Bacterial infections - Pediatrics part 2
Short Description
Bacterial infections - Pediatrics part 2...
Description
Neisseria gonorrheae
Bacterial Infections (Part 2)
Ma. Anna P. Bañez, M.D. Department of Child Health
• Non‐motile, aerobic, non‐spore forming, gram negative, intracellular diplococcus with flattened adjacent surfaces
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology • Infection only in humans • Transmission: intimate contact; rarely, fomites • Infection in newborn generally acquired during delivery – Acute infection begins 2‐5 days after birth • Most common STI in sexually abused children
Clinical Manifestations Asymptomatic Gonorrhea – Pharyngeal gonococcal infection – Rectal carriage (40‐60%)
• Infects primarily Columnar Epithelium • Mucosal invasion local inflammatory response purulent exudate (PMN, serum and desquamated epithelium) • Gonococcal Lipo‐Oligosaccharide (Endotoxin) exhibits direct cytotoxicity cilia stasis and sloughing of ciliated epithelial cells • Gonococcus transverses the mucosal barrier, the lipo‐oligosaccharide binds bactericidal IgM antibody and serum complement acute inflammatory response in the sub‐epithelial space • TNF and other cytokines are thought to mediate the cytotoxicity of gonococcal infections
Clinical Manifestation • Uncomplicated gonorrhea Genital • Primary infection in urethra in males, vulva and vagina in pre‐pubertal females, cervix post pubertal females • IP 2‐5 days in men; 5‐10 days in females Urethritis • Purulent discharge, dysuria without urgency or frequency • Untreated cases resolve spontaneously in several weeks or complicated by epididymitis, penile edema, lympangitis, prostatitis, seminal vesiculitis
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Clinical Manifestation
Clinical Manifestation
• Uncomplicated gonorrhea Vulvovaginitis: • Purulent vaginal discharge with swollen, erythematous, tender, and excoriated vulva • Dysuria, dyspareunia, intermenstrual bleeding • Cervix maybe inflamed and tender • Purulent material can be expressed from urethra or ducts of Bartholin gland Rectal gonorrhea: • Often asymptomatic • May cause proctitis with symptoms of anal discharge, pruritus, bleeding, pain, tenesmus and constipation
• Uncomplicated gonorrhea – Gonococcal Ophthalmitis • Unilateral or bilateral • Occur 1‐4 days after birth • Begins with mild inflammation and a serosanguinous discharge • Within 24 hours thick and purulent, tense edema of the eyelids and marked chemosis occur • Without treatment corneal ulceration, rupture and blindness
Clinical Manifestation
Clinical Manifestation
• Disseminated Gonococcal Infection – 1‐3% of gonococcal infection – After asymptomatic primary infection in women – Begin 7‐30 days after infection and within 7 days after menstruation – As polyarticular septic arthritis in neonate – Common Manifestation: • Acute polyarthralgia and fever( most common) • Skin lesions in 25% (acral petechiae / pustular) • Tenosynovitis • Suppurative arthritis • Rarely carditis, osteomyelitis, and osteitis
• Disseminated Gonococcal Infection – Tenosynovitis – Dermatitis Syndrome • More common • Fever, chills, skin lesions, and polyarthralgias predominantly involving the wrist, hands and fingers • BCS (+) 30‐40 % • Synovial fluid CS almost uniformly negative – Suppurative Arthritis Syndrome • Systemic signs and symptoms are less prominent • Monarticular arthritis often involving the knee • Synovial fluid CS (+) in 45‐55% • Blood CS (‐)
Diagnosis
Treatment
• Depends on isolation of organism • Urethritis – Gram (‐) intracellular diplococci – PRESUMPTIVE DX in symptomatic males – Not sufficient in females; similar to Mima polymorpha & Moraxella • Other infections with purulence: C. trachomatis, M. hominis, T. vaginalis, C. albicans • Evaluate for concurrent syphilis, hepatitis B, HIV and C. trachomatis infection
• Due to increase prevalence of penicillin resistant N. gonorrheae, Ceftriaxone is recommended as initial therapy for all ages • Patient beyond the neonatal period should also be treated presumptively for C. trachomatis
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Treatment Infant and Pediatric Infections
Treatment Infant and Pediatric Infections
• Uncomplicated Infection – Ceftriaxone 50 mg/kg/ in single dose IM; maximum 125mg • Bacteremia or Arthritis – Ceftriaxone 50mg/kg/24hr for a minimum of 7 days – >45 kgs 10‐14 days • Meningitis – Ceftriaxone 50mg/kg/dose q 12 hr 10‐14 days • Ophthalmia Neonatorum – Ceftriaxone 50 mg/kg/ in single dose IM; maximum 125 mg – Cefotaxime 100mg/kg/day single dose IM
• Endocarditis – Ceftriaxone 50mg/kg/dose q12 hr 28 days • Neonatal Sepsis – Should be treated parentally for minimum of 7 days – Cefotaxime is recommended for patient with hyperbilirubinemia
Treatment for Adolescent and Adult Infection
Treatment for Adolescent and Adult Infection
• Single dose of ceftriaxone 125 mg IM eradicates pharyngeal and uncomplicated urogenital infections • Safe in pregnant women • Other alternatives: – Cefixime 400 mg PO as single dose – Ciprofloxacin 500 mg as single dose – Ofloxacin 400 mg PO
• Regardless of regimen chosen, treatment should be followed by regimen active against C. trachomatis • Doxycycline 100 mg BID x 7 days • Azithromycin 1 gm in single dose po • Erythromycin for pregnant women x7‐10 day
Treatment for Adolescent and Adult Infection Disseminated Gonococcal Infection • Ceftriaxone 1 gram/24 hr IV recommended as initial therapy – Alternative regimen • Cefotaxime 1 gm IV q8 • Ciprofloxacin 500mg/IV q12 • Ofloxacin 400 mg/IV q12 • Spectinomycin 2 gm q12 • Examine for clinical signs of meningitis and endocarditis • Switch to oral 24‐48 hrs after improvement: • Cefixime 400 mg bid • Ciprofloxacin 500 mg bid x 7 days • Ofloxacin 400 mg bid Gonococcal Conjunctivitis • Ceftriaxone 1 gm IM, single dose
Complications Pelvic Inflammatory Disease • A spectrum of infectious diseases of upper genital tract due to N. gonorrhea, C. trachomatis and endogenous flora (Streptococci, Anaerobes, gram (‐) bacilli • Recommended Regimen: • Cefoxitin 2 g IV q6 or Cefotetan 2 g q 12 + Doxycycline • Alternative Regimen: • Clindamycin + Gentamycin + Doxycycline
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Prevention
Other Complications • • • • • •
• • • •
PID Endometritis Ectopic pregnancy Perihepatitis Chorioamnionitis Septic abortion
Education Use of barrier contraceptive Early identification and treatment Gonococcal Ophthalmia Neonatorum – 2 drops 1% solution of silver nitrate into each conjunctival sac shortly after birth – Erythromycin (0.5%) – Tetracycline Ophthalmic ointment
Syphilis
Congenital Syphilis
• Treponema pallidum: thin, motile, fastidious spirochete • Congenital Syphilis – via transplacental transmission, at any time during pregnancy or at birth – Moist secretions are highly infectious • Acquired Syphilis – sexual contact; suspect sexual abuse in a child (+) for acquired SY – IP: 3 wks (10‐90 d) – Open moist lesions of 1o & 2o stages are highly infectious
• Up 100%transmission rate during pregnancy • Fetal or perinatal death in 40 % of affected infants Early Signs: • 1st 2 years of life • Transplacental spirochetemia, analogous to secondary stage of Acquired Syphilis • 2/3 asymptomatic , identified thru screening
Congenital Syphilis
Congenital Syphilis • Early Signs – Hepatosplenomegaly – Jaundice – Diffuse lymphadenopathy – Coomb’s negative hemolytic anemia – Thrombocytopenia – Osteochondritis: painful, multiple, causing irritability and pseudoparalysis of Parrot – Periostitis of long bone – Erythematous maculopapular & bullous lesions with desquamation on hands and feet – Mucous patches, rhinitis(snuffles), condylomatous lesions – CNS abnormalities, failure to thrive, chorioretinitis, nephritis and nephrotic syndrome
Late Signs • Secondary to chronic inflammation of bone, teeth and CNS • Frontal boss of Parrott • Short maxilla • High palatal arch • Hutchinsons Triad: hutchinson teeth, interstitial keratitis, 8th nerve deafness • Saddle nose • Mulberry molars • Higoumenakis sign • Relative protruberance of the mandible • Rhagades – linear scars from previous mucocutaneous fissures on mouth, anus and genitalia • Saber shin • Scaphoid scapulae • Clutton joint • Juvenile Paresis – adolescence as behavioral changes, focal seizure, loss of intellectual function • Juvenile Tabes – rare, spinal cord & CV involvement with aortitis
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Acquired Syphilis: 3 Stages • Primary: painless indurated ulcers (chancres) on genitalia • Secondary: begins 1‐2 mos later Mucocutaneous lesions, lymphadenopathy Rash: maculopapular, generalized Condylomata lata (gray‐white / erythematous plaques around anus or vagina) • Latent: period after infection when seroreactive but asymptomatic Early latent Syphilis: acquired within the preceding year Late latent Syphilis: asymptomatic • Tertiary: late latent but symptomatic with cardiovascular & gummatous lesions (granuloma of skin and musculoskeletal system)
Neurosyphilis • Infection of the CNS • Occur at any stage especially in HIV patients
Acquired Syphilis: 3 Stages
Diagnosis • Demonstrated by dark‐field microscopy • Serology: principal means for diagnosis • Non‐Treponemal Tests – VDRL, RPR – Detect antibodies against a cardiolipin‐cholesterol‐ lecithin complex – not specific for Syphilis – Correlate w/ disease activity: for screening – Non‐reactive w/in 1 year of treatment for primary syphilis, 2 years for secondary syphilis, few months in congenital syphilis – False (+) in autoimmune diseases
Diagnosis • Specific Treponemal Antibody Tests – Confirmatory but remain positive for life • T. pallidum immobilization (TPI) • Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test (FTA‐ABS) • Microhemagglutination assay for antibodies to T. pallidum (MHA‐TP) • FTA‐ABS 19S IgM
Stage Treatment and Dosage Primary, secondary, or Penicillin G benzathine (2.4 million U early latent (1 yr), Penicillin G benzathine (2.4 million U latent of unknown IM) weekly for 3 doses duration, or tertiary (gumma or cardiovascular syphilis) Aqueous crystalline penicillin G (12–24 Neurosyphilis million U/24 hr IV given as 2.4 million U every 4 hr) for 10–14 days For children: Aqueous crystalline penicillin G (200,000–300,000 U/kg every day IV, given every 4–6 hr) for 10–14 days Aqueous crystalline penicillin G Congenital syphilis (100,000–150,000 U/kg/24hr, given as 50,000 U/kg IV every 12 hr for the first 7 days and every 8 hr thereafter) for 10–14 days or Procaine penicillin G (50,000 U/kg IM daily in a single dose) for 10–14 days
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Alternatives Tetracycline (500 mg PO qid for 2 wk) or doxycycline (100 mg PO bid for 2 wk) or erythromycin (500 mg PO qid for 2 wk) Tetracycline (500 mg PO qid for 4 wk) or doxycycline (100 mg PO bid for 4 wk)
Penicillin G procaine (2.4 million U/day IM) plus probenicid (500 mg PO qid). Both for 10–14 days
*Enlarged table, see last page
Salmonella Infections
Salmonella Infections
• Non‐Typhoidal Salmonella – Reservoirs: poultry, livestock, reptiles, pets – Vehicles of transmission: poultry, beef, fish, eggs, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, bakery products – Other modes of transmission: ingestion of contaminated water, contact with reptiles, contaminated medications, dyes, medical instruments • S Serotype Typhi: found only in humans – Infection: direct / indirect contact with an infected person – MOT: Ingestion of water / food contaminated with human feces • High inoculum 106‐108 required to cause disease, contaminated food a major source of human infections • Person‐to‐person transmission by direct fecal‐oral spread is unusual, may occur in young children
• Gram negative bacilli • Incubation period – Gastroenteritis: 6‐48 hrs – Enteric fever: 3‐60 days (usually 7‐14 days) – >2460 Salmonella serotypes: most human disease caused by Groups A‐E – Serotype Typhi is classified in Serogroup D
Salmonella Infections • Risk of transmission : throughout the duration of fecal excretion of organism • Chronic Carrier: 1% of patients continue to excrete Salmonella for > 1 yr
Clinical Manifestation of Non-Typhoidal Salmonellosis Bacteremia – Risk Factors: • Neonates and young infants /=2 yo
Transmission
Shigella • Gram negative bacilli with >40 serotypes • 4 species responsible for illness: – S. dysenteriae (Serogroup A) – S. flexneri (Serogroup B) – S. boydii (Serogroup C) – S. sonnei (Serogroup D) • Humans are the natural host • Incubation period: 1‐7 days
Clinical Manifestations • Primarily infects the large intestine – Symptoms range from loose stools with minimal constitutional symptoms to more severe symptoms fever, abdominal cramps, tenesmus, mucoid stools with or without blood • Extraintestinal Manifestations \\\\\\\\\findings in 40% hospitalized – Neurologic children: convulsions, headache, lethargy, confusion, nuchal rigidity, hallucinations before or after diarrhea – NOT due to Shiga toxin
• Fecal‐oral route, ingestion of contaminated food or water, contact with inanimate object, sexual contact – Transmission requires as few as 10 to 200 organism for infection to occur • Carrier state ceases within 4 weeks of onset of illness; chronic carrier state is rare
Complications: • Dehydration (most common) • Bacteremia (uncommon) • Reiter syndrome (S. flexneri infection), • HUS (S. dysenteriae type 1), • Toxic megacolon and perforation • Toxic encephalopathy (Ekiri syndrome)
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Diagnosis
Treatment
• Stool Culture • (+) fecal leukocytes on Methylene‐Blue stained stool smear sensitive but not specific • Enzyme immunoassay for Shiga toxin – for detection of S. dysenteriae type 1 in stool • Blood culture: in severely ill , immunocompromised, malnourished patients • Other tests: fluorescent antibody test, PCR assay, enzyme‐linked DNA probes
• For susceptible strains: Ampicillin and Cotrimoxazole, Nalidixic acid • For resistant strains: Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone • Current WHO recommendation: • Treat for Shigellosis in a child with bloody diarrhea DOC: Ciprofloxacin: 15 mg/kg bid x 3 days • Alternative Drugs: Ceftriaxone 50‐100 mg/kg/day IM/IV x 2‐5 days Azithromycin 6‐10 mg/kg OD x 3‐5 days
Vibrio cholerae
Vibrio cholerae
• Gram (‐), curved, motile bacillus • Serogroup O1 have caused epidemics • 2 Serotypes of V. cholerae O1: Inaba & Ogawa • 2 biotypes: Classical and El torr (predominant) • Serogroup 0139 Bengal: epidemic cholera in Indian subcontinent & southeast Asia • Other serogroups & nontoxigenic strains cause sporadic (not epidemics) diarrhea
• Mode of Infection: ingestion of contaminated water or food (raw or undercooked shellfish) • Humans natural host • Direct person to person spread – not documented • People with low gastric acidity: increased risk of infection • Incubation period: 1‐3 days (Range: few hours – 5 days)
Clinical Manifestation
Treatment
• Majority of infected patients are asymptomatic • /=18yo) Duration of Treatment: 3 days
Escherichia coli Associated with Diarrhea • Enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC) Produce secretory enterotoxins Major cause of infantile diarrhea in developing countries Important etiologic agents of traveller’s diarrhea Explosive, watery, nonmucoid, nonbloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting & little or no fever
• Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) Generally cause acute diarrhea but severe cases lead to protracted disease Cause chronic diarrhea and malnutrition in infants in developing countries Breastfeeding is protective
• Enteroinvasive E .coli (EIEC) Usually watery similar to ETEC Minority, dysentery‐like illness with bloody, mucoid stools and fecal leucocytes with fever, systemic toxicity, abdominal cramps, tenesmus
• Shigatoxin‐producing E. coli (STEC) • Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) Abdominal pain and initially, watery diarrhea blood‐streaked to bloody Fever is uncommon 5‐10% develop systemic complications: o Hemolytic‐uremic syndrome (renal failure, hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia) or thrombotic, thrombocytopenic purpura Shigatoxin E.coli O157:H7 – the prototype & most virulent member of the E.coli pathotype Poorly cooked hamburgers a common cause of food‐ borne outbreaks
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• Enteroaggregative E.coli (EAggEC) Associated with persistent diarrhea (>14 days) in developing countries especially in >12 mos old Occasionally, bloody Associated with growth retardation in infants and malnutrition Cause AIDS‐associated chronic diarrhea and traveler’s diarrhea
E. coli and Other Gram Negative Bacilli (Neonatal Sepsis and Meningitis ) • E. coli strains with the K1 capsular polysaccharide antigen cause 40% of sepsis and 80% of cases • Other Gram negative bacilli causing neonatal sepsis: non‐K1 strains of E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Proteus, Citrobacter, Salmonella, Pseudomonas, and Serratia sp. – Nontypable H. influenzae, and anaerobic gram negative bacilli rare
E. coli and Other Gram Negative Bacilli (Septicemia and Meningitis in Neonates) • Source: maternal genital tract • Nosocomial, through person to person transmission among personnel & environmental sites such as sinks, solutions, etc. • Predisposing Factors: Intrapartum infection,
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