Baijan Savalan Flaresim 03022015 Reva
Short Description
Flaresim Handy Manual...
Description
HANDY MANUAL Program “FLARESIM” (Version 4.0)
Off/On shore Flare Stack Design
Issue Status Prepared by
: : :
Feb. ‐ 2015 For Process Department Internal Use Only Senior PE Baijan Savalan Paraf
d.d.
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Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Main application area of the Flaresim .......................................................................................................... 3 Example 1 ‐ Offshore Flare Stack Design .................................................................................................. 4 Initial Setup ........................................................................................................................................... 4 Initial Calculations ............................................................................................................................... 10 Example 2 – Sonic Tip Design .................................................................................................................. 12 Initial Setup ......................................................................................................................................... 12 Initial Calculations ............................................................................................................................... 13 Compare Results ..................................................................................................................................... 14 Example 3 ‐ Onshore Flare Stack Design ................................................................................................. 16 Initial Setup ......................................................................................................................................... 16 Initial Calculations ............................................................................................................................... 23 Resizing the stack length ..................................................................................................................... 24
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Introduction Flaresim is a program designed to assist engineers in the evaluation of the thermal radiation and noise from flare systems. Flaresim also evaluates the temperatures of surfaces exposed to the thermal radiation from flare systems. The program can analyse complex systems with multiple flare tips on multiple flare stacks. Pipe flares, sonic flares and liquid burners may be modeled using a range of algorithms including those recommended by API RP‐521 guidelines for flare system design. However it is notable that Flaresim is a tool which cannot replace sound engineering judgment. Flaresim is applicable to the design of flare systems for offshore platforms, gas plants, refineries and chemical plants.
Main Application Area of the Flaresim The purpose of this document is to provide an introduction to the use of Flaresim based on the examples which will show how Flaresim may be used to calculate thermal radiation, noise and exposed surfaces temperatures arising from flaring at one or more flare stacks. The examples begin with flare stack designs for offshore and onshore situations which are then refined and expanded. The examples attempt to highlight some of the critical parameters to be considered when designing a safe flare system.
Example 1 ‐ Offshore Flare Stack Design Example 2 ‐ Sonic Tip Design Example 3 – Onshore Flare Stack Design
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Example 1 ‐ Offshore Flare Stack Design This example is based on the design of a stack for an offshore facility. It covers the creation of the model sizing calculations and comparison of Pipe Tip and Sonic Tip performance options. It is assumed that an inclined flare boom will be used mounted on the side of the platform which faces the prevailing wind. The design is to be based on thermal radiation limits as follows: * * *
4.732 kW/m2 at the base of the flare stack. 1.893 kW/m2 at the helideck located 46 meters from the side of the platform and 9 m above the base of the flare stack.
The following design data is available Fluid Material Flow Mol Wt. Vapour Temperature Heat of combustion Heat Capacity ratio Tip Diameter Wind Velocity
Hydrocarbon Vapour 45359 kg/hr 46.1 149 oC 50008 kJ/kg 1.1 18 in 9 m/s
Initial Setup 1. Start the Flaresim program. 2. In the opening, set the unit to European Field as shown. Then click the Next button to move to the Fluid definition tab. 3. In the Fluid tab, enter the following data items, using the tab key or the mouse to move from field to field. Temperature = 149 oC Mole Weight = 46.1 LHV = 50008 kJ/kg Cp/Cv = 1.1 Note that some of these values (e.g Temperature or Cp/Cv) are originally displayed in purple colour denoting a default value. When you entered a value the colour changes to blue denoting a user specified value.
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The full list of colours used by Flaresim to display values is: Purple Red Blue Grey Black
Fxed default value Calculated default values User specified value Fixed, unchangeable input value Calculated result
The remaining values for Ref Pressure, Low Explosive Limit (LEL) and Saturation can be left at their default values. The finished view is shown below
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Note that Flaresim requires the lower heating value for a fluid for its calculations. It is assumed that the value given is the lower, net heating value rather than the higher, gross heating value. When the entries are complete click the Next button. 4. In the Tip tab select the tip type to a Pipe Tip. In the drop down selection for the F Factor method select the Generic Pipe method. The F Factor, i.e. the fraction of heat radiated by the flame, is a critical design parameter for flare system design. The Generic Pipe correlation has been developed to predict F Factors across a range of exit velocities and fluid molecular weights and is generally recommended for initial calculations. 5. In the Tip tab, enter the Fluid Mass Flow Rate as 45359 kg/hr. After this entry has been completed, the Tip Diameter field is updated to show the tip diameter required for the default Mach number of 0.45. In this example the tip diameter is 18 in so the calculated value will be updated to 18 in. The Mach number will be updated to 0.199 to indicate the velocity for the new diameter. When all the required inputs are completed, the view should be as shown below. Click the Next button to move to the next tab.
6. In the next tab, the Environment tab, enter the wind speed. Since the value given is 9 m/s. If you wish to see other value, first select the unit then enter the value.
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The remaining items can be left at their default values namely Wind Direction as 0 (i.e. North), Temperature 15 oC, Humidity 10% and the User Transmissivity 1.0 with the Transmissivity Method set to “User specified”. Note this default transmissivity method with a specified transmissivity value of 1.0 is the most conservative option. The final input is to remove the tick from the check box labeled “Include Solar Radiation” which means that the specified solar radiation value will NOT be added to the calculated value of flare radiation. Including solar radiation leads to a more conservative design and its inclusion is recommended by API 521. However some sources suggest it can be excluded. Solar radiation can have a significant impact on the flare design when low radiation values are considered. Since a low design radiation is considered for the Helideck in this case the solar radiation can be excluded for this example. The completed view is shown below. Click the Next button to continue.
7. In the Stack tab, select the Vertical Orientation to 60 degrees from horizontal. Then set the Stack Horizontal Orientation angle to 0 (i.e. North.) The Stack Length will be left unspecified to let Flaresim calculate it. The completed form is shown below. Click the Next button to continue
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8. In the Receptors tab, click on the default receptor point “RP_1” and rename it to “Stack Base”. Set its Distance Downwind from Stack to 0 m and confirm that the Allowable Radiation for the point is 4.732 kW/m2. Now click the Add button to create an additional receptor point for the radiation at the Helideck and enter the location as Northing ‐45.72 m, Easting 0 m, Elevation 9.14 m and the radiation limit as 1.893 kW/m2. The completed form is shown below. Click the Next button to continue.
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9. In the Calculations tab, select the check box to set the Calculation Method to Mixed and set the Flame Elements to 25. The Mixed method is a compromise designed to give the best accuracy for calculating radiation both close to and further away from the flame. As such it is a good default method. 25 flame elements is usually sufficient to calculate the flame shape with a reasonable degree of accuracy. The completed view is shown below. The Setup Wizard is completed now. So click the Finish button.
10. When the Finish button is clicked, the data is taken to create the Flaresim objects which are needed for the initial model. The Case Navigator view will be displayed to list all of these objects as shown below. At this point you can open each objects view by double clicking on them to see how the setup has been initialised the values.
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Initial Calculations The design is ready to run. Click to “Calculate” at the top of the Case Navigator. The button will change to show a progress bar as the calculation runs. Messages will be output to the Error/Warnings/Info log to show progress as shown below. When calculations are complete the colour of the log panel will change to summarise the status of the calculations. A green colour indicates success, yellow that some warnings were generated and red that errors were encountered. We can now review the results. Click Stack 1 in the Case Navigator view and click the View button. The view will show that the stack length has been calculated as 75.10 m. Double click the Grid 1 item in the Radiation tab. Then select Plot in the Display drop down. The radiation isopleths are displayed as shown below.
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Finally open the Receptor summary view by double clicking the “Receptor Point” branch label in the Case Navigator. As shown below, the Radiation Results line shows that our design radiation limit of 1.893 kW/m2 has been met for the Helideck receptor while the radiation value at the Stack Base receptor is lower than its allowed value limit at 2.418 kW/m2.
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Example 2 – Sonic Tip Design The design produced in Example 1 meets our design radiation limits but requires a long 75.10 m stack. Since we are designing a flare stack for an offshore platform we wish to minimise the length and hence the weight of the flare stack as much as possible. Therefore we will attempt to reduce the required flare stack length by redesigning the system using a sonic flare tip.
Initial Setup The fluid data, environmental data and radiation limits are the same as for Example 1. 1. Create a new tip by selecting the Tip branch in the Case Navigator view and then clicking the Add button or by selecting the Add ‐ Tip drop down menu option. On the Details tab of the Tip view that opens enter the following data: Name=‐ “Sonic Tip” Tip Type =‐ Sonic Number of Tips = 1 Seal Type = None Fraction Heat Radiated Method = High Efficiency 2. On the Noise Input tab of the Tip view enter the following data: Combustion Noise Method = Standard Reference. 3. Move to the Location & Dimensions tab and enter the following data: On Stack = Main Stack Length = 1 m Angle to Horizontal = 90 Angle to North = 0 Exit Diameter = 18 in Riser Diameter = 18 in Contraction Coefficient = 1.0 (default) Exit Loss Coefficient = 1.0 (default) Roughness = 9.843e‐4 in (default) Calc Sonic Opening = Selected 4. Click on the Fluids tab and enter the following: Fluid Name = Flared Gas Fluid Mass Flow = 45359 kg/hr 5. At this point the Status Text at the bottom of the Tip view should indicate that the tip data is complete. Close the view. Page 12 of 25
6. In the Case Summary, select the branch labeled Tip 1 and then click the Ignore button.
Initial Calculations The design is ready to run the calculations. Once Flaresim has finished calculating, check the Errors/Warnings/Info log panel to confirm that the expected calculations for the two Receptor Points have been completed. Open the Stack view for the Main Stack. The new length calculated for the stack is 20.61 m.
Open the Receptor Summary view. As shown below, this indicates that the Stack Base receptor point is now the controlling limit since the thermal radiation at this point is still calculated as 4.731 kW/m2. The radiation at the Helideck receptor point is 1.714 kW/m2. Page 13 of 25
Compare Results The new design with the sonic flare tip is clearly better since it leads to a much shorter stack that will save a great amount of weight and hence cost over our initial design using the pipe flare tip. It is worth doing a detailed comparison to understand the difference between the designs. The fraction of heat radiated value for the Pipe flare design is 0.35 while that for the Sonic design is 0.1.
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By selecting the Flaresim method calculate the fraction of heat radiated in both designs, the program is calculated an appropriate value for the different tips. However since this is such an important factor in the design, the heat radiation factor to be used should be confirmed with your flare system vendor prior to the final design.
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Example 3 ‐ Onshore Flare Stack Design This example is based on the design of a stack for an onshore facility. It covers the creation of the model step by step using the stack sterile area calculation and sizing using the maximum radiation in a grid during a General Power Failure (GPF) scenario. The sterile area will be calculated at an elevation of 2m which represents the typical head height for personnel. The following design data is available Stack Name Location Length Inclination Orientation
Tip Name Type Length Inclination Orientation Exit Diameter 36 in Riser Diameter 36 in Mass Flow Fluid Name Ref Pressure Temperature Composition Methane Ethane Propane i‐Butane n‐Butane i‐Pentane n‐Pentane n‐Hexane
LP Flare At origin, 0, 0, 0 85 m Vertical 0 deg
Pipe Flare ‐ GPF 300t‐h Pipe 0 m Vertical 0 deg
300,000 kg/h
Flare Gas GPF 1.5 bara 160 C Mole Basis 0.20 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.15 0.02 0.02 0.01
Initial Setup 1. Start the Flaresim program. 2. In the opening, set the unit to European Field as shown. Then click the Next button to move to the Fluid definition tab. 3. On the Properties tab of the Fluid view that opens enter the following data: Page 16 of 25
Name = Flare Gas GPF Calculation Method = REFPROP Temperature = 160C Pressure = 1.5 bara Move to Options tab and enter the information below: Correct Temperatures = Yes Isentropic Efficiency = 0% Flash Method = PR (default) When the Isentropic Efficiency is set to 0% Flaresim will follow an isenthalpic thermodynamic path to bring the fluid from the reference Temperature &Pressure down to the pressure at the tip exit. In the composition tab add the components and fraction in mole basis as give above. Flaresim calculates the fluid properties after running the model if REFPROP thermo package is selected.
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4. On the Overall tab of the Environment view that opens enter the following data: Name = 9D ‐ No Solar ‐ No Aten. Wind Speed = 9 m/s Wind Direction = 0 (wind blowing from the North) Include Solar Radiation = No (box unchecked) API 521 states that solar radiation should be considered on a case by case basis. Consideration should be given to the frequency of the flaring event, the probability of personnel being present in the exposed location, the ease or difficulty of scape from the exposed location, etc. Accounting for these criteria and the fact that the scenario subject to study represents an emergency scenario the solar radiation will be excluded in this example. Transmissivity Method = User Specified Transmissivity Value = 1 A value of 1 is the most conservative option as it does not take credit for atmospheric attenuation. Other Parameters = leave as default Move to Dispersion Data tab and enter the following data: Correct W. Speed for Height = Yes This option will use a wind speed vs height curve to correct the speed defined in the Overall tab and will have an effect on both radiation and temperature calculations. Other Parameters = leave as default
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5. Select the Stack tab and enter the following data: Name = LP Flare Stack located at the origin: Northing = 0 m Easting = 0 m Elevation = 0 m Length = 85m Angle to Horizontal = 90 deg Angle From North = 0 deg Size This Stack = No (box unchecked) Move to Sterile Area tab and enter the following data: Sterile Area Elevation = 2m (head height) Calculate Sterile Area = Yes Page 19 of 25
Update the radiation table with the following limit values: 1.6 kW/m2 (For continuous exposure from API 521) 3.2 kW/m2 (Allowed during emergency escape) 4.7 kW/m2 (For 2min emergency actions from API 521) 6. Select the Tips and enter the following data: Name = Pipe Flare ‐ GPF 300t‐h Tip Type = Pipe Number of Burners = 1 Seal Type = None Fraction Heat Radiated Method = Generic Pipe Generic pipe F factor is a proprietary correlation based on refitting other methods across a range of exit velocities and molecular weights and represents a good approach when modeling gas pipe tips. On the Noise Input tab of the Tip view enter the following data: Combustion Noise Method = Standard Reference. Move to the Location & Dimensions tab and enter the following data: On Stack = LP Flare Length = 0 m Angle to Horizontal = 90 deg Angle to North = 0 deg Exit Diameter = 36 in Burner Opening = 100% Riser Diameter = 36 in Roughness = 0.025 mm (default) Calc Burner Opening = No (box unchecked) Click on the Fluids tab and enter the following: Fluid Name = "Flare Gas GPF" Mass Flow = 300,000 kg/h
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At this point the Status Text at the bottom of the Tip view should indicate that the tip data is complete. Since we are interested in studying the radiation at head height, we will create a receptor grid to plot the radiation contours at this height. On the Extent tab enter the following data: Name = Grid @ Head Height Grid Plane = Northing‐Easting Elevation Offset = 2m (head height) Northing Min = ‐250 m Northing Max = 50 m Northing Points = 41 Easting Min = ‐150 m Easting Max = 150 m Easting Points = 41
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We can customise the isopleth lines displayed on the plot. On the Radiation tab change the display to Plot and click on the Customise button to open the plot properties view. Go to Contour Details tab and select the check boxes to show only the isopleth values for 1.6, 3.2 and 4.7 kW/m2.
7. Finally we need to select a radiation method to perform the calculations. Open the Calculation Options view in the Case Navigator, select "Mixed" radiation method and set the No. Flame Elements to 25.
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Initial Calculations The design can be run and to review the results. Open the "LP Flare" view and go to the Sterile Area tab. The distances to meet each of the specified radiation limits are displayed on the table as shown below.
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Open the Receptor Grid view to inspect the isopleths plot by clicking on the Radiation tab and then selecting Plot as the Display option. It presents the contours for the radiation limits of interest at head height, the same as the sterile area calculation.
The model produced for the existing flare is calculated a distance of 120 m from the flare base to the 4.7 kW/m2 radiation limit. Due to the proximity of process equipment and activities taking place in the vicinity of the flare the extent of the calculated sterile are is not acceptable. The flare height needs to meet a maximum permitted radiation level 4.7 kW/m2 on a horizontal plane elevated 2m from ground (head height).
Resizing the stack length 1. Open the "LP Flare" view and enable the Size This Stack check box under the Details tab. 2. Open the "Grid @ Head Height" view, select the Max Radiation tab and enter a Sizing Constraint of 4.7 kW/m2. Close the view. 3. Create a grid for the vertical cross‐section through the axis of the flare to visualise radiation levels at different elevations.
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On the Extent tab enter the following data: Name = Elevation Grid Grid Plane = Elevation‐Northing Easting Offset = 0 m Elevation Min = 0 m Elevation Max = 300 m Elevation Points = 41 Northing Min = ‐250 m Northing Max = 50 m Northing Points = 41 4. Run the design. 5. The sizing calculations are completed now. 6. Check the results. Open the "LP Flare" view, the stack height has been increased to 106m to meet the 4.7 kW/m2 at head height. The location of the maximum radiation point at 2m of elevation is displayed in the Max Radiation tab of "Grid @ Head Height" is 51m downwind as shown below.
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