Bach's Use of The Horn

 

Olbh`` Yanhstgh` Nhib‗s Qsa le tba Blr`

Ybhw` Bugxg` _ba`m KQYG 9>8 Litlnar 82, >687

 

Vrglr tl tba agmbtaa`tb a gmbtaa`tb ia`tury, tba blr`‗s prgkhry usa whs hs h` lutdllrs g`struka`t elr  bu`tg`m ihccs, sl klst pchyars wara `lt cgtarhta g` sth`dhrd kusgihc `lthtgl`. Tbus, ilkplsars bhd cgttca g`tarast lr lpplrtu`gty tl dgsilvar tba blr`‗s plssgngcgtgas g` h `l`-bu`tg`m sattg`m. Blr`  pchyars ilucd bhrdcy khja h cgvg`m hs prleassgl`hc kusgigh`s, tba taib`gquas rakhg`ad cgkgtad hs tbara whs cgttca g`ia`tgva tl axph`d gts vgrtulsgty, h`d ilkplsars wara u`ilkelrthnca wgtb g`icudg`m tba blr` g` g`targlr kusgihc a`sakncas. 8 Tba ahrcgast g`icusgl` le tba blr` g` `lthtad lribastrhc silras gs h trgvghc eh`ehra g` Erh`iasil Ihvhccg‗s Ihvhccg‗s Ca @lzza da Tatg Tatg a dg Vacal (8597)>, nut tbara wara wara `l kholr davaclpka`t davaclpka`tss le tba blr` g` lribastrhc sattg`ms u`tgc Ilu`t Erh`z H`tl` Yplrij le Nlbakgh naihka a`hklrad wgtb tba slu`d le tba `awcy g`va`tad bu`tg`m blr`, tba ilr da ibhssa le Uarshgccas, durg`m h trgp tl Vhrgs g` tba 8526s. Hs h rasuct le bgs `aw g`tarast g` tbasa g`struka`ts, ba sa`t twl le bgs rathg`ars, ]a`zac ]a`zac Ywadh h`d Vatar ^lccgm, tl cahr` cahr` tl pchy tba blr`.9 Tblumb Yplrij‗s prgkhry g`ta`dad rlca elr tba blr` whs elr bgs astaakad bu`tg`m asthncgsbka`ts, ba whs hcsl h kusgigh` wbl lparhtad lparhtad tba egrst egrst lparh ilkph`y ilkph`y g` Nlbakgh Nlbakgh h`d h tlurg`m lribastr lribastrh. h.4 Tbus, blr` blr` pchyg`m khda gts why erlk Erh`ia tl ia`trhc Aurlpa. Tba blr` whs hcsl sll` hiiaptad ny hiilkpcgsbad trukpat pchyars wbl, usg`m taib`gquas hdhptad erlk trhdgtgl`hc trukpat parelrkh`ia, axph`dad tba plssgngcgtgas le tbgs rachtgva `awilkar, nltb g` slu`d h`d g` rh`ma. Tba egrst railrdad usa le  blr`s hs h` g`tamrhc saitgl` le tba lribastrh whs tba parelrkh`ia le Ihrlc Hmlstg`l Nhdgh‗ Nhdgh‗ss

8

Olb` Bukpbrgas, Tba Ahrcy Blr`? H Vrhitgihc Mugda, Mugda , (Ihknrgdma? Ihknrgdma Ihknrgdma Q`gvarsgty V Vrass, rass, >666), =. ^amg`hcd Klrcay-Vamma, Tba Era`ib Blr`? Blr`? Ylka @ltas l` tba Avlcutgl` le tba G`struka`t h`d le Gts Taib`gqua,, (@aw Wlrj? Taib`gqua Wlrj? Vbgclslpbgihc Cgnrhry Cgnrhry,, 8756), 26. 9 Gngd., 8=. 4 Kgch` VlŨtlcjh, Ilu`t Erh`z H`tl` Yplrij , @aw Mrlva Dgitgl`hry le Kusgi h`d h`d Kusgigh`s, ad. Yth`cay Yth`cay Yhdga, (Cl`dl`? Khikgcch`, 8726), vlc. 82, >5. >

 

lparh Dgh`h lparh  Dgh`h ^hpphigegihth il` Ua`ara Ua`ara a il` Hklra Hklra, wbgib wbgib whs sthmad g` Uga``h Uga``h g` 8=66. 8=66.1 Ny 8=61, tba blr` bhd elu`d gts why g`tl tba lparh blusa g` Bhknurm wgtb ^ag`bhrd Jagsar's lparh Lithvgh.. Lithvgh Olbh`` Yanhstgh` Nhib whs tba egrst le tba `lthnca Yhxl` ilkplsars wbl eraqua`tcy usad tba blr`: tba ahrcgast j`lw` ilkplsgtgl` ny Nhib tl g`icuda blr`s whs bgs 8=89 ]agkhr ]agkhr ih`thth ]hs kgr nabhmt , N]U >62, hcsl hcsl j`lw` j`lw` hs tba "Bu`tg`m "Bu`tg`m Ih`thth.‛ Ih`thth.‛5 Ba `lthncy `lthncy usad usad tba blr` hmhg` g` 8=>8, g` tba Nrh`da`nurm tba Nrh`da`nurm Il`iartl @l. 8, 8, N]U 8645. Blwavar Blwavar,, elcclwg`m elcclwg`m bgs 8=>9 hpplg`tka`t hs tba Tblkhsjh`tlr , Ih`tlr le tba Tblkhssibuca ht tba Tblkhsjgriba g` Cagpzgm, Nhib‗s wrgtg`m elr blr`s `lt l`cy g`irahsad g` vlcuka, nut hcsl g` vgrtulsgty, aspaighccy hs tba bu`tg`m `htura le tba blr` whs akpbhsgzad cass lvartcy. Nhib cgjacy bhd hvhgchnca tl bgk h `uknar le bgmbcy sjgccad pchyars wbl wlucd na ilkelrthnca wgtb tba g`irahsg`mcy axtraka tassgturh h`d raeg`ad slu`d `aiassgthtad ny bgs wlrjs g` tbgs ilkplsgtgl`hc arh. L`a le tbasa sjgccad pchyars whs Mlttergad ^agiba, wbl whs g`gtghccy trhg`ad hs h trukpat pchyar g` ibhrma le   nclwg`m tba tlw` whtib sgm`hc.= ]gtb tba hvhgchngcgty le sjgccad blr` pchyars, Nhib whs hnca tl il`tg`ua tl axpclra tba plssgngcgtgas le tba blr` hs h kacldgi g`struka`t ihphnca le prldui prlduig`m g`m aeeaitgva lnncgmhtl phrts. Nhib‗s usa le tba blr` trh`sgtgl`ad erlk rhtbar sgkpca h`d nhsgi cg`as, aspaighccy g` ahrcgar pra-Cagpzgm, tl plssassg`m h klra ichrg`l, cyrgihc, h`d kacldgi vgrtulsgty, vgrtulsgty, axakpcgegad g` wlrjs suib hs tba Khss g` N kg`lr, N]U >9>. Tbgs trh`sgtgl` whs chrmacy hgdad ny tba sjgcc le 

1

Tblkhs bganart, ‒Tba Blr` g` tba Nhrlqua h`d Ichssgihc Varglds‛, Ihknrgdma Ilkph`gl` tl Nrhss  G`struka`ts, (Ihknrgdma? Ihknrgdma Ihknrgdma Q`gvarsgt Q`gvarsgty y Vrass, 877=), 864. 5 Nartgc B. vh` Nlar, Nlar, "Lnsarvhtgl`s l` Nhib's Qsa le tba Blr` Vhr Vhrtt G." Nhib G." Nhib 88, `l. > (8726)? >8, bttp?//www.ostlr bttp?//www .ostlr.lrm/sthnca/ .lrm/sthnca/48546866 48546866 (hiiassad L Litlnar itlnar 81, >687). = vh` Nlar, –Lnsarvhtgl`s,‛ >9.

 

axpart blr` pchyars suib hs ^agiba. Tblumb, Nhib rakhg`ad ilm`gzh`t h`d hppraightgva le tba blr`‗s bu`tg`m nhijmrlu`d tbrlumblut bgs ihraar: tbara hra g`jcg`ms le bu`tg`m kltges g` lnncgmhtl phrts g` pgaias suib hs tba Nrh`da`nurm tba  Nrh`da`nurm Il`iartl @l. 8, 8, h`d Kar h`d Kar bhb` a` `aua Lnarjaat , N]U >8>, tba –Vahsh`t Ih`thth.‛ Vrglr tl hrrgvg`m g` Cagpzgm, wbara ba bhd tba cuxury le bgmbcy sjgccad blr` pchyars, Nhib‗s ilkplsgtgl`s elr blr` bhd l`cy kldast dakh`ds l` taib`gqua h`d g`icudad icahr bu`tg`m kltges tbrlumblut, icahrcy saa` g` tba Bu`tg`m Ih`thth, Ih `thth, wbgib whs wrgtta` g` ] ]agkhr agkhr g` 8=89 h`d gs bgs egrst survgvg`m saiuchr ih`thth. Hetar h sblrt slprh`l raigthtgva, tba blr`s (h`d il`tg`ul)  namg` tba sail`d klvaka`t hrgh?

Egm 8? Lpa`g`m le tba sail`d klvaka`t le N]U >62

 

Bara, tba nhsgi lutcg`a le tba blr`s‗ cg`as hra g`ta`dad tl raprasa`t tba bu`t b u`t wbgca hiilkph`yg`m tba slprh`l, wbl sg`ms?

Ohma` gst dga Cust dar Mõttar,

Bu`tg`m gs tba mlds‗ m lds‗ dacgmbt

Ohma` stabt da` Bacda` h`!

Bu`tg`m sugts barlas!

]agibat, kag`ar @ykpba` Ypõttar,

Lut le tba why, ky klijg`m `ykpbs,

]agibat vl` Dgh`a` Nhb`!

Lut le Dgh`h‗s why.

Gkkadghtacy,, tba ibhrhitar le tba klvaka`t gs cgvacy, g` 5/2 tgka h`d sihchr sgxtaa`tbs g` Gkkadghtacy tba il`tg`ul, wbgca tba blr`s hrpammghta hrpam mghta agmbtbs. @lthncy, tba tassgturh le nltb blr` phrts cgas ilkelrthncy g` tba sthee. Yhva elr h eaw eclurgsbas g` tba uppar phrt, tba blr`s dl`‗t strhy ehr  erlk h sgkpca E kholr hrpammgl egmura. Ilkphra suib ehigca blr` phrts g` tbht Bu`tg`m Ih`thth tl tbht le tba Khss g` N kg`lr, wbgib Nhib ilkpgcad g` 8=47, h yahr naelra bgs dahtb (kuib le tba pgaia whs wrgtta` ahrcgar g` bgs ihraar): tba nhss hrgh –Xul`ghk tu slcus sh`itus, tu slcus dlkg`us, tu slcus hctgssgkus‛ whs hkl`m tba phrts le tba –Mclrgh‛ wbgib khy bhva naa` ilkplsad elr tba ilrl`htgl` le Humust tba Ytrl`m le le Vlch`d g` g` 8=99.2 Tba Khss gs l`a le tba tba klst gkplrth gkplrth`t `t pgaias g` tba blr` blr` rapartlgra rapartlgra  naihusa le tba dgstg`itgva lnncgmhtl g` tba –Xul`ghk.‛ Tba prapl`darh`ia le blr` lnncgmhtls g` tba ahrcgar agmbtaa`tb ia`tury hra ehr cass ilkpcax tbh` tba l`a g` tba Khss, h`d tbgs slcl gs hcsl u`usuhc hs tba l`cy tranca icae g`struka`t g` tba hrgh. Mgva` tba `htura le tba blr`‗s phrtghcs phrtghcs,, tba bgmb tassgturh le tba lnncgmhtl gs axpaitad, nut tba blr` bhs gts lw` u`gqua kacldgi khtarghc u`sbhrad wgtb tba vlgia lr hiilkph`yg`m h iilkph`yg`m nhssll`s h`d nhss cg`a. G`tarastg`mcy, sg`ia tbgs gs tba

2

vh` Nlar, –Lnsarvhtgl`s,‛ >9.

 

l`cy klvaka`t g` tba Khss raqugrg`m h blr`, tba pchyar gs raqugrad tl sgt thiat elr rlumbcy egety kg`utas naelra bhvg`m tl pchy suib h` axplsad slcl.

Egm. >? Axiarpt le tba blr` lnncgmhtl g` tba –Xul`ghk‛

Hs gs icahr erlk tba ilr`l dh ihiigh phrt, ihiigh phrt, tba kholrgty le tba il`ta`ts hra sgxtaa`tb `lta sihchr phsshmas h`d lithvas leta` hsia`dg`m tl tba sgxtaa`tb phrtghc. G` taib`gihc dakh`ds h`d kacldgi g`tarast, tbgs gs h sthrj il`trhst le tba blr`‗s cyrgihc rlca tl tba Bu`tg`m Ih`thth h`d ltbar  ahrcgar wlrjs. G` hddgtgl`, Nhib bhs tba blr` pchyg`m h kuib klra `uh`iad rlca g` g`tarhitg`m wgtb tba nhss slclgst, leta` g`tarwahvg`m tba kacldy natwaa` na twaa` tba twl lr bhvg`m tba blr` pchy g`dapa`da`t pbrhsas tbht hdd daptb tl tba vlihc cg`a. ]bgca tba Khss dlas `lt bhva h`y icahr  hccusgl`s tl tba bu`t, gt gs h icahr g`dgihtgl` le Nhib‗s davaclpka`t le hudhigty h`d varva ramhrdg`m wrgtg`m vgrtulsgi blr` phrts. Tblumb bgs Nrh`da`nurm bgs Nrh`da`nurm Il`iartl @l. 8 gs h rachtgvacy rachtgvacy ahrcy wlrj, tba blr` phrts il`thg`  nltb h daeg`gta lnncgmhtl echvlr h`d bg`t tl tba bu`t. G` tba silra nahrg`m tba dadgihtgl` tl Khrmrhva Ibrgstgh` Cudwgm le Nrh`da`nurm, tba –Nrh`da`nurm Il`iartls‛ hra dhtad >4 Khrib

 

8=>8. Tbgs gs karacy tba chtast dhta le ilkplsgtgl`, hs tba g`dgvgduhc il`iartls tbaksacvas kust bhva naa` wrgtta` lvar h il`sgdarhnca pargld naelra nag`m hssakncad g` 8=>8 hs h ilccaitgl` le  ‒Il`iarts ‒Il`ia rts hvai pcusgaurs pcusgaurs g`struka g`struka`ts.‛ `ts.‛7Hs tba l`cy il`iartl il`iartl le tba sgx raqugrg`m raqugrg`m ilr`g dh ihiigh, ihiigh, tbasa g`struka`ts pchy h` lnncgmhtl rlca g` hcc tba klvaka`ts. Tba il`iartl hcsl axgsts g` h` hctar`htgva varsgl`, tba Yg`el`gh, N]U 8645h, wbgib gs hssukad tl bhva naa` ilkplsad durg`m bgs ]agkhr yahrs. Tba Yg`el`gh chijs tba tbgrd klvaka`t h`d tba –Vlchiih‛ erlk tba eg`hc klvaka`t, h`d hppahrs tl bhva naa` g`ta`dad hs tba lpa`g`m le tba Bu`tg`m Ih`thth wbgib whs dgsiussad pravgluscy, summastg`m h il`tg`ugty le tba bu`t tbaka g` tba Nrh`da`nurm tba Nrh`da`nurm @l. 8. 8.86 Il`sgd Il`sgdar ar tba tba elcclw elcclwg`m g`m stht sthtaka` aka`tt ny tba tba blr`blr`-pch pchyar yar h`d h`d bgstlrgh` Blrhia Egtzphtrgij?88

... tba blr` phrts g` Nrh`da`nurm g` Nrh`da`nurm @l. 8 dakl`s dakl`strhta trhta tba rakhrjhnca rakhrjhnca hdvh`iaka`t hdvh`iaka`t g` taib`gqua wbgib blr`-pchyg`m bhd rahibad ny tbgs tgka... G` sbaar plg`t le ehigcgty tbasa  phrts sblw h il`sgdarhnca mhg` lvar tblsa le tba Ohmdjh`thta tba Ohmdjh`thta ZN]U >62[ wbgib Nhib bhd wrgtta` l`cy tbraa yahrs ahrcgar ZEgtzphtrgij hssukas tbht tba ih`thth whs il`iagvad g` 8=85 elr ]agkhr[... ]agkhr[... Nltb tba egrst h`d sail`d phrts hnlu hnlu`d `d wgtb cl`m ibhg`s le eclrgd sakgquhvars: nltb khja cgnarhc usa le tba tbgrd lithva: nltb phrts nrgstca wgtb cahps le  egetbs h`d lithvas: h`d nltb raqugra h damraa le a`durh`ia wbgib mgvas phusa tl ava` tba  nast pchyars le lur lw` dhy.

7

Ibrgstlpb ]lcee, ]lcee, –Nhib, Olbh`` Yanhstgh`,‛ Mrlva Kusgi L`cg`a. Lxelrd Kusgi L`cg`a, bttp?//www.lxelrdkusgil`cg`a.ilk/ (hiiassad Litlnar 85, >687). 86 Kgibhac Khrgssa`, "L` Cg`jg`m Nhib‗s Nhib‗s E-Kholr Yg`el`gh h`d Bgs Bu`t Ih`thth," Nhib Ih`thth," Nhib >9, `l. > (877>)? 98-45. bttp?//www bttp?//www.ostlr .ostlr.lrm/sthnca .lrm/sthnca/485948>6 /485948>6 (hiiassad Litlnar 85, >687). 88 Blrhia Egtzphtrgij, Tba Blr` h`d Blr`-Vchyg`m h`d tba Hustrl-Nlbakgh` Hustrl-Nlbakgh` T Trhdgtgl` rhdgtgl` erlk 8526 - 8296, 8296, (Cl`dl`? Lxelrd Q`gvarsgty, 87=6), 55.

 

Nhib g`icudas tba ehklus trgpcat egmura le tba egrst klvaka`t le tba il`iartl: ba thjas h 5/2 ihcc h`d chys gt g`tl h il`iartl mrlssl g` 4/4 tgka ny usg`m trgpcats.

Egm. 9? Lpa`g`m blr` phrts le  Nrh`da`nurm  Nrh`da`nurm Il`iartl @l. 8

Tblumb ba nllja`ds tba klvaka`t wgtb tbasa u`gqua rbytbks g` tba blr`s, wbgib irahtas h twl hmhg`st tbraa eaac wgtb tba strg`ms, tba nucj le tba blr`‗s phsshmas sbhra sgkgchr  cg`as le kacldgi gkplrth`ia hs tba lnlas lnla s h`d vglcg`s.

Egm. 4? Axiarpt le tba uppar blr` phrt

Elcclwg`m tba g`gtghc trgpcat bu`t-asqua egmuras g` tba egrst twacva kahsuras, tba blr`s gkkadghtacy ibh`ma ibhrhitar g`tl h klra raeg`ad sgxtaa`tb, sihchr phsshma tbht leta` thjas tba klst kacldgi rlca g` tba a`saknca. Tba `htura le tba iclsa phrtghcs h`d qugijar sundgvgsgl` le 

 

hrtgiuchtgl` hccudas tl h `hturhc ibh`ma le ibhrhitar erlk tba lpa`g`m. Tba ltbar klvaka`ts hcsl  pchia tba g`struka`t g` h` g`tamrhc, kacldgi rlca, suib hs tba qugrjy Trgl Trgl wbgib namg`s wgtb l`cy blr`s h`d lnlas, nut tba trgpcat kltge le tba egrst klvaka`t `avar ratur`s. H`ltbar le Nhib‗s chtar wlrjs, tba Vahsh`t Ih`thth, g`icudas hituhc bu`tg`m kltges qultad erlk h Nrh`dags bu`tg`m sl`m, wbgib whs gtsace nhsad l` h ihcc erlk Ilu`t H`tl` Yplrij‗s bu`tg`m bu`tg` m icun, tba tba Yligaty Yligaty le Yt. Yt. Bunartus. Bunartus.8> Bara, vh` Nlar, Nlar, Or. Or. gccustrht gccustrhtas as tba sgkgc sgkgchrgtg hrgtgas as le tba tba kltges?

Egm. 1? Gccustrhtgl` le tba bu`tg`m kltgvgi rachtgl`sbgp 89

Tbara hra kh`y bu`t-cgja kltges g` Nhib‗s wlrjs elr blr`, nut tbgs axhkpca gs l`a le vary eaw tl bhva hituhccy qultad erlk tba bu`tg`m ihccs le tba arh. Cgja tba pravglus axhkpcas erlk tba Bu`tg`m Ih`thth h`d tba Nrh`da`nurm tba Nrh`da`nurm Il`iartl @l. 8, tba kltge gs g` ilkplu`d katar h`d

8> 89

vh` Nlar, –Lnsarvhtgl`s,‛ >4. Gng Gngd., d., >=.

 

tba phrtghcs rakhg` g` tba kgd-rh`ma. G` hddgtgl` tl hrpammgls h`d `agmbnlr tl`a klvaka`t, Nhib wrgtas nursts le rapahtad `ltas, hcsl summastg`m h bu`tg`m ihcc. Ava` g` bgs chtar wlrjs, hkgdst icahrcy taib`gihccy dakh`dg`m h`d bgmbcy slpbgstgihtad cg`as suib hs tblsa g` tba Khss g` N kg`lr, Nhib g`icudad cass ilkpcax bu`tg`m kltges. Namg``g`m hs h` lutdllrs g`struka`t tbht ilkplsars bhd cgttca g`ia`tgva h`d g`tarast tl wrgta elr, tba blr` avlcvad g`tl h varshtgca g`struka`t g` tba lribastrhc rahck wgtb tba sgm`gegih`t bacp le  Nhib. Ba railm`gzad tba blr`‗s hngcgty hngcgty hs h slclgstgi g`struka`t g` gts lw` rgmbt, hs wacc hs h s gts cg`j  wgtb tba bukh` vlgia. ]bgca acavhtg`m tba blr` hs h kacldgi g`struka`t ihphnca le axiaptgl`hc taib`gihc eahts, Nhib il`iurra`tcy bl`lrad h`d eraqua`tcy hccudad tl tba blr`‗s sgkpca bu`tg`m lrgmg`s.

 

Ngncglmrhpby Egtzphtrgij, Blrhia. Tba Blr` h`d Blr`-Vchyg`m h`d tba Hustrl-Nlbakgh` Hustrl-Nlbakgh` Trhdgtgl` Trhdgtgl` erlk 8526 - 8296. 8296. Cl`dl`? Lxelrd Q`gvarsgty, Q`gvarsgty, 87=6. Bganart, Tblkhs. –Tba Blr` g` tba Nhrlqua h`d Ichssgihc Varglds.‛ Ihknrgdma Ilkph`gl` tl  Nrhss G`struka`ts. Ihknr Ihknrgdma? gdma? Ihknrgdma Ihknrgdma Q`gvar Q`gvarsgty sgty Vrass, Vrass, 877=. Bukpbrgas, Olb`. Tba Ahrcy Blr`? H Vrhitgihc Mugda. Mugda . Ihknrgdma? Ihknrgdma? Ihknrgdma Ihknrgdma Q`gvarsgty Q`gvarsgty Vrass, >666. Khrgssa`, Kgibhac. "L` Cg`jg`m Nhib‗s E-Kholr Yg`el`gh h`d Bgs Bu`t Ih`thth." Nhib Ih`thth." Nhib vlc. >9, bttp?//www.ostlr .ostlr.lrm/sthnca/485948>6 .lrm/sthnca/485948>6.. `l. > (877>)? 98-45. bttp?//www Klrcay-Vamma, ^amg`hcd. Tba Era`ib Blr`? Ylka @ltas l` tba Avlcutgl` le tba G`struka`t G`struka`t h`d  le Gts Taib`gqua. Taib`gqua. @aw Wlrj? Wlrj? Vbgclslpbgihc Cgnrhry, Cgnrhry, 8756. Uh` Nlar, Nartgc B. "Lnsarvhtgl`s l` Nhib's Qsa le tba Blr` Vhrt G." Nhib G."  Nhib 88, `l. > (8726)? >8->2. bttp?//www.ostlr bttp?//www.ostlr.lrm/sthnca/48546866. .lrm/sthnca/48546866. VlŨtlcjh, Kgch`. Ilu`t Erh`z H`tl` Yplrij . @aw Mrlva Dgitgl`hry le Kusgi Kusgi h`d Kusgigh`s, ad. Yth`cay Yhdga. Cl`dl`? Khikgcch`, 8726, vlc. 82. ]lcee, Ibrgstlpb. –Nhib, Olbh`` Yanhstgh`.‛ Mrlva Kusgi L`cg`a. Lxelrd Kusgi L`cg`a, bttp?//www.lxelrdkusgil`cg`a.ilk/.