Bab2Unsur-Unsur Desain
July 11, 2019 | Author: salmina ginting | Category: N/A
Short Description
Bahan Ajar Perencanaan Tapak 1 (hanya untuk pemakaian di kalangan sendiri)...
Description
[Year]
Buku Ajar PERANCANGAN TAPAK - 1
Bab 2 UnsurPerancangan Lansekap
Unsur-unsur perancangan ruang luar terdiri dari garis, bidang, skala, bentuk, tekstur, warna, ruang makro dan ruang mikro, orientasi gelap terhadap bentuk ruang, dan pencapaian ruang. Unsur-unsur perancangan tersebut diterangkan sebagai berikut. 1.
Garis Dalam perancangan ruang luar, terdapat dua
aspek yang harus dipertimbangkan yaitu fungsi dan estetika. Aspek fungsi memberikan penekanan pada penggunaan atau pemanfaatan dari benda atau elemen yang dirancang. Aspek estetika menekankan pada usaha untuk menghasilkan keindahan. Unsur-unsur
keindahan
visual
tersebut
dapat
diperoleh melalui garis, bentuk, warna dan tekstur. Masing-masing unsur memiliki sifat dan karakter yang dapat mempengaruhi kesan dan suasana ruang yang diciptakan. Dengan kata lain, terbentuknya ruang sangat terkait pada pada sifat garis yang digambarkan. digambarkan. Garis merupakan susunan dari beribu-ribu titik yang berhimpitan sehingga membentuk suatu coretan.
23
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[Year]
Buku Ajar PERANCANGAN TAPAK - 1
Beberapa tipe garis yang perlu diketahui adalah (1) garis vertikal (gambar1) ; (2) garis horizontal (3) garis diagonal (4) garis lengkung. Garis vertikal mudah dikenal dengan bentukbentuk seperti tiang listrik, tiang lampu, tegakan pohon pinang atau kelapa, cerobong asap atau benda-benda yang berdiri tegak meninggi. Kesan utama adalah
Contoh aplikasi ruang luar yang didominasi oleh garis vertikal, sehingga memberikan kesan ruang yang formal dan tidak santai
ketinggiannya, tegak, gagah, dan serba kaku. Sehingga dapat
disimpulkan
watak
garis
vertikal
adalah
(1)
Gambar 1 Contoh tipe penggunaan garis dalam perancangan ruang luar
memberikan aksentuasi pada ketinggian (2) tegak dan gagah (3) kaku, formal, tegas, dan serius. Garis
horizontal
memberikan
aksentuasi
terhadap
lebarnya. Apabila ruang luar didominasi oleh unsur garis horizontal, maka ruang akan bertambah lebar, membesar, meluas, dan melapang. Suasana dan kesan ruang yang ditimbulkan adalah santai, rileks dan tenang.
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[Year]
Buku Ajar PERANCANGAN TAPAK - 1
Gambar 2 Contoh ruang luar yang didominasi oleh garis horizontal, memberikan kesan yang santai, rileks, dan lapang
Garis diagonal dapat dilihat dengan jelas pada pagar
besi
halaman
yang
dibuat
miring
berjajar.
Karakter garis diagonal adalah dinamis (berada dalam posisi
bergerak),
bergagas
(tidak
tenang),
dan
Gambar 3 Contoh ruang yang didominasi oleh garis-garis diagonal
mendekatkan jarak serta sensasional. Garis diagonal sering dipergunakan atau dimanfaatkan untuk suatu
Garis lengkung (gambar 4) memiliki berbagai jenis
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[Year]
Buku Ajar PERANCANGAN TAPAK - 1
2.
Bidang Susunan beribu-ribu garis apabila disatukan dan
dipadatkan akan membentuk sebuah bidang (gambar 5).
Gambar 5 Bidang
Bermacam-macam bentuk bidang, dapat berbentuk segi empat, segitiga, bulat, trapesium, ataupun berbentuk bebas (gambar 6).
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[Year]
Buku Ajar PERANCANGAN TAPAK - 1
Bidang merupakan bentuk 2 (dua) dimensi dalam arti
Ruang
tidak mempunyai isi atau ruang di dalamnya (gambar 7).
dasar/alas, bidang pembatas/dinding (the ( the verticals), verticals), bidang
dapat
diciptakan
pengatap/penutup
karena
((the the
adanya
). overhead ).
bidang
Keadaan
tersebut dapat dilihat pada contoh gambar 9.
Gambar 7 Bidang bentuk dua dimensi
Permukaan bidang dapat bertekstur halus atau kasar. Sebagai contoh bidang kaca bertekstur halus. Bidang
sebuah
(gambar 8).
dinding
batu
kali
bertekstur
kasar
Fungsi bidang dalam arsitektur adalah
pelindung dan pembentuk ruang.
Gambar 9 Contoh bidang dasar, pembatas dan penutup
Bidang alas/dasar (gambar 10) dalam perancangan ruang luar adalah permukaan tanah. Bentuk bidang
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[Year]
Buku Ajar PERANCANGAN TAPAK - 1
Contoh bidang atas/dasar
adalah unsur pembagi dan pembatas sesuatu. Bidang pembatas membatasi suatu daerah penggunaan tertentu, mengontrolnya dengan unsur-unsur yang bersifat masif maupun ringan seperti dinding bata, beton atau cabang-
Bidang pembatas/dinding (the (the verticals) verticals) dalam skala
cabang pohon yang disejajarkan.
makro berupa dinding susunan punggung bukit, dinding batuan terjal, susunan bangunan tinggi. Dalam skala mikro dapat berupa komposisi tanaman berupa susunan pohon atau semak. Bidang dapat juga berbentuk susunan pasangan batu bata, retaining wall (gambar wall (gambar 11).
Gambar 12 Contoh bidang atap berupa susunan pohon, atap pergola, dan atap
Unsur pembatas atau penutup vertikal dapat
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[Year]
Buku Ajar PERANCANGAN TAPAK - 1
penerang (3) sebagai pengontrol (4) sebagai penutup efektif.
Bentuk pemagaran merupakan salah satu bidang dalam perancangan ruang luar yang berfungsi sebagai batas fisik (gambar 15), sebagai pembatas pandangan (gambar 16), sebagai penghalang suara (gambar 17) dan sebagai pembatas ruang (gambar 18). Gambar 15 Contoh
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[Year]
Buku Ajar PERANCANGAN TAPAK - 1
Bidang
pembatas
juga
boleh
berupa
dinding
penyekat. Dinding penyekat (gamabr 19) yang diberi lubang pada permukaannya akan menambah dayatarik yang besar. Gambar 19 Contoh dinding penyekat yang diberi lubang
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[Year]
Buku Ajar PERANCANGAN TAPAK - 1
4.
Bentuk Pengaturan bentuk-bentuk dalam tata ruang luar
mempengaruhi kesan ruang. Bentuk dasar dari suatu obyek dapat bersifat statis atau bergerak, beraturan atau tidak beraturan, formal atau informal, geometris, masif, berat, atau kuat, dan transparan. Pada bentuk-bentuk
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[Year]
Buku Ajar PERANCANGAN TAPAK - 1
Gambar 22 Persegi dan Kubus
Tekstur penutup tanah
Warna gelap dan terangkan, menerangkan tekstur atap
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[Year]
Buku Ajar PERANCANGAN TAPAK - 1
Warna
dalam
arsitektur
digunakan
untuk
menekankan atau memperjelas karakter suatu objek atau memberikan aksen pada bentuk dan bahannya. Dalam teori warna kita mengenal adanya dua macam
sistem
yang
umumnya
digunakan
dalam
pelaksanaan menyusun warna yaitu Prang color system dan Musell color system.
warna-warna primer. Contoh, kombinasi dari kuning dan merah menghasilkan orange. 3.
Tertier
Warna-warna tertier merupakan campuran dari warna primer dan warna sekunder. Warna-warna tertier berada diantara warna primer dan sekunder. 4.
Kuanterner
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