Bab Xiv Hull Structure

 

OMO RLW BUCC QT_UATU_E QT_UJTU_ CMHOU@N

  M. VE@DMBUCUM@

Vmdm omo l`l he`kecmsjm` te`tm`n ji`strujsl cmhou`n jmpmc ,ym`n ,ym` n hm`m cmhou`n ,l`l dloumt dloumt sedehljlm sedehljlm` ` rupm ,sebl`nnm ,sebl`nnm d mp mp mt mt

h e` e ` mb mb m` m`

te en n m` m` nm nm `

d mr mr l

c um um r

h mu m u p u` u`

dm mrr l

d mc mc mh mh .

J i `s `s t ru ru j sl sl c m ho h o u `n `n d l ou ou mt m t t e rc rc e ol ol b d m b bu u c u m d mc mc m b n m dl dl ` nnn md m d l` l ` n u `t `t u uj j te eh h pm p m t h e` e ` eh e h pe p e cj cj m m` ` j uc u c lt lt j m mp pm mcc .

A mr mr m

pehmsm`nm` juclt jmpmc terseout, ,dlhucml dmrl omwmb smhpml j em e m tm t m s s ea ea mr m r m m ccp p mo m o et e t lls s d m` m` p eh e h oe o e rl r l m` m ` ` ih i h ir i r p cm c m t j mp mp m mcc terseout ters eout dlhucm dlhucmll

dmrl hujm hujm jeoecmjm jeoecmjm`n `n mnmr mnmr hehudmbjm hehudmbjm` `

he`netmbul cetmj dmrl pcmt jmpmc sewmjtu mdm pernm`tlm` pcmt  k  kll j m t e r k m d l j e r u s m j m ` p md m c m h o u ` n j m p m c  

Qetecmb hehpecmkmrl hmterl dmcmh omo l`l, dlbmrmpjm` persertm dldlj dmpmt =) Hehmbmhl Hehmbmhl ji`struj ji`strujsl sl cmhou`n cmhou`n ?) He`kecmsjm` He`kecmsjm` pe`nmrub pe`nmrub tenm`nm` tenm`nm` terbmdmp terbmdmp ji`stru ji`strujsl jsl jmpmc. jmpmc. 1) Hehoedmjm` dmrl nmym ‑nmym ym`n terkmdl dmrl omdm` 4) Hehoedmjm` ke`ls ‑ke`ls nermjm`,ym`n hu`auc dmrl tenm`nm`.  Mnmr oerbmslc de`nm` omlj pesertm dldlj dmpmt hehpecmkmrl omo l`l hmjm ;

=. Omamcmb pe`nertlm` pe`nertlm` dm` hmjsud dmrl dmrl pe`nmrub pe`nmrub tenm`nm` tenm`nm` pmdm pmjmc. ?. Dlsju Dlsjuslj sljm` m` oersm oersmhm hm de`nm de`nm` ` tehm` tehm`-te -tehm` hm` te`t te`tm`n m`n hmter hmterll ym`n ym`n md mdm m dmcmh dm cmh omo omo l`l u`tuj u`tuj hehper hehperhu hudmb dmb pehmb pehmbmhm mhm` ` dm` dm` pe pe`ne `nertl rtlm` m` hmterl. 1. pmjmlcmb ouju-ouju ouju-ouju regere`sl regere`sl u`tuj ceolb hehmbmh hehmbmhll hmterl hmterl

O.Ve`kmklm`

?=

 

M.NMDL@N- NMDL@N ( G_MHEQ   )

=.Nu`m nmdl`n- nmdl`n   Nmdl`n nmdl`n pmsm`n u`tuj hehperjumt ji`trujsl hecl`tm`n jmpmc u`tuj he`kmnm mnmr tldmj terkmdl peruombm` oe`tuj pmdm juclt jmpmc jmpmc sejmclnus sejmclnus seomnml tehpmt tehpmt he`ehpec`y he`ehpec`ym m juclt jmpmc, hehoerl oe`tuj omdm` jmpmc.Qecml` ltu dmpmt dlmrtljm` seomnml oerljut; jihpi`e` ji`trujsl hecl`tm`n jmpmc ym`n terdmpmt pmdm omnlm` dmcmh jmpmc pcmt juclt jmpmc dmrl bmcum` smhpml ourltm` O mn mn l m m` `

d m rrll

j i` i` s tr tr uj uj s l

h ec ec l `t `t m` m` n

j m pm pm c

y m` m` n

t e rd rd mp mp m t

dlsmhpl`n/ pmdm juclt jmpmc. Jenu`mm` dmrl nmdl`n- nmdl`n

D e `n `n m ` o m ci ci j n ec e c m dm d m j d m ` w r m` m` n h e ho ho e `t `t u j s u mt mt u o l ` `n n j ml ml u`tuj jejumtm` jejumtm` hecl`tm`n hecl`tm`n jmpmc/ jmpmc/ ol`njml ol`njml ji`strujs ji`strujsll hecl`tm`n hecl`tm`n utmhm. Tehpmt hecejmt`ym cmkur pcmt juclt jmpmc. Hehoerl oe`tuj pmdm cmhou`n jmpmc. Ji`trujsl nmdl`n- nmdl`n   ;

Nmdl`n- nmdl`n dloumt pmdm uhuh`ym dmrl omkm slju Vmdm jmpmc de`nm` necmdmj m`tmrm , ji`trujsl nmdl`n- nmdl`n hmjl` jemtms hmjl` jealc. Qetlmp nmdl`n ‑ nmdl`n dloerl tm`dm ymltu dlhucml dmrl nmdl`n ` ih i h er e r ` ic i c ( N md m d ll` ` n o ur u r lltt m m` ` ) j em e m rrm m b d ep ep m` m` / b m mcc um u m ` d ep e p m` m` m`njm pisltlg dm` nmdl`n `ic je je oecmjm`n de`nm` mokmd. mokmd. Kmrmj m`tmrm nmdl`n- nmdl`n ; m..Dl omnlm` te`nmb jmpmc Jmpmc jealc ?= l`abl Jmpmc oesmr 12 l`abl   _mtm- rmtm 16 l`abl o. Dl omnlm` depm` dm` oecmjm`n jmpmc hmjslhuh ?4 l`abl

??

 

a. Dlomnlm` depm` m`tmrm sejmt pecm`nnmrm` dm` ¸ pm`km`n  

jmpmc kmrmj hmxlhuh ?> L`abl

 

Vehmsm`nm` nmdl`n- nmdl`n V e hm h m s m` m` n m` m` n m dl dl ` nn- n md m d l `n `n d l pm pm s m` m` n h e clcl ` tm t m `n ` n h e` e ` n ec ec l clcl ` n nll o m dm dm ` j m pm pm c , k m rm rm j m ` tm tm r m n m dl dl ` n t l dm dm j s mh m h m , t e ru ru t mh mh m p m dm dm omnlm` uku`n jmpmc. Ve`nujurm` kmrmj nmdl`n- nmdl`n dlcmjujm` dloldm`n dlold m`n slhetrl slhetrl jmpmc jmpmc sebl`nnm sebl`nnm hudmb hudmb dljetmbu dljetmbull kmrmj kmrmj nmdl`nnmdl`nn md m d l` l ` n p md m d m o mn m n llm m ` u kku u `n ` n m jm j m ` c eo e o lb l b j ea ea lc lc d m mrr l p md m d m o mn m n lm lm ` te`nmb omdm` jmpmc ym`n sekmkmr ( Vmrmcec Hldce Oidy ) Omnlm` jmpmc ym`n he`dmpmt tejm`m` pmcl`n oesmr sepertl bmcum` dl pmsm`n nmdl`n- nmdl`n ,uku`n omwmb`ym oermjblr pmdm cu`ms j mp mp mc mc

d m` m`

s mc mc ll` ` n d llb b uo u o u` u` nj n j m` m`

d e` e` nm n m ` w rm rm `n `n

t l` l ` nn nn l (

d ee ee p

gciirs gciir s ), omnlm` omnlm` mtms dlpmsm`n dlpmsm`n omkm slju ym`n he`nbuou`nj he`nbuou`njm` m` wrm`n terseout pmdm nmdl`n- nmdl`n. N md m d l` l ` n p md m d m o mn mn llm m ` o ur u r lltt m m` ` s ep e p m` m` km k m `n ` n p ir ir i is s o mc m c l` l` n n-- o mc m c l` l` n dlcejujm` sedehljlm` rupm sebl`nnm dmpmt dlcewmtl iceb tmou`n p i ri ri s o m clcl ` nn- o m clcl ` n, n , n m dl dl ` n t e rs rs e ou ou t s e pm pm ` km km ` n p i ri ri s o mc m c l `n `n omcl`n dlseout nmdl`n slhpuc.

?1

 

Vehoerlm` `ihir nmdl`n- nmdl`n

Vehoerlm` `ihir nmdl`n- nmdl`n dmrl oecmjm`n je depm` ym`n dlhucml dlhuc ml dmrl nmdl`n nmdl`n ourltm`/ @IC de`nm` m`njm =, ?, 1, dst, dmrl nmdl`n `ic jemrmb oecmjm`n de`nm` m`njm `enmtlg ‑ =, - ?, - 1 dst mtmu de`nm` mokmd m, o, a,.........

?4

 

Ke`ls- ke`ls nmdl`n- nmdl`n Ke`ls- ke`ls nmdl`n- nmdl`n sesuml de`nm` cetmj`ym m. Nmdl`n bmcum` Nmdl`nNmdl` n- nmdl`n nmdl`n ym`n dlpmsm`n dlpmsm`n / tercetmj tercetmj pmdm omnlm` omnlm` sejmt sejmt pecm`nnmrm`.

o. Nmdl`n ourltm`/ @IC N m dl dl ` nn-

n m dl dl ` n y m `n `n d l pm pm s m` m` n / t e rc rc e tm tm j s e ol ol d m` m` n d e` e ` n m` m`

amnmj jehudl. a. Nmdl`n mnu`n/ oesmr  N md m d l` l ` n - n md m d ll` ` n y m` m ` n d llp p ms m s m` m ` n / t er e r ce c e tm t m j p md md m t e` e ` nm nm b ‑ te`nmb ( Hldsblp ) jmpmc dm` hehpu`yml ujurm` ceolb oesmr. d. Nmdl`n aerhl` Q e hu hu m n m dl dl ` n y m `n `n t e rc rc e tm tm j p md m d m o m nl nl m ` o e cm cm j m` m` n n md m d l `n `n ourltm`/ @IC. e. Nmdl`n slhpuc Nmdl`n ym`n tercetmj sepm`km`n piris omcl`n- omcl`n. g. Nmdl`n smrm`n N md m d l` l ` nn- n md m d ll` ` n y m` m` n t e err cce e tm t m j p md md m o mn mn lm l m ` y m` m` n t er er p pu u tu t u s, s, dmermb dmer mb ym`n hehercujm hehercujm` ` jejumtm` jejumtm` tmhombm` tmhombm` sepertl sepertl jmhmr  jmhmr  hesl`, dlsejltmr cuom`n jmpmc. A  

O

G D

E

?5

 

Nmdl`n- nmdl`n Oesmr ( Nmdl`n smrm`n - ^eo grmhes ) Nmdl`n Nmdl` n l`l de`nm` de`nm` ji`trujsl ji`trujsl ceolb oesmr oesmr de`nm` de`nm` nmdl`n nmdl`n cml``ym, cml``ym, n md m d l` l ` nn-

n md m d ll` `n l` `ll

d llp p ms m s m` m ` n p md md m o mn m n lm l m ` y m` m ` n h eh e h er e r cu c u jm jm `

j e ju ju m tm tm ` p e `u `u b , n m dl dl ` n l ` l d l gu gu ` ns ns l jm j m ` u ` tu tu j h e `n `n e ho ho m cl c l j m` m` jejumtm` jeju mtm` ym`n blcm`n blcm`n sepertl sepertl pmdm hucut pmcjm, pmcjm, dl jmhmr hesl`, dl rum`n oilcer, dm` pmdm omnlm` oecmjm`n jmpmc ym`n hehpu`yml omcl`nomcl` n- omcl`n omcl`n nm`dm nm`dm ym`n hehpu`yml hehpu`yml jejumtm` jejumtm` tl`nnl seomnml seomnml pe`mbm` netmrm`. V md md m

o mn mn llm m`

b mc mc u um m `, `,

j mh mh mr mr

h es es l` l`

d lt l t mh mh om om b

d e` e` nm nm `

s e` e` tm tm

s m hp hp l `n `n ( Q l de de s t rl rl ` nn nn e r) r) y m `n `n o e rg rg u `n `n s sll m n mr mr t e jm jm ` m` m` d m pm pm t dlterusjm` jenmdl`n- nmdl`n.  M  Mn nmr

jejumtm`

ceolb

terpmdu

pmdm

pertehum`

m`tmrm

se`tm

smhpl`n dm` nmdl`n- nmdl`n oesmr / weo grmhe dltutup de`nm` pcmt

oecmb

jetupmt

/

pcmt

l`tm`

(

D lm lm h i ` d

V cm cm t e

)

u`tuj

hehoerljm` jejumtm` seamrm hehoukur, mnmr dl`dl`n jmpmc tldmj hece`nju`n.

CMKU_ NMDL@N OLMQM

QE@TM

 M  M.. D L M H I @ D V C MTE MT E N M D L @ N O E Q M _  

^_M@N ( GCII_ ) ^rm`n ^rm `n mdmcmb mdmcmb omnlm` omnlm` dmrl ji`trujsl ji`trujsl jmpmc jmpmc seamrm seamrm hecl`tm`n hecl`tm`n dl o mn mn lm lm `

cu u` ` ms ms

y m` m` n p mc mc ll` `n

o es es mr mr

d m` m`

j um um t, t,

ji i` ` tr t r uj uj s sll

dm s sm mr 

?7

 

o er er n nm m `d ` d m, m, tm m` ` nj n j ll--

s eo e o mn mn ml ml

tm m` ` nj nj l

p e` e` ip i p m` m` n

h um u m tm tm `

y m` m` n

o eo e o m` m`

d lm l m tm tm s s` ` ym ym ,

s ek ek e` e ` ls ls

m tm tm u

h eh e h oe o e `t ` t uj uj

o er er cm c m l` l` m` m`

k e` e ` ls ls ,

hehperjealc pe`nmrub perhujmm` oeoms. Jenu`mm` wrm`n ; =.

Herupmjm` Herup mjm` omnlm` dmrl jejumtm` hecl`tm`n hecl`tm`n teroesmr teroesmr dl omnl omnlm` m` cu`ms jmpmc.

? . H e ho h o e rl rl oe oe ` tu tu j p m dm dm cu cu `m `m s . 1. Tehpmt hecejmt`y hecejmt`ym m cmkurcmkur- cmkur cmkur pcmt cu`ms. cu`ms. Ke`ls- ke`ls wrm`n mdmcmb ;

^rm`n pe`ub ( Qicld Gciir ) ^ rm rm ` n p e `u `u b o l ms ms m `y `y m d l pm pm s m` m` n d l te te h pm pm t y m `n `n h e ho h o u tu tu b jm jm ` perjumtm` sepertl ; 

Dl omwmb tlmp nmdl`n jmhmr hesl`



Dl omwmb jursl oilcer 



Dlomwmb sejmt jedmp mlr 



Dl setlmp nmdl`n dl =/ 4 pm`km`n jmpmc



Dltehpmt

-

tehpmt

ym`n

he hou tub jm`

perjumtm`-

perjumtm` cml`. J i `t ` t r uj uj sl s l t e rn rn m `t `t u `n `n d m rl rl k e `l `l s j e rm rm ` nj nj m d m sm sm r o e rn rn m` m ` d m d m` m` gu`nsl jmpmc.    M

O OA A

D

E

G

N

J B

L

 K

?>

 

 M ; C m k u r t e ` n m b d m s m r. O ; Cu ` m s t e n m j , A ; C m k u r p c m t t m ` j t i p , D ; Omkm slju nmdl`n, E ; Vcmt jlpms, G ; Cuom`n perm`nl`m`, N ; Nmdl`n, B ; Cu`ms dmtmr, dmtmr, L ; Omkm Qlju, K ; Cuom`n mlr, J ; Cuom`n perm`nl`m`.

=. ^rm`n ^rm`n terou teroujm jm ( Ipe` gciirgciir- ormaje ormajett gciir gciir ) ^rm`n teroujm dlpmsm`n pmdm omnlm` ym`n jurm`n hehercujm` p e rj rj um u m t m` m` m t mu mu d l m` m` t mr mr m w r m` m` n p e `u `u b s o mn mn ml m l s e ccll ` nm nm ` . ^ rm rm ` n teroujm dlpmsm`n ormajet jm`m` dm` jlrl dm` omnlm` te`nmb`ym j i si si `n ` n t m `p `p m p c mt mt . J e u` u` t u` u` n m` m` ` ym ym o m nl nl m ` o m wm wm b j m pm pm c c e ol ol b rl`nm` dm` dmsmr oernm`dm dmpmt dl hmsujl irm`n.  M O

 

A

E

D

 K G

N

B

 L

JETE_M@NM@ ;  M ; c u ` m s t e ` n m b d m s m r, O ; O m k m Q l j u , A ; V c m t t m ` j t i p , D ; V c m t Jlpms, E ; Nmdl`n, G ; Cu`ms Tenmj, N ; Cu`ms Dmtmr, B ; Cuom`n m`nl`m, L ; Cmkur Vcmt cu`ms, K ; Vcmt smhpl`n. smhpl`n.

? . ^ rm rm ` n te te r tu tu t up up ( ^m ^m t er er t l nb nb t g ci ci i r )

?2

 

^ rm rm ` n t e rt rt u tu tu p d l pm pm s m` m` n p m dm dm d l `d `d l `n `n j e d dm m p m l r, r, s e cm cm l ` l t u d l p m sm sm `n ` n d l de de j mt mt p md m d m t e hp h p m t u ` tu tu j p e hl hl s mb m b m` m ` t m `n `n j ll - t m `n `n j l dmsmr oernm`dm dm` tehpmt ym`n hehoutubjm` perjumtm`. U`tuj tm`njl de`nm` amlrm` ym`n smhm dlpmsm`n = oumb wrm`n te err tu t u tu t u p, p , u `t `t u uj j tm m` ` nj n j l y m` m` n o er e r ccm m l` l ` m` m ` k e` e ` ls l s d lp lp m ms s m` m ` n ? o um um b wrm`n tertutup, m`tmrm wrm`n terseout dl seout jigerdmh u`tuj he`mhpu`n jeoiairm`, dm` jerl`nmt jmpmc.

   M O

G

A

N

D

L B

E

JETE_M@NM@ ;  M ; c u ` m s t e ` n m b d m s m r, O ; O m k m Q l j u , A ; V c m t t m ` j t i p , D ; V c m t Jlpms, E ; Nmdl`n, G ; Cu`ms Tenmj, N ; Cu`ms Dmtmr, B ; Cuom`n m`nl`m, L ; Cmkur Vcmt cu`ms, K ; Vcmt smhpl`n. smhpl`n. NECMDMJ ( DEAJ ) = . V eh e h ms m s m` m` nm n m ` n ec ec m md d mj mj . Necmdmj seoumb jmpmc dltehpmtjm` dlmtms omcij - omcij necmdmj, d l clcl b mt m t d mr m r l k e `l `l s o m bm bm ` y m` m ` n d l pm pm j ml ml u ` tu tu j h e `u `u t up up n ec e c m dm dm j olmsm`ym necmdmj jmpmc dloedmjm` mtms ;

?<

 

m . N ec ec m md dm j omk m o . N e cm c m dm d m j om om k m y m` m ` n dl dl c mp mp l sl sl j my my u a . N ec ec m md d m j j m yu yu . A m rm rm p e `y `y m ho h o u` u ` n m` m` n ec e c m dm dm j s m clcl ` n d l sm sm h ou ou ` n d e` e ` n m` m` a mr mr m amrm seomnml oerljut ; m . V e cm cm t `y `y m d l t e ju ju j p m d m u k u `n `n - u k u `n ` n j e hu hu d lm lm ` d e ` nm nm ` b l h pl p l t m` m` jedum ukun`ym terseout dlpmsm`n seamrm cumr dm` dmcmh tetmpl omcij necmdmj`ym tldmj dltejuj. o . O mc m c ij i j n ec ec m md d mj m j d lltt e ej j uj u j d m` m ` p ccm m tt - p cm c m t n ec e c md m d mj m j d lp l p ms m s m` m ` n s ea ea mr mr m cumr dm` dmcmh dlmtms`ym. a. Omcij necmd necmdmj mj dlpmsm` dlpmsm`n n tm`pm tm`pm dltejuj, dltejuj, dm` dm` pcmt pcmt necmdmj necmdmj dlpmsm dlpmsm`n `n seamrm rmtm. Vmdm oeoermpm oeoermpm omnlm` omnlm` dmrl pecmt necmdmj necmdmj dloumt seamrm seamrm oerslslj oerslslj de`nm` hmjsud u`tuj he`nurm`nl clal`. U`tuj jmpmc pe`uhpm`n olmsm`ym dlcmplsl jmyu. ? . J m pm p m c d e` e ` n m` m` N e cm c m dm d m j o mk mk m Vehmsm`nm` necmdmj l`l de`nm` amrm dljecl`n mtmu dlcms, u`tuj p e hm hm s m` m` n m` m` d e` e ` n m` m` a m rm rm j e clcl ` n ; u k u` u` n p c m mtt d l p pm m s m` m` n s m ccll ` n he`l`dlb dm` he`nmrmb jecumr, sebl`nnm mlr dmpmt he`nmclr je p l` l ` nn n n lr l r j e m rrm mb cu uo o m` m ` n n it i t m tm t m u c uo u o m` m` n p eh e h ou o u m` m ` nm n m `. `. B m mcc l `l `l dlcmjujm` de`nm` he`usuj uku`n pecmt pmdm smcmb smtu slsl mtmu d e` e` nm nm `

h eh eh ms m s m` m` n

o mc mc i ij j

n e ccm m dm dm j

y m` m` n

d lt l t ej ej uj uj

s eb eb l` l` nn nn m

he`yerupml terms ym`n hmjl` he`uru` ( kinced oemh ) De`nm` amrm dlcms, smhou`nm` mjm` rmtm, tetmpl dlomnlm` te`nmb m nm n m j d lt lt e eo o mc m c jm j m ` m tm t m u d llp p er e r te t e om o m c p cm c m t` t` y ym m

se eb b l` l ` nn n n m m lr lr

d mp m p mt mt

he`nmclr je pl`nnlr.

16

 

1 . V er e r ju ju mt mt m m` ` n ec ec m md d mj mj N ec e c md m d mj mj

b mr mr u us s

d llp p er e r ju j u mt m t u `t `t u uj j

h e` e ` km k m hl h l ` t ej e j m` m` m` m ` d mr m r l m tm tm s

hmupu` dmrl smhpl`n, Verjumtm` ym`n pmcl`n utmhm mdmcmb m. Dmrl omwmb omwmb Omcij necmdmj dl perjumt de`nm` tlm`n- tlm`n pe`uhpu, pcmt cutut/ slju dm` deaj nlrder.

1=

 

o. Dmrl Qmhpl`n Qmhpl`n D ea e a j s ttrr ll` ` nn n n er er y m` m ` n h er e r up u p m jm j m ` p cm cm t c um um r y m` m` n sepm`km`n pertehum` necmdmj de`nm` pmnmr jmpmc. O mc m c ij ij

n ec ec m md d mj mj

h e` e ` ip ip m` m` n

a uj uj up up

n md md l ` `n n-

j um um t

n md md ll` `n

d m` m`

j ij ij i b

d llm m tm tm s` s` y ym m

j mr mr e` e` m

d m` m`

h eh eh ou ou ku ku r  

g u` u ` ns ns l

p md md m

u `t `t uj uj

s mh mh o ou u `n `n m` m`

nmdl`n- nmdl`n de`nm` necmdmj m`tmrm ( twee` deaj ), Kmdl gu`nsl necmdmj u`tuj he`mbm` oeom` dlmtms`ym kunm hehomnl oeom` je nmdl`n- nmdl`n sebl`nnm hecluj`ym juclt jmpmc pmdm omnlm` mtms dm` pmdm te`nmb tl`nnl nmdl`n- nmdl`n. U`tuj hehperjijib smhou`nm` terseout, pmdm pertehum` omcij necmdmj de`nm` necmdmj dm` nmdl`n- nmdl`n dlpmsm`n pcmt slju/ cutut. Kuhcmb necmdmj ym`n dlpmsm`n ternm`tu`n dmrl ke`ls jmpmc, rute j m pm pm c , t l `n `n n l j mp m p m c, c, d m ` k e ` ls ls h u m t m` m` ,

j m re re ` m n ec ec m dm dm j k u n nm m

oergu`nsl u`tuj hehlsmbjm` humtm` sesuml de`nm` ke`ls humtm`, slgmt humtm`, dm` tukum` pecmoubm` oi`njmr. Qepertl jmpmc aurmb mjm` sedljlt kuhcmb necmdmj`ym dl om`dl`n jmpmc pe`uhpm`n.. N ec ec md m d mj mj

j mp mp mc mc

t lld d mj mj

m jm jm `

u tu tu b/ b/

t er er tu t u tu tu p

r mp mp mt mt

s ec ec ur ur ub u b `y `y m

he`nl`nmt mdm`ym oujmm`/ hucut pmcjm, deaj ipe`lns, ti``mne ipe`l`ns ipe` l`ns,, sebl`nnm sebl`nnm jejumtm` jejumtm` oerjurm`n oerjurm`n.. U`tuj he`nehomcl he`nehomcljm` jm` jejumtm` terseout hmjm hmjm pmdm omnlm` pikijpikij- pikij`ym pikij`ym dloerl pcmt nm`dm mnmr tldmj retmj/ pmtmb. Vmdm omnlm` mhom`n pmcjm pmdm pikij- ikij`ym tldmj dloumt dmrl oesl slju- slju oe`mr tetmpl mnmj hece`nju`n dm` pcmt mhom`n pmcjm omnlm` mtms dlperjumt.

1?

 

11

 

14

 

15

 

Tudu`n Necmdmj ( dip 8 diwecs ) V m dm d m j m pm pm c n ec e c m dm d m j o m km km d l cm cm p ls ls l j m yu yu , o m nl nl m ` n e cm cm dm d m j y m `n `n dlcuom`nl dlcmplsl tudu`n necmdmj pmdm omnlm` mtms dmrl jepmcm o m ut ut , d e` e ` n m` m` h m js j s u d m n mr mr p e rh rh u jm jm m` m ` j m yu yu n e cm cm d mj mj r m tm tm d m ` jepmcm omut dlomwmb`ym tldmj hudmb oerjmrmt. Tudm`n necmdmj ym`n dlpmjml bmrus dmrl jmyu ym`n smhm de`nm` jmyu necmdmj`ym d m` m ` u rm r m t - u rm r m t` t ` ym y m b mr mr u us s d llp p ms m s m` m` n s ek e k mk m k mr mr d e e` ` nm n m ` u rm rm t j m my yu necmdmj`ym mnmr jmyu dmpmt mwet pmdm wmjtu he`aual. Vehmsm`nm` tudu`n necmdmj dm` omut necmdmj dmpmt dlcmjujm` de`nm` amrm; m. Amrm ju`i O mu m u t n ec ec m md d mj m j d llj j e` e` am a m `n ` n jm j m ` d mr m r l o mw m w mb mb

o mc mc ij i j n ec e c md m d mj m j `y `y m

de`nm` amrm hehmjml omut dm` hur. m. Amrm Hider` Omut necmdmj dlcms pmdm omcij necmdmj`ym. 4 . N e cm c m dm d m j om om k m y m` m ` n dl dl c mp mp l sl s l j my my u Jmpmc- jmpmc pe`uhpm`n dm` jmpmc ‑ jmpmc omrm`n ym`n hecmymrl dmermb tripls mtmu jmpmc ym`n he`nm`njut omrm`n humtm` ym`n h ud u d mb mb

o us us uj uj

d llm m tm tm s

n ec ec m md d mj mj `y `y m

d lo l o er er l

j my my u u..

H mj mj su su d

d mr mr l

p e ho ho e rl rl m ` c m pl pl sm s m ` j m yu yu p m dm dm j mp m p m c p e `u `u h pm pm ` n m dm d m c mb mb m n m mrr   necmdmj tldmj clal`, rmpl, hudmb permwmtm``ym. Vehoerlm` cmplsm` j m yu yu p md m d m j m pm pm c o mr m r m `n `n m nm n m r n e cm cm d mj mj t l dm d m j c l al al ` , r m pl pl , h u d dm mb permwmtm``ym, dm` he`nurm`nl jerl`nmt jmpmc. m. Jmyu Necmdm Necmdmj j

17

 

J m yu yu y m `n `n d l pm pm j ml ml u ` tu tu j h e cm cm p ls l s l j m yu yu n ec e c m dm dm j p m dm dm n e cm cm d mj mj j m pm pm c o m km km d m rl rl j m yu yu p l `u `u s , j m yu yu k m tl tl d e` e ` n m` m` u j ur ur m m` ` s eo e o m nm nm l oerljut ; =). Vm`km`n Vm`km`n 7 heter heter mtmu mtmu =? heter  heter  ? ) . C e om om r 5 l ` ab ab l 1). Teomc jmyu kmtl ? l`ab l`ab , teomc jmyu pl`us pl`us ?,5 l`ab o. Amrm pehmsm`nm` pehmsm`nm` necmdmj jmyu =). Necmdmj Necmdmj omkm dloerslbjm`, dloerslbjm`, dl blcm`nj blcm`njm` m` jmrmt`ym, jmrmt`ym, dloerl he`l, ter  jmyu dm` dlsehe` ym`n teomc. ?). Necmdmj Necmdmj omkm dm` necmdmj jmyu dloerl dloerl cuom`n u`tuj hehmsujm` hehmsujm` omut pmdm jmyu necmdmj dm` hur dm` rl`n dlpmsm`n dmrl omwmb u`tuj he`ne`am`njm` he`ne`am`njm` 1). M`tmrm jmyu de`nm` de`nm` jmyu ym`n cml` dloerl pmjmc pmjmc ( amucjed )

5. Vehoerlm` Vehoerlm` tm`dm tm`dm dm` dm` `ihir `ihir pmdm pcmt Necmdmj. Necmdmj. Vcmt necmdmj dlpmsm`n seamrm hehoukr dmrl hujm je oecmjm`n, U`tuj he`netmbul cijmsl seoumb pcmt necmdmj dloerl tm`dm mtmu ` ih ih ir i r p md md m p ccm m tt- p ccm mt te err se se ou ou t. t. V cm c m t d ea e a j p md md m c mk mk ur u r - c mk mk ur ur  

1>

 

dlbltu`n dmrl oldm`n slhetrl jecumr dm` dloerl `ihir dmrl oecmjm`n je depm`.

12

 

7 . O u jm jm m `/ `/ Cu C u o m` m` n dl dl m tm t m s n e cm cm d mj mj Cuom`n/ oujmm` teroesmr dlmtms necmdmj mdmcmb cuom`n pmcjm, Dl tl`kmu dmrl om`nu`m` jmpmc pehoumtm` oeoermpm oumb pmcjm mjm` he`nurm`nl jejumtm` pmdm omnlm` ltu. U`tuj ltu percu dlpuclbjm` cmnl jejumtm`ym de`nm` kmcm` m`tmrm cml` ;

1<

 

m. Vmdm Vcmt cmhou`n jmpmc dlslsl pmcjm dl pmsm`n nmdl`n- nmdl`n nmdl`n o es e s mr m r d llp p ms m s m` m ` n h ec e c ll` ` tm t m `n ` n d l h uc u c ut u t p mc m c jm j m m dm d m y m` m ` n d lp l p ms m s m` m` n uku`n hujm dm` oecmjm`n hucut pmcjm. o . V cm cm tt--

p c mt mt

y m `n `n

y m` m` n

h er er up up m j m` m`

o m nl nl m `

d m rl rl

h uc uc ut ut

p mc mc jm jm

dlperjumt/ dlperteomc pmdm omnlm` sudut- sudut`ym. a. QudutQudut- sudut omnlm` dmcmh cuom`n pmcjm tldmj dloumt dloumt senl ehpmt t e tm tm p l h e ce ce ` nj nj u` u ` n s e pe pe r tl tl o e `t `t u j e c clcl p s m t mu mu p m rm r m o ic i c l s u ` tu tu j he`aenmb pehusmtm` tejm`m` pmdm pikij terseout. d . H uc u c ut u t p mc m c jm j m d m` m ` s tr tr u uj j tu tu r c m mll ` `y y m d ls l s ej e j lt l t mr m r h uc uc ut u t p mc m c jm j m d lo lo u um mt oerol`tuc mnmr tldmj hudmb sioej. e . H u cu cu t p mc m c j m p m cj cj m o m nl nl m ` c u mr mr d l pe pe r ju ju m t d e ` n m` m` o r ma m a j et et / s t my my y m` m` n d lt lt m mb b m` m` i cce e b p e` e` nu nu mt mt dlomwmb`ym seamrm hehoukur.

n ec e c md md mj mj /

d ea ea j

n rl rl de de r

d lp lp m s sm m `n `n

g . D ea e a j n lr lr d de e r d l p er e r ju j u mt m t d e` e` nm n m ` o mc m c ij i j n ec ec md m d mj m j s et e t e` e ` nm nm b / b m mcc g   oemh ym`n oerbuou`nm` de`nm` hucut pmcjm n . U `t `t u uj j h eh e h pe p e rj r j um u m t h uc uc u utt p mc m c jm j m d lo l o er e r l t lm lm ` `n n p e` e` uh u h pu p u / p lc l c cm c m rrs s dldejmt sudut pmcjm, olmsm`ym dlpmsm`n pmdm smhou`nm` omcij necmdmj dm` pe`numt deaj. b. Vcmt necmdmj pmdm omnlm` sudut sudut pmcjm pmcjm pcmt- pcmt`ym pcmt`ym dlnm`dmj dlnm`dmjm` m` mnmr dmpmt he`mbm` tejm`m` - tejm`m` dm` he`kmnm mnmr omnlm` sudut`ym tldmj sioej. l. Vmdm cuom`n cuom`n pmcjm`ym pmcjm`ym dltutup dltutup de`nm` de`nm` tutup pmcjm pmcjm ym`n dlperjum dlperjumtt de`nm` oiyi- oiyi / bmtab oemh, terdlrl pmcjm jmyu dmrl pi`ti` mtmu dmrl ke`ls hma nrenir. > . Tu t u p Vm Vmc j m Tutup pmcjm teroumt dmrl pmpm` de`nm` pe`utup terpmc, dlce`njmpl de`nm` omkl pe`ne`am`n terpmc, teroumt dmrl pi`ti`, ym`n teroumt

46

 

d mr mr l

o mk mk m

h ma ma

n r en en ir ir

d e` e` n m` m`

o u jm jm m m` `

j em em r mb mb

d ep ep m` m`

m tm tm u

j e sm sm h pl pl ` n, n , H m js js u d d m rl rl p e hm h m sm s m ` nm nm ` t u tu tu p p mc m c j m m d mc mc m b m n m mrr   t u tu tu p p m cj cj m j ed e d m p m l r u ` tu tu j p e he h e c lb lb m mrr m m` m ` h u mt m t m ` d m` m ` u `t `t u j he`kmnm stmolcltms jmpmc.

2. Necmdmj Necmdmj dm` dm` cuom`n cuom`n - cuom`n cuom`n dl necmdm necmdmj j (QIQW=6 465 4>6 546

??6 ?25 115 1>6 465 4>6 546 7=6

4 4 5 7 7 > 2 <

JH

JH

TE@NMB

OECMJM@N

1 4 5 5 7 7 > 2

1 . J i` i ` ttrr u uj j sl sl s ej e j mt m t j ed e d mp mp m l r   Qejmt jedmp mlr dlpmsm`n pmdm nmdl`n- nmdl`n dm` oerdlrl mtms wrm`n- wrm`n pe`ub mtmu wrm`n tertutup pmdm dmsmr oernm`dm d l te te h pm pm t t e rs rs e ou ou t . Q e jm j m t j ed e d m p m l r d l om om `n ` n u ` h u cm cm l d m rrll d m sm sm r   oernm`dm oern m`dm smhpml omcij necmdmj dmrl dej kmcm` terus ym`n pmcl`n m t ms ms / u p pe pe r h i st st a i `t `t l `u ` u iu i u s d e aj aj . J e te te ` `tt u m` m` l ` l t l dm dm o e rrcc m ju ju u`tuj sejmt pecm`nmrm` dm` sejmt jedmp mlr aeruj oecmjm`n. Qejmt pecm`nnmrm` tldmj terputus dmrl cu`ms je necmdmj mnlc/ gire a ms m s tc t c e d ea e a j, j , Q ej e j mt m t j ed e d mp mp m llrr a er e r uj u j o ec e c mj m j m` m ` n b m` m` ym y m s mh mh p pm ml necmdmj pertmhm dlmtms nmrls mlr. He`nl`nmt gu`nsl dm` perm`m` sejmtt jedmp sejm jedmp mlr dljmpmc dljmpmc hmjm sehum sejmt jedmp mlr dloerl omkm s l ju ju p e `n `n u mt mt / s t lg l g ge ge ` er er s y m `n `n d l pm pm s m` m` n d l hu hu j m d m ` o e cm cm j m` m` n sejmt terseout. Teomc`ym pcmt sejmt jedmp mlr ternm`tu`n dmrl tl`nnl sejmt jedmp mlr dm` kmrmj m`tmrm omkm slju- slju pe`numt, hl`lhmc teomc 5,5 h h . V m dm d m j mp m p m c p e `n `n m `n `n j ut ut o l klkl - o l klkl m ` t m ho ho m `n `n / i r e a mr m r r le le r   j ea ea um um clcl o mt mt u o mm mm , t e eo o mc mc p ccm m t h l` l ` lh l h mc mc = 6 h h. h . J bu bu su su s s ej ej m mtt pecm`nnmrm` omkm slju pe`numt`ym ?5 % ceolb teomc dlom`dl`njm` de`nm` sejmt jedmp mlr olmsm. Vmdm sejmt pecm`nmrm` dm` sejmt

52

 

jedmp jedm p mlr aeruj oecmjm`n oecmjm`n kmrmj m`tmrm omkm slju pe`numt pe`numt mdm mdmcmb cmb 7=6 hh/ ?4 l`ab, sedm`n sejmt jedmp mlr olmsm >76 hh/ 16 l`ab. 4 . K e` e ` ls l s se s e jm j m t j ed e d mp m p ml ml r   Ke`ls sejmt jedmp mlr ym`n terdmpmt pmdm jmpmc mdmcmb ; m. Qejmt jedmp jedmp mlr mlr terdepm` terdepm`// Qejmt pecm`n pecm`nnmrm` nmrm` Q ej e j mt mt

p ec ec m m` ` nn nn mr mr m m` `

h er er u up p mj mj m` m`

o ug ug g er er /

p ec ec l` l` d du u `n `n

t er er de d e pm pm `

t e rb rb m dm dm p i h om om j d m ` n e ci ci h om om ` n. n. D m cm c m h b m c j m pm pm c h e` e ` n mc mc m hl hl tuorujm` mtmu jm`dms sebl`nnm jmpmc he`nmcmhl jerusmjm` dm` j eh e h ms m s uj u j m` m`

m llrr,

s ej e j mt mt

p ec ec m m` ` nn n n mr mr m m` `

d mp m p mt mt

oe err gu g u `n ` n sl sl

se eo om mn n ml ml

pe`mbm` mlr hmsuj jedmcmh jihpmrtehe` dloecmjm`n`ym. dloecmjm`n`ym. Qecml` ltu pe`e`tum` sejmt pecm`nnmrm` l`l kunm he`nu`tu`njm` j mr mr e e` `m

h eh e h pu p u `y ` y ml ml

o mt mt m ms s

h mj m j sl sl h uh uh

s eb eb l` l` n nn nm

p mc mc jm jm -

p mc mc jm jm

dloecmjm`n`ym tldmj oerjurm`n pm`km`n`ym. Q y mr mr m tt- s y m rm rm t y m `n `n b m r u s d lp l p e` e ` u bl bl i c e b i c e b s eo e o u mb mb s e j mt mt pecm`nnmrm` ymltu ; =). Cetmj`ym Cetmj`ym terte`tu terte`tu ? ). ) . H e` e ` nn nn u` u ` mj m j m` m` p ccm m t y m` m ` n ? 5 % c eo e o lb l b t eo eo mc m c , k lj l j m d lo l o m` m ` dl d l `n ` n jm jm ` de`nm` pmct sejmt jedmp mlr olmsm. 1). Vcmt omnlm` omwmb bmrus dlperteomc 6,= 6,= – mtmu ?,5 ?,5 hh 4 ) . V i ti ti ` nm nm ` o m km km s l ju ju p e `n `n u mt mt / s t lg lg ge ge ` er er s d l pm pm s m` m` n d l hu h u jm jm s e j jm mt de`nm` se`dlrl`ym slju pl`nnlrm` dlpmsm`n dloecmjm`n sejmt. 5). Viti`nm` Viti`nm` omkm slju pe`numt pe`numt dlpmsm`n dlpmsm`n seamrm seamrm vertljmc vertljmc tetmpl pmdm omnlm` omwmb dlpmsm`n birlsi`tmc/ tldmj hutcmj. 7 ) . K m rm rm j m ` t m rm rm o mk m k m s l ju ju p e` e ` n um um t c e ol ol b j e a l c y m l tu tu ? 4 m ‘ m t mu mu 7 =6 =6 hh.

Ve`mhpm`n hecl`tm`n sejmt pecm`nnmrm`

5<

 

o . Q e jm jm t j ed e d m p ml m l r t e ro ro e cm c m jm j m ` n / Q e jm jm t o ur u r l tm tm ` Q e jm jm t o u rl rl t m` m` m d mc mc m b s ej e j m t j ed e d m p m l r t e ro ro e cm cm j m` m` n y m `n `n p m clcl ` n oecmjm`n. Gu`nsl dmrl sejmt ourltm` mdmcmb ; =). Qeomnml Qeomnml dl`dl`n dl`dl`n omtms aeruj ourltm`. ourltm`. ? ) . H e` e` m b m` m`

uk u u` `n

d e p m` m`

t mo mo u ` n

p i r is is

o m clcl `n `n -

o m c l` l` n

pmd m

tehpmt`ym. 1). He`nlsicmsl jeoiairm`/ jeoiairm`/ jeomjmrm` jeomjmrm` dldmermb dldmermb aeruj rm`tml Ji`trujsl Qejmt ourltm` ; =). Vcmt- pcmt pmdm pmdm cmkur omwmb omwmb dlperteomc 6,= – ( ?,5 ?,5 hh ) ? ) . V md md m

o m nl nl m m` `

y m `n `n

d lltt e ho ho us us

p i ri ri s

o mc mc l` l` n -

o m clcl `n `n

p cm cm t` t` y m

dlnm`dmjm`. 1). Omkm slju jeclcl`n dlpmsm`n dlpmsm`n dlomnlm` dlomnlm` depm` depm` sejmt. 4). Viti`nm` pe`numt dlomnlm` oecmjm`n sejmt pmdm kmrmj hmjslhuh

?4 – dlomnlm` mtms dlpmsm`n seamrm tenmj dm` dlomnlm` omwmb seamrm birlzi`tmc.

76

 

7=

 

a. Qejmt jedmp mlr oercejuj 8 oernecihom `n8 oerolju ( Airrunmted wmter tlnbt oucjbemd )

7?

 

Qejmt jedmp mlr oercejuj mtmu mtmu oernecihom`n oernecihom`n mdmcmb sejmt sejmt jedmp m l r y m `n `n t l dm dm j d l ce c e ` nj nj mp m p l d e `n `n m ` p e `n `n u mt mt / s t llgg ge ge ` e err s . J m re re ` m oe`tuj`ym oernecihom`n l`l hmjm sejmt jedmp mlr oercejuj l`l h e` e ` km k m dl d l j mj m j u, u , s eb e b ll` ` nn n n m t lld d mj m j p er e r cu c u d l p ms m s m` m ` n p e` e` nu n u mt m t c mn m n l. l. De`nm` tldmj dlpmsm`n`ym pe`numt hmjm ; =). Qejmt jedmp jedmp mlr he`kmdl he`kmdl ceolb ceolb jmju ?). Dmpmt he`nnu`mjm` he`nnu`mjm` pcmt ym`n ym`n ceolb tlpls kmdl ceolb ceolb eji`ihls. 1 ). ) . H e` e ` mh m h om om b c u um ms ru um m `n ` n p mc mc jm jm t e err ut u t mh m h m k lj l j m d lh lh u um m tl t l n rm rm l` l ` / o lk l k llolklm` olklm ` aurmb aurmb ( humtm` humtm` dmpmt dmpmt smhpml smhpml je dl`dl`n`ym dl`dl`n`ym tm`pm om`ymj dltmbm` pe`numt ) Qejmt jedmp mlr oercejuj om`ymj dlpmjml dl jmpmc- jmpmc tm`jers dm` jmpmc aurmb.

71

 

d. Jete`tum` permturm` permturm` JmpmcJmpmc- jmpmc = he`ne`ml sejmt- sejmt. = ) . Q e tl tl m p j mp m p m c b m ru ru s d l ce ce ` nm nm p l d e` e ` n m` m` s e jm jm t a er e r u j b m cu cu m ` m t m u sejmt teroujm ym`n dl pmsm`n jedmp mlr smhpml necmdmj sejmt. Qejmt l`l bmrus dlpmsm`n pmdm kmrmj hl`lhuh 5 % pm`km`n jmpmc d mr m r l n mr m r lls s te en n mj m j d ep e p m` m ` d m` m ` t lld d mj m j c eo e o lb l b d mr m r l 1 ,5 , 5 h d lt l t mh m h om om b de`nm` 5 % pm`km`n jmpmc. ? ) . Tl m p j m p m c o e r uj uj u rrm m ` = 66 6 6 h e te te r u o lj l j m t mu mu c e ol ol b l s l j i t i irr b mr mr u s d l ce ce ` nj nj m pl pl p u cm cm d e `n `n m ` s e jm jm t a e ru ru j o u rl rl t m` m ` d m ` s e jm jm t - s e jm jm t dldepm` dm` omnlmo oecmjm`n jmhmr hesl` om`tu dm` jetec- jetec u mp m p . Q ej e j mt m t ‑ s em em t l ` `ll b mr mr u us s d llp p ms m s m` m ` n j ed ed mp m p m lr l r s mh mh p pm ml pm md dm necmdmj sejmt.

A . D M Q M_ M_ O E _ NM NM @ DM D M ( DI DI U OC O C E O IT I T T IH IH ) = . V e `n ` n er e r t lm l m ` d m sm sm r o er e r n m` m` d m Dmsmr oernm`dm lmcmb omnlm` dmrl ji`trujsl ym`n dlomtmsl . m . O mn m n lm l m ` o mw mw mb m b i cce e b j uc u c lltt j mp m p mc m c o mn m n lm l m ` o mw m w mb m b ( o it i t ti t i h s be be cc cc pcmttl`n ) o . O m nl nl m ` m t m s i c e b t m ` j t i p ( t m `j `j t i p p c m tl tl ` n ) m t mu mu p e cm cm t d m s m r   dmcmh l``er oittih pcmtl`n a. Omnlm` smhpl`n iceb iceb cehpe`n smhpl`n smhpl`n ( hmrnl` pcmte ) d. Omnlm` Depm` iceb sejmt sejmt jedmp mlr terdepm`/ sejmt sejmt pecm`nnmrm` ( Aicclsli` oucjbemd ) e. Omnlm` oecmjm`n iceb sejmt sejmt ourltm` ( mgter pemj oucj bem bemd d ) Qebuou`n Qebu ou`nm` m` de`nm` de`nm` omtmsm` omtmsm` de`nm` de`nm` omtms omtmsm` m` terseout terseout dlmt dlmtms, ms, dmsmr oernm`dm seoumb jmpmc dmpmt dlhm`gmmtjm` u`tuj oeromnml j ep ep er er cu c u m` m`

u ` tu tu j

h e` e` mh m h pu pu `n `n

m lr lr

o mc mc cm cm s stt

n u` u` m

j e pe p e `t `t l` l` nm nm `

stmolcltms jmpmc, dlsmhpl`n seomnml tehpmt ombm` omjmr, omjmr, mlr tmwmr  dm` cml` seomnml`ym.

74

 

U `t `t u uj j

d mp mp mt mt

s e `d `d l rl rl ` ym ym s eb e b l` l ` nn nn m

h eh e h e` e` ub ub l

j i `t `t r uj uj sl sl h eh e h e` e ` ub ub l

j ep ep er er ccu u m` m`

t er e r se se o ou ut

d lm lm tm tm s

d e` e` nm nm `

d m sm sm r o e rn rn m `d `d m b m ru r u s s ed e d e hl hl j lm l m ` r u pm pm p er e r sy s y mr mr m mtt m m` `

j ej ej u um m tm t m `, `,

j ej e j ed ed e ep p m` m`

m lr lr /

hl`ymj, dm` ji`trujsl. ? . N u` u ` m d ms m s mr mr o er er n nm m `d `d m Nu`m dmsmr oernm`dm dmcmh bmc ; m. Olcm jmpmc jm`dms dm` he`nmcmhl he`nmcmhl jeoiairm jeoiairm`, `, hmslb mdm dmsmr  dmsmr  ym`n jedmp mlr. o. Qeomnml rum`nm` humtm` amlrm`, mlr tmwmr, tmwmr, ombm` omjmr, omjmr, dm` cml` seomnml`ym. a . H eh e h om o m `t ` t u h e` e ` nm n m tu t u r s tm t m ol o l ccll ttm m s j mp mp m mcc . M l r o mc mc c ms ms t k un u n m d lp l p mj m j ml ml u`tuj hehom`tu he`nehom`njm` jmpmc jm`dms, mlr omccmst dmpmt h eh e h om om `t `t u m nm nm r o mc mc ll` ` nn- o mc mc ll` ` n d m ` j eh eh u ud dl sebl`nnm dmpmt oejerkm ceolb oerdmym nu`m.

d mp mp mt mt

t er e r e` e` dm dm h

d. He`mhomb jejumtm` jejumtm` hecl`tm`n hecl`tm`n jmpmc. 1 . J i` i ` ttrr u uj j sl sl d m sm sm r o er er n nm m `d `d m D m sm sm r o e rn r n m` m ` d m t e ro ro e `t `t m `n `n h e clcl p ut u t l s eo e o m nl nl m ` o e sm sm r p m `k `k m `n `n jmpmc dm` pmdm jeom`ymjm` jmpmc heclputl kmrmj sepm`km`n sejmt p ec ec m` m ` nn nn mr mr m` m`

s mh mh mp mp l

d e` e` nm nm `

s ej ej mt mt

j ed ed m mp p

m lr lr

y m` m` n

p mc m c l` l` n

o ec ec mj m j m` m ` n. n . O mn m n llm m ` d ep e p m` m ` d m` m ` o ec e c mj m j m` m` n t ld ld m mj j d lp lp m ms s m` m ` n d ms m s mr mr   oernm`dm jmre`m tercmcu sehplt u`tuj dlhmsujl u`tuj jepe`tl`nm` peromljm` hmupu` peherljsmm`. peherljsmm`. Vmdm uhuh`ym uhuh`ym dmsmr oernm`dm hehpu`yml slsteh ji`trujsl terse`dlrl ym`n dlsesumljm` de`nm` pm`km`n jmpmc, dm` tlpe/ jenu`mm` jmpmc terseout. Vmdm dmsmr`ym ji`trujsl dmsmr oernm`dm ltu terdlrl dmrl ; m. Qlsteh ji`trujsl ji`trujsl jerm`njm hecl`tm`n Terdlrl dmrl wrm`n- wrm`n pe`ub dm` wrm`n- wrm`n teroujm. o. Qlsteh ji`trujsl ji`trujsl jerm`njm hehoukur  Terdlrl dmrl wrm`n- wrm`n pe`ub dm` wrm`n tertutup.

75

 

D e `n `n m ` m d m` m` y m j e rm rm `n ` n j mm- j e rm rm ` nj nj m h e ho h o u ku ku r d m ` h e clcl ` tm t m `n `n d m pm pm t d l pm pm b mh mh l o m bw bw m h e `n `n m pm pm d m sm sm r o e rn rn m `d `d m t e ro ro m nl nl m t ms ms sekuhcmb tm`njl dldmcmh`ym. Ji`trujsl sepertl l`l hehu`njl`jm` pehlsmb tm`njl- tm`njl ym`n oermdm dldmcmh dmsmr oernm`dm omlj tm`njl dmrl amlrm` seke`ls mtmupu` tldmj seke`ls. U`tuj hehomtmsl dum omub tm`njl de`nm` amlrm` seke`ls aujup dlomtmsl smtu wrm`n tertutup, U`tuj dum oumb tm`njl oercml`m` ke`ls dlomtmsl ? wrm`n tertutup. D e `n `n m ` m dm d m ` ym ym ? w r m` m` n t e rt rt u tu tu p h m jm j m t e rd rd m pm pm t r u um m ` nm nm ` y m `n `n dlseout jigerdmh. Gu`nl Gu`nl dmrl jigerdmh mdmcmb m. He`mhpu`n amlrm` smcmb smcmb smtu tm`njl ym`n oiair. oiair. o. Mnmr humtm` tldmj oeramhpur oeramhpur dmrl tm`njl ym`n oerseoecmbm`. oerseoecmbm`. a . H e` e ` mh m h pu p u `n ` n j er e r ll` ` nm n m t j mp m p mc mc d mr mr l d l` l ` dl d l `n ` n - d l` l ` dl dl `n ` n t m` m ` nj n j l y m` m` n oerseoecmbm`. Qecml` ltu ji`trujsl dldmcmh dmsmr oernm`dm terdmpmt jitmj- jitmj mtmu sec- sec omlj oeroe`tuj tm`njl- tm`njl hmupu` oujm` tm`njl, i ce c e b s eo e o mo m o l ttu u d ms m s mr m r o er er n nm m `d `d m d ls l s eo eo u utt k un u n m d ms m s mr m r o er er n nm m `d `d m secucer. Dmsmr oernm`dm secucer terdlrl dmrl jerm`njm hecl`tm`n d e `n `n m ` w r m` m` n p e `u `u b d m` m ` w r m` m` n t e ro ro uj u j m p md m d m s e tl tl m p n m dl dl ` nnnmdl`n`ym. Vmdm pm`njmc`ym ym`n uku`n`ym ceolb dmrl =?6 heter  mtmu ym`n dlperu`tujm` omnl pe`nm`njut olkl- olklm` tmhom`n ( ire a mr m r rl r l er e r ) d m` m` h um u m tm t m ` o er er m mtt c m mll ` `` ` ym y m d lp lp m ms s m` m` n k un u n m j er e r m` m ` nj nj m h eh e h ou ou kku ur

d e` e` nm nm `

Dltm ho mb

smtu

l` `tt e err vm vm c

pe`ym`nnm

w rm r m `n `n mtmu

w rm rm `n `n ceolb

p e` e` ub ub slde

h ec ec l` l ` tm tm ` `n n.

nrlder

ym`n

h e ho h o e` e ` t m` m` n d m rl rl d e pm pm ` j e o e cm cm j m` m` n d l m` m` t mr mr m w r m` m ` nn - w r m` m` n . Omnlm` cumr dmrl dmsmr oernm`dm secucer dlomtmsl seoumb cehpe`n s mh mh pl pl `n ` n ( h mr mr n nll ` V cm c m te te ) k m mcc m m` ` te err us u s y m` m` n j e dm d m p m lr l r, y m` m` n dlbuou`njm` de`nm` pcmt pcmt cutut ( slde ormajets )

77

 

m. Dmsmr oernm`dm oernm`dm jerm`njm hecl`tm`n Dmsmr ‑ dmsmr oernm`dm de`nm` jerm`njm hecl`tm`n hehpu`yml alrl- alrl seomnml oerjut ; = ). ) . D lc l c e` e ` nj n j mp mp l d e` e ` nm nm ` w rm r m `n ` n ‑ w rm r m `n ` n p e` e ` ub u b p md md m s et e t lm l m p n md m d l` l` n dlomwmb jmhmr hesl`, jursl jetec, dl`dl`n jedmp mlr dm` dmermb ym`n percu dlcl`du`nl. ? ). ) . K mr mr m mj j m `t `t m mrr m w rm r m `n ` n - w rm r m `n ` n p e` e ` ub u b t ld l d mj m j c eo e o lb l b d mr mr l 1 ,6 , 6 5 h et e t er er   de`nm` dl jeclcl`nl wrm`n teroujm. 1 ) . V md md m

j mp mp mc mc -

j mp mp m c

ym` n

c e om om rr` ` ym ym

s m hp hp m l

?6

h et et e err

b m r us us

dlce`njmpl de`nm` seoumb seoumb nmdl`n- nmdl`n hehoukur/ hehoukur/ ci`nltudl`mc pmdm setlmp slsl. Vmdm jmpmc ym`n ceomr`ym ceolb dmrl ?6 heter  dlce`njmpl ? oumb ci`nltudl`mcs pmdm setlmp slsl ym`n teroe`tm`n sekmub hu`njl` hujm oecmjm`n. 4). ^rm`n pe`ub pe`ub ym`n teroe`tm`n teroe`tm`n hecl`tm`n hecl`tm`n dmrl pe`ym pe`ym`nnmb `nnmb te`nmb te`nmb s mh m h pm pm l c e eh h pe p e `n ` n s mh m h pl pl ` `n n p md m d m s et et lm l m p s ls l s l` l ` ym ym d l o e err l c uo uo m m` `n perm`nl` perm `nl`m`. m`. U`tuj wrm`n jedmp jedmp mlr ym`n dltehpmt dltehpmtjm` jm` dlomwmb dlomwmb mtmu dldejmt dl`dl`n kljm tl`nnl tl`nnl pe`ym`nn pe`ym`nnm m te`nmb te`nmb smhpml smhpml

 

Nmhomr ;

72

 

o. Qlsteh jerm`njm hehoukur  Q ls l s tte eh

l` `ll

u hu hu h` h` ym ym

dl p pe e ru ru `t `t u uj j m` m`

om mn nl

jm mp pm mcc -

j mp mp mc mc

ym m` `n

pm`km`n`ym ceolb dmrl =?6 heter. Ci`nltudl`mc teroumt dmrl omcij rmtm, mtmu dmrl omcij oertihoic, omcij slju omclj ym`n dltu`km`n i c eb eb w r m` m` n p e `u `u b p m dm dm p m dm dm s e tl tl m p k m rm rm j t l dm d m j c e ol ol b d m rl rl 1 , > heter. Ci`nltudl`mc dlperjumt de`nm` seoumb omtm`n tenmj pmdm wrm`n. Ci`nltudl`mc dldudujm` pmdm wrm`n sedmcmh hl`lhmc =56 hh dm` bmrus teroe`tm`n sepm`km`n dmcmh wrm`n ltu. Alrl- alrl jerm`njm hehoukur seomnml oerjut ; = ). ). V md md m

J er er m m` ` nj nj m

h eh e h ou ou kku u r, r,

w rm rm `n `n

p e` e` ub ub

d lp lp ms ms m` m` n

d lo lo mw mw mb mb

nmdl`n- nmdl`n jmhmr hesl`, jursl jetec, dl`dl`n jedmp mlr dm` pmdm uku`n ormajet deep tm`j. ? ) . K l jm jm t l dm dm j m d m w r m `n ` n c m l` l` d l m` m` t mr mr m j ed e d u m w r m ` n p e ` ub ub , o m n nll m ` terseout ters eout percu dloerl dloerl ormajet ormajet dmrl cehpe`n cehpe`n smhpl`n smhpml je c i` i ` nl n l tu t u dl d l `m `m c

te err d de e jm j m tt,,

V e` e ` m` m ` nn nn m

t e` e ` nm nm b

k un un m

d lo l o er er l

o rm rm a aj j et et

de`nm` kmrmj tldmj ceolb dmrl =,?5 heter. 1). Olcm kmrmj m`tmrm m`tmrm seoumb seoumb wrm`n de`nm` wrm`n wrm`n cml` de`nm` kmrmj kmrmj smhpml ? mtmu ceolb kmrmj nmdl`n- nmdl`n hmjm u`tuj hehperjumt c i` i ` nl n l tu t u dl d l `m ` m c d llp p ms ms m` m ` n p e` e ` nu n u mt mt

t en e n mj mj

p mc m c l` l ` n s ed e d lj l j lt lt

=6 66 6

hh

dmcmh`ym. 4 ) . J mp mp mc mc -

j m pm pm c

y m` m` n

ce eo o m rr` ` ym ym

s mh mh pm pm l

d e` e` n m `

= 44-

?=

h et et e err  

dlpmsm`n seoumb ci`nltudl`mcs pmdm setlmp slsl. Olcm ceomr ceolb dmrl ?= heter dlpmsm`n dum oumb ci`nltudl`mcs dlsetlmp slsl. 5). Vmdm jmpmc ym`n pm`km`n`ym pm`km`n`ym jurm`n dmrl dmrl ?=5 heter, heter, Ci`nltudl`mc terputus pmdm wrm`n jedmp mlr seomnml pe`nnm`tl`ym dlpmsm`n o rrm m aj a j et e t . U `t `t u uj j j mp m p mc m c y m` m` n p m` m` kkm m `n ` n `y ` y m c eo e o lb l b d mr m r l ? =5 =5 h et e t er er   ci`nltudl`mc kmcm` terus tm`pm terputus. 7). Kmrmj m`tmrm wrm`n wrm`n ym`n smtu smtu de`nm` ym`n cml` tldmj heceolbl heceolbl 1,> heter, jeaumcl u`tuj jmpmc pe`nm`njut omrm`n- omrm`n olkl- olklm` tmhom`n/ humtm` oermt kmrmj hmjslhuh`ym ?,5 heter.

7<

 

Nmhomr ;

>6

 

a. Jete`tum` QICMQ >4 he`ne`ml he`ne`ml dmsmr oernm`dm Omo Omo LL permturm` permturm` =6. Qekmub ym`n dmpmt dlcmjsm`mj`m dmsmr oernm`dm seoumb jmpmc d l pm pm s m` m` n h u cm cm l d m rl rl s e jm jm t p e cm cm ` nn nn m rm rm ` m t mu mu s e mt mt a e ru ru j d e pm pm ` smhpml sejmt ourltm`. Dldmcmh QICMQ jete`tum` pm`km`n dmsmr  oernm`dm mdmcmb = ). ) . D lj lj m mp p mc mc m ) . V m `k `k m `n `n 5 6 h e te te r ( = 7 5 j m jl jl ) d m` m ` j u r m `n `n d m r l 7 = h e t e r ( ? 6 6 jmjl ) bmrus dlpmsm`n dmsmr oernm`dm pmcl`n sedljlt dmrl sejmt dl d ep e p m` m`

j mh m h mr mr

h es e s l` l`

s mh mh pm p m l s ej e j mt mt

p ec e c m` m ` nn nn mr mr m m` `

m tm t m u s ek e k mu mu b

hu`njl` dmpmt dlpmsm`n sedejmt hu`njl`. o ) . V m `k `k m `n `n m `t ` t m rm rm 7 = h e t er er ( ? 6 6 j mj m j l ) d m ` j u rm rm ` n d m rl r l > 7 h e t er er   ( ? 4 < j m j l ) d ms ms m r o e r n m` m` d m d l p m sm sm ` n d l s e jm jm t ‑ s e jm jm t j m hm hm r   hesl` dlterusjm` je sejmt pecm`nnmrm` smhpml sejmt ourltm`. a). Vm`km`n`y Vm`km`n`ym m >7 heter ceolb ceolb bmrus dlpmsm`n dlpmsm`n dmsmr nern nernm`dm m`dm dmr dmrll sejmt pecm`nnmrm` smhpml sejmt ourltm`. ?). Olcm dmsmr dmsmr oernm`dm oernm`dm

bmrus bmrus dlpmsm`n dlpmsm`n hmjm tl`nnl tl`nnl`ym `ym dlte`t dlte`tujm` ujm`

mtmu bmrus bmrus he`dmpmt he`dmpmt persetuku persetukum` m` peherl`tm peherl`tmb. b. Dmsmr Dmsmr oernm`dm oernm`dm dlterusjm dlter usjm` ` smhpml smhpml je slsl cmhou`n sebl`nnm sebl`nnm dmpmt hecl`du`n hecl`du`nll d m sm sm r o er e r n m` m ` dm d m s m hp h p ml m l j e c e `n `n j u` u` n m` m` n it i t . V e rrcc l `d `d u u` ` n m` m` l ` l d l m` m` n nm nm p h e hp h p u `y `y m l s y mr mr m t o l cm cm n mr m r l s p it i t i `n `n m `t ` t m rm rm c e h hp p e `n `n smhpl`n ( hmrnl` Vcmte ) de`nm` cmkur smhpl`n ( olcne ormajet ) tldmj ceolb re`dmb de`nm` sumtu oldm`n dmtmr ym`n hecmcul tltlj piti`n piti` n m`tmrm m`tmrm nmrls nmdl`n utmhm de`nm` nmrls dlmni`mc dlmni`mc ym`n dloumt dlou mt hecmcul hecmcul tltlj piti`n piti`n nmrls nmrls nmdl`n nmdl`n

de`nm` de`nm` cu`ms, cu`ms, dlhm`m

n mr m r ls l s n md m d ll` ` n h eh e h oe o e `t `t u uj j s ud ud ut u t ? 5 d er er m mkk mt m t d e` e` nm n m ` m cm c m s d m` m` hehiti`n oldm`n slhetrl pmdm sete`nmb ceomr jmpmc teroesmr.

>=

 

1). Nit pe`nerl`n pe`nerl`n / drml` wecc ym`n dloumt dl dmcmh dmsmr dmsmr oernm`dm oernm`dm ym`n dlnu`mjm` u`tuj he`nerlnjm` pmcjm/ rum`n humt dm` cml` s eo e o mn m n ml ml ` `y ym

t lld d mj mj

o ic ic e eb b

ce eo o llb b

re e` ` dm dm b

d mr mr l

y m` m` n

d lp l p er e r cu c u jm jm ` `..

Omnmlhm`mpu` dmcmh`ym nit tldmj oiceb ceolb dmcmh dmrl dmsmr  o e rn rn m `d `d m d l ol ol d m` m` n s l he he t rl rl d l ju ju r m` m` n l = 2 l ` ab ab l m t mu mu c e ol ol b d mc mc m h dmrl oldm`n dmtmr ym`n hecmcul tltlj piti`n de`nm` nmdl`n- nmdl`n d m` m ` d lm l m ni n i `m ` m cc.. N it i t y m` m ` n o er er m md d m d lu l u ku k u `n ` n p ir ir i is s o mc mc l` l` n n-- o m mcc l` l` n dlterusjm` smhpml je dmsmr cumr. Nit- nit cml``ym hlsmc`ym u`tuj h l` l ` ym ym j c u uh h ms m s d llo o mw m w mb m b h es e s l` l ` j eh eh u ud d l u tm t m hm h m d mp m p mt mt d ll l l kl k l k` k` j jm m` p e he he r l` l` t mb mb

o l cm cm

s u su su ` m` m` ` ym ym

h e ho ho e rl rl j m` m`

p e rc rc l `d `d u u` ` n m` m`

y m `n `n

setmrmg de`nm` ym`n dlpeiceb dmrl dmsmr oernm`dm ym`n dllkl`jm` peherl`tmb. 4). Dmsmr

oernm`dm

tldmj

dlpercujm`

omnl

jihpmrtehe`-

j i hp hp m rt rt e he he ` j e dm dm p m l r y m `n `n o e ru ru j ur ur m ` s ed e d m `n `n , y m `n `n j b us us u s dlnu`mjm`

u`tuj

he`nm`njut

hl`ymj

msmcjm`

u`tuj

ltu

>?

 

peherl`tmb oerpe`dmpmt ombwm jmpmc he`nmcmhl jerusmjm` pmdm dmsmr`ym tldmj he`nurm`nl jesecmhmtm` jmpmc. 5). Omnl

jmpmc-

j ih i h pm p m rt rt e eh h e` e`

jmpmc

ym`n

o er er u uj j ur ur m m` `

he hp u `y ml

s ed e d m` m` n

u `t ` t uj uj

ym ` n

hehpu`yml

h e` e ` nm n m `n ` n ju ju t

h l` l ` ym ym j

de`nm` hecmymrl permlrm` l`ter`msli`mc seamrm termtur peherl`tmb h eh e h oe o e rl r l jm jm `

j eh e h ud u d mb m b m` m`

te err b bm m dm dm p

j i` i ` tr tr u uj j sl sl

d ms m s mr mr

o er er n nm m `d `d m

dlomnlm` hm`mhpu`n jmpmc ltu ltu ym`n gmjtir pehomnlm``ym

tldmj

ceolb oesmr dmrl 6,56 olcm ter`ymtm pehmsm`nm` dmsmr oernm`dm dl omnlm` terseout tldmj sesuml de`nm` rm`am`nm` dm` pecmjsm`mm` tunms ym`n omlj dl jmpmc.

D . C U @M @ M Q J M VM VM C ( Q B LV L V ‘ Q J EE EE C ) Qekmj oesl/ omkm he`nnm`tljm` jedudujmo` jmyu seomnml ombm` ji`trujsl om`nu`m` jmpmc hmjm tlpe cu`ms jmpmc ym`n pertmhm d lp lp mj mj ml ml l m mcc m mb b d mr mr l t llp p e o mr m r j ee ee c ( c u` u` ms m s o mt m t m` m` nm n m ` ) . C u` u` ms ms omtm`nm` l`l tldmj aujup jumt u`tuj dlpmjml dljmpmc- jmpmc oesmr, m rre e `m ` m t lld d mj m j m dm d m b uo u o u` u` nm nm ` c m m` ` ns ns u` u ` n m `t ` t mr m r m c u` u ` ms ms j mp mp m mcc d m m` ` wrm`n, Iceb jmre`m ltu tlpe omr jealc om`ymj dlpmjml dl jmpmc-

>1

 

jmpmcc jealc. jmpm jealc. Teomc cu`ms l`l 1 x 7 jmcl ceomr`ym ceomr`ym de`nm` pm`km`n pm`km`n m `t `t m mrr m = 6 - ? 6 h et et e err, d llh h m` m` m o mt mt m` m ` n l `l ` l d ls l s mh mh o ou u `n ` n d e` e ` nm nm ` buou`nm` hlrl`n seamrm vertlamc ym`n pm`km`n`ym < x teomc cu`ms terseout.

=. Cu`ms de`nm` pcmt dmtmr ( gcmt pcmte pcmte jeec ) Cu`ms Cu`m s de`nm` de`nm` pcmt dmtmr dmtmr terhmsuj terhmsuj tlpe cu`ms ym`n hider`. hider`. Vcmt cu`ms pmdm tlpe l`l hehpu`yml ceomr m`tmrm =- ? heter. heter. Vcmt cu`ms l ` l h e hp hp u `y `y ml m l t e om om c p c mt mt u t ub ub s e pm pm ` km km ` n 1 / 5 p m m` ` k m` m` n j m pm pm c , tetmpl je mrmb omnlm` uku`n- uku`n teomc terseout dmpmt dljurm`nl. Ve`numt te`nmb ( ae`ter nrlder ) dlljmtjm` pmdm pcmt cu`ms dm` dmsmr dmcmh ( l``er oittih pcmttl`n ) de`nm` amrm dlcms tm`pm t e rp rp t us us ( d m cm cm h s mh m h o u` u ` nm n m ` l ` l t l dm dm j d l oe oe ` mr mr j m` m` h e `n `n u `m `m j m` m` slsteh slju jecl`n) buou`nm` l`l secmcu jedmp mlr wmcmupu` tldmj dlte`tujm` iceb permturm`.   ?. Cu`ms de`nm` smcurm` ( Duaj jeec jeec ) Tl p e c u ms ms l ` l l ` l b mh m h p lr l r s m hm hm d e `n `n m ` d e` e ` n m` m` t l pe pe p c m mtt d m tm tm rr,, tetmpl he`nnu`mjm` ? oumb pe`numt te`nmb ( ae`tre nrlder ).Tlpe cu`ms l`l serl`n jmcl dlpmsm`n m`tmrm sejmt pecm`nnmrm` de`nm` sejmt

je d mp

mlr

dl

depm`

jmhmr

hesl`

se o mnm l

tehpmt

d l sm sm c ur ur j m` m` ` ym ym p l pm pm d m rl rl t m `n `n jl j l - t m` m ` n jl jl ( s e hm hm a mh mh t e ri ri w i` i` n m` m` u`tuj plpm ). Vmdm tlpe l`l serl`n he`nu`mjm` pe`numt hecl`tm`n m t mu mu o r ma ma j et et y m `n `n o e rn rn u `m `m u ` tu tu j h e hp hp e rj rj u mt mt p c mt mt c u ` `m ms dm` pmcmt dmsmr dmcmh.

>4

 

E . C U @M @ M Q QM Q M H V L@ L@ N ( O L CN C N E JE JE E C ) Cu`ms smhpl`n uhuh`ym dlpmsm`n dl cmkur smhpl`n jmpmc- jmpmc y m` m` n

o er er ccu u `m `m s

d mt mt m mrr.

V eh eh ms m s m` m` nm nm `

c u` u` ms ms

s mh mh p p` `n

l `l `l

u `t `t uj uj

he`nurm`nl grejwe`sl ice`nm`. De`nm` dlpmsm`n cu`ms smhpl`n h mj m j m b mh m h om o m ttm m ` s eh e h mj m j l` l ` o es e s mr m r s eb e b l` l` n nn n m m hp h p cl c l tu tu d de e i ce ce ` `n n m` m` h e `k `k m dl d l j e al al c . B m c l ` l d l se se o mo mo j m` m` j m re re `m `m i c e e` ` n m` m` j m pm pm c y m `n `n terkmdl dlre`dmh sebl`nnm hmjl` cmhm he`nealc. Oesmr`ym dmym re`dmh re`d mh dmrl cu`ms smhpl`n smhpl`n terbmdmp terbmdmp ice`nm` ice`nm` mpmc oerom`dl`n oerom`dl`n c u ru ru s d e `n `n m ` j ea e a e pm pm t m` m` j m pm pm c . D e `n `n m ` j m tm tm c m ll` ` h m jl jl ` o e s sm mr  j ee e e pm p m tm t m ` j mp m p mc mc

h mj m j m d my my m r e e` ` dm dm h t er er b bm m dm d m p i ce c e `n `n m` m`

sehmjl` oesmr pucm.

j mp mp m mcc

>5

 

@mhu` dmym re`dmh cu`ms smhpl`n mjm` egejtlg kljm pe`ehpmtm` cums smhpl`n tepmt. Vehmsm`nm Vehmsm`nm` ` cu`ms smhpl`n tldmj heclputl heclputl securub omdm` jmpmc, tetmpl bm`ym omnmlm` jmpmc ym`n teroesmr  ( pmrmccec hlddce hlddce oidy ) de`nm` de`nm` ujurm` jurm`n jurm`n ceolb 16 % -46 % p m` m ` km k m `n ` n j mp mp mc m c d m` m` c e eo o mr mr ` `y y m = ? – ‑ = 4 – . M n mr m r c u` u ` ms m s s mh mh pl p l `n `n h e he h e `u `u b l g u u` ` n sl sl ` ym ym h m jm jm p e hm hm s m` m` n m` m` c u `m `m s s m hp hp l `n `n b m rru us tepmt oe`mr ymltu tepmt pmdm perpiti`nm` nmrls dlmni`mc m`tmrm perpiti`n perp iti`nm` m` nmrls cmhou`n cmhou`n de`nm` de`nm` perpm`km perpm`km`nm` `nm` cums de`nm` de`nm` perpiti`nm` m`tmrm nmrls mlr de`nm` oldm`n slhetrl de`nm` juclt jmpmc. Qesuml de`nm` ji`trujsl`ym cu`ms smhpl`n terdlrl dmrl omkm T dm` Omkm oerol`tuc seamrm cms hmupu` jeecl`n. He`nl`nmt jejumtm` smhou`nm` dm` ji`trujsl jmpmc pmdm omnlm` terse`ut uhuh`ym pehmsm`nm` cu`ms smhpl`n dlcmjsm`mjm` seamrm cms, omlj m`tmrm omkm T de`nm` cmkur smhpl`n hmupu` omkm de`nm` omkm oere`tuj. Cu`ms smhpl`n dloumt oersmhou`n mnmr kljm terje`m jmrm`n mtmu oe`dm jerms cml``ym mnmr ym`n terje`m bm`ym omkm oeroe`tuj dm` dm` omkm T mjm` tetmp utub. Vmdm smhou`nm` ym`n dljecl`n mnmr  smhou`nm` tetmp jedmp mlr, kmrmj pltab pmdm smhou`nm` omkm T de`nm` juclt jmpmc 8 4 x Ò pmju jeecl`n dm` kmrmj pltab pmdm smhou`nm` m`tmrm omkm oeroe`tuj seoesmr 8 > x Ò pmju jecl`n. Q e su su m l d e `n `n m ` p e rj rj e ho ho m `n `n m` m ` z m hm hm ` u h uh u h ` ym ym j mp m p m cc - j mp mp m c o e sm sm r d m` m ` h d er e r ` h e hp h p u `y `y m l m c ms ms y m `n `n d m tm tm rr,, s e bl bl ` nn nn m d mp mp m t h m jc jc u hl hl o m bw bw m u h uh u h ` ym ym j mp m p m cc - j m pm pm c t e rs rs e ou ou t h e `n ` n nu n u ` mj mj m ` cu`ms smhpl`n u`tuj pere`dmh ice`nm`, dlsmhpl`n tm`njl- tm`njl omcms ym`n dlpmsm`n dl wl`n- wl`n sedehljlm` upm sebl`nnm kljm tm`njltm`nj l- tm`njl tm`njl terseout terseout dllsl dmpmt dmpmt oergu`ns oergu`nsll seomnml seomnml stmolcmti stmolcmtir  r  terbmdmp ice`nm` jmpmc.

>7

 

G. JETE@TUM@ JETE@TUM@ VE_MTU_M@ VE_MTU_M@ JMVMCJMVMC- JMV JMVMC MC =>

 

s ea ea uj uj up up `y `y m

j ea ea um um ccll

j mp m p m cc--

j mp mp mc mc

j e al al c

k lj lj m

D lltt ke ke `

Cm

m tm tm u

Qymbom`dmr he`nm`nnmp`ym tldmj percu. 1. _m`nm`_m`nm`- rum`nm` rum`nm` u`tuj u`tuj ombm` ombm` amlr amlr l`l aujup aujup jumt jumt dm` dm` i`rujsl` i`rujsl`ym ym sedehljlm sede hljlm` ` rupm sebl`nnm sebl`nnm dmcmh jemdmm` jemdmm` omnmlhm`m omnmlhm`mpu` pu` kunm tldmj he`lhoucjm` pe`nmrub perhujmm` oeoms. 4 . D l j mp mp m cc--

j m pm pm c

t m` m` n jl jl , s e ttll m mp p

t m `n `n j l

y m ` n d ln ln u `j `j m `

u ` ttu uj

h ` nm nm ` nj nj u t o m bm bm ` a ml m l r y m `n `n t l dm dm j d l ou ou ` n nj j us u s s e om om n ml ml h u mt m t m `, `, omnlm` omnl m` mtms`ym mtms`ym bmrus bmrus dlce`njmp dlce`njmpll de`nm` de`nm` tm`njl tm`njl ejspm`sl ejspm`sl u`tuj u`tuj p eh e h um u m lm l m `. ` . Tm `n ` n jl jl

e js j s pm pm `s `s l l ` `ll

t ld l d mj m j o ic i c eb e b c eo e o lb lb o e es s mr m r d mr mr l

sete`nmb ceomr tm`njl sedehljlm` rupm sebl`nnm dmcmh jemdmm` ice`n mtmu he`nm`nnuj perhujmm` ombm` amlr dl dmcmh tm`njl tetmp teromtms teromtms smhpml pmdm tm`njl ejspm`sl ejspm`sl l`l smkm. Vmdm jmpmcjmpmc ym`n hehpu`yml sejmt hehoukur te`nmb ceolb dmrl seoumb hmjm dmpmt dlmdmjm` pe`ylhpm`nm` dmrl jete`tum` l`l msmc tldmj he`lhoucjm` ombmym perhujmm` oeoms. 5 . J e pm p m c mm- j e pm pm c m p m cj cj m d l m tm t m s t m ` nj nj l - t m `n `n j l b m ru r u s d m p mt mt d l tu tu t up up jedmp mlr. 7 . O llcc m r u um m `n ` n u `t `t u uj j h e` e ` yl y l hp h p m` m ` o mb m b m` m` a ml m l r d mp m p mt m t k un u n m d ln l n u` u` mj m j m` m` seomnml rum`n humtm` omlj dlbuou`njm` de`nm` smcurm` ce`sm h m up up u ` t i cm cm j o m rm rm h m jm jm b mr m r u s d l mh mh o lclc t l `d `d m jm jm ` j b us us u s u ` tu tu j he`aenmb mnmr tldmj terne`m`n mlr olcm terlsl humtm` dldmcmh`ym mtmu dlpihpm jisi`n kljm terdmpmt humtm` amlr dldmcmh`ym. > . U ku k u `n ` n m tm t m s p llp p mm - p llp p m p e` e ` nl n l sl sl m m` ` t m` m ` nj n j ll - t m` m` n nj j l m lr l r t mw mw m mrr b mr mr u us s he`kucm`n pmcl`n sedljlt 6,= heter dlmtms necmdmj dlhm`m plpm t e rs rs e ou ou t o e rm r m jb j b l r, r, V l pm pm d l tu t u t up up d e` e ` n m` m` s u `n `n j up up o e ru ru c lr lr m t mu mu d e `n `n m ` a m r m c m l` l ` m nm n m r j it i t i rm rm ` t l dm d m j h m su su j j e d m cm cm h `y `y m ( s o = ) 2. Vmsmc =5 m. _um`nm` _um`nm` ym`n ym`n oerlsl oerlsl ombm` ombm` amlr ym`n ym`n tldmj tldmj dlou`nju dlou`njus s dm` hudmb hudmb teromjmr bmrus dltutup de`nm` omlj.

>2

 

o. Bmrus dlkmnm dlkmnm mnmr mnmr ombm` ombm` amlr amlr ym`n hudmb hudmb teromjm teromjmrr km`nm` km`nm` smhpml smhpml o e rs rs e` e ` t ub ub m ` d e `n `n m ` h u mt mt m ` o uj u j m ` o m bm bm ` a m lr lr. O l cm cm s e om om n lm lm ` d ms ms mr mr

o er er nm nm `d `d m

dl

o mw mw mb mb

ru um m `n `n

h um um tm tm `

o er e r ls ls l

o mb m b m` m`

a ml ml r  

d e hl hl j lm l m ` h m jm jm d l dm dm sm s m r d m cm cm h b m ru ru s d l p pm m s m` m` n p mp m p m ` t e rm rm p m` m` h e clcl ` tm tm ` n p mc m c l `n `n s ed e d l jl jl t s e tl tl ` nl nl 1 a h m nm n m r a m lr lr m ` y m `n `n o i ai ai r   terseout he`nmclr je nit. Qejmt vertljmc m`tmrm rum`n ym`n oerlsl ombm` amlr ym`n hudmb teromjmr dm` rum`n humtm`. Dlce`njmpl de`nm` olcmb- olcmb ym`n hudmb dlcepms dm` omnlm` omwmb`ym dlce`njmpl pucm de`nm` nit oiairm` u`tuj he`nmclr hl`ymj ym`n oiair hecmcul sejmt ltu je nit. a. Jete`tum`

dlmtms

dl m mtt m s

he`nm`jut hl`ymj tm`mb.

tldmj

oe r c m ju

u`tuj

jm p m c

ym`n

><

 

N. VE@MHVM@N VE@MHVM@N HECL@T HECL@TM@N M@N DM@ DM@ HEHOUKU_ HEHOUKU_

Ve`mhpm`n seoumb jmpmc…. = . V e` e ` mh m h pm p m `n ` n H ec e c ll` ` ttm m `n `n

26

 

2=

 

2?

 

21

 

24

 

25

 

27

 

2>

 

22

 

2<