdkdtdvnemktm in idtmrnturn y in vd`n:  Pbm struaaim th rmghkgdim tbm whri` ns rmphrtm` oy htbmrs nk` tbm whri` ns pmrshkniiy mxpmrdmkgm` bns ommk `yknedgniiy rmcdmgtm` dk tbm idcm whrl hc nrtdsts hc ghihr tbrhuabhut tbm twmktdmtb gmktury. Pbds pnrniimis tbm `dsgrmpnkgy tbnt hctmk mxdstm` omtwmmk idcm nk` tbmhry. Idtmrnturm/wrdtdka ns idcmwhrl bns prhvd`m` n prmvdhusiy ukrmshivm` vmkum hc mxprmssdhk. Pbm ’khvmi― bns omghem n smktdmkt, khk-idkmnr bdsthry nk` tmstdehkdni hc idcm mvmkts, kht hkiy n thhi chr ghihkdni `dsghursm (Pbhrk 72). Emkgbú: ¸vmktrdihqudn h8

Mi tmxth `m Em iineh _dahomrtn Emkgbú, y nså em kngd÷ in ghkgdmkgdn, ms uk tmrrdthrdh mk qum idtmrnturn y nktrhphihaån sm thgnk `m eugbns enkmrns, nså gheh sm dktmrsmgtnk ihs `hedkdhs `m nktrhphihaån cdihs÷cdgn y mtkhihaån 70. Ms uk tmxth qum phr su knturnimzn kh dedtn, gheh pum`m bngmrih in khvmin, mi `dsgursh `m in nktrhphihaån, kd n`hptn ihs pukths `m  vdstn `m ästn, sdkh`ms`m qum pinktmn in n`mgungd÷k uk tmxth n in vd`n -prhoimen `m mi in ’vmktrdihgugd÷k― (bnoinr phr  vmrd`dggd÷k, mi qum tmhrån idtmrnrdn sm `mcdkm`mgheh 7= htrh )- , n `meîs `m qum uk tmstdehkdh sdmeprm pum`m smr rmgbnzn`h h odmk pumsth mk `u`n 77 Mi

prhymgth trukgn`h `m Iuds `m Id÷k kh sm njustn pimknemktm n ins mspmgdcdgngdhkms qum prhphkm Arnbne Vmgbmy pnrn `msgrdodr in sdtungd÷k phstghihkdni: ’\DUc wm wmrm th rmanr` ns ’phstghihkdni― nky prhjmgt hc idtmrnturm hr inkaunam wbdgb tnlms dts `dstnkgm ohtb crhe tbm emtrhphidtnk stnk`nr` nk` crhe nky kntdvdst `haen hc tbm purdty hc tbm vmrknguinr, mepbnsdsdka dkstmn` nk dkmiugtnoim grmhidzntdhk…― (Vmgbmy 7=?), y msh phr `hs ehtdvhs: in prdemrn ghk`dgd÷k ghktrn`dgm mi edseh prdkgdpdh `mi emstdznjm (’bdord`dzngd÷k―, ’dktmrtmxtunid`n`―, mtg.), phr ukn pnrtm< in smauk`n kh then mk gumktn mi gnrîgtmr gntnstr÷cdgh `mi prhpdh emstdznjm, qum Iuds `m Id÷k eumstrn. Gheh hosmrvn Snrans Iihsn (12), ’mi emstdznjm kh ms ukn nimngd÷k pngåcdgn, uk omkdakh prhgmsh `m dktmrgneodhs< su mståeuih bn sd`h eugbns vmgms mi h`dh―. 70 Ju`dtb Pbhrk sdtún n sus bärhms -_dahomrtn Emkgbú y Sågthr Ehktmjh-mk mi edseh trneh `mi arnk tdmeph qum n Onjtåk (Pbhrk >0->=), y ihs ’phkm n `dnihanr― mk su idorh. 7= Edgbnmi Bhiqudst bnoi÷ `m ihs tmxths `mutmrhgnk÷kdghs `m Onjtåk (ihs cdren`hs phr Shi÷sbdkhv, Em`vä`mv y Lnkîmv) mkVhr täredkhs `m vmktrdihgugd÷k. @mniin bngmr ’vmktrdihqudn― `m ihs tmxths iinen`hs tmstdehkdnims M. Wlih`hwsln. htrn pnrtm, Vm`rh Vdtnrgb ukn nktrhphihaån `mi nien tzmitni eumstrn inbnoi÷ pninorn ghkvmrtd`n mk nggd÷k. Mi gbneîk ms vmktråihguh, phrqum trnksedtm ins vhgms qum prhvdmkmk `mi gb―ui -

 

>7

 

phr htrh tmstdehkdh. Mk in mtkharncån ngtuni sm `nk `hs chrenths pnrn in ’vmrd`dggd÷k―: mi rmnidstn, ’qum gumktn ih qum snom―, y mi ghkcmsdhkni, ’qum `msgrdom g÷eh iima÷ n snomrih― (Wlih`hwsln >447, 2?). Mi tmxth `m Emkgbú, ¸phsmm `hoim nuthrån, n eh`h `m nrtdguingd÷k `m ihs tmxths ’`mutmrhgnk÷kdghs― `m Onjtåk8 @m qudäk ms in vhz ’nuthrni― mk mi tmxth, ¸`m _dahomrtn Emkgbú h `m Midznomtb Ourahs, in nktrhp÷ihan qum rmnidz÷ in trnksgrdpgd÷k `m su  vd`n8 ¸Ms mi `m Ourahs uk dktmkth phr prngtdgnr ’in nktrhphihaån `dni÷adgn―873 ¸H ms, phr mi ghktrnrdh, mi rmphrtm trn`dgdhkni `m niah qum miin sm nprhpdn8 T shorm th`h in gumstd÷k `m in  vmr`n` sm gruzn (bngm ukn rmcrnggd÷k) mk mi `dsgursh. Ins dkcimxdhkms `dsgursdvns `m in vhz nusmktm `m qudmk ’rm`ngtn― mi tmxth, ¸shk nknidznoims gheh nitmrn`hrns `mi smktd`h y `m in  vmr`n`8 Ihs prhoimens `m in pninorn njmkn, mk mstm gnsh, pum`mk supumstnemktm rmshivmrsm mk uk dktmkth phr trn`ugdr in nitmrd`n` em`dnktm in msgrdturn `m in vhz, ’ghkchrem ni `msmh `m Hggd`mktm `m immr msths prh`ugths― (Wlih`hwsln 2?). Ihs phimedstns nimank qum gheh rmsuitn`h tmkmehs ukn ’cdggd÷k `m d`mktd`n`― (dod`., 42). In vmktrdihqudn khs mkcrmktn n in ’dk`dakd`n` `m bnoinr phr mi htrh―, pmrh mk kumstrh gnsh mi prhoimen ms `hoim. Ourahs ’bnoin― phr Emkgbú. Ph`h msth ph`rån `mrdvnr mk uk vuianr pimdth phr in nuthrån 71. Vmrh, `n`ns ins gnrngtmråstdgns `m in emktnid`n` enyn, qum tdmkm su ghrrmsphk`dmktm ghrrminth mk in imkaun72, Emkgbú `m vmrns sm ghkgdom n så edsen gheh pnrtm y phrtnvhz `m su amktm. Vhrqum su imkaun entmrkn, mi qudgbä, nså rmghrtn mi euk`h, y ni pnrmgmr miin dkghksgdmktmemktm prhymgtn mstn vdsd÷k ni mspnþhi, `m eh`h qum in bdord`ngd÷k sm `ä kh s÷ih n kdvmi `m in sdktnxds h arneîtdgn, sdkh mktrm `hs vdsdhkms `mi euk`h. In gntmahrån `m khshtrhs ms mxtrmen`nemktm dephrtnktm mk ins imkauns enyns, edmktrns qum mi sujmth ghimgtdvh ms niah qum s÷ih pîid`nemktm mstî prmsmktm mk ins imkauns dk`hmurhpmns (mi khshtrhs kh ms sdkh mi74 piurni `mi yh). Wm trntn justnemktm `m ukn vdsd÷k `mi euk`h gh`dcdgn`n mk in imkaun : `ms`m mstm pukth `m vdstn, ms Emkgbú in qum bnoin phr htrhs, trnksphrtnk`h su ghsehvdsd÷k ni mspnþhi mk qum bnoin th`nvån ghk `dcdguitn` (mk mi ehemkth mk qum Ourahs arnon sus mktrmvdstns). Vhr htrn pnrtm, gnshs `m tmstdehkdhs `m sdakh hpumsth (vmr Zdeemrenk) prmsmktnk uk ghktrnpukth shgdni `mi edseh prhoimen, ni `nr ukn dktmrprmtngd÷k `dstdktn `m supumstnemktm in edsen mxpmrdmkgdn. Mk rmnid`n`, mi prhoimen qum n prdemrn vdstn  pinktmn mi tmxth `m Emkgbú/Ourahs ms eîs gnrngtmråstdgh `m in tmhrån nktrhphi÷adgn qum `m in idtmrnrdn. Ms mi `m in rmingd÷k mktrm pninorn prhpdn y pninorn njmkn, chreuin`h phr Onjtåk gheh cuk`nemkth `mi `dnihadseh. Ngtuniemktm, in nktrhphihaån phsteh`mrkn y ’`dni÷adgn― sm ih pinktmn n så edsen gheh prhoimen  prdkgdpni `mi `dsgursh `m in `dsgdpidkn  (’nk nktbrhphihay tbnt ngtdvmiy nglkhwim`ams tbm `dnihadgni knturmnitmrs hc dtswbnt hwkdt prh`ugtdhk―, & nktrhphihaån Pm`ihgl ?). ’Pbm cngt \dsU tbnt sm prmhgupn phrnky in rmprmsmktntdhk rmprmsmktm`― Enkkbmde (dod`., 1). In in htrn rmnid`n` pnrnimin qum ghepimemktn in mspdrdtunid`n` tzmitni-, y ni edseh tdmeph äi nktrhp÷ihah ms vmktråihguh mk smauk`h arn`h, gunk`h mk su imkaun, y ghk onsm mk sus bmrrnedmktns emth`hi÷adgns njmkns n in guiturn qum `msgrdom, bngm uk msqumen `mi nien tzmitni. Ms ukn emtîchrn n` bhg pnrn qum vmnehs in sdtungd÷k onjtdkdnkn: sd th`h `dsgursh ms prhgmsh `m vmktrdihgugd÷k, th`hs khshtrhs shehs vmktråihguhs `mi pmksnedmkth onjtdkdnkh, mstn ms in ghk`dgd÷k piurd- m dktmr`dsgursdvn `mi onjtdkdseh. 73 Gc. Pm`ihgl y Enkkbmde, >-7?. 71  Nukqum Emkgbú kh nggm`m n mstm< gc. Pbhrk 03. Pbhrk vm gdmrtn nknihaån mktrm in sdtungd÷k nuthrdni Onjtåk/Shi÷sbdkhv (y Em`vä`mv) y Emkgbú/Ourahs. In nknihaån vn eîs niiî `m ihs qum miin shspmgbn: in onjtdkhihaån hggd`mktni ms dkgnpnz `m gheprmk`mr phr quä Onjtåk kukgn sm ntrdouy÷ ihs tmxths qum htrhs im ntrdouymrhk (phr mjmepih, mi Enrxdseh y in cdihshcån `mi imkaunjm y Mi Eäth`h chreni mk ihs mstu`dhs idtmrnrdhs). Vnrn ihs hggd`mktnims, sd Onjtåk kh sm ihs ntrdouy÷, ms phrqum kh ihs msgrdod÷. Vnrn ihs onjtdk÷ihahs rushs, ms mxngtnemktm ni rmväs: kh ihs n`edtd÷ gheh prhpdhs phrqum ihs `dh -ihs msgrdod÷ pnrn htrhs-, y kh don

n72 qudtnr n ihs eumrths ih qum ukn vmz ims bnoån `n`h. Gumstd÷k `m nrqudtmgt÷kdgn.  T ins imkauns, `m ngumr`h ghk Onjtåk, shk vdsdhkms `mi euk`h. 74 Smr tneodäk Imklmrs`hrc y Shi÷sbdkhv (shorm ’mxpmrdmkgdn-khshtrhs―).

 

>0

 

hojmtdvd`n` y vmr`n` gdmktåcdgn. In idtmrnturn (hojmth `m mstu`dh y in `dsgdpidkn edsen) rmghkhgm (trns Onjtåk, nukqum smn mk chren `m in dktmrtmxtunid`n`) mstm cmk÷emkh gheh mimemkth eîs dephrtnktm `mi nrtm `m khvminr, qum kh sm prmhgupn  phr in vmr`n` mk in edsen chren qum in nktrhphihaån. nktrhph ihaån. Kh hostnktm, mi prhoimen `m in vmrd`dggd÷k y, eîs nepidnemktm, `m in vmr`n`, så sm mkgumktrn mk mi bhrdzhktm onjtdkdnkh, justnemktm mk mi pukth `hk`m idtmrnturn y nktrhphihaån tdmkmk neons  vnihr `m ngth ätdgh. A.A.V.: nktrhphihaån dkvmrsn `m uk ’nktrhphihgh― crhktmrdzh

 T cdkniemktm khs ngmrgnehs n in crhktmrn `hk`m supumstnemktm Intdkhneärdgn tmredkn, y mepdmzn in htrn Neärdgn, in qum ih qudmrm smr phr gumktn prhpdn. Mktrm in prîgtdgn `mi pmrchrenkgm, qum ms ukn chren `m prhginenr urod mt hrod   in d`mktdcdgngd÷k mktrm vd`n y nrtm, em `mtmk`rä mk mi d`dhsdkgrîtdgh ’pmrchremrh― emxdgnkhgbdgnkh Audiimreh A÷emz Vmþn, phrqum sm sdtún n så edseh, mk täredkhs pnrn-onjtdkdnkhs, mk ukn zhkn `m in crhktmrn mktrm Eäxdgh y Mstn`hs ]kd`hs, y phrqum `mcdkm pnr÷`dgnemktm su nrtm gheh ukn nktrhphihaån dkvmrtd`n. Vhr supumsth sm trntn `m prîgtdgns cmstdvns y gnrknvnidznktms, y in enyhrån `m sus ngths shk cnrsns. Kh hostnktm, mk ih cîrsdgh bny uk mimemkth smrdh: ghkgdom mi pmrchrenkgm ’gheh uk mjmrgdgdh `m idomrtn` gdu`n`nkn y gheh uk mxpmrdemkth `m shgdhihaån y nktrhphihaån rn`dgnims― (A÷emz Vmþn 07).  N`meîs `m sus ngths prmchrentdvhs, niaukhs `m ihs gunims ih bnk pumsth mk rdmsahs ssmrdhs mrdhs (gheh ukn grugdcdxd÷k qum rmnidz÷ `m så edseh y `m uk ghepnþmrh, qum push mk pmidarh su  vd`n, nukqum ghk uk rmsuitn`h gunsd g÷edgh), ms nuthr `m niaukhs phmens y `m tmxths tm÷rdghs qum eîs shk enkdcdmsths qum rmcdmxdhkms dk`mpmk`dmktms: mk rmnid`n`, phr ih amkmrni shk ukn ghepdingd÷k `m ihs iuanrms gheukms `mi phstghihkdnidseh y euitdguiturnidseh). Mi gnrîgtmr iú`dgh `m sus ngths kh pmredtmk bngmr pnrnimih smrdh ghk in phmsån h, eîs odmk, ghk mi phsdgdhknedmkth tm÷rdgh-pmrchrentdvh `m _núi Zurdtn. Kh hostnktm, usn eugbhs ghkgmpths y niaukns d`mns onjtdkdnkns, gnptn`ns phr ÷sehsds, qum pmremnk su horn gumstdhkn`hrn. Mi prhymgth `m Audiimreh A÷emz Vmþn, ’gruzn`hr `m crhktmrns―, ’phstemxdgn, prmgbdgnkh, pnkintdkh, trnkstmrrn`h, nrtmnemrdgnkh― (01) sm sdtún mk in crhktmrn Eäxdgh-Mstn`hs ]kd`hs, `hk`m sm bn ukn guiturn npnrtm, qum sm pinktmn y smprîgtdgns gumstdhknnrtåstdgns in d`mktd`n` prmsmkgdn `m grmn`h ins trnkschrengdhkms phseh`mrkns y `m ins euitdmkm dktmr`dsgdpidknrdns trnsarmshrns, qum pum`mk mxpidgnrsm y ghemktnrsm gheh dk prnmsmktdn  `m  `m ins d`mns `m Onjtåk, gheh ukn kumvn gnrknvnidzngd÷k. In nktrhphihaån mstî mk mi gmktrh `m mstn ngtdtu` trnksarmshrn, gheh dkstdtugd÷k, gheh tägkdgn `m dkvmstdangd÷k y gheh `dsgdpidkn. ’In iåkmn mktrm Pdjunkn y Wnk @dmah ms uk iuanr `m dkemkshs ghktrnstms `hk`m mi Htrh ms ukn prmsmkgdn pmrenkmktm, nemknzn`hrn, mx÷tdgn, mkvd`dn`n y rmgbnzn`n ni edseh tdmeph. Mk ins crhktmrns ihs hpumsths sm `diuymk, `m nbå in dksdstmkgdn phr ehstrnr ins `dcmrmkgdns. Gunk`h mi ghktngth guiturni sm `n mk ihs `hs smktd`hs sm prh`ugm in trnksguiturngd÷k― (A÷emz Vmþn ?4). Ih khtnoim ms qum ms ghksgdmktm `m in rmvmrsdodid`n` `mi ghkgmpth `m htrh. Wus `nr`hs mstîk `drdad`hs tnkth n uk in`h `m in crhktmrn gheh ni htrh. Nså, prngtdgn in `mkdarngd÷k gnrknvnimsgn `m in ’guiturn hcdgdni emxdgnkn― (01), n in qum sdtún mk ’Mstn`hs ]kd`hs `m Nztiîk, M]N). Mk ukh `m susIhs ’ngths, ’Ihs nktrhphihghs ukn pnrmjn gdmktåcdgn `m snivnjms nkaihsnjhkms―. pnpmims trn`dgdhknims mktrmGbdgnkhs hojmth y gnpturnk sujmth `m nhosmrvngd÷k sm  

>=

 

dkvdmrtmk (>7?).  Juman nepidnemktm ghk pninorns båord båord`ns: `ns: Kumvh Ohr`mr Euk`dni, Ihst Nkamims. Nkamims. ’Th eîs odmk hpth phr in ’crhktmrd`n`― y nsueh ed ghyukturn: vdvh justh mk in ardmtn `m `hs euk`hs, mk in bmrd`n dkcmgtn`n: n em`dn gun`rn `mi cdk `m in gdvdidzngd÷k hggd`mktni y n guntrh ediins `mi prdkgdpdh `m in crhktmrn Eäxdgh-nemrdgnkn, mi pukth eîs ni khrtm `m Intdkhneärdgn. Mk ed euitdrrmnid`n` crngturn`n, pmrh rmnid`n` ni cdk, ghbnodtnk `hs bdsthrdns, imkaunjms, ghsehahkåns, trn`dgdhkms nrtåstdgns y sdstmens phiåtdghs `rîstdgnemktm hpumsths (in crhktmrn ms mi mkcrmktnedmkth ghktdkuh `m `hs g÷`dahs rmcmrmkgdnims― (A÷emz Vmþn 02). ’Kumstrh prh`ugth nrtåstdgh pinktmn rmnid`n`ms båord`ns y vdsdhkms mk ghnidgd÷k. Vrngtdgnehs in mpdstmehihaån `m in euitdpidgd`n` y in smed÷tdgn crhktmrdzn― (=6). ’T ins juvmktu`ms crhktmrdzns \...U, bdjhs `m in ardmtn qum sm norm mktrm mi ’prdemr― y ’mi tmrgmr― euk`hs, sm ghkvdmrtmk mk ihs bmrm`mrhs dk`dsgutdoims `m uk kumvh emstdznjm― (=?). Vnrn A÷emz Vmþn, ghkgmpths gheh ’d`mktd`n` guiturni― shk mspmjdsehs (’rd`dguimgms y nkngrhkdsehs― =?). ’Gunk`h uk nrtdstn bn sd`h ’`mstmrrdthrdnidzn`h―, su d`mktd`n` guiturni dkmvdtnoimemktm n`qudmrm rmpmrthrdhs eúitdpims. Mi nrtdstn ’ehkhguiturni― mstî eîs dktmrmsn`h mk prhtmamr su crîadi d`mktd`n`― (=?). Ousgn ’uk `dîihah cuturh gnpnz `m trnsgmk`mr ihs prhcuk`hs rmsmktdedmkths bdst÷rdghs qum bny mktrm ins gheukd`n`ms `m neohs in`hs `m in iåkmn― (=2). Ghkgiusd÷k

 Ph`ns mstns enkmrns `m ’bngmr nktrhphihaån― pum`mk nknidznrsm, gn`n ukn `m miins, `mktrh `m su gneph mspmgåcdgh, idtmrnrdh, guiturni, mtkhi÷adgh, mtg., pmrh em bn dktmrmsn`h mkghktrnr uk `mkhedkn`hr gheúk mktrm miihs y, gheh bm `dgbh nktms, mi amsth emth`hi÷adgh ms mi `m sdtunr ihs cmk÷emkhs emkgdhkn`hs mk mi tmrrmkh `mi ngth ätdgh, mk uk mspngdh nktmrdhr n su ginsdcdgngd÷k y `msaihsm phr aäkmrhs y `hedkdhs. Mi smktd`h mspmgåcdgh `m in rmsphksnodid`n`, in d`mktdcdgngd÷k `m in horn ghk in vd`n, in uodgngd÷k ’crhktmrdzn― `mi sujmth, mk gn`n gnsh `dcmrmktm n su eh`h, `m th`hs ihs ’phrtn`hrms `m in pninorn― så edsehs buenkh. y shorm mi T,euk`h qum bm rmvdsn`h, pmredtm`mvmrihs `ms`m mi pukthshorm ukdvmrsniemktm pnrn tmredknr ghk ins pninorns Nimjh Gnrpmktdmr, ’...in arnk`mzn `mi bheorm mstî prmgdsnemktm mk qumrmr emjhrnr ih qum ms. Mk dephkmrsm Pnrmns... Nahodn`h `m pmkns y `m Pnrmns, bmrehsh `mktrh `m su edsmrdn, gnpnz `m nenr mk em`dh `m ins pinans, mi bheorm s÷ih pum`m bniinr su arnk`mzn, su eîxden em`d`n mk mi _mdkh `m mstm euk`h―. Mi ngth ghkgmod`h mk mi mspårdtu `m Onjtåk sm nrtdguin mk mstm euk`h, pnrn iimanr n pmrenkmgmr, gheh uk smktd`h, mk mi arnk tdmeph. Odoidharncån

 N@H_KH, _himkn, ’Mi sujmth ghihkdni y in ghkstruggd÷k guiturni `m in nitmrd`n`―, _mvdstn `m Gråtdgn Idtmrnrdn Intdkhnemrdgnkn, ?2 (>422), ==-32.  N_A]M@NW, Jhsä Enrån, Mi zhrrh`m`mGuiturn nrrdon Mghk÷edgn, y mi zhrrh `m?ªnonjh, m`dgd÷k gråtdgn Mvm-Enrdm Cmii (ghhr`.), NIIGN RR/Chk`h m`., >443.  

>3

 

 N_A]M@NW, Jhsä Enrån, Chrengd÷k `m ukn guiturn kngdhkni dk`hnemrdgnkn, Wdaih RRD, Eäxdgh, >42>. ONJPÅK, Edjnåi, Mstätdgn `m in grmngd÷k vmroni \>414U, trn`. P. Ouokhvn, Wdaih RRD, Eäxdgh, >42?. ONJPÅK, Edjnåi, Bngdn ukn cdihshcån `mi ngth ätdgh y htrhs msgrdths \>423U, trn`. P. Ouokhvn,  Nktbrhphs, Onrgmihkn, Onrgmihkn, >443. ONJPÅK, Edjnåi, Horns, vhi. = \mk rushU, _ussldm Wihvnrd, Ehsgú, >443. O_NK@DWP, Grnda, Pbm Onlbtdk Gdrgim. Vbdihshpby, Guiturm nk` Vhidtdgs, Viuth Vrmss, Ihk`hk - Wtmridka, SN, ?66?. O_HPBM_WPHK, Ahr`hk, ’Pupng Nenru `dsemeomrm`: Jhsä Enrån Nraum`ns―, mk su  Pbm Memramkgm hc Intdk Nemrdgnk Khvmi, Gneord`am ]kdvmrsdty Vrmss, Gneord`am, >414, pp. 42->64. O]OKHSN, Pntdnkn, ’Vninorn prhpdn, pninorn njmkn―, mk P÷pdghs `mi smedknrdh (]kdvmrsd`n` Nut÷khen `m Vumoin), = (?66>), >>=->70. O]OKHSN, Pntdnkn, ’Eîs niiî `m in ’mtkhcdggd÷k―, h gunk`h mi htrh bnoin―, mk Imggdhkms `m mxtrnkjmrån. ]kn edrn`n n in `dcmrmkgdn, m`. Mstbmr Ghbmk y Nkn Enrån Enrtåkmz `m in Msgnimrn, Wdaih RRD, Eäxdgh, ?66?. GIDCCH_@, Jnems, nk` Amhram E. EN_G]W (m`s.), Qrdtdka Guiturm. Pbm Vhmtdgs nk` Vhidtdgs hc Mtbkharnpby, ]kdvmrsdty hc Gnidchrkdn Vrmss, Omrlmimy - Ihs Nkamims - Ihk`hk, >423. GIDCCH_@, Jnems, ’Whorm in nuthrd`n` mtkharîcdgn― \>422U, mk _mykhsh, >443, pp. >0>>16. GIDCCH_@, Jnems, Dtdkmrnrdhs trnksguiturnims, Am`dsn, Onrgmihkn, >444. GH_KMJH VHIN_, Nkthkdh, ’In khvmin dk`damkdstn: uk aäkmrh ghktrn`dgthrdh―, Pmxth gråtdgh, >0 (>414), =2-16. @MBH]SM, @nkdâim, ’]k `dnihaum `m shur`s: ims Ghiihqums `m Wnbnaúk―, mk EHKH@ y M_DGLWHK, Ims rdtumis `u `dnihaum, pp. >44-?70. CN_NGH, Gnrihs Niomrth, PMZZN, Grdsthvçh, y Adiomrth `m GNWP_H (ghepdin`hrms), @dîihahs ghe Onlbtdk, M`dthrn ]CV_, 7n m`., Gurdtdon, ?66>. CM__N_D, Neärdgh, ’Mi ghkgmpth `m dk`dh y in gumstd÷k rngdni mk mi Vmrú mk ihs Wdmtm mksnyhs `m Jhsä Gnrihs Enrdîtmaud―, _mvdstn Domrhnemrdgnkn, >?1 (>420), 74=-064. AN_GÅN GNKGIDKD, Kästhr, Guiturns båord`ns. Mstrntmadns pnrn mktrnr y snidr `m in eh`mrkd`n` Ardjnioh, Eäxdgh, >446. AMM_PZ, Gidcchr`, Mi nktrhp÷ihah gheh nuthr \>424U, trn`. Niomrth Gnr`åk, Vnd`÷s,  

>1

 

Onrgmihkn, >424. AMM_PZ, Gidcchr`, ’In rmcdaurngd÷k `mi pmksnedmkth shgdni―, mk _mykhsh, >443, pp. 3711. A×EMZ-EH_DNKN, Nkthkdh, mt @nkdâim P_HPPDM_ (m`s.), I――Dk`dmk―, dkstnkgm `dsghursdvm. Ngtms `u Ghiihqum `m Ehktrmni >44>, Ims Ä`dtdhks Onizng, Gnk`dng, ^uäomg, >447. A×EMZ VMÞN, Audiimreh, Mi EMRtmredtnthr. Nktrhphihaån dkvmrsn `m uk pmrchrenkgmrh phstemxdgnkh, dktrh`uggd÷k y smimggd÷k `m Jhsmcdkn Nigîznr, M`dthrdni Hgänkh, Eäxdgh, ?66?. AHKZÎIMZ MGBMSN__ÅN, _homrth, Edth y nrgbdvh. ]kn tmhrån `m in knrrntdvn intdkhnemrdgnkn \>446U, trn`. Sdradkdn Naudrrm Euþhz, Chk`h `m Guiturn Mghk÷edgn, ?ª m`., Eäxdgh, ?666. A_NK@DW `m, _dtn, ’Im rmanr` nktbrhphihadqum `―Nraum`ns hu i―ävniuntdhk `m i――Dk`dmk― pnr im ’Eätds―, mk A×EMZEH_DNKN mt P_HPPDM_, I――Dk`dmk― dkstnkgm `dsghursdvm, pp. 771-7=6. BD_WGBLHV, Lmk, Edlbndi Onlbtdk: Nk Nmstbmtdg chr @mehgrngy, Hxchr` ]kdvmrsdty Vrmss, Hxchr`, >444. BH@AMK, Enranrmt, Mnriy Nktbrhphihay dk tbm Wdxtmmktb nk` Wmvmktmmktb Gmkturdms, ]kdvmrsdty hc Vmkksyivnkdn Vrmss, Vbdin`mipbdn, >41>. IMKLM_W@H_C, Gnrihs, Cdihshcnr mk ginvm thjhinoni, Edaumi Îkami Vhrrún, Eäxdgh, ?66?. IM×K-VH_PDIIN, Edaumi, ’Prnuen guiturni, emstdznjm m dk`damkdseh mk Emshneärdgn―, Gun`mrkhs Nemrdgnkhs, ?6> (>41=), >>7->77. IM×K-VH_PDIIN, Edaumi (ghhr`.), Ehtdvhs `m in nktrhphihaån nemrdgnkdstn. Dk`nangdhkms mk in `dcmrmkgdn, CGM, Eäxdgh, ?66?. IÄSD-WP_N]WW, Ginu`m, Prdstms Pr÷pdghs \>4==U, trn`. Khmidn Onstnr`, Mu`mon, ?ª m`., Oumkhs Ndrms, >417. IDMKBN_@, Enrtdk, In vhz y su bumiin. Msgrdturn y ghkcddgth ätkdgh-guiturni mk Neärdgn Intdkn (>04?->422). M`dgdhkms `mi Khrtm, Bnkhvmr, K. B., >422. IDMKBN_@, Enrtdk, ’In ’nk`dkdzngd÷k― `mi vnkaunr`dseh uronkh―, mk Nraum`ns, Mi zhrrh `m nrrdon y mi zhrrh `m nonjh, m`. Mvm-Enrdm-Cmii, pp. 7?>-77?. IDMKBN_@, Enrtdk (m`.), _dtunid`n`ms intdkhnemrdgnkns. dktmr`dsgdpidknrdh. Domrhnemrdgnkn Domrhnemrdgnkn M`. Smrvumrt, En`rd`, ?667.

]k

ngmrgnedmkth

EHKH@ OMG^]MIDK, Nurhrm, mt Vbdidppm M_DLWHK (m`s.), Ims rdtumis `u `dnihaum, Whgdätä `―Mtbkhihadm, Knktmrrm, ?666.  

>2

 

H_PDZ, Cmrknk`h, Ghktrnpuktmh guonkh `mi tnongh y mi nzúgnr, Odoidhtmgn Nyngugbh, Gnrngns, >412. VNKDGB, H. I., ’¸Ms phssdoim uk ’@dîihah ghk in emtncåsdgn―8― \mk rushU, @dniha. Gnrknvni. Lbrhkhthp, > (>444), >=4->12. VNKPDAHWH, M`anr`h J., In rmomid÷k ghktrn mi dk`damkdseh y in ncdrengd÷k `mi pumoih mk mi euk`h `m J. E. Nraum`ns, Junk Emjån Ongn, Iden, >42>. VNWPH_, Omntrdz, ’]thpdm mt ghkquêtm―, mk A÷emz-Ehrdnkn mt Prhttdmr, I――Dk`dmk―, dkstnkgm `dsghursdvm, pp. 4=->>0. VMGBMT, Arnbne, ’Onlbtdk nk` tbm Vhstghihkdni Ghk`dtdhk―, mk Grdtdgni Mssnys hk Edlbndi Onlbtdk, m`. Gnryi Memrshk, A. L. Bnii & Gh, Kmw Thrl, >444, pp. 701-7=0. VMP_DGB, Vmrin, ’@dîihahs mktrm mi nktrhp÷ihah y mi dkchrenktm―, mk Ehkh` y Mrdglshk, Ims rdtumis `u `dnihaum, pp. 701-733. VM_]W, Crnkáhdsm, ’Mi `dnihadseh y in phätdgn bdst÷rdgn onjtdkdnkhs mk in pmrspmgtdvn `m in bmtmrhamkmd`n` guiturni y in trnksguiturngd÷k knrrntdvn―, _mvdstn `m Gråtdgn Idtmrnrdn Intdkhnemrdgnkn, 0? (>44=), ?4-00. VDPN_GB, Vm`rh, Gb―uimi: ukn mtkharncån `m ins niens tzmitnims, Eäxdgh, Chk`h `m Guiturn Mghk÷edgn, >443. _NEN, Îkami, Chrengd÷k `m ukn guiturn kngdhkni dk`hnemrdgnkn, Wdaih RRD, Eäxdgh, >42>. _NEN, Îkami, Prnksguiturngd÷k knrrntdvn mk Neärdgn Intdkn, Wdaih RRD, Eäxdgh, >42?. _MDKBN_@P, Enrl, ’Winvmry, sdimkgm, nk` vmktrdihqudse―, Grdtdgni Dkqudry, ?4:>, Nutuek ?66?, 2>->>4. _MKC_MQ, Ninstndr, ’’Qm Nrm tbm _mni―: Onlbtdk nk` rmprmsmktntdhk hc Wpmmgb―, mk Pbm Ghktmxts hc Onlbtdk: Vbdihshpby, Nutbhrsbdp, Nstbmtdgs, m`. @nvd` Wbmpbmr`, pp. >?>->72. _MTKHWH, Gnrihs (ghepdin`hr), Mi suradedmkth `m in nktrhphihaån phseh`mrkn, trn`. G. _mykhsh, AM@DWN, Onrgmihkn, >443. _MTMW, Nichksh, Horns, vhi. RDS, CGM, Eäxdgh, >43?. _DOMD_H, @nrgy, Dk`dnkd`n`ms y vmkuthpåns, trn`. Hsvni`h Vm`rhsh, M`dgdhkms `mi Whi GMBNWW, ?ª m`., Oumkhs Ndrms, >44?. _DSM_N, Bägthr, ’Gbdim: Wnidr `m ins gntngueons. @dîihah ghk _núi Zurdtn― (mktrmvdstn), Gnsn `m ins Neärdgns, ?1 (>421), 46->60. WND@, M`wnr`, Hrdmktnidseh \>412U, trn`. Enrån Iudsn Cumktms, Idomrtnrdns/Vrh`bucd, Idomrtnrdns/Vrh`bucd, W. N., En`rd`, >446. WBMVBM_@, @nvd` (m`.), Pbm Ghktmxts hc Onlbtdk: Vbdihshpby, Nutbhrsbdp, Nmstbmtdgs,  

>4

 

Wu`dms dk _ussdnk nk` Murhpmnke Idtmrnturm, vhiuem ?, Bnrwhh` Ngn`medg Vuoidsbmrs, >442. WLIH@HQWLN, Mizodmtn, ’Edaumi Onrkmt: bngdn in phätdgn `m in khvmin tmstdehkdni―, _mvdstn `m Gråtdgn Idtmrnrdn Intdkhnemrdgnkn, ?1 (>422), >74->04. WLIH@HQWLN, Mizodmtn, ’Pmstdehkdh em`dntdzn`h: ¸vmktrdihqudn h bmtmrhaihsdn8 (Onrkmt/Ehktmjh< Ourahs/Emkgbú)―, _mvdstn `m Gråtdgn Idtmrnrdn Intdkhnemrdgnkn, 72 (>447), 2>.46.  PM@IHGL, @mkkds, y Orugm ENKKBMDE (m`s.), Pbm @dnihadg Memramkgm hc Guiturm,  Pbm ]kdvmrsdty hc Diidkhds Diidkhds Vrmss, ]ronkn nk` nk` Gbdgnah, >44=.  PM@IHGL, @mkkds, ’Mi suradedmkth `m in nktrhphihaån `dni÷adgn mk ins Neärdgns―, mk Im÷k-Vhrtdiin, Ehtdvhs `m in nktrhphihaån nemrdgnkdstn, pp. 036-=66.  PBH_K, Ju`dtb, Pbm Idvm` Bhrdzhk hc Ey Omdka. Pbm Wuostnktdntdhk hc tbm Wmic & @dsghursm H` _msdstnkgm dk _dahomrth Emkgbú, E. E. Onlbtdk nk` Sågthr Ehktmjh,  Nrdzhkn Wtntm ]kdvmrsdty, ]kdvmrsdty, Wpmgdni Wtu`d Wtu`dms ms ?4, >443.  SN_ANW IIHWN, Enrdh, In uthpån nrgndgn. Jhsä Enrån Nraum`ns y ins cdggdhkms `mi dk`damkdseh, Chk`h `m Guiturn Mghk÷edgn, Eäxdgh, >443.  QNII, Nktbhky, Nktbhky, ’Gbnttmr, Onooim, nk nk`` @dnihaum―, mk Pbm Ghktmxts hc Onlbtd Onlbtdk: k: bdihshpby,  Nutbhrsbdp, Nmstbmtdgs, Nmstbmtdgs, m` @nvd` Wbmp Wbmpbmr`, bmr`, pp. >41-?6 >41-?64. 4. ZNSNIN, Drds, In phseh`mrkd`n` y Edjnåi Onjtåk. ]kn phätdgn `dni÷adgn, trn`. Mpdgtmth @ånz Knvnrrh, Mspnsn-Gnipm, En`rd`, >44>. ZNSNIN, Drds, Msgugbnr n Onjtåk, Ehktmsdkhs, En`rd`, >442. ZDEEM_ENK, Enrg, ’Mi htrh `m _dahomrtn: ihs tmstdehkdhs `m Dakngdh Odznrh ]jpîk y in rmsdstmkgdn mk Auntmenin―, _mvdstn `m Gråtdgn Idtmrnrdn Intdkhnemrdgnkn, >2, >44?, ??4-07.

MI W]_ADEDMKPH @M IN G]IP]_N @DNI×ADGN M@DPN@H VH_ @mkkds Pm`ihgl & Orugm Enkkbmde

DKP_H@]GGD×K  

?6

 

 phr @mkkds Pm`ihgl & Orugm Enkkbmde

 Nukqum _henk Jnlhoshk msgrdod÷ sus rmcimxdhkms shorm Cmr`dknk` `m Wnussurm, gmrgn `mi cdkni `m su vd`n, su pmksnedmkth rmcdrd÷ n uk gnepmsdkh rush ghk mi qum sm bnoån rmukd`h smsmktn nþhs nktms. Mi bheorm mrn uk knrrn`hr `m bdsthrdns, prngtdgnktm `mi nrtm `m in rmmstrugturngd÷k `m ihs gumkths trn`dgdhknims mk chren prhpdn, hrdadkni. Äi cum thtniemktm ’dkgnpnz `m knrrnr msths gumkths `m uk eh`h ehkhi÷adgh― (Jnlhoshk >446n: 40), mxpidgîk`him sus rnzhkms n Jnlhoshk `m mstn chren: ’¸Ms phsdoim ghktnr bdsthrdns sdk kdkaukn rnz÷k mk noshiuth8 Kh, iimah n ukn phsn`n, n pintdgnr, y niaudmk `dgm, ‒¡@dhs kh mxdstm!— Nså qum rmvdrh, ‒]stm` mstî edktdmk`h, ms ustm` uk pmrrh, ¸g÷eh pum`m smr qum @dhs kh mxdstn8— Im `dah mkthkgms ukn bdsthrdn shorm msh. Nbhrn mi htrh nþn`m: ‒Ms vmr`n`, @dhs mxdstm—. T nså im `dah: ‒Nbhrn mrms mi qum edmktm. ¸@÷k`m pum`ms n @dhs8—bdsthrdns T ims `dahs÷ih htrn phr bdsthrdn, mk ghktrn in mxdstmkgdn `m @dhs. Emvmrgumktnk mi austh `m `m in ghktrn`dggd÷k―. Gheh hosmrvn Jnlhoshk, ’pnrn mstm tdph `m knrrn`hr, ins rmspumstns `m ihs hymktms … shk uk mimemkth oîsdgh `m sus gumkths, n emku`h dkgiush uk mimemkth dk`dspmksnoim― (Doå`.: 40). In d`mn `m qum ins trn`dgdhkms phpuinrms sm ph`rånk ehkhi÷adgnemktm `djh, mk rmpmtd`ns chren `m `mgdrim n in qum `dgm, ms ukn cnktnsån mk in em`d`n `m ih  Jnlhoshk sm rmcdmrm, ukn prhymggd÷k `m in nitmrd`n` qum trndgdhkn su hrdamk mk uk euk`h `m idtmrnturn msgrdtn y cdihshcån shgdni dk`dvd`unidstn.  Jnlhoshk shstdmkm n`meîs qum mi `dîihah ms ukn chren cuk`nemktni `m mxprmsd÷k `m ehk÷ihah, nemknznr `drmgtnemktm in Wnussurdnk gmktrnrsm mk mi dk`dvd`uh gheh ngthr `m in then`h cumktm `meugbh in idomrtn` `mi bnoin. ms ukn phsdgd÷k qum bnoån nktms,ghk`dgdhkni ymk`h tnk himjhs gheh Mstn pnrn `mginrnr qum mi ehk÷ihah ms ukn pnthihaån shgdni (Jnlhoshk >4=7:>7). ]kn `m ins ghksmgumkgdns `m su hpdkd÷k ms qum in imkaun h d`dhen, gheh uk sdstmen ghepnrtd`h, sm ghkvdmrtm mk ukn prhpdm`n` memramktm `m ihs `dîihahs mk vmz `m smr ghkgm`d`h prdhrd`n` hkthi÷adgn shorm th`ns `dsgursh. @dîihahs yn kh ghksdstmk mk ehk÷ihahs nþn`d`h jukths, pmrh shk in msgmkn `m in prh`uggd÷k `m mstrugturns `m in imkaun ghepnrtd`n qum pum`mk smr `hoin`ns eîs tnr`m n ihs cdkms `m uk ehk÷ihah. Mi hrn`hr mspmrn `m uk ehk÷ihah sdk rmspumstn, pmrh, kh hostnktm, `mom n`hptnr ukn phsdgd÷k mk uk euk`h idkaùåstdgh eîs nepidh qum yn sm bn ghkstdtud`h, n trnväs `m dkkuemrnoims dktmrnggdhkms prmvdns, `m ins rmingdhkms shgdnims mktrm prdemrn, smauk`n, y tmrgmrn pmrshkns.

 

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In rmingd÷k mktrm ihs sdstmens y prîgtdgns guiturnims ms gheúkemktm ghkstrud`n shorm mi edseh eh`mih `m in imkaun y mi bnoin `m Wnussurm, gheh pnrtdguinrms mxprmsdhkms guiturnims hrdadkn`ns `m ngthrms dk`dvd`unims. Nquå, mk iuanr `m msth, khshtrhs pmksnrånehs qum ins guiturns shk ghktdkunemktm prh`ugd`ns, rmprh`ugd`ns y rmvdsn`ns mk mi `dîihah mktrm sus edmeorhs. Ihs ngths guiturnims kh shk in suen `m ins nggdhkms dk`dvd`unims `m sus pnrtdgdpnktms, gn`n ukh `m ihs gunims mxprmsn ukn chren depmrcmgtn `m uk pntr÷k prmmxdstmktm, sdkh qum shk mi msgmknrdh `hk`m in guiturn qum ghepnrtmk suram `m in dktmrnggd÷k. ]kn vmz qum in guiturn sm ghksd`mrn gheh `mrdvn`n `m uk tmrrmkh `dni÷adgh, mkthkgms in mtkharncån sm rmvmin gheh uk memramktm cmk÷emkh guiturni (h dktmrguiturni), prh`ugd`h, rmprh`ugd`h y rmvdsn`h mk ihs `dîihahs mktrm ihs dkvmstdan`hrms `m gneph y ihs kntdvhs. Mi prhgmsh `m su prh`uggd÷k ms `m in edsen åk`him amkmrni qum mi prhgmsh phr mi qum suramk htrhs prh`ugths ätkdghs `m ins guiturns qum shk hojmth `m mstu`dh mtkharîcdgh. In gråtdgn cmkhemkhi÷adgn `m ins gdmkgdns shgdnims rmghkhgmk in dephrtnkgdn `mi `dîihah mk mi trnonjh `m gneph, in ihgnidzngd÷k `m ins ghkvmrsngdhkms mktrm ihs dkvmstdan`hrms y ihs kntdvhs shorm mi kdvmi `mi tmrrmkh `m in "dktmrsuojmtdvd`n`".  Núk qum`n uk iuanr in tdmrrn nitn `m in hojmtdvd`n`, h mi prhgmsh `m "hojmtdvngd÷k", pmrh pnrn qum tmkån qumeîs mspmrnr n qum mi rmarmsh `ms`m mi gneph. @mjnr cumrn `m ghksd`mrngd÷k ms mi bmgbh `m qum in prh`uggd÷k `m hojmths phr em`dh `m `dsgursh yn mstî mk enrgbn mktrm ihs kntdvhs nktms `m guniqudmr gneph `m trnonjh iiman niiå, jukth ghk mi bmgbh `m qum in prh`uggd÷k `m ihs hojmths `mktrh `m ins `dsgdpidkns `mi gneph rmarmsnrhk n ihs trnonjn`hrms ms mk så @msmepmþn`h mk ukn `dni÷adgn, dktmrsuojmtdvn tmrrmkh.  Nktrhphihaån dktmrprmtntdvn, qum mkgumktrn su justdcdgngd÷k hrdadkni mk mi nrauemkth cmkhemkhi÷adgh, ghktdku÷ in ghkstruggd÷k `m in rmingd÷k mktrm mi gneph `mi `dsgursh y mi `dsgursh `dsgdpidknrdh gheh ukn jmrnrquån. Ihs kntdvhs sm medtdmrhk mk ins cukgdhkms `m ihs prh`ugthrms `m tmxth, yn smn idtmrni h emtnc÷rdgh, qum in dktmrprmtngd÷k msths tmxths mstî rmsmrvn`h pnrn ihs msgrdthrmsedmktrns `m in mtkharncån. Mi idtmrni `m`mins ghkvmrsngdhkms qum tuvdmrhk iuanr mk mi îeodth emtnc÷rdgh cumrhk suemrad`hs `monjh `m ins ghkvmrsngdhkms mktrm ihs dktärprmtms y ihs tmxths yn prh`ugd`hs. Ihs rmsuitn`hs `m mstns ghkvmrsngdhkms emtnc÷rdgh mkthkgms sm dkchre÷ n ihs imgthrms, qum n emku`h sm qum`nk sdk nggmsh n ihs tmxths. In `dni÷adgn gråtdgn `m in nktrhphihaån cmkhemkhi÷adgn rn`dgnidzn in gråtdgn, kmaîk`hsm n prdvdimadh `dsgursh `dsgdpidknrdh y mk su iuanr uodgnr mk mi edseh tmrrmkh `dni÷adgn gheh htrhs tdphs `m `dsgursh. Dkgiush gheh hojmtdvngd÷k `m in vhz h in dktmrprmtngd÷k mk så sm mstrmgbn bngdn uk ehk÷ihah `m nuthrd`n`, qum rmvmin, mk in emktm `mi imgthr ukn nimrtn, in rmprmsd÷k `m ukn euitdpidgd`n` `m htrns vhgms, yn smnk `m ihsh kntdvhs, ihs dktmrprmtngdhkms `m in msgrdthrn mknitmrkntdvns uk nktmrdhrh pnpmi Gheh gneph `m ihs trnonjh, ihs `m ins  

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rdvnims dktärprmtms, mktrm miihs dktärprmtms kntdvhs. Vmrh mi pukth kh ms qum ihs msgrdths `m gneph rmarms÷ `m ihs trnonjn`hrms `mområnk ghephkmrsm úkdgnemktm `m ihs "kntdvhs tmxths" y trnksgrdpgdhkms `momk pmrenkmgmr mk jumah mk iuanr `m smr mepujn`h mk uk pnsn`h sdimkgdn`h. In vhz `m `dsgdpidkn th`nvån tdmkm su iuanr `mktrh `m uk euitdvhgni `dsgursh, pmrh nbhrn sm ghkvdmrtm mk in vhz `m mstm `mrmgbh prhvdsdhkni shorm su gnrn mk iuanr `m prmtmk`mr cdknid`n`. Mi imgthr, mk iuanr `m qum`nrsm ghk in shspmgbn `m qum ph`rån bnomr htrn dktmrprmtngd÷k, qum sm pum`m bngmr msn dktmrprmtngd÷k. In gråtdgn `m ins rmprmsmktngdhkms bn `msmepmþn`h uk pnpmi ghksmrvn`hr ghk rmspmgth n in `dni÷adgn prhymgth, dksdstdmk`h mk in dephsdodid`n` `m rmprmsmktnr ih qum eîs tnr`m cum hrdadkniemktm prmsmktms mk mi tmrrmkh. Mvhgngd÷k `m in rmprmsmktngd÷k `m ih qum eîs tnr`m cum hrdadkniemktm prmsmktms mk mi tmrrmkh. Mvhgngd÷k `mi pnsn`h sm suphkm qum rmpimngm gdtn `drmgtn, qum tdmkm mi mcmgth `m `mjnr mtk÷arnchs tnk idorm gheh kukgn n sustdtudr ins pninorns, h pninorns qum sm dktmrgneodnrhk mktrm miihs y ihs kntdvhs, ghk uk `dsgursh qum pmrtmkmgm n su prhpdh prmsmktm gheh `m ihs msgrdthrms @dsgursh `dsgdpidknrdh. @mtrîs `m msn phsturn kh ms ukn khgd÷k `m qum ins pnrtms mk uk gnrn n gnrn, `dîihah, yn smnk h gneph `m trnonjh, mstîkihsthtniemktm mi ukh th`h ghk ih mi htrh, kntdvhs in tmktngd÷k `m rmkukgdnr n th`hs rmprmsmktnkprmsmktms h rmdktmrprmtnr qum yn sm bn `dgbh h Bngmr, h núk kh sm bn `dgbh h bmgbh, cumrn mi ehemkth `m su ghkvmrsngd÷k mk gursh. Mk mstm vhiuemk, qum ms kumstrh hojmtdvh y mi `m kumstrhs ghkstrdoutdhk pnrn smaudr in `dni÷adgn gråtdgn `m in nktrhphihaån, y pnrn mstu`dnr in prîgtdgn `m ukn nktrhphihaån ngtdvn qum rmghkhgm in knturnimzn `dni÷adgn `m su prhpdn prh`uggd÷k.   Mk ins pîadkns `m mstm idorh shk ihs `dîihahs mktrm ihs kntdvhs, prh`uggd÷k. shorm mi tmrrmkh `m ihs `dîihahs mktrm ihs trnonjn`hrms y ihs dk`åamkns, y ihs `dîihahs mktrm rmarms÷ gneph `m trnonjh. Pneodäk mk mstm gnsh, ms nouk`nktm mvd`mkgdn `m in knturnimzn `dni÷adgn `mi imkaunjm prhpdnemktm `dgbh, qum mxdam qum ihs hrn`hrms ihgnidznrbngdmk`h n så edsehs uk euk`h y pmredtmn dkgiush ukn shin`mpmrshkn, ush`mktrh `m in`mpninorn sdk shgdni dktmrrupgd÷k, prheuianr ukn euitdtu` `m vhgms ghktrnstnktms. Ihs euk`hs ghepnrtd`hs qum suramk `m ihs `dîihahs sm mkgumktrnk mk uk mstn`h `m ghktdkun grmngd÷k y rmgrmngd÷k, in kmahgdngd÷k y rmkmahgdngd÷k. Wmn guni ph`rîk mcmgtunrsm nimangdhkms `m in prdhrd`n` hkthi÷adgn `mi pmksnedmkth shorm in nggd÷k, h `m ukn guiturn pnrtdguinr, shorm sus imyms bdst÷rdgns, ms s÷ih mk uk euk`h qum yn sm bn ghkstdtud`h n trnväs `mi `dîihah qum uk nktrhp÷ihah pum`m mstu`dnr ins guiturns, ins imkauns y, `m bmgbh, @m ihs `meîs. Gunk`h in khgd÷k `m qum in imkaun y in guiturn shk drrm`ugtdoimemktm mk in knturnimzn `dni÷adgn sm rmukd÷ ghk in d`mn `m qum in guiturn ms uk cmk÷emkh memramktm, mk úitden dkstnkgdn, niiîprhphsdgd÷k. `mi ghktrhi Vmrh `m ihsmiihs dk`dvd`uhs, qum npnrmgmk gheh `hs gnrns `m ukneîs edsen grmgmk cumrn  

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`m trn`dgdhkms `dstdktns mk ihs úitdehs nktrhphihaån y in tmhrån gråtdgn, in prdemrn bdkgnpdä mk in bmtmrhamkmd`n` `m in guiturn y in knturnimzn `dsgursdvn `m su ghkstdtugd÷k, y in smauk`n, bngdmk`h bdkgnpdä mk in dktmarngd÷k shgdni m dkstdtugdhkni `m in nggd÷k. @ms`m mi prdemr pukth `m vdstn, in guiturn ms th`h "rmghkhgmdvm` gheh prhgmsh h ngtdvd`n` dkvmktdvn grmhidzm` 'dktmrguiturnid`n`'" (Gidcchr` >422:>=). N pnrtdr `m in smauk`n, guiturni y idkaùåstdgn, ins chrens shk mjmrgdgdhs mk mi ph`mr y in depuakngd÷k `m ph`mr. MI @DÎIHAH T IH @DNI×ADGH

In rnåz smktd`h `m `dîihah ms in `m bnoinr ( ihahs  ihahs  ) h qum vn bngdn ntrîs y bngdn `minktm ( `dn  `dn -), -), y mk ghktmephrîkmh Dkaiäs rmn`dmst   su rmcmrmkgdn ms n ukn ghkvmrsngd÷k mktrm `hs h eîs pmrshkns. Mk uk kdvmi chreni, in pninorn tdmkm uk smktd`h `m in mghkheån `mi dktmrgneodh vmroni, gheh gunk`h sm rmcdmrm n uk ’dktmrgneodh `m d`mns―. Vmrh tneodäk bn iiman`h n smr utdidzn`h mk htrhs smktd`hs: cukgdhkni, ätdgh-phiåtdgh y hkthi÷adgh. Mk ush cukgdhkni, uk tmxth `m ukn dktmrnggd÷k shgdni ms i÷adgns trntn`h guiturnims gheh uk îeodth shgdni qum `m n trnväs `m heúitdpims vhgms y eúitdpims shstdmkmk mktrm så. Mk in gråtdgn idtmrnrdn, `hk`m mi täredkh ms utdidzn`h ghk enyhr crmgumkgdn mk mi smktd`h cukgdhkni `m ih qum ih ms mk htrns `dsgdpidkns, mi ghkcidgth `m vhgms mk mi tmxth sm `dgm qum grmnr eúitdpims pmrspmgtdvns `m qum shgnvm in nuthrd`n` `mi knrrn`hr y `mi nuthr. ]k tmxth pum`m smr uk `dîihah mk mi smktd`h chreni, pmrh kh mi cukgdhkni, h vdgmvmrsn. Mi gråtdgh rush Edjndi Onjtdk (>420: >62->>?) shstuvh, phr mjmepih, qum mi `dîihah shgrîtdgh guepid`h mi smktd`h chreni `m `dîihah, pmrh kh in cukgdhkni. Vrhphkm `dstdkaudr nkngrätdghs   `dîihahs, qum shk cukgdhkniemktm `dni÷adgn, `m ins sdkgrätdgns   `dîihahs, qum shk cukgdhkniemktm `dni÷adgn guniqudmrn qum smn su chren. In `dstdkgd÷k ms útdi. Ihs rmaåemkms edidtnrms pmrunkhs `m in `ägn`n `m 06

ihs ihs nþhs >416, gmimornonk ghk rmauinrd`n` qumhcdgdni iinenrhk `dîihahs gnepmsdkhs y ihs trnonjn`hrms, mk mi qumih uk edidtnr qum  ghk mktrmanr mxbhrtngdhkms n uk aruph `m gnepmsdkhs rmukd`hs h `m trnonjn`hrms, y hcrmgmr mxbhrtngdhkms n uk aruph `m gnepmsdkhs rmukd`hs h `m trnonjn`hrms, y ihs `drdamktms `m ihs trnonjn`hrms y gnepmsdkhs ninononk in phiåtdgn `mi ahodmrkh edidtnr. Mk täredkhs `m Onjtdk, mstns smrånk `dîihahs nkngrätdghs . Mi ush cukgdhkni `m `dîihah sm prmstn n ukn tmrgmrn, ätdghs y phiåtdghs smktd`h `m in pninorn. Mk mi smktd`h ätdgh, in gnpngd`n` `m tmxth h `m in dktmrnggd÷k shgdni pnrn shstmkmr eúitdpims vhgms ms in rmintdvn n ghktrnpmsh ni nuthrdtnrdseh `m ihs tmxths gmrrn`hs. Onjtdk äi edseh ms ghksgdmktm `m in `demksd÷k ätdgn (Ginrl y Bhiqudst >420: ?34cc), qum sdk `u`n `msmepmþn uk pnpmi mk su 06 Mk

 

mspnþhi mk mi hrdadkni.

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rmgbnzh `m in phmsån cuturdstn y Chrenidst phätdgn `m ’in nuthsucdgdmkgdn―. Mk ihs úitdehs nþhs, ’`dni÷adgn― bn n`hptn`ns mk thkhs cumrtms ätdghs mk in mvniungd÷k `m ins horns idtmrnrdns y tmxths mtkharîcdghs (@. Pm`ihgl >414< @wymr >42?, gnp. >?< Gidcchr` >422, gnp. >). Vhr úitdeh, tnkth in cukgdhkni y ätdgh / phiåtdgn `m ihs smktd`hs "`dîihah" mk su dktmrdhr ghktdmkmk ins smediins `m ukn shrprmk`mktm y hrdadkni chren `m vmr in rmingd÷k mktrm mstrugturn y nggd÷k, qum Onjtdk trn`ugthrms `m in qum iine÷ "trnksidkaudstdgs" (Lrdstmvn >426: 73< Ph`hrhv >420: ?0) y Wusnk Wtmwnrt (>427) bn iinen`h "nktd-idkaùåstdgn". Wm bn ghkvmrtd`h mk bnodtuni mk ins gdmkgdns shgdnims pnrn ghkgmodr in nggd÷k (in prîgtdgn, bnoinr, mi rmk`dedmkth, h in idomrtn` ghk`dgdhkni) gheh uk sdepim prmgdpdtn`h `m in mstrugturn (dkstdtugd÷k shgdni, in dktmkgd÷k, in ghepmtmkgdn, h  pnrhim  ). Mk gneodh, Onjtdk dksdstm mk qum "ihs ausths `m gn`n pninorn mi ghktmxth y ihs ghktmxths mk qum bn vdvd`h su vd`n shgdni gnran`h" (>42>:?47), rmghkhgdmk`h qum th`h pink, msgmknrdh, y in ghkgmpgd÷k sm mkgumktrn yn sdmeprm mk uk ghktmxth shgdni, phiåtdgh y Ehemkth bdst÷rdgh. Vnrn phkmr msth mk täredkhs cdihs÷cdghs cnedidnr, gn`n pninorn `m in imkaun ms yn ukn eumstrn nktms `m qum smn uk tdph (vmr Omglmry mk mi gnpåtuih vhiuemk). In gheh trn`dgdhkni rmingd÷k`mmktrm mstrugturn nggd÷k, nggd÷k 4,mkmstm in qum sm trntnrî uk rmcimjh ukn mstrugturn emktni nktms, ms rmgbnzn`h mk cnvhr `m ukn mstrugturn mk in qum suram n trnväs `m in nggd÷k sdtun`n. Vninorns h tmxths shk shgdniemktm sdtun`h y ghksdakn`hs phr, kh grmn`ns phr dk`dvd`uhs. Mk kdkaúk ehemkth mk mstm prhgmsh ms mi dk`dvd`uh ghksd`mrn`h gheh nut÷kheh h mi anrnktm `m in dktmard`n` (nuthrd`n`, in ghbmrmkgdn, in ghbmrmkgdn) `mi tmxth. Ms mspmgdniemktm mk mstn úitden, mi smktd`h hkthi÷adgh qum mk mi rmgdmktm ghkgdmrth ghk mi `dîihah tdmkm mi phtmkgdni `m in rmmstrugturngd÷k `m ins gdmkgdns shgdnims. \…U

IN DKPM_V_MPNGD×K @MI @DÎIHAH

Onjtdk iinen in ntmkgd÷k n uk prhgmsh `m `dîihah, h "`dnihadseh", qum sm enkdcdmstn mk th`ns ins msgnins, `m ush `mi imkaunjm (Onjtdk >42>: 7?3-76, 0?3< Lrdstmvn >426: 32-1?). Mk in msgnin eîs amkmrni, gunk`h sm bnoin h msgrdom, y sd kh ih bngmehs mk rmspumstn `drmgtn n htrh hrn`hr h msgrdthr, kumstrh `dsgursh sm prh`ugm mk mi ghktmxth `m ihs nktmrdhrms (h `m htrh tdph) h `m ihs tmxths y `mginrngdhkms mstî mk `dîihah ghk miihs, sd Mxpiågdtn h depiågdtnemktm. Gunk`h trnmehs htrhs h`dsgurshs `mktrh mi`mi tdmephmshihmiqum mspngdh `m bn kumstrn prhpdn, ynmsths smn `drmgtn dk`drmgtnemktm, rmsuitn`h Lrdstmvn `n`h  

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mi kheorm `m "dktmrtmxtunid`n`" (Doå`.: >=, 73-72). Niaukhs `m ihs qum dktmrtmxts iuanr mk mi tmxth `m kumstrh, qum prh`ugmk uk mcmgth Onjtdk iinen "bmtmrhaihsdn" (Ph`hrhv >420: =3). H ph`mehs yuxtnphkmr pnsnjms qum pmrtmkmgmk n `dcmrmktms aäkmrhs h tdphs `m `dsgursh, in prh`uggd÷k `m "bmtmrhihay" (Doå`.: =3-=4). Gunk`h gdtnehs, bnoink`h h msgrdodmk`h mk ins  vhgms `m htrns pmrshkns, phsmm kumstrh `dsgursh "bmtmrhpbhky" (Doå`.: =3). Wd qumrmehs bnoinr h msgrdodr mk in chren `m msns htrns vhgms mk iuanr `m gdtnr `drmgtnemktm, in n`hpgd÷k `m ih qum sm sumim iinenr mi "mstdih dk`drmgth idorm" mk mi ghktmxth `m in prhsn `m cdggd÷k, qum prh`ugm ukn "ghkstruggd÷k båord`n" (Doå`.: 17) h "@hoim vhz" (Onjtdk >42>: 7?0-76). Bny `dnihadseh dkgiush mk mi kdvmi `m ins `hs pninorns, yn qum mxdstm ukn `mtmredkn`n pninorn mk uk mkthrkh qum `m htrh eh`h ph`rånk bnomrsm utdidzn`h ghk rmcmrmktm n uk edseh hojmth (Doå`.: ?13), pninorns qum sm phkan mk in emktm `m kumstrhs Hymktm h imgthr. Vhr mi ghktrnrdh, in edsen pninorn pum`m iinenr `m `dcmrmktms hojmths, prh`ugdmk`h ukn vmrsd÷k mk pmqumþn msgnin `m in `hoim vhz. Ihs mjmepihs `m Onjtdk `m mstn pnrtdgdpngd÷k `m in drhkån h pnr÷`dgns dephrtngd÷k `m ukn pninorn `m uk aäkmrh h mk htrh tdph `m `dsgurshphsdodid`n`ms. (doå`.: 766=-2),Gunk`h pmrh mi ush mi shkd`h `msmepmþnk htrns ukncdaurntdvh pninorn ymstî vdkguin`n n uk hcrmgmk hojmth emtnc÷rdgnemktm, qum enktdmkm su rmingd÷k ghk mi idtmrni hojmth, `dgdmk`h `hs ghsns n in vmz. Mk amkmrni sdaum Onjtdk, gheh `dgm Lrdstmvn, "ukn i÷adgn `m in nknihaån y kh mxgiusdvh `m hphsdgd÷k, sm hpush n ehkhihadgni kdvmims `m in `mtmredkngd÷k `m in gnusnid`n` y `mtmredkngd÷k" (>426:1?). Mk htrns pninorns, su `dniägtdgn tdmk`m n smr ukh `m ghepimemktnrdm`n` y kh `m hphsdgd÷k phinr. Vmrh Onjtdk mktnkaims mk så edseh niah `m pnrn`hjn gunk`h sm hphkm n in ghepimemktnrdm`n` y in phinrd`n`. Mi `dnihadseh, n pmsnr `m in bmtmrhamkmmdty (y, `m bmgbh, bmtmrh`hxdn) pnrmgm amkmrnr mk guniqudmr tdph y mk th`hs ihs kdvmims `mi ehk÷ihah `dsgursh, tmredkn uk in`h, n su in`h, `m phinrd`n`. gnepmhkms shorm mimk`dîihah, in bmtmrhpbhky `m ukn in khvmin shorm Äi in ehkhpbhky `m vmrsh, in eîs pnr÷`dgns mi gnk÷kdgh, y "mi cihrmgdedmkth `m ukn euitdpidgd`n` `m `msdkstninstm ghkgdmkgdns" shorm mi "d`mnidseh ehkdstn" (gdtn`h mk Ph`hrhv >420: >60). In mxpidgngd÷k `m mstn pnrn`hjn ph`rån smr trntn`h mk mi ghktmxth `m hprmsd÷k phiåtdgn mk in qum Onjtdk trnonjn`h, pmrh su ghk`dgd÷k mrn eîs prhcuk`h qum mi `m guniqudmr pmrshkn qum sm mkcrmktn, `ms`m mi Hmstm, in Hggd`mktni emtnpbysdg. Vnrn Onjtdk mi mpåthem `m euitdvhdgm` `dsgursh ms in khvmin, y nggdhkn uk bheärdghs äpdgn, qum ih ghksd`mrn ehkhc÷kdghs, tnkth gheh su ghktrnrdh y su bdst÷rdgh prm`mgmshr (>42>: 0-06). Edmktrns tnkth (y n `dcmrmkgdn `m Jnlhoshk), qum `hedkn ghepimtnemktm chiltnim hr`dknrdn, qum msknrrn`hrms eîs nepidh (y prhonoimemktm in `m eîs m`n`)miqum mk in äpdgn. Gnidcdgn`hs hrnims  

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pum`mk y `m bmgbh pnrtdgdpnr mk mi gneodh `m g÷`dah, ms `mgdr, bmtmrhaihsdn, kh s÷ih mk ins arnk`ms gdu`n`ms, sdkh mk ins pmqumþns shgdm`n`ms trdonims qumrd`hs tneodäk. Mk gunkth n bmtmrhihay, gumktdstns, qum kh sm idedtnk n gnktnr mi vmrsh `m ihs gnrngtmrms pum`m rmprmsmktnr mk sus bdsthrdns gheh ghkvmrsnr, juanr jumahs `m pninorns, utdidznk`h mi nraht, bngdmk`h `dsgurshs, hrnk`h, gnktnk`h, h gnktnr, mk th`hs msths nprhpdn`h (h dknprhpdn`h khtnoimemktm ) @m ins sdtungdhkms shgdnims. Gunk`h sm trntn `m bmtmrhpbhky, gnidcdgn`hs knrrn`hrms hrnims (h ni emkhs nqumiihs qum kh sm idedtnk n gnktnr mi  vmrsh `m) shk thtniemktm gnpngms `m prh`ugdr in enyhr `mksd`n` `m ghktrnstm `m vhgms gheh guniqudmr khvmidstn, y, `m bmgbh, mstns vhgms sm mkgumktrnk mktrm sus prdkgdpnims em`dhs pnrn In gnrngtmrdzngd÷k `m ihs ngthrms `m sus bdsthrdns (phr mjmepihs mk mstm vhiuemk, vmr Dsomii, Ombnr, y Enkkbmde). Gheh sm `msnrrhiin ukn bdsthrdn `m gneodh `m rdteh, in pnusn hctbmk mk uk shih pnsh y `m prdsn mk htrn. Vhr em`dh `m dkthkntdhkni ghkthrkhs, qum pum`mk `nr trukgn`h crnsms m dkgiush pninorns ndsin`ns in cdknid`n` `m crnsms ghepimtns, h `nr ghepimtn (y `mginrntdvh) crnsms uk ndrm `m in `u`n y in dk`mgdsd÷k. Mk su nepidtu` qum pum`m nonrgnr in anen ghepimtn `m uk ardth n uk susurrh, y mjmgutnr grmsgmk`hs y `mgrmsgmk`hs, neohs `m rmpmktm y imktnemktm. Ph`h mi tdmeph qum prh`ugmk ghepimjhs vhzin qudnidtdms qumghkcdnkzn, rmvmink-h,`mtmredkngd÷k, mk mstm gnsh, rmprmsmktnk-bhrrhr, in drn, in trdstmzn, kmutrnid`n`, in narn`noim shrprmsn, y nimarån. @ysciumkgy sus ehemkths `m ins rmprmsmktngdhkms `mi `dciumkgdns `m ihs pmrshknjms: euttmrs, `u`ns, `mcmgths `mi bnoin, mi ngmkth mxtrnkjmrh. ]k khvmidstn `mom `msgrdodr ihs dkkuemrnoims `mtniims y sheormn`hs mk pninorns `m in vhz h `m ih ghktrnrdh (gunk`h smn phsdoim) rmgurrdr n in dkusuni hrtharncån h puktungdhk, edmktrns qum uk knrrn`hr hrni pum`m bnoinr ghk miihs `drmgtnemktm. @m bmgbh, gheh `meumstrn Bdii (mstm vhiuemk, mi gnpåtuih 0), uk shih hrn`hr pum`m prh`ugdr mi enyhr kúemrh vmdktm `dstdkaudoims vhgms mk mi mspngdh `m uk edkuth `dmgdsdmtm knrrntdvn. Mi denadkni qum sm ghk ghkstruym phr in `dvmrsdcdgngd÷k y `m ihs sdktîgtdgn `mtniims `my mxprmsnr, mkeuk`h gheodkngd÷k ihs ehvdedmkths mktrm mstrntdcdgn`h iäxdgn `m rmadstrhs, ms uk prhoimen shgdni, mk ghktrnstm ghepimth ghk cukgdhkms onsn`ns mk mi smxh, in m`n`, pnrmktmsgh, n`qudrd`h mstn`hs, m dkgiush in euy ätkdgh @dcmrmkgdns qum sm suphkm qum shk ihs mspmgdnims `m in prhvdkgdn mtk÷arnch. Niaukns `m mstns `dcmrmkgdns shgdnims pum`m smr rmvmin`h rmprmsmktn`n úkdgnemktm phr vhgms, mk iuanr `m smr mk chren mxpiågdtn phr mi knrrn`hr. Mk ukn msgnin eîs pmqumþn vhgnims shk gnrngtmråstdgns qum d`mktdcdgnk n ukn pmrshkn mk pnrtdguinr mk iuanr `m ukn gntmahrån `m pmrshkn, y núk mk ukn msgnin eîs cdkn shk ihs gneodhs `m vhz `m msm gnrîgtmr, ghk ih qum in prh`uggd÷k `m in cnsm hrni `mi bhe÷ihah `m mstdih dk`drmgth idorm mk in cdggd÷k msgrdtn. Htrhs gneodhs `m in vhz pum`mk hgurrdr mk mi `dsgursh qum rh`mn n ins  

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ghtdzngdhkms, ms `mgdr, ihs pnsnjms pnrn qum mi hrn`hr them in rmsphksnodid`n`, gheh gunk`h Bdii (mstm vhiuemk, mi gnpåtuih 0) `m shk`mh mkgumktrn uk knrrn`hr kmutrh mk uk ehemkth, pnrtdgdp÷ pmrshkniemktm mk htrh, Judgdh h mk htrh. Niaukhs `m ih qum sm `dgm pum`m smr mk in knturnimzn `m ukn dktmrprmtngd÷k `m in bdsthrdn qum im `dgmk mk iuanr `m in nggd÷k mk ehvdedmkth bngdn n`minktm (@. Pm`ihgl >427: =>, >34-13, ?47), eîs mvd`mktm mk mi tdph `m ghemktnrdh qum vn mk mi enrgh `mi Kheorm `m uk "in`h". Ni dauni qum in bmremkäutdgn cdihs÷cdgn ghktmephrîkmn, mstm tdph `m dktmrprmtngd÷k ms mi `msguordedmkth `m ins dktmkgdhkms `m ihs nuthrms `mi tmxth (vänsm _dghmur >413: 73-71). @dsgursh chreni euy prhkukgdn`ns mk púoidgh pum`m gnrmgmr `m ghktmxth rdtuni ginrn bmremkäutdgn sm nimjn `mi tmxth prhpdnemktm `dgbh, pmrh htrns hgnsdhkms, gheh mk in trnksedsd÷k `m msm tmxth n ihs cuturhs nrtdstns dktärprmtms h mjmgutnktms, pum`mk smr euy nodmrths n bnoinr shorm mi tmxth. Mk in eîs pmqumþn msgnin, gunk`h mi `dsgursh n`qudmrm in chren `m smeîktdgnemktm ghkstrud`h pnrrniim` vmrsh, gn`n iåkmn qum sm eumvm bngdn n`minktm mi tmen ms smaud`n dkem`dntnemktm phr ukn h eîs iåkmns qum shk, `m bmgbh, ukn ormvm dktmrprmtngd÷k `m ih qum sm ngnon `m `mgdr. Mk mi `dsgursh mk amkmrni, bny ukn depiågdtn `dni÷adgn nitmrkntdvn h n`dgdhkni `m ins pninorns y crnsms ph`rånk bnomr kh cumrhk< pnrnimih `m mk mi`dîihah `dsgursh, dkgiushqummksmpmqumþn msgninutdidzn`h, `m mstm pmrh nspmgth `mi prhgmsh sm enkdcdmstn. In mxdstmkgdn `m ukn bmremkäutdgn qum yn mstî mk mi trnonjh `m gneph nktms `m qum mi trnonjn`hr iimaum niiå, sd sm trntn `m mkukgdn`hs `mktrh `m ihs tmxths kntdvhs h then chren kntdvn mk bnoinr `m ihs tmxths, tdmkm ghksmgumkgdns dephrtnktms pnrn in dktmrprmtngd÷k `m gdmkgdns shgdnims tni gheh mstî ngtuniemktm ghkstdtud`h. In cmkhemkhi÷adgn "dktmrsuojmtdvd`n`", qum bn smrvd`h `m eh`mih pnrn mi gneph `m mkgumktrh mktrm mi yh y mi htrh sm suemram mk mi mtk÷arnch kntdvh `m in suojmtdvd`n`, ghk mi nsgmksh mk in hojmtdvd`n` qum ghrrmsphk`m n in eu`nkzn `mi gneph y `m vumitn n gnsn. Edmktrns tnkth, hojmtdvdzngd÷k idorm, in idorm ihs ehvdedmkths `m ihsin kntdvhs pnsnr `msnpmrgdod`n, n pmsnrdktmrprmtngd÷k `m qum shk `m`mbmgbh msmkgdnims pnrn in mtkharncån prh`ugtdvh. Mstns dkdgdntdvns pum`mk smr dkghrphrn`ns `m rutdkn, sdk ntrdougd÷k, mk mi `dsgursh hojmtdvdzngd÷k `m ihs msgrdthrms `m mtkharncåns, qum phr ih tnkth, in rmsmrvn `m `hedkdh dktmimgtuni n så edsehs. Pneodäk hguitn `mtrîs `m tni `dsgursh ms ih Nttdknsd y Crdm`rdgb (mstm vhiuemk, mi gnpåtuih >) iinenr n in "`dni÷adgn nvnkgm", mk mi qum uk pukth `m turouimkgdn h gntbmxds mk uk gneph `m gneodh prh`ugm ukn "crnggd÷k `m smauk`h rmnjustm" mk in dkvmstdangd÷k. In ngtuni rmingd÷k mktrm mi tmxth y in dktmrprmtngd÷k pum`m smr trnznoim, mk pnrtm, ni ghktmxth hrdadkni `m in bmremkäutdgn oåoidgn, guyhs prhcmsdhknims sm hgupnk `m ihs msgrdthrms guyhs tmxths mkgumktrn ukn arnk `dstnkgdn mspngdni `m ihs edsehs. Vmrh smdkgiush mk inmkbmremkäutdgn oåoidgn,tmephrni gheh smy  

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prngtdgn bnstn mi `ån `m bhy mk mi hggd`mktm grdstdnkh, bn bnod`h uk khtnoim ornglmtdka cumrn `m in arnk tnieú`dgn (ms `mgdr, kntdvhs) mi `dsgursh qum rh`mn n ihs gdkgh idorhs `m in Odoidn bmormn y trnm mk ukn dktmrprmtngd÷k , Mi `dîihah dktmrtmxtuni. Iumah tdphi÷adgn dktmrprmtngd÷k `m ihs idorhs prhcätdghs trnkschren mk nimahråns `m ihs tmxths grdstdnkhs, phr eugbh qum niaukns ginsms `m dktmrprmtngd÷k nktrhphi÷adgn tmkmr mi mcmgth `m in trnkschrengd÷k `m ihs tmxths mk ins nimahråns `m ins gumktns gnk÷kdgn nktrhphi÷adgh shgdni h emktni `m ins mstrugturns y ihs prhgmshs. Dk`mpmk`dmktmemktm `m ins cumktms `m in bmremkäutdgn bmamehkån mk ins gdmkgdns shgdnims, bny uk dktärprmtm `m in idtmrnturn `m in äphgn `m in bdsthrdn mk in qum miihs edsehs vdvmk gmrrn`h qum prmcdmrmk mi ghrpus `m uk nuthr cniimgd`h. Mk mi gnsh `m nuthrms qum sm bnk nvmkturn`h mk mi `dsgursh `m in nuth-hojmtdvngd÷k, ihs gråtdghs sumimk n`hptnr in edsen phsdgd÷k qum mtk÷arnchs qum `mjnr `m in`h mi `dsgursh `m ihs prhpdhs kntdvhs. Ihs nktrhp÷ihahs bnk imå`h ins guiturns `m sus ghktmephrîkmhs gheh sd sm trntnrn `m bngmr crmktm n ihs tmxths `m uk tdmeph qum kh ms mi suyh, uk pukth nepidnemktm `mehstrn`h phr Cnodnk (>427). Niaukhs dkgiush bnk bmgbh enkdcdmsths sm eumvm pnrn gmrrnrn ukn uk amkmrngd÷k ghrpus, rmsmrvnk`h nutäktdghs (mk hphsdgd÷k n nguiturn`hs) in nuthrån `m ehrdr cumrn `mi nignkgm `m ihs nktrhp÷ihahs qum vmkank `mspuäs. Edmktrns tnkth, ihs edmeorhs `m ukn shgdm`n` shk gnpngms `m bnoinr n trnväs `m msns crhktmrns, in prh`uggd÷k, gheh ins trms eujmrms rmadstrn`ns phr Dsomii bngmr (mstm vhiuemk, mi gnpåtuih ?), uk `dsgursh guyn dktmrtmxtunid`n` nonrgn ins `dcmrmkgdns mktrm amkmrngdhkms, mktrm mi gneph y in vd`n uronkn, y Mktrm euy `dcmrmktms imkauns gheh mi qumgbun y mi mspnþhi, sm `mspinznk n trnväs `m in ghkstruggd÷k `m rmghr`nr mi pnsn`h y, mk mi prmsmktm, uk cuturh phsdoim. Dr÷kdgnemktm, mk mi prmgdsh ehemkth mk mi tmrrmkh `dni÷adgn sm mxtdmk`m bnstn mi pukth `m qum ihs trnonjn`hrms shorm mi tmrrmkh y ihs kntdvhs mstîk euy gmrgn mi ukh ghkWmmi htrh, dkgiush qum mk entmrdn `m dktmrprmtngd÷k, sm pinktmnk phiåtdgns. nrauemktn in rmprmsmktngd÷k `dni÷adgn shorm hojmgdhkms mi tmrrmkh mkgumktrh ms prhonoim qum grmnk uk mcmgth diushrdh `m kdvmingd÷k, mkguordr h aihsn shorm mi ghktmxth `m ins rmingdhkms `m ph`mr `mktrh `m th`hs ihs `dîihahs shorm mi tmrrmkh `momk tmkmr iuanr y qum ghk`uzgn n ukn gmimorngd÷k in suojmtdvd`n` `m ihs kntdvhs (Bnk`imr >42=). @mtrîs `m mstm tdph `m hojmgdhkms pnrmgm qum bny ukn kumvn m dkmspmrn`n chren `m bmremkäutdgn bmamehkån. Mi supumsth depiågdth ms qum, gunk`h sm trntn `m rmingdhkms `m ph`mr n ihs kntdvhs shk dkvhiuktnrdhs pnrtdgdpnktms, mk tnkth qum in `dsgusd÷k `m in rmnid`n` `m mstns rmingdhkms ghrrmsphk`m úkdgnemktm ni hojmtdvh `m `hedkdh `m ins gdmkgdns shgdnims. Ms gheh sd in phiåtdgn kukgn npnrmgd÷ mk mi gneph `m ihs prhpdhs `dîihahs, pmrh ph`rån ghkvmrtdrsm mk mvd`mktm s÷ih gunk`h ihs dkvmstdan`hrms `msgrdomk mi ghktmxth `m ihs `dîihahs `m niaúk iuanr phr mkgden y eîs niiî `m miihs.  

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Vnrn mi `dîihah mk så edseh pnrn guipnr aihsnk`h eîs `m ins rmingdhkms `m ph`mr ms mstnr mk su gnomzn. Gunk`h mtk÷arnchs y sus dktmrihguthrms `mgd`dr qum `mtmredkn`hs `montms kh `momk smr puoidgn`hs, h qum in d`mktd`n` `m ihs iuanrms y ihgnims `m ihs pnrtdgdpnktms `momk smr mkguodmrtns, phrqum kh sm trntn `m ukn hguitngd÷k `m in phiåtdgn `m `dîihah, sdkh phrqum ins pnrtms mk uk `dîihah `dsgutd÷ in phiåtdgn `m ukn enkmrn qum ims bdzh tmemr in hprmsd÷k (Sänsm @. Pm`ihgl, mstm vhiuemk, gnpåtuih >6). Mk mi euk`h kntdvh, y mk kumstrn prhpdn nså gheh, ins ghkvmrsngdhkms qum phsmmk kh s÷ih in chren sdkh tneodäk in cukgd÷k `mi `dîihah kh shk mi vmbåguih `m in rmprmsd÷k. Edmktrns tnkth ihs hrn`hrms y msgrdthrms `m th`ns ins imkauns, qum sdaumk sdmk`h `dni÷adgn mk su prhpdn knturnimzn, sdmeprm mkghktrnrî chrens, gheh Onlbtdk bdzh onjh mi räademk `m Wtnidk, pnrn enktmkmr ins `dcmrmkgdns mk mi jumah. Vnrn Vnuih Crmdrm (>424), n bnoinr ghk ginrd`n` shorm ins ghepmtmkgdns `m `dîihah y su pnpmi mk in phiåtdgn sdakdcdgn bngmrih mk mi mxdidh `m su pnås kntni, Ornsdi. Kh ms gnsunid`n` qum ins eujmrms y ihs ätkdghs qum htrhs bnk hgupn`h uk iuanr `mstngn`h mktrm ihs nuthrms `m ins mtkharncåns qum shk rdghs mk mi `dîihah, `ms`m mi idorhs prdkgdpdh bnstn kumstrhs O. smPm`ihgl >44>).  `m Mktrm ihs prdemrhs `m `urngd÷k `m mstm`åns tdph (vänsm `m horns Wpd`mr Qhenk    `m Ain`ys _mdgbnr` (>470) y Euims y Euims nk` Emk `m Zhrn Kmnim Bursthk (>47=). Kh s÷ih mstns horns hctbmk prmgm`mr n in gdtn`n "ghkvmrsngdhkni" idorh `m Enrgmi Ardnuim (>402), pmrh _mdgbnr` y Bursthk utdidzn`hs gdtn `drmgtn, edmktrns qum Ardnuim pnsnrsm phr nith gnsd th`h ih `dgbh phr äi edseh y sus dktmrihguthrms ghk mi `dsgursh dk`drmgth. In eujmr mk Hggd`mktm, ni dauni qum htrhs ätkdgns, sm bnk mkghktrn`h mk mi mxtmrdhr `m uk vnr÷k suotrn`dtdhk Murhpmn qum sm onsn mk mi edth `m uk enk`h ukdcdgn`h idorm, mi tdph `m nuth qum bngm uk enk`h ukdcdgn`h y suohr`dkn`n hojmth piurni `m ihs `meîs (>44?) . Gunk`h mstm prhymgth `m ukdcdgngd÷k sm iimvm n gnoh bnstn su cdk, sm rmqudmrm qum mi `dsgursh `m ihs htrhs, yn smn piurni sm rm`ugm n ihs täredkhs `m ukn imkaun murhpmn hojmth h enradkn`hs h rm`ugthrn sdimkgdn`hs.y nuthrdzn`n Kh ms qumehk÷ihah bny niahh msmkgdniemktm ensguidkh ngmrgn `m ukn msmkgdniemktm cmemkdkn shorm uk nepidh euitdvhgnidty-`mspuäs `m th`h, euitdvhgnidty nouk`n dkgiush mk ihs tmxths `m ihs trnonjn`hrms `m smxh ensguidkh `m gneph bnk rmghad`h `m htrhs engbhs. Eîs odmk, in rmprmsd÷k `m ihs euitdvhgnidty ph`rîk mstnoimgmrsm mk in pumrtn `m ukn ghkstruggd÷k pnrtdguinr `m in imkaun y in vmr`n` qum mkgumktrn su mxprmsd÷k eîs purn mk in hekdsgdmktm tmrgmrn pmrshkn `mi `dsgursh `m uk shidtnrdh bheorm, yn smn `dvdkn h buenkn. Mi `dîihah, y, `m bmgbh, in pimkdtu` `m in imkaun prhpdn, pmrtmkmgmk n uk drrm`ugtdoimemktm shgdni euk`h mk mi qum in amktm bnan prmauktns.

 

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@dîihah ghk E. Onjtdk shorm mi grhkhthph

 

Cm`mrdgh Knvnrrmtm Idknrms Dkstdtuth `m Dkvmstdangdhkms Bdst÷rdgns, ]KNE Mkmrh, ?66>

Mi prhp÷sdth `m mstm mksnyh ms mstnoimgmr uk `dîihah, odmk dktmkgdhkn`h pmrh drrmvmrmktm, ghk mi arnk pmksn`hr rush, Edjndi Onjtdk, nirm`m`hr `m su ghkgmpth `m ’grhkhthph―. ¸Vhr quä uk `dîihah8 Vhrqum ukh `m ihs nspmgths eîs cmguk`hs y mkrdqumgm`hrms `mi `dni÷adgh, su kmantdvn n ghkvmrtdr sus pmksnedmkth `m Onjtdk ms justnemktm su gnrîgtmr  gnrîgtmr   `dni÷adgh, rmcimxdhkms tm÷rdgns mk dephsdgdhkms `haeîtdgns, su npmrturn n msgugbnr ins rnzhkms `m ihs `meîs. ¸Vhr quä drrmvmrmktm8 Vhrqum ih qum prmtmk`h ms, justnemktm, nprhpdnrem `mi ghkgmpth `m grhkhthph y npidgnrih ni prhpdh Onjtdk, pnrn nså `mehstrnr mi gnrîgtmr rmintdvh `m su prhpdn ghkgmpgd÷k `mi tdmeph bdst÷rdgh. Msm ngth `m drrmvmrmkgdn em pmredtdrî, n su  vmz, rmcimxdhknr ins gnrngtmråstdgns `m ih qum iinenrä mi grhkhthph bdst÷rdgh hggd`mktni y ghepnrnrih ghkshorm ihs grhkhthphs emshnemrdgnkhs. In `mcdkdgd÷k `m grhkhthph.

 Ni prdkgdpdh `m su nrtåguih ’Chrens `mi tdmeph y `mi grhkhthph mk in khvmin― Onjtdk `mcdkm mstm ghkgmpth smedkni, guyn gnpngd`n` mxpidgntdvn bnorä `m mxpihrnr mk mstm mksnyh : Iinenrmehs grhkhthph (idtmrniemktm:  (idtmrniemktm:  tdmeph mspngdh  )) n in ghkmxd÷k dktråksmgn `m ins rmingdhkms tmephrnims y mspngdnims qum sm mxprmsn nrtåstdgnemktm mk in khvmin. Mstm täredkh ms mepimn`h mk entmeîtdgns y cum dktrh`ugd`h gheh pnrtm `m in Pmhrån `m in _mintdvd`n` `m Mdkstmdk. \...U Ih qum khs dephrtn ms mi bmgbh `m qum mxprmsn in dksmpnrnodid`n` `mi tdmeph y `mi mspngdh (mi tdmeph gheh gunrtn `demksd÷k `mi mspngdh). (Onjtdk >42>: 20-2=) Eîs n`minktm, mxpidgn qum mi grhkhthph ghkstdtuym in ghiuekn vmrtmorni `m guniqudmr knrrngd÷k: Mi grhkhthph ms mi iuanr mk qum ihs ku`hs `m in knrrngd÷k sm ntnk y sm `msntnk. Vum`m `mgdrsm sdk neonams qum n miihs pmrtmkmgm mi smktd`h qum `n chren n in knrrngd÷k. \...U Mi tdmeph sm vumivm mcmgtdvnemktm pnipnoim y vdsdoim< mi grhkhthph bngm qum ihs mvmkths knrrntdvhs sm ghkgrmtdgmk, ihs mkgnrkn, bngm qum in snkarm ghrrn phr sus  vmkns. ]k mvmkth pum`m smr gheukdgn`h, sm ghkvdmrtm mk dkchrengd÷k, pmredtm qum ukh pum`n prhphrgdhknr `nths prmgdshs rmspmgth ni iuanr y tdmeph `m su nghktmgmr.   Ni Ni gdtnr mstm nrtåguih, cnvhr `m bngmrih nså: KNSN__MPM, Cm`mrdgh. ’@dîihah ghk Edjndi Onjtdk shorm mi Grhkhthph―. Mk In thrtuan enrdkn bdsthrdn mk mxtdkgd÷k \mk iåkmnU. Eäxdgh. ?66> - \gdtn`h (>>/>6/?661)U. @dsphkdoim mk: 9bttp://thrtuanenrdkn.trdph`.ghe/nrtdguihs/knvn/grhkhthph.bte ; Ghpyrdabt "  ?66>, In thrtuan enrdkn, bdsthrdn mk mxtdkgd÷k. !

 

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Vmrh mi mvmkth kh sm ghkvdmrtm mk ukn cdaurn. Ms prmgdsnemktm mi grhkhthph mi qum prhphrgdhkn mi îeodth msmkgdni pnrn in enkdcmstngd÷k, in rmprmsmktnodid`n` `m ihs mvmkths. (Onjtdk >42>: ?=6) Ms `mgdr, in enkmrn mk qum uk grhkhthph rmprmsmktn mi tdmeph y mi mspngdh pmredtm hrankdznr mi `mvmkdr mk ukn knrrngd÷k idtmrnrdn y `nrim smktd`h. Onjtdk prhphkm qum in `dvmrsd`n` `m ihs aäkmrhs idtmrnrdhs rmsphk`m n ukn `dvmrsd`n` `m ihs grhkhthphs y mk su nrtåguih sm mkgnran `m `mcdkdr niaukhs `m äsths: mi grhkhthph nostrngth `m in khvmin giîsdgn `m nvmkturns, mi grhkhthph eåtdgh `m in emtnehrchsds mk Bmsdh`h y mk Hvd`dh, mi grhkhthph chigi÷rdgh prdedamkdh, mtg. Mi grhkhthph `m gn`n ukh `m msths aäkmrhs `mtmredkn mi tdph `m mvmkths qum sm knrrnk, in chren y knturnimzn `m ihs pmrshknjms y mi tdph `m trnkschrengdhkms mxpmrdemktn`ns phr miihs: nså, mk mi grhkhthph `m nvmkturns ihs mvmkths shk gnsunid`n`ms, ghepimtnemktm mxtmrdhrms n ihs bärhms, y äsths npnrmgmk gheh dkeutnoims (mstm grhkhthph ms d`äktdgh `m bmgbh ni `m ihs `doujhs nkden`hs ghktmephrîkmhs gheh mi Ghrrmgnedkhs)< mi grhkhthph `m in emtnehrchsds, mk gneodh, bngm n ihs pmrshknjms mxpmrdemktnr ghkstnktms gneodhs sugmsdvhs, gneodhs qum sm nsdedink n ins trnkschrengdhkms mxpmrdemktn`ns mxpmrdemktn`ns phr in knturnimzn. Mk suen, in chren qum nsuem mi grhkhthph `mtmredkn in knturnimzn `m ihs pmrshknjms y su psdghihaån. Gheh mxpidgn Onjtdk, pnrn ph`mr bngmr ukn odharncån dktmrdhrdznktm cum kmgmsnrdh grmnr uk grhkhthph `m in vd`n prdvn`n (gmktrn`h mk mi bhanr y ihs nghktmgdedmkths qum mk äi sm `nk) qum sm `dstdkaudmrn ginrnemktm `m ihs grhkhthphs `m in vd`n ghimgtdvn. Vhr htrn pnrtm, Onjtdk ncdren qum mi ghkgmpth `m grhkhthph sm pum`m mxtmk`mr eîs niiî `m in idtmrnturn, pums mxdstmk grhkhthphs `m in vd`n rmni, gheh mi grhkhthph `mi mkgumktrh (enkdcdmsth, phr mjmepih, mk ins rmukdhkms `dpiheîtdgns), mi `mi îahrn ardman h mi `mi gink rhenkh (Onjtdk >42>: 41->72). Mk suen, in hrankdzngd÷k `mi tdmeph y mi mspngdh mk ukd`n`ms ghbmrmktms y gnran`ns `m sdakdcdgn`h kh sm rmnidzn úkdgnemktm `mktrh `m ihs tmxths idtmrnrdhs, sdkh qum tneodäk ms uk mimemkth cuk`nemktni `m in vd`n shgdni. Ihs grhkhthphs rmnims `mtmredknk mk oumkn em`d`n ihs idtmrnrdhs. Msth rmsuitn pnrtdguinremktm ginrh mk mi gnsh `mi grhkhthph chigi÷rdgh prdedamkdh. Mstn ghkgmpgd÷k ukdtnrdn y thtnidzn`hrn `mi tdmeph y `mi mspngdh, `m ngumr`h ghk Onjtdk, pu`h s÷ih suradr mk ins shgdm`n`ms naråghins sdk ginsms, pums dktmarnon mk uk th`h nrehkdhsh ihs gdgihs naråghins, ihs gdgihs mstngdhknims, ihs gdgihs nstrnims y ihs gdgihs `m in vd`n buenkn. Wm trntnon `m uk tdmeph \…Umktmrn \…U prhcuk`nemktm  prhcuk`nemktm y ghkgrmth. Kh mstî smpnrn`h `m in tdmrrn kd `mnaråghin in knturnimzn. gheh in vd`n `m ihs smrmsmspngdni buenkhs, mxdstm úkdgnemktm mk in supmrcdgdm. In vd`n `mi bheormÄi,y in vd`n `m in knturnimzn (`m in tdmrrn) shk em`d`ns phr ukn y in edsen msgnin, phr ihs edsehs mvmkths< tdmkmk ihs edsehs dktmrvnihs, dksmpnrnoims ukh `mi htrh, prmsmktms gheh uk (dk`dvdsdoim) ngth `m trnonjh y ghkgdmkgdn. In vd`n buenkn y in knturnimzn shk pmrgdod`ns `mktrh `m ins edsens gntmahråns. (Onjtdk >42>: ?63) Mstn ukd`n` prdedamkdn (shspmgbhsnemktm pnrmgd`n, phr gdmrth, ni pnrnåsh pmr`d`h grdstdnkh h ni gheukdseh prdedtdvh enrxdstn) cum rhtn ghkchrem in vd`n prdvn`n sm cum smpnrnk`h `m in vd`n ghimgtdvn y suradmrhk grhkhthphs n`mgun`hs n in dk`dvd`unid`n`, uk prhgmsh  vdkguin`h ni suradedmkth suradedmkth `m ins ginsms shgdnims. (Onjtdk (Onjtdk >42>: ?63-?>6) Onjtdk y mi ’vmr`n`mrh― grhkhthph `m in bdsthrdn

 

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Eîs niiî `m in piurnid`n` `m ihs grhkhthphs idtmrnrdhs y rmnims, Onjtdk bngm ghktdkunemktm rmcmrmkgdn n ukn pimkdtu` `mi tdmeph qum ihs grhkhthphs mxprmsnk ghk enyhr h emkhr mxngtdtu`. Nså, phr mjmepih, juzan kmantdvnemktm ni grhkhthph chigi÷rdgh phr smr gågidgh:  Ph`ns ins pmguidnrd`n`ms qum bmehs smþnin`h bnstn nbhrn pum`mk ghksd`mrnrsm gheh gnrngtmråstdgns phsdtdvns `mi tdmeph chigi÷rdgh. Vmrh ukn úitden gnrngtmråstdgn `m mstm tdmeph (mk in qum khs `mtmk`rmehs nbhrn), ms su gnrîgtmr gågidgh, ukn gnrngtmråstdgn kmantdvn qum idedtn in cumrzn y in prh`ugtdvd`n` d`mhi÷adgn `m mstm tdmeph. In enrgn `m ih gågidgh, y ghksmgumktmemktm `m in rmpmtdgd÷k gågidgn, ms mvd`mktm mk th`hs ihs mvmkths qum hgurrmk mk mstm tdph `m tdmeph. Mi depuish bngdn n`minktm `mi tdmeph ms idedtn`h phr mi gdgih. Vhr mstn rnz÷k, dkgiush mi grmgdedmkth kh nignkzn uk vmr`n`mrh `mvmkdr.― (Onjtdk >42>: ?64-?>6) Dauniemktm mqudvhgn`n im pnrmgm in ghkgmpgd÷k giîsdgn qum bnoin `m ukn M`n` `m Hrh pmr`d`n mk mi pnsn`h: Vnrn phkmrih mk täredkhs uk phgh mimemktnims, ph`mehs `mgdr qum niah \in M`n` `m HrhU qum pum`m, y `m bmgbh `mom rmnidznrsm úkdgnemktm mk mi cuturh sm prmsmktn mk mstm gnsh gheh niah ngnmgd`h mk mi pnsn`h, \pmsm n qum msU niah qum kh pmrtmkmgm `m kdkaukn enkmrn ni pnsn`h, sdkh niah qum ms msmkgdniemktm ukn emtn y ukn hoidangd÷k. Mstn sdkauinr trnksphsdgd÷k, mstn dkvmrsd÷k `mi tdmeph, tåpdgn `m ins chrens `m pmksnedmkth edthi÷adgns y nrtåstdgns mk vnrdns mtnpns `mi pmksnedmkth buenkh, sm gnrngtmrdzn phr ukn mspmgdni `mi tdmeph, y mk pnrtdguinr `mi cuturh. Mi prmsmktm, y shorm th`hghkgmpgd÷k mi pnsn`h, shk mkrdqumgd`hs n mxpmksns `mi cuturh.(Onjtdk >42>: >01->02) Mk mstm nrtåguih, Onjtdk msohzn in bdsthrdn `mi prharmsh `m ihs grhkhthphs bngdn ukn enyhr n`mgungd÷k n in pimkdtu` `mi tdmeph, ms `mgdr mi suradedmkth `m ukn vdsd÷k idkmni y prharmsdvn `mi `mvmkdr, qum mi nuthr ghksd`mrn smr in rmni y qum ms in qum depmrn mk in guiturn hggd`mktni eh`mrkn. Mk ghktrnstm, ed prhp÷sdth mk mstm `dîihah ms justnemktm gumstdhknr in supumstn pimkdtu` y rmnid`n` `m mstm tdmeph idkmni, prharmsdvh m drrmvmrsdoim, y `mehstrnr qum ms eugbhs eîs cmguk`h nknidznrih gheh uk grhkhthph eîs, ms `mgdr gheh htrn ghkstruggd÷k guiturni qum ousgn `nr uk smktd`h ni nghktmgmr buenkh. ^udmrh, mk suen, npidgnr in rdqumzn mxpidgntdvn `mi ghkgmpth `m grhkhthph n in prhpdn ghkgmpgd÷k hggd`mktni `mi tdmeph y `m in bdsthrdn. Mstm mjmrgdgdh depidgn, `ms`m `msgnidcdgnr vnihrngdhkms qum Onjtdk bngm `m in qum enyhr h emkhr n`mgungd÷k `m ihsiumah, grhkhthphs n inins pimkdtu` `mi tdmeph, y `mehstrnr mi grhkhthph bdst÷rdgh hggd`mktni pum`m rmsuitnr tnk imjnkh, h tnk gmrgnkh, n msn pimkdtu` gheh guniqudmr htrh. Mstm ngth em pnrmgm mi emjhr bhemknjm qum pum`h bngmr n in cmguk`d`n` `mi pmksnedmkth `m Onjtdk. Mk mcmgth, ms tni in npmrturn `m sus d`mns qum khs pmredtmk dr eîs niiî `m ins `mtmredkngdhkms guiturnims `m su grhkhthph, msm qum, tni gheh ukn gntmahrån ukdvmrsni lnktdnkn, mi nuthr ghksd`mrnon dkgumstdhknoim. Onjtdk eumstrn mi gnedkh ni smþninr qum ins rmingdhkms mktrm ihs grhkhthphs shk kmgmsnrdnemktm   `dni÷adgns , ms `mgdr kdkaúk grhkhthph pum`m nspdrnr n mxpidgnr ni htrh, n kmgmsnrdnemktm shemtmrih n su prhpdn i÷adgn, sdkh qum tdmkm qum dkdgdnr ukn rmingd÷k `m gheprmksd÷k ghk mi htrh, uk dktmrgneodh `ms`m in nitmrd`n` drrm`ugtdoim `m sus phsdgdhkms. (Onjtdk >42>: ?=?) Vhr miih, ukn gråtdgn `m ih qum iinenrä mi grhkhthph bdst÷rdgh hggd`mktni em pmredtdrî smktnr

 

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ins onsms pnrn uk `dîihah mktrm mstn ghkgmpgd÷k guiturniemktm `mtmredkn`n `mi tdmeph y ihs grhkhthphs bdst÷rdghs emshnemrdgnkhs. Mi grhkhthph bdst÷rdgh hggd`mktni, h ’Kh bny eîs rutn qum in kumstrn―

Ghrrdmk`h mi rdmsah depiågdth mk guniqudmr sdepidcdgngd÷k, em pnrmgm qum mi grhkhthph bdst÷rdgh hggd`mktni pum`m rmprmsmktnrsm gheh uk gnedkh. Mi gnedkh, gheh smþnin mi prhpdh Onjtdk, dktmarn pmrcmgtnemktm mi tdmeph y mi mspngdh mk ukn shin iåkmn ghktdkun. Mi gnedkh depidgn kmgmsnrdnemktm uk rmghrrd`h, y msm rmghrrd`h amkmrniemktm ms tnk idkmni gheh äi edseh: sm pnrtm `m uk mxtrmeh `mi gnedkh (mi dkdgdh) pnrn iimanr n htrh (in emtn). In ghkgmpgd÷k `mi grhkhthph bdst÷rdgh gheh uk gnedkh qum`n enkdcdmstn mk imens tnk mimemktnims gheh mi qum dkvmkt÷ Iuds Mgbmvmrrån mk su gnepnþn prmsd`mkgdni mk Eäxdgh mk >416, ’Nrrdon y n`minktm―, h mk in crnsm `mi nstrhknuth Kmdi Nrestrhka ni pdsnr in Iukn mk >434: ’Mstm ms uk pmqumþh pnsh pnrn uk bheorm, pmrh uk arnk pnsh pnrn in buenkd`n`.― Mk neohs gnshs, mi gneodh sm ghkgdom gheh nvnkgm mspngdni y ästm nvnkgm n`qudmrm `demksdhkms tmephrnims. In edsen ghkgmpgd÷k ms mvd`mktm, `ms`m iumah, gn`n vmz qum niaudmk bnoin `m prharmsnr, h `m rmtrhgm`mr mk in bdsthrdn. Mstn ghkgmpgd÷k idkmni depidgn, phr ih tnkth, in `dvdsd÷k `m in bdsthrdn mk mtnpns qum `momk smr rmghrrd`ns mk mcmgth, hr`mk ykhqum `momk smr `mjn`ns ntrîs ni ehemkth `m dkdgdnr in sdaudmktm. @ms`m >434, mk cnitnk pm`nktms qum prmtmk`mk qum bmehs mktrn`h mk in mrn mspngdni. In emtîchrn `mi gnedkh rmvmin htrn gnrngtmråstdgn cuk`nemktni `mi grhkhthph bdst÷rdgh hggd`mktni: su prmtmksd÷k `m ukdgd`n`. Mi tdmeph, mk mcmgth, ms ghkgmod`h gheh ukn iåkmn sdkauinr : sm dkdgd÷ ghk in grmngd÷k `mi ghsehs (yn smn phr namkgdn `dvdkn h phr cmk÷edkh cåsdgh) y ghk`ugm drrmem`dnoimemktm n su `mstruggd÷k y/h n su rm`mkgd÷k. Úkdgh tneodäk ms mi gnedkh mvhiutdvh buenkh `mktrh `m mstm grhkhthph: ins mtnpns bdst÷rdgns `m hrankdzngd÷k shgdni sm ghkgdomk gheh ukn sugmsd÷k kmgmsnrdn y sdkauinr. @m mstn ghkgmpgd÷k bnk surad`h ins hosmsdhkms hggd`mktnims phr tdpdcdgnr y mxpidgnr ihs `msnrrhiihs `m shgdm`n`ms `dcmrmktms gheh gnshs nk÷enihs h dkgiush gheh pmrvmrsdhkms, pums kh sdaumk mi pntr÷k supumstnemktm úkdgh `m mvhiugd÷k rmprmsmktn`h phr in bdsthrdn murhpmn. Nså sm`mbdzh ghk ins shgdm`n`ms ’dkvhiugdhknonk― `m chrens mstntnims nshgdnims chrens kh mstntnims hrankdzngd÷k, h ghkqum nqumiins qum ghksmrvnonk mstrugturns ’nktdauns― (gheh ihs idknjms) mk mi smkh `m mstrugturns shgdnims eîs ’nvnkzn`ns― (gheh mi Mstn`h). Mstn ghkgmpgd÷k grhkht÷pdgn sm cuk`nemktn, `ms`m iumah, mk in ghkvdggd÷k `m qum mxdstm ukn vmr`n` úkdgn y qum ästn ms prhpdm`n` `m Hggd`mktm, yn smn in `m in rmidad÷k grdstdnkn h in `m in gdmkgdn eh`mrkn. Vhr htrn pnrtm, in prmtmksd÷k `m mxgiusdvd`n` `mi grhkhthph hggd`mktni mxpidgn htrn hosmsd÷k hggd`mktni: in mqudvnimkgdn qum mstnoimgm ghktdkunemktm mktrm `dstnkgdn mspngdni y `dstnkgdn tmephrni. Mk ins eîs `dvmrsns horns idtmrnrdns, gheh Ihs pnshs pmr`d`hs `m Gnrpmktdmr (>41?), uk vdnjm n uk pnås rmehth `m guiturn `dcmrmktm ms ghksd`mrn`h mqudvnimktm n uk vdnjm ni pnsn`h y ins ghstueorms `m ihs pumoihs imjnkhs sm ghkvdmrtmk ghstueorms prdedamkdns. prdedamkdns.

 

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Mstn mqudpnrngd÷k mktrm `dstnkgdn y mi pnsn`h ms dksmpnrnoim `m htrn ghkgmpgd÷k grhkht÷pdgn: in `mi `mspidmaum kmgmsnrdh `m in guiturn hggd`mktni shorm mi mspngdh tmrrmstrm, ghkgmod`h gheh in mxpnksd÷k `m in cm, in vmr`n`, in tmgkhihaån h in rnz÷k shorm uk euk`h `msghkhgd`h, hsgurh h prdedtdvh. Onjtdk edseh bnoin phsdtdvnemktm `m in enkmrn mk qum mi grhkhthph chigi÷rdgh y in horn `m _nominds mqudpnrnk mi grmgdedmkth gunidtntdvh ghk in mxpnksd÷k gunktdtntdvn mk mi mspngdh. Ms in edsen d`mn qum dkspdr÷ in horn `m `dvuiangd÷k shvdätdgn   G÷eh mi bheorm iima÷ n smr adanktm . Mi gnrîgtmr äpdgh y kmgmsnrdh qum in bdsthrdn shvdätdgn hggd`mktni ntrdouym n ihs ’`msguordedmkths― y n ins ghkqudstns rmnidzn`hs phr ihs murhpmhs, `ms`m in `m Neärdgn bnstn in `mi mspngdh, ms htrn enkdcmstngd÷k `m mstm grhkhthph. @m bmgbh in d`mn edsen `m ’`msguordedmkth― qum `dvd`m mi ghsehs mk ukn pnrtm ghkhgd`n y htrn kh, n pnrtdr `m ihs ghkhgdedmkths y prmjudgdhs `m ukn guiturn pum`m ntrdoudrsm n äi. Vhr htrn pnrtm, smaúk mi grhkhthph bdst÷rdgh hggd`mktni, mi gnedkh `m mvhiugd÷k y prharmsh ghk`ugm, kmgmsnrdnemktm, n uk cuturh emjhr. Mi grhkhthph `mi gnedkh rmqudmrm, phr ih tnkth, qum cdjmehs kumstrn edrn`n bngdn n`minktm (’Gnrn ni shi ghk in gnedsn idepdn―). Nså, sm khs prmsmktn gheh ukn sugmsd÷k `m trdukchs: mi `m in vmr`n`mrn rmidad÷k shorm ihs pnankdsehs, mi `m in rnz÷k shorm in trn`dgd÷k, mi `mi ghkhgdedmkth shorm in dakhrnkgdn h mi `m in tmgkhihaån shorm ins idedtngdhkms dktråksmgns n in vd`n tmrrmkni. Gheh bn smþnin`h _mdkbnrt Lhsmiimgl, in Diustrngd÷k murhpmn dkghrphr÷ ins d`mns msgnthi÷adgns grdstdnkns n in bdsthrdn buenkn, prmsmktnk`h n ästn gheh tmk`dmktm kmgmsnrdnemktm n in rm`mkgd÷k (Lhsmiimgl >447). Guniqudmr rmväs h rmtrnsh (y yn mstns pninorns depidgnk ukn vnihrngd÷k euy ginrn) kh ms eîs qum ukn pmqumþn nomrrngd÷k mk uk rmghrrd`h prm`mtmredkn`h m dk`mtmkdoim. Nså, in bdsthrdn sm ghkvdmrtm mk ukn ghem`dn mk mi smktd`h nrdsthtäidgh `mi täredkh : ukn trnen qum tdmkm gheh `msmkingm in rmghkgdidngd÷k. Ph`ns ins `mstruggdhkms, th`ns ins narmsdhkms n htrns guiturns shk justdcdgn`ns phr su dkghrphrngd÷k n mstn enrgbn trdukcni. ]k mjmepih mktrm edims `m in cumrzn `m mstn ghkvdggd÷k ms mi tmxth mk qum Ahkznih Naudrrm Omitrîk, mi tm÷rdgh y cuk`n`hr `mi dk`damkdseh emxdgnkh eh`mrkh, justdcdgn in dktmarngd÷k `m ihs dk`åamkns (ms `mgdr mi `msphjh `m sus tdmrrns, in `mstruggd÷k `m sus guiturns y su dkghrphrngd÷k chrzhsn n in shgdm`n` emxdgnkn) ghk mi nrauemkth `m qum ni ghkvmrtdrihs mk hormrhs sm ims norm in phsdodid`n` `m smr pnrtågdpms `m in uthpån shgdnidstn (Naudrrm Omitrîk >416). Mi y mxgiusdvdstn grhkhthph depidgnmkkmgmsnrdnemktm, phrgnrîgtmr ih tnkthidkmni in cuan ni cuturh. Ni`mishstmkmr qum inbdst÷rdgh M`n` `mhggd`mktni Hrh kh mxdstd÷ mi pnsn`h pmrh qum sm mkgumktrn mk kumstrh phrvmkdr, Onjtdk bngm mgh `m msn pmguidnr edthihaån qum prhymgtn ins gmrtd`ueorms eîs dkvmrhsåedims ni enþnkn y `mstruym ih rmniemktm mxdstmktm mk nrns `m niah qum grmm smaurh mk mi phrvmkdr. ]k mjmepih pnrtdguinremktm mihgumktm `m mstn cm mk mi cuturh ms mi gnpåtuih `mi Prntn`h `m Mghkheån Enrxdstn mk qum mi tm÷rdgh trhtsldstn Mrkmst Enk`mi `msgrdom g÷eh smrî in vd`n onjh uk räademk gheukdstn. Gdth s÷ih uk mjmepih: ]kn shgdm`n` shgdnidstn kh `dgtnrî kukgn n sus edmeorhs mi mepimh hoidanthrdh `m smrvdgdhs ghimgtdvhs --kmaîk`hsm n phkmr n su `dsphsdgd÷k ihs em`dhs `m nsmaurnr msths edsehs smrvdgdhs shorm ukn onsm dk`dvd`uni. Gheh qudmrm sntdscngmr th`ns ins kmgmsd`n`ms rngdhknims `mi bheorm, rmspmtnrî in kmgmsd`n` `m ndsinedmkth pmrd÷`dgh y `m shim`n`, qum ms mi ghrhinrdh `dniägtdgh y pmrenkmktm `mi gnrîgtmr shgdni `mi bheorm. Nsdedseh, sd mi nuthe÷vdi dk`dvd`uni ms enkdcdmstnemktm gheh `m ihs trnksphrtm rmsuitn sdk m dkgiush kdkaukn `u`n mi dkstruemkth `mdrrngdhkni trnksphrtm eîs em`dh îadi pnrn vdnjms `muronkh, pingmr \...U  

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gunk`h ihs vdnjms mk nvd÷k, mk cmrrhgnrrdi y mk nuthoús smnk arntudths, ihs bheorms ghktdkunrîk `msmnk`h uk ghgbm prdvn`h \...U  ]kn shgdm`n` shgdnidstn rmspmtnrî msths `msmhs y, imjhs `m ghk`mknrihs gheh supmrvdvmkgdns \...U ]kn  pmqumþh ouraumsns, sm mschrznrî mk sntdscngmr msns kmgmsd`n`ms guyh gnrîgtmr rngdhkni rmsuitn mvd`mktm pnrn th`n pmrshkn `m oumkn cm. (Enk`mi cm. (Enk`mi >426: >2>) _msuitn sdepimemktm dkshstmkdoim prmtmk`mr qum mstn vdsd÷k `mi cuturh ms eîs rmnidstn, eîs gdmktåcdgn h eîs rngdhkni qum nqumiin qum ghihgn in M`n` `m Hrh mk mi pnsn`h. Gunk`h eugbh, sm pum`m ncdrenr qum in smauk`n ncdrengd÷k ms eîs gdmktåcdgn mk gunkth cnisdcdgnoim, pums mi pnsn`h ms, ni emkhs, susgmptdoim `m ghkhgmrsm. _mspmgth n ins ghksmgumkgdns `m mstn enkmrn `m pmksnr y `m ngtunr s÷ih em qum`n rmghr`nr mi euy ghkhgd`h pnsnjm `m Qnitmr Omkjnedk, uk bheorm mepnpn`h `m in trn`dgd÷k prhcätdgn ju`ån y enrxdstn, shorm mi ’îkami `m in bdsthrdn―: Bny uk gun`rh `m Limm qum sm iinen Nkamius Khvus. Mk äi sm rmprmsmktn n uk îkami qum pnrmgm gheh sd mstuvdmsm n pukth `m nimjnrsm `m niah qum ih tdmkm pnsen`h. Wus hjhs mstîk `msemsurn`nemktm nodmrths, in ohgn nodmrtn y mxtmk`d`ns ins nins. T ästm `momrî smr mi nspmgth `mi îkami `m in bdsthrdn. Bn vumith mi rhstrh bngdn mi pnsn`h. @hk`m n khshtrhs sm khs enkdcdmstn ukn gn`mkn `m `nths, äi vm ukn gntîstrhcm úkdgn qum nehkthkn dkgnksnoimemktm rudkn shorm rudkn, nrrhjîk`hins n sus pdms. Odmk qudsdmrn äi `mtmkmrsm, `mspmrtnr n ihs eumrths y rmghephkmr ih `mspm`nzn`h. Vmrh `ms`mmi miîkami pnrnåsh shpin uk burngîk bn mkrm`n`h mk susdrrmem`dnoimemktm nins y qum ms tnk cumrtm qum yn kh pum`m gmrrnrins.qum Mstmsmburngîk ih mepujn bngdn mi cuturh, ni guni `n in mspni`n, edmktrns qum ihs ehkthkms `m rudkns grmgmk nktm äi bnstn mi gdmih. Mstm burngîk ms ih qum khshtrhs iinenehs prharmsh (Omkjnedk >417: >27) In amkdnid`n` `m mstn vdsd÷k rn`dgn mk su edsen smkgdiimz. Mi îkami `m in bdsthrdn mstî ntrnpn`h mk mi grhkhthph bdst÷rdgh hggd`mktni, mi burngîk qum ih depuisn tdmkm th`ns sus gnrngtmråstdgns `m kmgmsd`n`, `m ukdgd`n`, `m noshiutn idkmnid`n`. Vmrh onstn ghk qum mi îkami dkvdmrtn su pukth `m vdstn, ghk qum edrm bngdn ntrîs mk vmz `m edrnr bngdn n`minktm, gheh mi grhkhthph ih `menk`n, pnrn qum dkem`dntnemktm ghkvdmrtn in ghem`dn mk trnam`dn, in enrgbn trdukcni mk gntîstrhcm.

@m in kmgmsd`n` `mi `dîihah Eîs niiî `m smþninr ins kmcnstns ghksmgumkgdns qum in dephsdgd÷k `m in guiturn hggd`mktni y su grhkhthph bdst÷rdgh bnk tmkd`h shorm ins `meîs guiturns `mi hrom, ih qum em dktmrmsn ms nknidznr in enkmrn mk qum in dkqumornktnoim ghkvdggd÷k `m ihs hggd`mktnims `m mstnr ihgnidzn`hs mk mi gmktrh `m in úkdgn bdsthrdn, `m smr ihs phsmm`hrms `m in vmr`n`mrn bdsthrdgd`n`, bn cngdidtn`h in dephsdgd÷k `m su `hedkngd÷k shorm mi rmsth `m ins shgdm`n`ms `mi pinkmtn.

Kh gnom `u`n qum ms ukn arnk vmktnjn ghkgmodr mi `mvmkdr bdst÷rdgh gheh ukn iugbn mktrm mi odmk h in rnz÷k, qum pmrtmkmgmk n ukh, y mi eni h in sdkrnz÷k, qum pmrtmkmgmk n guniqudmr htrh bheorm ghk mi qum ukh sm mkcrmktm. Mk mi tdtîkdgh mkcrmktnedmkth mktrm mi odmk y mi eni, `mi qum sni`rî vdgthrdhsh mi prdemrh --gheh ih mstnoimgm mi grhkhthph enkdqumh--, ih eîs ghkvmkdmktm ms grmmrsm rmprmsmktnktm `mi phih trdukcn`hr y mstn gmrtd`ueorm pmredtm juzanr `hedknr ins guiturns njmkns ghk tnk phghs edrnedmkths gheh ihs qum tuvh Bmrkîk Ghrtäsyghk ihs pumoihs emshnemrdgnkhs.  

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Mi grhkhthph idkmni y úkdgh ms in onsm `m in euy nktdaun ghkvdggd÷k hggd`mktni `m qum su trdukch, su dephsdgd÷k `m rmingdhkms `m `hedkngd÷k shorm htrns guiturns, bn sd`h sdmeprm mi rmsuitn`h kmgmsnrdh `m su supmrdhrd`n`, `m su phsmsd÷k `m in vmr`n`, `m su enyhr mvhiugd÷k. ]kn enkdcmstngd÷k rmgdmktm `m mstm såk`rhem grhkht÷pdgh ms mi idorh In Ghkqudstn `m Neärdgn `m Pzvmtnk Ph`hrhv (>44?), qum prmtmk`m mxpidgnr in ghkqudstn `m Eäxdgh n pnrtdr `m ukn euy `u`hsn gnpngd`n` supmrdhr `m Ghrtäs y ihs mspnþhims pnrn dktmrprmtnr y enkmjnr ihs såeohihs (rmsuitn`h, `ms`m iumah, `m su `hedkdh `m in msgrdturn). Mstn g÷eh`n gmrtd`ueorm bn pmredtd`h ni grhkhthph bdst÷rdgh hggd`mktni noshromr htrhs grhkhthphs y suohr`dknrihs n su ukdgd`n`. @ms`m iumah, n sus prhpdhs hjhs, ästm bn sd`h uk trdukch `m in bdsthrdn shorm ins cîouins y mi edth, `m in rnz÷k shorm in dakhrnkgdn, `m in msgrdturn shorm in hrnid`n`, `m ih kumvh shorm ih vdmjh. Wdk meonrah, mktmk`d`n gheh ukn rmingd÷k  rmingd÷k   `dni÷adgn , mstn gnpngd`n` `m noshrgd÷k y shemtdedmkth pdmr`m su rmghkchrtnktm kmgmsd`n` y knturnid`n`. Kh ms qum hggd`mktm dkghrphrm n htrns guiturns y sus `dcmrmktms ghkgmpgdhkms `mi `mvmkdr mk in suyn vmr`n`mrn, sdkh qum dephkm ukn bmamehkån gheh pnrtm `m ukn mstrntmadn `m `hedkngd÷k. Kh sm trntn tnephgh `m uk prhgmsh `dniägtdgh, mk qum in tmsds y in nktåtmsds sm cuk`mk mk ukn såktmsds qum ins supmrn, sdkh `m ukn rmingd÷k pimknemktm  pimknemktm  `dni÷adgn , mk qum guiturns dkghkemksurnoims dktmrgneodnk dkchrengd÷k, d`mns, ghk ihs dkmvdtnoims enimktmk`d`hs, y `mktrh `m ukn rmingd÷k `m ph`mr ginrnemktm `msdauni.  N pnrtdr `m mstn prmedsn, ihs sdaudmktms npuktms dktmktnrîk rmghkstrudr niaukhs niaukhs rnsahs `m ihs grhkhthphs bdst÷rdghs emshnemrdgnkhs, kîbunti y enyn pnrtdguinremktm, n pnrtdr `m su ghepimjn dktmrnggd÷k ghk mi grhkhthph bdst÷rdgh hggd`mktni. Ihs turkhs y in npmrturn ghkgmptuni

]k rnsah gmktrni `m ihs grhkhthphs emshnemrdgnkhs ms su ghkgmpgd÷k `mi tdmeph gheh ukn rhk`n `m turkhs. In dephrtnkgdn `m ihs turkhs mk in ghsehvdsd÷k emshnemrdgnkn ms ngmptn`n phr euy `dvmrshs nuthrms qum bnk mkghktrn`h mstm prdkgdpdh hrankdzn`hr mk th`hs ihs kdvmims `m in vd`n dk`åamkn: hrankdzn mi gnimk`nrdh, ghkgmod`h gheh ukn rhk`n `m `dhsms qum gnrank ni tdmeph< sustmktn in d`mn `m ihs gnran`hrms `m ihs nþhs, qum nshgdnk ihs rueohs mspngdnims ghk`mi mi tdmeph< `mtmredkn `m cdmstns y hoidangdhkms rdtunims, nså gheh in tmqudh y in hrankdzngd÷k rhtngd÷k ihs `m rdtehs ihs gnrahs púoidghs< sm enkdcdmstn dauniemktm mk in sugmsd÷k `m ihs shims ghseha÷kdghs. Mstm prdkgdpdh depidgn ukn prnxds bdst÷rdgn `dcmrmktm n in hggd`mktni. Edmktrns qum in rnz÷k hggd`mktni ousgn in ukd`n`, in rnz÷k emshnemrdgnkn ms n`dtdvn y ousgn in piurnid`n`. Vnrn  vhivmr n ins emtîchrns, edmktrns qum `mktrh `mi gnedkh ih kumvh `mjn kmgmsnrdnemktm ntrîs n ih vdmjh, in rum`n `m turkhs pum`m grmgmr pnrn dkghrphrnr ih kumvh, sdk phr miih `mspinznr n ih yn mxdstmktm. ]k mihgumktm mjmepih `m mstn enkmrn `m rnzhknr ms in enkmrn mk qum ihs enyns qudgbäs `m Ehehstmknkah, mk Auntmenin, dktmarnrhk n ihs smaud`hrms `m Nggd÷k Gnt÷idgn, jukth ghk ihs pn`rms-en`rms ghstueordstns, mk mi guith n su pntr÷k Wnktdnah. Bngm ukhs nþhs, in prmsd÷k `m ihs gntmqudstns mk in gheukd`n` iimv÷ n ins nuthrd`n`ms n kheornr n `hs `m miihs smauk`h gunrth enyhr`hehs snkth pnrn pmredtdrims pnrtdgdpnr in rhk`n rdtuni `m su guith. Ihsy sngmr`htms enyns, tni `mi gheh ih mxpidgn in mtk÷ihan Onronrn mk Pm`ihgl, n`hptnrhk  

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\…Uukn shiugd÷k `dniägtdgn, kh s÷ih nitmrknk`h n ihs ghkvmrshs y n ihs trn`dgdhknidstns mk ihs guntrh pumsths `m id`mrnzah `m in ghkcrntmrkd`n`, sdkh tneodäk smþnink`h in útdi ghepimemktngd÷k mktrm in nostdkmkgdn rdtuni `mi nighbhi, mk mi gnsh `m Nggd÷k Gnt÷idgn, y in nostdkmkgdn trn`dgdhkni `m rmingdhkms smxunims. Mk mcmgth, mi `unidseh mktrm ihs ghkvmrshs y ihs trn`dgdhknidstns sm trnsin`÷ `m ukn hphsdgd÷k mxtmrkn mktrm dkstdtugdhkms n ukn ghepimemktngd÷k dktmrkn `mktrh `m ukn shin dkstdtugd÷k. (Pm`ihgl >44?: 07) Gheh smþnin in prhpdn Pm`ihgl, in shiugd÷k hggd`mktni n uk ghkcidgth sdedinr buodmrn depidgn`h in nkuingd÷k `m ukn `m ins `hs trn`dgdhkms, yn cumrn mk kheorm `m in trn`dgd÷k h `mi prharmsh. In ghkgmpgd÷k `m ihs turkhs, mk gneodh, ms gnpnz `m noshromr ih kumvh sdk `mstrudr ih vdmjh, pums gheh smþnin uk pn`rm-en`rm qudgbä, ’kh sm pum`m ohrrnr mi tdmeph.― Mstn rn`dgni `dcmrmkgdn mktrm ihs grhkhthph emshnemrdgnkh y hggd`mktni nyu`n n mxpidgnr htrh enimktmk`d`h guiturni, eugbh eîs nktdauh y trîadgh. Vnrn ihs mspnþhims `mi sdaih RSD, in ngmptngd÷k dk`åamkn `mi `dhs grdstdnkh depidgnon kmgmsnrdnemktm in rmkukgdn n sus `dhsms nktdauhs. Mi onutdzh y in ghkvmrsd÷k, `mktrh `mi grhkhthph idkmni, sdakdcdgnonk `mjnr ntrîs, y pnrn sdmeprm, mi pnsn`h. Mrnk uk kumvh kngdedmkth, ukn tnouin rnsn (`hs ghkgmpgdhkms hosmsdvns `mi grhkhthph bdst÷rdgh hggd`mktni). Mk ghktrnstm, pnrn ihs dk`dhs in n`hpgd÷k `m ihs `dhsms mspnþhims depidgnon sdepimemktm in npmrturn `mi gårguih y in dkghrphrngd÷k `m uk kumvh kuemk n in rhk`n. Nså ih mxpidgn Euþhz Gnenrah: @mgd` ni gnpdtîk qum phr quä khs qudmrm qudtnr ihs `dhsms qum tmkmehs y qum tnkths tdmephs smrvdehs khshtrhs y kumstrhs nktmpnsn`hs< qum, sdk qudtnrihs kd eu`nrihs `m sus iuanrms pum`m phkmr n su @dhs mktrm ihs kumstrhs, qum tneodäk im smrvdrmehs y n`hrnrmehs y im bnrmehs gnsn y tmepih `m phr så, y smrî tneodäk @dhs kumstrh, gheh ih bmehs bmgbh ghk htrhs `dhsms qum bmehs trnå`h `m htrns pnrtms. \...UMstm eh`h `m bnoinr y `m `mgdr qum ims qumrån `nr htrh @dhs ms n snomr qum gunk`h mstns amktms tmkånk khtdgdn `m niaúk @dhs `m oumkns prhpdm`n`ms, qum ih rmgdoånk n`edtdäk`hih gheh tni< phrqum amktms n`vmkm`dzns trujmrhk eugbhs å`hihs qum tuvdmrhk phr `dhsms: y n mstm cdk `mgånk qum Ghrtäs ims trnån htrh @dhs.― (Euþhz Gnenrah >420: ?0=-?03) Mi rmsuitn`h cum ukh `m msns `hoims ghkcusdhkms qum tnk odmk bn `msgrdth Ihglbnrt mk eugbhs îeodths ghihkdnims: ihs mspnþhims gmimornrhk in ghkvmrsd÷k dk`åamkn, smaurhs `m qum mrn ukn nohidgd÷k `m in nktdaun rmidad÷k, y iumah sm sdktdmrhk `mgmpgdhkn`hs m dk`dakn`hs gunk`h `msguordmrhk qum ihs dk`dhs ihs bnoånk mkanþn`h y sm mepmgdknonk mk sus supmrstdgdhkms (täredkh dkgheprmksdoim cumrn `mi grhkhthph hggd`mktni idkmni). Ihs dk`dhs, phr su pnrtm, sm sdktdmrhk `mgmpgdhkn`hs phr mi tmrgh m dkthimrnktm ehkhphidh qum ihs mspnþhims prmtmk`ånk mjmrgmr shorm in vmr`n` rmidadhsn y phr in rmprmsd÷k n qum mrnk shemtd`hs gunk`h mk mcmgth n`hptnonk ihs `dhsms grdstdnkhs y ihs bngånk suyhs. Ins rhk`ns tmephrnims y ins mspmrnkzns rmstnurn`hrns emshnemrdgnkns Mk mi grhkhthph bdst÷rdgh emshnemrdgnkh ihs turkhs npnrmgmk hrankdzn`hs mk rhk`ns h gårguihs. Mk su Wmauk`n su Wmauk`n _mingd÷k , mi bdsthrdn`hr kîbunti Gbdenipndk `msgrdom nså mi gnimk`nrdh dk`åamkn:

 

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Gunk`h ghktnonk ihs nþhs, ni gnoh `m th`hs ihs rmkhvnonk, ihs bngånk ghemkznr `m kumvh < nså gheh uk tmeniîgnti  uk tmeniîgnti , donk `nk`h vumitns, bngdmk`h adrnr sus rmadstrhs `m gumktns `m nþhs, `m gdkgumktn y `hs mk gdkgumktn y `hs nþhs, rmkhvnk`h mk gn`n rum`n in gumktn `m ihs nþhs. Mstn emtîchrn `mi eningntm, h rum`n, pnrmgm rmvminr ukn vdsd÷k gågidgn `mi tdmeph, ih qum sm ghkcdren, npnrmktmemktm, mk mi rmcrîk kîbunti rmghad`h phr Crny Omrknr`dkh `m Wnbnaúk (nghepnþn`h `m ed trn`uggd÷k): Hggmpn dubgnk dmz, hggmpn dub tinenkdz dkdqudk dk gnkdk Dktimdk ehgbdhndn gmkgn dm umgnub, dkndhgeh ehgbdbun: nub hggmpn ehgbdhnz, hggmpn dub tinenkdz, dkdubtinenkgn dmvmgnub: dkdmbhnktdk, dk nxgnk kmed, hggmppn kmedqudzqum, dmzqum . (Wnbnaúk >414: vhi. ?, ch. ?43v-?41r) ?43v-?41r)   \ Htrn vmz nså smrî, htrn vmz nså sm nghstueornrî mkthkgms y niiî Ih qum sm bngån bngm eugbh tdmeph, nbhrn  yn kh sm bngm: pmrh htrn vmz sm bnrî, htrn vmz sm nghstueornrî nghstueornrî tni gheh mrn in ghstueorm bn eugbh: eugbh: miihs, ihs qum nbhrn vdvmk, htrn vmz vdvdrîk, smrîk.U Mk su aihsn mspnþhin, Wnbnaúk mxprmsn mihgumktmemktm su dk`dakngd÷k nktm mstn d`mn: Ih qum ms thrknrî n smr, y ih qum cum htrn vmz smrî.  smrî.  Mstn prhphsdgd÷k ms `m Vint÷k, y mi @dnoih in mksmþ÷ ngî, phrqum ms mrr÷kmn, ms cnisåsden, ms ghktrn cm, in guni insnahrn ghsnssmrîk qum htrn cumrhk n smr ihs tdmephsinpnsn`hs, y insqudmrm ghsns `mgdr: qum shk vmz422: 0=>)  Ni ntrdoudr uk hrdamk pint÷kdgh n mstn d`mn Wnbnaúk, in nsdedin n in ghkgmpgd÷k `mi mtmrkh rmthrkh gheh uk rmarmsh dkcdkdth `m ih edseh. Wdk meonrah, pmsm n Vint÷k, ihs ornbenkms y Edrgmn Midn`m, em pnrmgm qum mstn ghkgmpgd÷k nostrngtn phgh tdmkm qum vmr ghk mi grhkhthph bdst÷rdgh emshnemrdgnkh, h ghk in enyhrån `m ihs grhkhthphs bdst÷rdghs rmniemktm mxdstmktms. Wd immehs mi tmxth kîbunti, y kh in `dntrdon `mi gnzn`hr `m bmrmjåns, in d`mn `mi grhkhthph bdst÷rdgh dk`åamkn sm khs rmvmin mk su rdqumzn. Mk prdemr iuanr, in mxpidgngd÷k kîbunti smþnin qum ih qum sm bdzh mk mi pnsn`h yn kh sm bngm nbhrn, y ih qum hcrmgm mi rmcrîk ms in gmrtmzn `m qum sm vhivmrî n bngmr mk mi cuturh. Mi pnsn`h y mi cuturh npnrmgmk gheh `dstdkths `mi prmsmktm. Mi cuturh rmarmsh `m ins ghstueorms `mi pnsn`h smþnin uk gårguih, mk mcmgth, pmrh kh sm trntn `m ukn mspmguingd÷k cdihs÷cdgn, sdkh `m uk prharnen phiåtdgh. Wd pmksnehs qum mstm rmcrîk cum rmghad`h yn mk in smauk`n edtn` `mi sdaih RSD, mktrm ukn amkmrngd÷k grmgd`n onjh mi räademk ghihkdni y grdstdnkh, in mxpmgtntdvn `mi rmarmsh `m ins ghstueorms nktdauns pnrmgm smr uk nkbmih phr in rmstnurngd÷k `m in rmnid`n` prmbdspîkdgn. Vhr htrn pnrtm, in crnsm cdkni prhemtm qum ihs vdvhs `mi prmsmktm (ms `mgdr ihs qum yn kh vdvmk gheh ihs `m nktms)  vhivmrîk n vdvdr mk mi euk`h, prmsuedoimemkt prmsuedoimemktmm mk msm cuturh mk qum sm bnorîk vumith n dephkmr ins ghstueorms nktdauns. Mk suen, kh pnrmgm `msgnomiin`h prhphkmr qum mstm rmcrîk mxprmsn ukn mspmrnkzn `m rmstnurngd÷k, qudzî shormknturni, `m in vd`n dk`åamkn dk`mpmk`dmktm y `m cdk `mi `hedkdh ghihkdni. smrihs  ghrrmgtn, dktmrprmtngd÷k rmchrznrånghktmephrîkmh in bdp÷tmsds `mminohrn`h Odmrbhrst phr (>42=)   Gnktnrmsmstn Emxdgnkhs  rmspmgth @m n qum ihs , uk enkusgrdth ihs  

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edsehs dkchrenktms dk`åamkns `m Wnbnaúk, shk mxprmsd÷k `m uk ehvdedmkth `m ghihkdni `m rmstnurngd÷k. ]k ehvdedmkth qum ph`rån rmsuitnr nkîihah n ins ehvdedmkths rmvdtnidzn`hrms `m ihs tnld hkahs `mi Vmrú (Wtmrk >42?) mk mi edseh sdaih RSD, y n ins `m ihs dk`dhs `m ins prn`mrns `m Khrtmneärdgn (EgIhuabidk >446) y `m ihs pumoihs nenz÷kdghs (Orhwk >44>) mk ihs úitdehs `hs sdaihs. Mk mstm `dîihah mktrm grhkhthphs tnk `dcmrmktms kh ph`mehs mstnr smaurhs bnstn quä pukth Wnbnaúk gheprmk`d÷ mi prhymgth bdst÷rdgh depiågdth mk mstm rmcrîk, h mk ihs Gnktnrms mk amkmrni, h bnstn quä pukth su dk`dakngd÷k rmsphk`d÷ n ghkvdggdhkms eîs amkmrnims. Mk th`h gnsh, pnrn mi grhkhthph idkmni, in dephsdgd÷k `m in cm grdstdnkn, gheh in rmvmingd÷k, tmkån qum smr `mcdkdtdvn y enrgnon mk Neärdgn, gheh bnoån enrgn`h mk mi Sdmjh Euk`h, ukn trnkschrengd÷k drrmvmrsdoim, uk gneodh `m mrn. @ms`m msn pmrspmgtdvn in emrn d`mn `m guniqudmr tdph `m rmthrkh rmsuitnon mcmgtdvnemktm bmrätdgn. Mi grhkhthph bdst÷rdgh mxprmsn`h mk mstm rmcrîk kîbunti `mi sdaih RSD khs rmedtm n ins d`mns bdst÷rdgns emjhr ghkhgd`ns `m ihs enyns. _msuitn nkîihah mk ih cuk`nemktni n mstn ncdrengd÷k rmghad`n mk mi Gbdine mi Gbdine Onine `m Gbuenymi : Msthy mk >2 `m nahsth `m mstm nþh `m >133. Buoh thremktn `m vdmkth \burngîkU. Msgrdoh su emehrdn pnrn qum sm pum`n guîkths nþhs `mspuäs vn n bnomr htrn. (Gbdine Onine `m Gbuenymi >422: >04) Ghktrn ukn sdepidstn dktmrprmtngd÷k gågidgn onstn ghk smþninr qum mi sngmr`htm enyn ncdren qum bnorî htrn thremktn `m vdmkth, kh in edsen. In edsen d`mn ms mxprmsn`n, ghk dauni mihgumkgdn, phr uk enyn gruzho ngtuni gunk`h bnoin `m in aumrrn qum bnorî `m vmkdr: ¡Jn! _marmsnrî. Msh mstî sugm`dmk`h, y nså qum`nrî. KH gheh nktms qudzî. In chren ms `dcmrmktm. @dcmrmktm, pmrh ms ih edseh. W÷ih in chren ms `dcmrmktm gunk`h in dkstdtuymk `m kumvh. \...U Odmk, ins ghsns mepmhrnrîk `m kumvh. Vrdemrh khs jh`mk. Odmk, ¸kh hgurrd÷ nså bngm eugbh tdmeph8 Vrdemrh ihs jh`dmrhk ghk bneorm. Odmk, gheh em ghkt÷ ed `dcukth pn`rm, mi bneorm bdzh hgurrdr in  aumrrn, `djh äi. (Wuiidvnk äi. (Wuiidvnk >44>: >40) Ed bdp÷tmsds ms qum mi grhkhthph bdst÷rdgh qum enkdcdmstnk mstns `mginrngdhkms ms msmkgdniemktm mi edseh qum mxprmsn mi gdgihgnimk`îrdgh `m ihs >7mepimn`h lntukms (mi `m nþh bhk`n prmbdspîkdgn. Dk`mpmk`dmktmemktm `mi sdstmen shinrrndaneorm grdstdnkh h in gumktn inran), neons ghkgmpgdhkms `m ihs gdgihs bdst÷rdghs sm onsnk mk in edsen neodaun rmingd÷k `m sdedidtu`ms y `dcmrmkgdns. Mk in rum`n `m ihs lntukms, mk mcmgth, in rmpmtdgd÷k bdst÷rdgn kh depidgn in d`mktd`n`, gheh ih `meumstrn in inrauåsden sugmsd÷k `m `msgninorhs dtznms mk mi lntúk 2 Nbnu emkgdhkn`hs mk mi Gbdine Onine `m Gbuenymi (ghk ins cmgbns grdstdnkns mktrm ghrgbmtms): \31?-34?U Cum nonk`hkn`n Gbdgbäk Dtzî `mspuäs `m trmgm `hoimgms `mi lntúk. T sm mstnoimgdmrhk mk Gbnlîk-Vutúk, Gbnlîk-Vutúk, mk sus gnsns, mk mi tdmeph `m mstm lntúk. \4?2-402U Cum nonk`hkn`h Gbnlîk-Vutúk phr ihs bheorms dtznms. T vdkdmrhk n phkmr sus gnsns htrn vmz. Prmgm `hoimgms `mi Lntúk mstuvdmrhk mstnoimgd`hs mk sus gnsns `m GbnlîkVutúk. Mk mstm edseh lntúk cumrhk ihs dtznms n vdvdr onjh ihs îrohims, onjh in gmkdzn, onjh su edsmrdn.  

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\>>2=->?60U Cumrhk `dspmrsn`hs ihs dtznms `m sus gnsns phr smauk`n vmz, phr mi pmgn`h `m pninorn `m Bukngmmi, phr sus niohrhths ghk ihs `m Dzneni. Prmgm `hoimgms `mi lntúk bnoånk mstn`h mstnoimgd`hs, gunk`h cumrhk `dspmrsn`hs phr Bukngmmi, pnrn `nr mi mktmk`dedmkth `m ihs dtznms. \>00>->03>U Cum `mrrueon`n Enynpîk, in neurniin`n, phrqum ihs `m `mtrîs `m in eurniin `mstruymrhk in chrtnimzn, pnrn vngdnr `m in gdu`n` `m Enynpîk mi ph`mr nehkthkn`h mk miin. Ms ginrh qum msths mvmkths shk sdedinrms pmrh kukgn daunims pums sugm`mk mk `dcmrmktms iuanrms y ghk pmrshknjms `dcmrmktms. Wdk meonrah, in rmauinrd`n` ms ghkcdren`n phr in mkuemrngd÷k `m 0 gnshs sugmsdvhs. Vhr miih kh shrprmk`m qum in gnå`n `m ihs dtznms `m Pnynsni mk >341 bnyn ghdkgd`d`h ghk htrh rmarmsh `mi tmrrdoim lntúk 2 Nbnu. Em pnrmgm qum mi nkîidsds qum Jhkms (>424) bngm `m in bdsthrdn `m in rmad÷k n ih inrah `mi sdaih RSDD eumstrn qum in ghkgdmkgdn bdst÷rdgn `m mstn rmpmtdgd÷k mktrm ihs enyns, pmrcmgtnemktm hojmtdvn `mktrh `m sus prmedsns, jua÷ uk pnpmi dephrtnktm mk ihs nghktmgdedmkths. Htrn enkdcmstngd÷k mihgumktm `m mstm grhkhthph y sus mcmgths mk in ngtungd÷k bdst÷rdgn `m ihs enyns ms mi `mi rmarmsh `mi lntúk 4 Nbnu. Mi Gbdine Onine `m Pdzdeåk `msgrdom nså mi pnsh `m mstm lntúk mk mi sdaih RSD: 4 Nbnu cum mi smauk`h lntúk. In Gmimstm Eärd`n cum mi nsdmkth `m in gumktn `mi lntúk< y nbå ghemkz÷ y sm mimv÷ in grdstdnk`n`, qum cum `dcuk`d`n phr mi enivn`h euk`h `m ins tdmrrns `m ihs nirm`m`hrms. T nbå cum mi  prdkgdpdh y in ghkstruggd÷k `m in gnsn `m @dhs qum mstî mk em`dh `m in gdu`n` `m Eärd`n. Ngueuinr trnonjh cum in gnran `mi lntúk. T mk äi ghemkz÷ in shan. T mepmz÷ in cdmorm `m in knrdz y ihs ornzhs, `mi  crdjhi oinkgh mk ins bumrtns, y trnånk ghksdah su vmkmkh y sus shans shorm mi euk`h, y bngånk sucrdr n ihs kdþhs y n ihs bmrenkhs emkhrms, ghk sus `urhs iîtdahs ghk sus `urhs trdouths. T mk äi cum mi arnk rhoh `mi trdouth: cum mi arnk rhoh `m in Grdstdnk`n`. Mk äi cum mi mstnoimgdedmkth `m ihs sdmtm sngrnemkths< in pninorn `m @dhs ms arnk`m. P÷enin y rmgåomin ni iimanr n in gdu`n` `m kumstrhs bmrenkhs enyhrms.  enyhrms.   (M`ehkshk >42?: =4-36) Mk mstn dktmrprmtngd÷k `m ihs sugmshs ngnmgd`hs mktrm >==4 y >=14, in iiman`n `mi grdstdnkdseh ms vnihrn`n phsdtdvnemktm, pmrh in dephsdgd÷k `m in `hedkngd÷k mspnþhin (ghkqudstn, ghkstruggd÷k `m daimsdns, trdouth, mkghedmk`n, mpd`medns, dkqudsdgd÷k) ms juzan`n kmantdvnemktm. Vhr miih kh shrprmk`m qum n ih inrah `mi pmrdh`h ghihkdni mi rmarmsh `mi 4 Nbnu mepmznrn n smr ghkgmod`h gheh ukn kumvn vmkd`n `mi grdstdnkdseh, `dshgdn`h mstn vmz `m in kmcnstn `hedkngd÷k ghihkdni. ]k sugmsh sdedinr, htrn iiman`n `m in gruz, n`qudrdrån uk entdz ghepimtnemktm `dcmrmktm, pums nbhrn smrån omkäcdgh pnrn ihs enyns: Mkthkgms äi \ms `mgdr GrdsthU nonk`hknrî in tdmrrn `m pdm`rn y in tdmrrn `m îrohims pnrn ghkvmrtdrsm niiå mk uk bheorm, pnrn mkthkgms niiå cuk`nr ukn gdu`n`. Niiå kh bnorî mkthkgms kdkaúk zhrrh qum pum`n ehr`mrihs. Wmrî mk Lntúk 4 Nbnu \...U iima÷ mkthkgms, mk mi tdmeph `m in `msnpnrdgd÷k `mi trdouth. Mkthkgms tmredk÷ mi qum miihs tuvdmrnk qum pnanr pnrn mi rmgiutnedmkth `m mjärgdths \phr pnrtm `mU kumstrhs nehs \...U Äi mstî pr÷xdeh n iimanr nquå, mktrm khshtrhs, kumstrh snivn`hr, nqumi Jmsugrdsth, mi aunr`dîk `m kumstrns niens. (_mdcimrOrdglmr >447: 37-30)

 

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Vnrn nqudintnr in phsdoim dephrtnkgdn `m mstn vdsd÷k onstn ghk smþninr qum mi lntúk 4 Nbnu rmarms÷ mi nþh `m >202 (pums mi gdgih sm ghrrd÷ phr in rmchren `m in rum`n `m ihs lntukms n cdknims `mi sdaih RSDDD (M`ehkshk >42?)) y qum in Gruz Vnrinktm y Wnk Junk `m in Gruz sm rmvminrhk n ihs enyns mk >2=6, guepidmk`h mcmgtdvnemktm in prhcmgån `mi lntúk, pums mstm úitdeh pmrshknjm sm hstmktnon gheh Grdsth rmmkgnrkn`h (_mdcimr-Ordglmr >411).  Ni prhphkmr mstn dktmrprmtngd÷k dktmrprmtngd÷k,, _mdcimr-Ordglmr bn sd`h ngusn`n `m d`mnidstn, pums niaukhs prmtmk`mk qum pinktmnr dktmrprmtngdhkms `m mstm tdph, qum dktmktmk thenr mk gumktn in prhpdn ghkgdmkgdn bdst÷rdgn `m ihs dk`åamkns, depidgn `msmstdenr ins gnusns shgdnims hojmtdvns qum vmr`n`mrnemktm rdamk in bdsthrdn (y qum hom`mgmk n ins rmains `mi grhkhthph bdst÷rdgh hggd`mktni). Wdk meonrah, ihs mstu`dhs `m mstm tdph, gn`n vmz eîs kuemrhshs y cmguk`hs, bnk `mehstrn`h qum ukn ngtdtu` nodmrtn qum kh `msgnidcdqum ihs grhkhthphs bdst÷rdghs `m htrns guiturns pmredtm mepmznr n gheprmk`mr su enkmrn `m ngtunr bdst÷rdgnemktm y, shorm th`h, `nrim uk smktd`h. Vnrn iharnrih, kh bny qum dktmktnr rm`ugdr in ghkgdmkgdn njmkn n in prhpdn, kd prmtmk`mr `dshivmr su grhkhthph mk mi hggd`mktni, sdkh phr ih ghktrnrdh rmghkhgmr in nitmrd`n` y dkdgdnr uk `dîihah ghk miin. Ins mrns y sus trnkschrengdhkms

Eîs niiî `m ihs turkhs y in rum`n, mi grhkhthph emshnemrdgnkh ghkgdom mi `mvmkdr `dvd`d`h mk mrns qum sm hrankdznk `m uknemenkmrn idkmni. In knturnimzn mrns, y ins trnkschrengdhkms qum depidgnk, pnrmgmkeîs ghepimjns y miusdvns, phr`mihmstns qum prmsmktnrä úkdgnemktm niaukns bdp÷tmsds. Htrh prhoimen n rmshivmr ms mi `mi arn`h `m dkciumkgdn `mi grhkhthph bdst÷rdgh hggd`mktni mk mstns ghkgmpgdhkms. In enkdcmstngd÷k emjhr ghkhgd`n `m mstn `dvdsd÷k mk mrns ms in sugmsd÷k `m grmngdhkms y `mstruggdhkms qum prmgm`dmrhk in mrn ghseha÷kdgn ngtuni. Mk mstn sugmsd÷k sm gheodkn ukn gdmrtn gdgidgd`n`, pums gn`n mrn ms grmn`n y `mstrud`n mk uk jumah `m cumrzns g÷sedgns ghkstnktms, ghk ukn dkkmanoim idkmnid`n`: ins mrns nktmrdhrms shk ghksd`mrn`ns gheh prmiu`dhs, depmrcmgths, `m in mrn ngtuni< ins buenkd`n`ms nktmrdhrms kh shk eîs qum  vmrsdhkms cniid`ns `m in buenkd`n` prmsmktm< sus nidemkths shk mksnyhs depmrcmgths `mi enåz qum ghkhgmehs. Mstn ghkgmpgd÷k ms mvd`mktm tnkth mk mi Vhphi Sub ( >42=) gheh mk in Imymk`n `m ihs Whims (G÷`dgm Gbdeniphphgn >44?).  Niaukhs nuthrms bmgbh dktmkths, kh euy ghkvdkgmktms, phr d`mktdcdgnr mstns ghseha÷kdgns ghkbnk mtnpns bdst÷rdgns emshnemrdgnkns (Arnuidgb >42?). Ed bdp÷tmsds ms mrns qum eîs ngî `m in `dvdsd÷k mk arnk`ms mrns ghseha÷kdgns, in mrn ngtuni, in `m ihs smrms buenkhs, mstî `dvd`d`n tneodäk mk mrns ginrnemktm `dcmrmktms, qum kh shk `mcdkd`ns phr arnk`ms gntngidsehs g÷sedghs, sdkh phr nghktmgdedmkths buenkhs. Mstns mrns vnk eîs niiî `m ihs gdgihs `dsgutd`hs nrrdon, pums enrgnk trnkschrengdhkms trnkschrengdhkms drrmvmrsdoims mk ihs bheorms y mk ins shgdm`n`ms. @m mstn enkmrn dktrh`ugmk uk cumrtm mimemkth `m idkmnid`n` mk in ghkgmpgd÷k tmephrni emshnemrdgnkn. @hs shk ihs mjmepihs qum pum`h prmsmktnr pnrn `mehstrnr in mxdstmkgdn `m mstn `dvdsd÷k `m ihs grhkhthphs bdst÷rdghs emshnemrdgnkhs mk mrns `dsghktdkuns y sugmsdvns. In bdsthrdn emxdgn pnrmgm ginrnemktm `dvd`d`n mk `dcmrmktms mrns, n gn`n ukn `m ins gunims ghrrmsphk`m uk grhkhthph `dcmrmktm. In prdemrn ms in `m in edarngd÷k, qum sm dkdgdn ghk in pnrtd`n `m Nztink mk uk nþh > Pmgpnti (cmgbn gnran`n `m prhcuk`hs sdeohidsehs) y tmredkn ghk in cuk`ngd÷k `m Eäxdgh mk ukn nþh ? Gniid. Mstn mrn enrgn, ghk su prdkgdpdh, mi cdk `m  

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ukn mrn nktmrdhr: in `m in vd`n mk Nztink. @m mstm pmrdh`h bdst÷rdgh nktmrdhr kh sm snom gnsd kn`n, kh phrqum kh mxdstn, sdkh phrqum in bdsthrdn emxdgn sm `mcdkm gheh uk rhepdedmkth ghk msm pnsn`h: `m nbå qum sm s m dkdgdm ukn kumvn gumktn gnimk`îrdgn. In edarngd÷k ms ukn mrn ghk gnrngtmråstdgns euy pnrtdguinrms: sm `mcdkm phr in oúsqum`n ghkstnktm `m ukn pntrdn, `m uk gmktrh mspngdni, qum sustdtuyn mi qum cum `mjn`h ntrîs. Mk htrh trnonjh (Knvnrrmtm s.c.) bm nknidzn`h ins gnrngtmråstdgns `m ih qum sm pum`m iinenr mi grhkhthph edarnthrdh: mi tdmeph y mi mspngdh shk rmprmsmktn`hs gheh uk ghktdkue  uk ghktdkue , `mcdkd`h phr mi ehvdedmkth `mi pumoih mk ousgn `m su iuanr `m nsmktnedmkth `mcdkdtdvh. Ins ghkvmkgdhkms knrrntdvns `m ihs g÷`dgms rmsnitnk in ukd`n` `m mstm vdnjm, su gnrîgtmr drrmvmrsdoim y ukåvhgh, phr mkgden `m ins eúitdpims pmrdpmgdns qum ih enrgnk. In cuk`ngd÷k `m Eäxdgh enrgn mi cdk `m in mrn edarnthrdn y mi mstnoimgdedmkth `m uk kumvh grhkhthph bdst÷rdgh. Em pnrmgm qum deîamkms gheh in prdemrn iîedkn `mi G÷`dgm Emk`hzn (>414), rmprmsmktnk ginrnemktm mi mstnoimgdedmkth `m Eäxdgh-Pmkhgbtdtink gheh mi gmktrh `mi euk`h n pnrtdr `mi guni adrnrî mk ih sugmsdvh mi tdmeph bdst÷rdgh emxdgn. Mstm gmktrh `mcdkm uk kumvh grhkhthph: in bdsthrdn yn kh ms mi ehvdedmkth `m uk pumoih mk oúsqum`n `m su pntrdn, sdkh in `m in mxpnksd÷k `m mstm edseh pumoih n pnrtdr `m uk gmktrh yn mstnoimgd`h. Mi prhpdh `dhs emxdgn, Budtzdihphgbtid, mxpidgn nså, in enkmrn mk qum sm rmnidznrî mstn mxpnksd÷k: \…U  pnrn qum ed vhiuktn` rdjn mk ihs phoin`hs `m th`ns ins pnrtms mspmrnrä, em mkcrmktnrä n, em \…U pnrn mkghktrnrä ghk ins amktms `m ihs guntrh pukths gnr`dknims   ( ( Gr÷kdgn Gr÷kdgn Emxdgîyhti , ?4). @m nbå qum ihs g÷`dgms qum trntnk `m mstm pmrdh`h n`hptmk ghkvmkgdhkms knrrntdvns rn`dgniemktm `dcmrmktms, gheh in rmprmsmktngd÷k `m ins ghkqudstns (kh `mi gnedkh) y in pmrdh`dzngd÷k mk cukgd÷k `m in ghrhkngd÷k y in eumrtm `m ihs tinthqum (y kh mk cukgd÷k `m in mstnkgdn y pnrtd`n `m iuanrms). Jukth ghk mi grhkhthph gneodnk ihs prhtnahkdstns: `urnktm in edarngd÷k mi pumoih mk su ghkjukth mrn audn`h phr mi `dhs Budtzdihphgbtid< `mspuäs `m in cuk`ngd÷k, th`h adrn nirm`m`hr `m ins cdaurns dk`dvd`unims `m ihs tinthqum y sus bnznþns. Em pnrmgm qum ins rn`dgnims `dcmrmkgdns mk mi grhkhthph `m ins `hs mrns rmcimjnk ins rn`dgnims trnkschrengdhkms mk in knturnimzn bdst÷rdgn `m ihs emxdgns, `m uk pumoih mrrnktm y edsmrnoim n uk depmrdh ghkqudstn`hr y nitnkmrh. ^um ihs prhpdhs dk`åamkns mstnonk ghksgdmktms `mi gnrîgtmrrmghad`h drrmvmrsdoim mstn @urîk trnkschrengd÷k  Nztink, phr `m phr @dmah (>431). ih `meumstrn mi mpdsh`dh `mi cniid`h rmthrkh n Vhr htrn pnrtm, ins mrns emshnemrdgnkns gheodknk in idkmnid`n` `m ins trnkschrengdhkms drrmvmrsdoims ghk ukn gdmrtn gdgidgd`n`. Ihs emxdgns snoånk qum su mspimk`hr depmrdni mstnon ghk`mkn`h n `mrrueonrsm, gheh bnoån gnå`h mi `m ihs thitmgns, guibuns, nghibuns y tmpnkmgns nktms `m miihs. Mstn ghkgdmkgdn kh mrn euy `dcmrmktm n in qum ihs bngån tmemr mi cdk `m su mrn ghseha÷kdgn, qum `msnpnrmgmrån gheh bnoånk `msnpnrmgd`h ins mrns nktmrdhrms. Vhr miih, em pnrmgm knturni qum in iiman`n `m ihs mspnþhims y in ghkqudstn bnynk sd`h dktmrprmtn`hs gheh htrh gneodh `m mrn, uk gneodh sdedinr n ihs qum bnoånk ngnmgd`h nktms. Mstn ghkgmpgd÷k ph`rån mxpidgnr ins niusdhkms ghkstnktms n ihs mspnþhims gheh smrms qum rmthrknonk y mi cniid`h dktmkth `m Ehgtmzuen phr rmcuadnrsm mk Gdkgnigh, gheh ih bnoån bmgbh Buäeng. Htrns nknihaåns mktrm ihs rminths dk`åamkns `m in ghkqudstn `m ihs emxdgns y ihs rminths `m in gnå`n `m in gdu`n` nrqumtåpdgn `m Phiink (htrh gneodh `m mrn bdst÷rdgn), bnk sd`h mkghktrn`ns phr Hidvdmr (>444).  

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In bdp÷tmsds `m qum in ghkqudstn mspnþhin enrg÷ uk gneodh `m mrn mk in ghkgdmkgdn bdst÷rdgn dk`åamkn núk tdmkm qum smr `mehstrn`n pimknemktm. Dauniemktm qum`n phr `mtmredknr bnstn quä pukth ukn ghkgmpgd÷k hrdadknrdnemktm dk`åamkn cum rmchrzn`n phr in d`mn mspnþhin nkîihan qum ghkgmoån in ghkqudstn gheh in iiman`n `mi grdstdnkdseh n Neärdgn y gheh mi dkdgdh `m ukn kumvn mrn grdstdnkn mk msm ghktdkmktm. In npnrmktm gheodkngd÷k `m mstns `hs d`mns npnrmgm mk mi sdaudmktm crnaemkth `m Grdst÷oni `mi Gnstdiih: \…U th`ns ins ghsns msgrdtns mk mstm idorh shk mi cdk, in `mstruggd÷k, in tmredkngd÷k `mi smr \ghstueormU `m ihs emxdgns, `ms`m qum sm mxtmk`d÷ mi naun `dvdkn, in bhaumrn, bnstn qum ihs ghkqudst÷ mi gnpdtîk Bmrknk`h Ghrtäs, Enrquäs `mi Sniim, gunk`h äi dktrh`ujh, bdzh mktrnr phr prdemrn vmz n Eäxdgh Pmkhgbtdtink, `m eh`h qum mktr÷, in `dvdkn iuz, mi `dvdkh rmspink`hr shinr `m Kumstrh Wmþhr, mi úkdgh `dhs  `dhs   @dhs , Jmsugrdsth, su vmr`n`mrn cm, su ghkhgdedmkth, ins `dvdkns pninorns `m su cm. (@mi Gnstdiih >44>: >37)   ymidztid  ), sm dkdgd÷ ghk in mxpnksd÷k `m in In mrn emxdgn, enrgn`n phr su smr h ghstueorm (  ymidztid  aumrrn sngrdcdgdni (mi naun `dvdkn, in bhaumrn) y tmredk÷ ghk in iiman`n `m Ghrtäs y `m ihs rnyhs omkäcdghs `m in kumvn rmidad÷k. Mk htrns pnrtms `m in horn `m @mi Gnstdiih, nprmk`mehs qum in mrn emxdgn (vnihrn`n `m in enkmrn eîs kmantdvn) vdkh n `mstrudr ukn mrn nktmrdhr mk qum ihs pumoihs gnepmsdkhs vdvånk pngåcdgnemktm, n`hrnk`h cnishs `dhsms y kh ni `mehkdh, gheh ihs emxdgns. @m mstn enkmrn, mi nuthr `non in vumitn n in ngusngd÷k gnt÷idgn `m qum th`hs ihs dk`dhs mrnk n`hrn`hrms `mi `mehkdh. ]kn ghkgmpgd÷k sdedinr `m in ghkqudstn mspnþhin y in iiman`n `mi grdstdnkdseh sm mkgumktrn mk mstn prhcmgån enyn `mi Gbdine `mi Gbdine Onine `m Gbuenymi : Mk mi Prmgm Nbnu, mk ins phstrdemråns `mi lntúk, smrî nrrhiin`h mi Dtzî y rh`nrî Pnkgnb, Vn`rm. Mk smþni `mi úkdgh @dhs `m ih nith iimanrî mi Îrohi Wnarn`h, enkdcmstîk`hsm n th`hs pnrn qum smn diuedkn`h mi euk`h, Vn`rm. \...U @mspmrtnrî in tdmrrn phr mi khrtm y phr mi phkdmktm. Dtzne `mspmrtnrî. \...U _mgdod` n vumstrhs buäspm`ms qum tdmkmk onron y shk `m ins tdmrrns `mi hrdmktm, ghk`ugthrms `m in smþni `m @dhs, Vn`rm. Oumkn y snodn ms in pninorn `m @dhs qum vdmkm n vhshtrhs. Sdmkm mi `ån `m vumstrn vd`n. Kh ih pmr`îds nquå mk mi euk`h, Vn`rm. "Pú mrms mi úkdgh @dhs qum khs grmnstm": nså smrî in ohk`n`hsn pninorn `m @dhs, Vn`rm, `mi Enmstrh `m kumstrns niens. Mi qum rmgdodmrm ghk th`n su cm, ni gdmih trns äi drî. Vmrh ms mi prdkgdpdhghk `m ihs bheorms `mi Wmauk`h Pdmeph.`mGunk`h imvnktmk su smþni mk nith, gunk`h in imvnktmk mi Îrohi `m Sd`n, th`h gneodnrî uk ahipm. T npnrmgmrî mi sugmshr `mi prdemr îrohi `m in tdmrrn y smrî enkdcdmsth pnrn th`hs. Mi sdakh `mi úkdgh @dhs `m nrrdon, äsm bnoräds `m n`hrnr, Dtznms. N`hrn` mi kumvh sdakh `m ihs gdmihs, n`hrn`ih ghk vhiuktn` mktmrn, n`hrn` ni vmr`n`mrh @dhs qum ms ästm, Vn`rm. Emtm` mk vhshtrhs in pninorn `m @dhs Úkdgh, Vn`rm. @mi gdmih vdmkm mi qum `mrrnen in pninorn pnrn vhshtrhs, pnrn vdvdcdgnr vumstrh mspårdtu, Dtznms. Nenkmgmrî pnrn nqumiihs qum grmnk, `mktrh `mi Lntuk qum sdaum, Vn`rm. T yn mktrn mk in khgbm ed pninorn. Th qum shy Gbdine Onine, bm mxpidgn`h in pninorn `m @dhs shorm mi euk`h, pnrn qum in hdan th`n in arnk ghenrgn `m mstn tdmrrn, Vn`rm. Ms in pninorn `m @dhs, Wmþhr `mi gdmih y `m in tdmrrn. (Gbdine Onine `m Gbuenymi >422: >20->2=) Mstm pnsnjm pnrmgm ghkcdrenr qum pnrn ihs enyns in iiman`n `m ihs mspnþhims y `mi grdstdnkdseh tneodäk enrg÷ uk gneodh `m mrn. M`ehkshk ncdren qum mk tdmeph ghihkdnims in rum`n `m ihs lntukms cum rmchren`n pnrn bngmr qum mi lntúk >> Nbnu, mi `m in ghkqudstn, sm ghkvdrtdmrn mk mi dkdgdh `m in edsen. (M`ehkshk >42?: >1)

 

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Mi tmxth `m Gbuenymi pum`m mxpidgnr in ghkstnktm prmhgupngd÷k enyn n ih inrah `m in äphgn ghihkdni phr nprhpdnrsm `m in rmidad÷k grdstdnkn y ghkvmrtdrin mk in onsm `m uk kumvh hr`mk shgdni idorm `m in `hedkngd÷k mspnþhin, ukn prmhgupngd÷k qum sm bdzh pnrtdguinremktm mvd`mktm mk in rmomid÷k `m Gnkgug y mk in Aumrrn `m Gnstns. Vnrmgdmrn, mk mcmgth, qum ihs enyns pmrgdodmrhk in iiman`n `m ukn kumvn rmidad÷k gheh in nkuingd÷k `m sus nktdauns grmmkgdns. Dauniemktm dktmrmsnktm ms mi bmgbh `m qum nuk mstn rupturn drrmvmrsdoim `mi hr`mk rmidadhsh, mi imvnktnrsm `m uk kumvh îrohi `m in vd`n, pu`h smr dkghrphrn`h mk mi grhkhthph bdst÷rdgh enyn, y sm pu`h ghkstrudr uk mcdgnz prharnen phiåtdgh `m n`nptngd÷k y nprhpdngd÷k `m in kumvn rmnid`n`. Ihs grhkhthphs y in ’pimkdtu`― `mi tdmeph

Mstns rmcimxdhkms ghk`ugmk n ukn `hoim ghkgiusd÷k. Mk prdemr iuanr ghkcdrenk mi vnihr y mi ph`mr mxpidgntdvh `mi ghkgmpth `m grhkhthph tni gheh cum `mcdkd`h phr Onjtdk. Mk smauk`h iuanr, suadmrmk qum in ’pimkdtu`― `mi tdmeph qum mstm nuthr ghihgnon gheh rmcmrmktm `m ihs grhkhthphs ms eugbh eîs miusdvn y ghepimjn `m ih qum äi edseh pmksnon. Mk mcmgth, em pnrmgm qum in idkmnid`n`, drrmvmrsdodid`n` y ukdgd`n` `mi grhkhthph bdst÷rdgh hggd`mktni ms uk phorm rmcimjh `m msn ’pimkdtu`―. Mi bmgbh `m qum in ghkgdmkgdn bdst÷rdgn eh`mrkn mi tdmeph gheh ukn y idkmni, `ms`m mi Oday Onka bnstnghkgdon mi prmsmktm, kh depidgn qumghktdkud`n` kh mxdstnk, dkdktmrruepd`n `ms`m ihs ehvdedmkths tmrrmstrms mstminrms bnstn ihs rdtehs odhi÷adghs, ukn piäthrn `m gdgihs eugbh eîs ghepimjhs dksmrths `mktrh `m msn idkmnid`n`. @m bmgbh, in tmhrån `m in rmintdvd`n` tdmkm ukn ghkgmpgd÷k `mi tdmeph eugbh eîs ghepimjn qum in qum sm enkmjn mk mi grhkhthph bdst÷rdgh hggd`mktni. Mk msm smktd`h, in ghkgmpgd÷k idkmni `mi tdmeph ms ukn ginrn sdepidcdgngd÷k qum kd sdqudmrn sm sustmktn mk ins d`mns cåsdgns shorm ästm. Vhr htrn pnrtm, shk dkkmanoims ihs mcmgths kmcnsths `m ukn vdsd÷k qum pnrtm `m in dephsdgd÷k `m ukn vmr`n` y rnz÷k úkdgns y `m in `mstruggd÷k `m ih mxdstmktm mk nrns `m uk cuturh emjhr qum kh mxdstm th`nvån. Mk ghktrnstm, mi grhkhthph emshnemrdgnkh, ghk su ghepimjåsdeh jumah `m turkhs, gdgihs y trnkschrengdhkms drrmvmrsdoims, pnrmgm eîs gmrgnkh n ukn  vmr`n`mrn ’pimkdtu`―. ’pimkdtu`―. Wdk meonrah, bny qum pnrtdr `m in prmedsn `m qum in pimkdtu` `mi tdmeph ms dknignkznoim phr `mcdkdgd÷k. grhkhthph buenkh pnrtm `m `mtmredkngdhkms guiturnims, `mGuniqudmr prmedsns dk`mehstrnoims (cdkgn`ns mk inkmgmsnrdnemktm ghkgmpgd÷k guiturni `m in rmnid`n`) y phr ih tnkth ghkstruym uk sdstmen qum ms rngdhkni y cukgdhkni, pmrh qum kh nonrgn in rmnid`n` mk så. Mk mstm smktd`h ph`rånk npidgnrsm ins rmcimxdhkms `m Qmomr shorm ins chrens `m rngdhknid`n` y sus iåedtms dkmsgnpnoims. Mstn ghkstntngd÷k, n su vmz, depidgn ukn ghkgiusd÷k prîgtdgn y ehrni. Wd kh ph`mehs mstnr gdmrths `m in supmrdhrd`n` `m kumstrh grhkhthph, y `m kumstrn guiturn, mkthkgms kumstrn ngtdtu` bngdn ins `meîs guiturns yn kh `mom smr mxpidgnrins pnrn ph`mrins dktmarnr n kumstrn ghkgmpgd÷k `m in rmnid`n` y `mi `mvmkdr bdst÷rdgh, sdkh dktmktnr `dnihanr ghk miins pnrn gheprmk`mrins rmspmtnk`h sdmeprm su nitmrd`n` cuk`nemktni. ODOIDHA_NCÅN:

 

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 Naudrrm Omitrîk, Ahkznih >416’Mkg >416’Mkgumktrh umktrh shorm dk`damkdseh mk Eäxdgh―, mk  Neärdgn Dk`åamkn   Onjtdk, Edjndi >42>’Chres hc Pdem nk` hc tbm Gbrhkhthpm dk tbm Khvmi. Khtms thwnr`s n Onlbtdk,Onjtdk, Bdsthrdgni Vhmtdgs―, mk Pbm @dnihadgni Denadkntdhk. Chur Mssnys oy E. E. Onlbtdk, Onjtdk, Edjndi, ,  Nustdk, ]kdvmrsdty hc hc Pmxns Vrmss, , pp. 20-?=2. 20-?=2. Omkjnedk, Qnitmr >417’Pmsds `m cdihshcån `m in bdsthrdn―, mk @dsgurshs mk @dsgurshs dktmrruepd`hs D , En`rd`,  Pnurus M`dgdhkms, >417, >417, pp. >1=->4?. Odmrbhrst, Jhbk, m`. >42= >42=   Gnktnrms Emxdgnkhs. Whkas hc tbm Nztmgs , Wtnkchr`, Wtnkchr` ]kdvmrsdty Vrmss. Orhwk, Edgbnmi C. >44>’Omyhk` _msdstnkgm: N Ghepnrntdvm Wtu`y hc ]thpdnk _mkmwni dk  Nenzhkdn―, mk Mtbkhbdsthryv  mk Mtbkhbdsthryv hi. hi. 72, >44>, k. 0, pp. 722-0>7 Gnrpmktdmr, Nimjh >41? Ihs >41? Ihs pnshs pmr`d`hs , Onrgmihkn, Onrrni M`dthrms. Gbdine Onine `m Gbuenymi >422 Idorh >422 Idorh `m Gbdine Onine `m Gbuenymi , Eäxdgh @.C., Wmgrmtnrån `m M`ugngd÷k Vúoidgn (Gdmk `m Eäxdgh). G÷`dgm Gbdeniphphgn >44? \>40=U G÷`dgm \>40=U G÷`dgm Gbdeniphphgn. Nknims `m Gunubtdtink y Imymk`n `m ihs Whims , Eäxdgh, ]KNE-DDB, (Vrdemrn Wmrdm Vrmbdspîkdgn >). G÷`dgm Emk`hgdkh >414  >414  G÷`dgm Emk`hgdkh, Emk`hgdkh, Mrkmsth `m in Phrrm Sdiinr, m`., Eäxdgh, Wnk  Îkami M`dgdhkms. Gr÷kdgn Emxdgnyhti >44?Pmzhz÷ehg, Cmrknk`h Nivnrn`h, Gr÷kdgn Emxdgîyhti , Eäxdgh, ]KNE-DDB, >44?, \>404U, (Vrdemrn Wmrdm Vrmbdspîkdgn 7). @mi Gnstdiih, Grdst÷oni >44> Bdsthrdn >44> Bdsthrdn `m in vmkd`n `m ihs emxdgnkhs y htrhs pumoihs m Bdsthrdn `m in ghkqudstn ,`miCm`mrdgh trn`., Eäxdgh, @.C., DKNB/AS M`dthrms/Whgdm`n` `m  Nedahs Pmepih Knvnrrmtm, Enyhr, (Ghimggd÷k @dvuiangd÷k). @dvuiangd÷k). @urîk, Crny @dmah >431  >431  Bdsthrdn `m ins Dk`dns `m Kumvn Mspnþn , Eäxdgh, M`dthrdni Vhrrún (Odoidhtmgn Vhrrún 73). M`ehkshk, Eukrh W., m`. >42? Pbm >42? Pbm Nkgdmkt Cuturm hc tbm Dtzn. Pbm Ohhl hc Gbdine Onine hc Pdzdedk , Nustdk, ]kdvmrsdty hc Pmxns Vrmss. Arnuidgb, Edgbmi >42?  >42?  Eytbms mt rdtumis `u Emxdqum nkgdmk präbdspnkdqum , Orusmins, Ngn`äedm _hynims `m Omiadqum.  Jhkms, Arnkt @. >424 Enyn >424 Enyn _msdstnkgm th Wpnkdsb _uim. Pdem nk` Bdsthry hk n Ghihkdni Crhktdmr ,  Niouqumrqum, ]kdvmrsdty ]kdvmrsdty hc Kmw Emxdg Emxdghh Vrmss. Lhsmiimgl, _mdkbnrt, >447’Bdsthrdn, bdsthrdns y mstrugturns chrenims `mi tdmeph―, mk Cuturh mk  Cuturh  pnsn`h. Vnrn ukn smeîktdgn `m ihs tdmephs bdst÷rdghs , Onrgmihkn, M`dgdhkms Vnd`hs, >447, pp. >?1>06. Enk`mi, Mrkmst >426 >426   Prntn`h `m mghkheån enrxdstn , Eäxdgh, M`dgdhkms Mrn, (Ghimggd÷k Vhpuinr). EgIhuabidk, Qdiidne >446’Abhst @nkgm Ehvmemkts: Whem Pbhuabts hk @mcdkdtdhk Onsm` hk Gbmrhlmm Bdsthry―, mk Mtbkhbdsthryv  mk  Mtbkhbdsthryv hi. hi. 71, >446, k. >, pp. ?=-00 Euþhz Gnenrah, @dmah >423’_mingd÷k amharîcdgn `m Pinxgnin―, mk _mingdhkms Amharîcdgns `mi Wdaih RSD: Eäxdgh, Nguþn,  Nguþn, _mkä, m`., Eäxdgh, Eäxdgh, ]KNE-DDN, Shi. 0, pp. ??4-?34 Knvnrrmtm, Cm`mrdgh s.c. ’Pbm pntb crhe Nztink th Emxdgh, hk vdsuni knrrntdhk dk Emshnemrdgnk gh`dgms―, mk _ms. mk _ms. Nmstbmtdgs nk` Nktbrhphihay , mk prmksn. Hidvdmr, Audibme, >444’Mktrm trnksarmsd÷k y rmkngdedmkth, mi pnpmi `m in mordm`n` mk ihs edths `mi Eäxdgh nktdauh―, mk Mi mk Mi bärhm mktrm mi edth y in bdsthrdn , Audibme Hidvdmr y Cm`mrdgh Knvnrrmtm, m`s., Eäxdgh, Dkstdtuth `m Dkvmstdangdhkms Bdst÷rdgns-GMEGN. Vhphi Sub >42=  >42=  Vhphi Sub. Pbm Enynk Ohhl hc tbm @nwk hc Idcm , @mkkds Pm`ihgl, trn`., Kumvn Thrl, Wdehk nk` Wgbustmr. _mdcimr Ordglmr, Sdgthrdn >411’Pbm Gnstm Qnr hc Tugntîk: Pbm Bdsthry hc n Eytb nk` tbm Eytb hc Bdsthry―, mk  Nktbrhphihay nk` Bdsthry dk Tugntîk, Jhkms,  Jhkms, Arnkt @., m`., Nustdk, Pbm ]kdvmrsdty hc Pmxns Vrmss (Pmxns Vnk Nemrdgnk Wmrdms), pp. ?=>-?=2 >447 Mi >447  Mi Grdsth dk`åamkn, mi _my kntdvh, kntdvh, Eäxdgh, @.C., Chk`h `m Guiturn Mghk÷edgn.  

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Cihrmktdkh, Eäxdgh, Nrgbdvh Amkmrni `m in Kngd÷k. >422  Wnbnaúk, Omrknr`dkh `m >414 G÷`dgm >414 G÷`dgm Cihrmktdkh, >422  Bdsthrdn Amkmrni `m ins Ghsns `m in Kumvn Mspnþn,Anrgån Mspnþn,Anrgån ^udktnkn, Jhsmcdkn y Nicrm`h I÷pmz  Nustdk, m`s., En`rd`, Nidnkzn Nidnkzn M`dthrdni (Nid (Nidnkzn nkzn ]kdvmrsd`n`, =36). =36). Wtmrk, Wtmvm J. >42?  >42?  Ihs pumoihs dk`åamkns `mi Vmrú y mi `msncåh `m in ghkqudstn mspnþhin , En`rd`,  Nidnkzn M`dthrdni (Nidnkzn (Nidnkzn Neärdgn,4). Wuiidvnk, Vnui >44>  >44>  Ghkvmrsngdhkms dkghkgiusns. Enyns y mxtrnkjmrhs mktrm `hs aumrrns , Eäxdgh, M`dthrdni Am`dsn.  Pm`ihgl, Onronrn >44? Pdem >44? Pdem nk` tbm Bdabink` Enyn , Niouqumrqum, ]kdvmrsdty hc Kmw Emxdgh Vrmss. Htrh , Eäxdgh, @.C., Wdaih  Ph`hrhv, Pzvmtnk >44? >44?   In ghkqudstn `m Neärdgn. Mi prhoimen `mi Htrh, RRD M`dthrms.

 

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