Bab II Dasar Teori

 

LL. SL@OK^K@ T^RSKMK

9.3.;. Cnhl`lsl Trjcumsl Trjcumsl El`ykm El`ykm ck` Gks

Tr Trjc jcum umsl sl kckf kckfka ka sukt suktu u mngl mnglkt ktk` k` elgk elgkss u` u`tu tum m en`g en`gk` k`gm gmkt kt hful hfulck ck alcrjmkrij` mnktks pnreumkk`. Tnrinckk` k`tkrk prjcumsl cn`gk` flhtl`g kckfka alcr alcrjm jmkri krij` j` yk yk`g `g cl kc kckk cl rnsnr rnsnrvj vjlr lr cl k` k`gm gmkt kt skepk skepkll mn pn pnre reum umkk` kk` ck ck` ` fk`gsu fk` gsu`g `g cl oukf oukf mn mfln` mfln` yk`g yk`g en`k`c en`k`cktk ktk`gl `gl mj`trk mj`trkm m pn`ouk pn`oukfk` fk`,, snck`gm snck`gmk` k`  prjcumsl kckfka mnglktk` sneuk alcrjmkrij` yk`g cl k`gmkt u`tum cl slepk` tnrfnila ckaufu. Rnbkrk ueue, kck 9 bkrk slstne prjcumsl el`ykm yk`g mltk mn`kf ykltu ? 9.;. ; 9.;.;

Trjc Tr jcub ubtl tlj` j` J` J` Hln Hlnfc fc

Bkrk eneprjcumslmk` el`ykm yk`g fk`gsu`g cl sueur tnrsniut, iklm  cn`gk` tk`ml ekupu` trum vkmue. Akf l`l clfkmumk` kckfka ? k. En`gu En`gurk`gl rk`gl ikbm prnssurn prnssurn pjepk pjepk ‒ pjepk sueur, sueur, snal`ggk mne mnekepuk kepuk` `  pjepk ilsk jptleue. i. Mntlkckk` ektnrlkf hfjwfl`n ektnrlkf hfjwfl`n 9.;.9 ;.9 9.

Trjcu Tr jcubt btlj` lj` iy Ek`lh Ek`lhjfc jfc ck` ck` Gktanrl Gktanrl`g `g Rtktlj Rtktlj` `

Bkrk eneprjcumslmk` el`ykm cn`gk` eneik`gu` hkslfltks hfjwfl`n ck` clgkiu clg kiu`g `g cl ckfke ckfke ankcnr ankcnr ek`lhjfc ek`lhjfc yk`g yk`g kmalr` kmalr`yk yk cltrk` cltrk`shnr shnr mn Gktanrl`g  Rtktlj` cn`gk` eneik`gu` hkslfltks prjcumsl yk`g mjepflt, snal`ggk cl ckfke  gktanrl`g stktlj` l`l

tnrokcl tnrokcl pnelska pnelskak` k` k`tkr hfulck, hfulck, iklm iklm tnrakc tnrakckp kp gks, klr 

ekupu` el`ykm. ^`tum ltu hkslfltks prjcumsl iklm tk`ml, Hrnn tk`ml,  Hrnn Wktnr Wktnr M`jbm Jut , ck` pjepk. 9.9.

On`ls En Entjcn Tr Trjcumsl

 

Ckfke l`custrl pnrel`ykmk` pnrel`ykmk` clmn`kf ininrkpk on`ls entjcn inrckskrmk` inrckskrmk`  prjcumsl. ;.2 2 9.;.

@kt ktur urk kf Hfj fjw w

 @kturkf hfjw kck kckfka fka on`ls on`ls entjcn entjcn prjcum prjcumsl sl yk`g yk`g tlckm tlckm enenrfu enenrfumk` mk`  ik`tuk` pn`gk`gmktk` iuktk`, mkrn`k tnmk`k` rnsnrvjlr yk`g eksla ekepu en`g en `gk` k`gm gmkt kt hf hful ulck ck alcr alcrjm jmkr krij ij` ` mn mnktk ktkss pn pnre reum umkk` kk` u` u`tu tum m cl clpr prjc jcum umslm slmk` k`.. Ilksk`yk sueur l`l cltneumk` clfkpk`gk` ikru clmkrn`kmk` tnmk`k` rnsnrvjlr  sueur yk`g eksla tl`ggl. 9.;. ;.3 3

Krttlh Kr lhlb lblk lkff Flht Flht

Mnekepuk` Mnekep uk` inrprjcumsl inrprjcumsl suktu sueur el`ykm ck` gks kmk` en`gkfkel  pn`uru`k` snikgkl kmlikt tnrokcl`yk tnrok cl`yk pnruikak` mj`clsl pn`gurksk`. Tnruikak` l`l clsnikimk` clsnik imk` jfna pn`uru`k` pn`uru`k` ckrl mnekepuk` mnekepuk` rnsnrvjlr u`tum en`gkflrmk` en`gkflrmk` hfulck mn fuik`g fuik`g sueur. sueur. Mnkckk Mnkckk` ` l`l ckpkt

en`yni en`ynikim kimk` k` sueur sueur tlckm inrprj inrprjcu cumsl msl

snbkrk `kt `kturk urkff hfjw hfjw ktku eu`gml` eu`gml` eksla ekepu inrprjcumsl inrprjcumsl snbkrk `kturkf hfjw tntkpl pkck fkou rnkmsl yk`g rn`cka. Olmk el`ykm yk`g tnrckpkt ckfke rnsnrvjlr  eksla enepu`ykl `lfkl nmj`jels, ekmk pnrfu cluskakmk` u`tum eneprjcumsl slsk el`ykm tnrsniut cn`gk` tnm`lm pn`gk`gmktk` iuktk` (krtlhlblkf (krtlhlblkf flht ). ). Entjcn pn`gk`gmktk` el`ykm ck` gks iuel en`ggu`kmk` kfkt ik`tu ktku  pjepk. Tkck sueur l`l wnffankc yg clgu`kmk` cl ejclhlmksl snsukl cn`gk` kfkt  ik`tu yk`g clgu`kmk`. On`ls-on`ls On`ls-o n`ls kfkt ik`tu pn`gk`gmktk` pn`gk`gmktk` el`ykm kckfka Gks Flht, Rubmnr Yjc   Tuep, Nfnbtrlb Ruienrslifn Tuep, Tuep, ck` Trjgr ck` Trjgrnslvn nslvn Bkvlty Tuep. Tuep. 

Gks Flht  ilksk`yk clgu`kmk` skkt sueur yk`g snck`g clprjcumslmk` en`gk`cu`g ik`ykm gks, gks cll`onmslmk` mn ckfke k`ufus-k`ufus tuil`g, ck` tuil`g cl cnslg` sncnelmlk` rupk. Rnal`ggk gks yg cll`onmslmk` ilsk eneik`tu alcrjmkrij` `klm mnpnreumkk`.

9

 



Rubmnrr Yjc Tuep kckfka pjepk k`ggum yk`g ilksk`yk clgu`kmk` u`tum  Rubmn cl sueur cn`gk` mnckfkek` rn`cka.



 Nfnbtrlbkf Ruienrslifn Tuep  ilksk`yk clgu`kmk` u`tum sueur ckfke, ck` skkt prjcumsl akrlk` en`bkpkl ;44.444 iif, ejtjr yk`g cltk`ke clckfke hfulck, en`okcl blrl maks ckrl NRT l`l.



 Trjgrnslvn  Trjgr nslvn Bkvlty Tuep ilksk`yk clgu`kmk` u`tum sueur ckfke,  pnrinckk` en`ckskr ckrl NRT kckfka ejtjr yk`g tnrckpkt pkck TBT l`l  inrkck clktks pnreumkk`.

9.2.

Neufsl

Neufsl enrupkmk` bkepurk` k`tkrk cuk ekbke hfulck leelsblifn leelsblifn,, slhkt ck` stkilfltks`yk clpn`gkrual ininrkpk hkmtjr snpnrtl tnepnrktur, vlsmjsltks, kgltksl, ck` mjepjslsl mlelk ckrl el`ykm pnein`tum neufsl tnrsniut (Ek`ggkfk cmm., 94;7). Ckfke neufsl skfka sktu bklrk` yk`g inrupk iutlrk`-iutlrk` yk`g sk`gkt mnblf tnrclstrliusl ckfke bklrk` fkl` . Tkck jpnrksl prjcumsl el`ykm iuel, ueue`yk klr kmk` lmut tnrprjcumsl  inrskek el`ykm snal`ggk ckpkt en`leiufmk` neufsl. Neufsl Neufsl enrupkmk` ekskfka  pkck prjcumsl pnruskakk` el`ykm iuel iuel mkrn`k ckpkt en`leiufmk` ekskfka pkck  pnrkfktk`-pnrkfktk` prjcumsl ck` kmk` enepn`gkrual mukfltks el`ykm en`okcl  iurum olmk tlckm cltk`ggufk`gl. Rykrkt Snrin`tum`yk Neufsl Snrin`tum`yk neufsl clsnikimk` jfna 2 (tlgk) hkmtjr ykltu ?

Cuk bklrk` yk`g tlckm skfl`g enfkrutmk` ( Leelsblifn  Leelsblifn). ). Snrokcl`yk prjsns pn`gkcumk` (kgltksl). Kck`yk neufslhyl`g kgn`t . On`ls Neufsl

Inrckskrmk` hksn`yk ekmk neufsl clikgl en`okcl tlgk ekbke ykltu ? Klr ckfke el`ykm (Wktnr (Wktnr l` Jlf Neufslj`) Neufslj`) Tkck tlpn l`l, el`ykm snikgkl hksn mj`tl`u ck` klr snikgkl hksn tnrclspnrsl.

2

 

Gkeikr 9.; Wktnr l` Jlf Neufslj` (Mnen`clmiuc, 94;>) El`ykm ckfke klr (Jlf (Jlf l` Wktnr Neufslj` ) Tkck tlpn l`l, el`ykm snikgkl hksn tnrclspnrsl ck` klr snikgkl hksn mj`tl`u.  

Gkeikr 9.9 Jlf l` Wktnr Neufslj` (Mnen`clmiuc, 94;>) Tn`k`ggufk`gk` k` Neufsl 9.2.;. Tn`k`ggufk`g

Kck ininrkpk ekbke bkrk u`tum pnenbkak` neufsl, k`tkrk fkl` ? Entjcn Rnttfl`g Slen (Tn`gn`ckpk`) Entjcn l`l enek`hkktmk` nhnm ckrl gkyk grkvltksl u`tum eneik`tu  pnelskak` iutlrk` klr pkck suktu snfk`g wkmtu pn`gn`ckpk`. Tnrkfktk` Tnrkfktk` yk`g clpkmkl ykltu snpnrtl wksa tk`m , HWMJ ( hrnn wktnr m`jbm jut ), stjrkgn ), stjrkgn tk`m , ktku jlf smleenr . Entjcn Mlelkwl (Tn`ggu`kk` cneufslhlnr & rnvnrsn cneufslhlnr ) Rkfka sktu bkrk u`tum enenbka ck` enelskamk` neufsl klr ck` el`ykm kckfka cn`gk` pn`ggu`kk` ikak` mlelk (cneufslhlnr ( cneufslhlnr ck` rnvnrsn cneufslhlnr ). ). 3

 

Tkck wktnr l` jlf neufslj`, neufslj`, ikak` mlelk yk`g clgu`kmk` inrslhkt jlf sjfuifn ktku fkrut ckfke el`ykm, snck`gmk` pkck jlf l` wktnr neufslj` inrslhkt neufslj` inrslhkt wktnr sjfuifn ktku fkrut ckfke klr. Neufsl cn`gk` on`ls wktnr l` jlf neufslj` clpnbkamk` en`ggu`kmk` cneufslhlnr , snck`gmk` u`tum on`ls jlf l` wktnr neufslj` en`ggu`kmk` rnvnrsn cneufslhlnr . Ikak` mlelk yk`g cll`onmslmk` ck` fkrut mn ckfke neufsl kmk` enfnekamk` fkplsk` neufslhyl`g kgn`t yk`g eneiu`gmus  iutlrk`-iutlrk` klr ktkupu` el`ykm.  Cneufslhlnr yk`g enrupkmk` surhkmtk` inmnrok en`uru`mk` tngk`gk`  pnreumkk` el`ykm yk`g kmk` en`ynikimk` en`ynikimk` neufsl en`okcl tlckm stkilf. Iutlrk` iutlrk` el`ykm kmk` inrsktu ck` enein`tum iutlrk` iutlrk` yk`g fnila inskr snal`ggk kmk` tnrokcl pnelskak` inrckskrmk` inrkt on`ls hfulck. Bj`tja prjcum ckrl cneufslhlnr kckfka kckfka hjrekfcnaycn  hjrekfcnaycn,, pjfyenrs wlta irk`banc 3 ‒ `j`yf `j`yf pan`jf , ntayfn`nj xlcn, xlcn, ck` prjpyfn`n ck` prjpyfn`n jxlcn. jxlcn. Rnck`gmk` pkck rnvnrsn cneufslhlnr inmnrok cneufslhlnr inmnrok cn`gk` enenbka neufslhyl`g kgn`t yk`g en`gnflfl`gl iutlrk`-iutlrk` el`ykm ck` en`gkmliktmk` iutlrk`-iutlrk` tnrsniut kmk` enfnmkt sktu skek fkl` ktku bjkgufktn.. Gkiu`gk` l`l kmk` enein`tum gnfneiu`g-gnfneiu`g inskr el`ykm bjkgufktn yk`g inrgnrkm en`uou pnreumkk`. Bj`tja prjcum ckrl rnvnrsn cneufslhlnr kckfka bktlj`lb wktnr sjfuifn pjfyenr . Entjcn Tnek`ksk` Tkck entjcn l`l hksn clspnrsl ckfke neufsl clk`ggkp tntkp ckfke mnkckk`  inrgnrkm (snpnrtl gnrkm Irjw` gnrkm Irjw` ckfke fkrutk` mjfjlc-mjfjlc zlg- zkg). Tk`ks kmk` enepnrbnpkt gnrkmk` tnrsniut ck` en`ynikimk` pkrtlmnf ckrl hksn tnrclspnrsl skfl`g inrtuirumk` fnila snrl`g cn`gk` mnmuktk` fnila inskr, snal`ggk en`ynikimk` hlfe en`ynikimk`  hlfe (fkplsk` tlpls) ckrl neufslhyl`g kgn`t en`okcl pnbka, ck` vlsmjsltks bklrk` ekml` inrmurk`g yk`g en`ynikimk` klr tnrplska. Cl fkpk`gk` entjcn l`l cltnrkpmk` pkck anktnr trnktnr .

>

 

Gkeikr 9.2 Tn`l`gmktk` Tnrgnrkmk` Tkrtlmnf Hfulck Rkkt Clpk`ksmk` (Yuilk`cl`l, 94;4) Entjcn Nfnmtrlm  Trl`slp ckrl entjcn l`l kckfka en`ntrkfmk` ktku enruskm hlfe enruskm  hlfe (fkplsk` tlpls) pn`ynfuiu`g iutlrk`-iutlrk` klr yk`g cll`cumsl jfna enck` flstrlm stktls, snck`gmk` el`ykm snikgkl hksn mj`tl`u cll`cumslmk` snal`ggk iutlrk`-iutlrk` klr yk`g fnila inskr kmk` bnpkt en`gn`ckp clik`cl`g iutlrk` klr yk`g mnblf.

Gkeikr 9.3 Ynkmsl Iutlrk` Klr Tkck Enck` Nfnmtrjstktlm Nfnmtrjstk tlm (Fkmn, 9447) Entjcn Mjeil`ksl Entjcn l`l en`ggkiu`gmk` entjcn yk`g sktu cn`gk` entjcn fkl``yk. Cl fkpk`gk`, entjcn yk`g snrl`g cltnrkpmk` ykltu entjcn pk`ks ‒ mlelkwl ck` entjcn mlelkwl ‒ flstrlm. Rnfkl` ltu tnrckpkt entjcn mjeil`ksl cn`gk` slstne enmk`lm, ykltu? 

 Hlftnrl`g ,

cle clek`k k`k

neuf neufsl sl clp lpkm kmsk sk en` n`gk gkfl flrr

enfk enfkfu full

hlft hlftnr  nr 

(skrl`gk`) (skrl`g k`) snal`ggk snal`ggk  hlfe (fkplsk` tlpls) yk`g en`ynfuiu`gl hksn tn tnrc rcls lspn pnrs rsll

pnbk pnbka, a, `keu `keu` `

cn cnel elml mlk` k` tn tnr` r`yk yktk tk tlck tlckm m

sn sneu eukk

tnrpnbkamk`. 8

 



9.3.

Bn`trlhugl`g , clek`k neufsl clpnbka cn`gk` gkyk sn`trlhugkf.

Hkslfltks Tr Trjsns

Rnpkrktjr

Rnpkrktjr kckfka tkiu`g inrtnmk`k` yk`g clgu`kmk` u`tum enelskamk` hfulck  prjcumsl en`okcl bklrk` ck` gks ( cuk hksn) ktku klr, el`ykm, el`ykm, ck` gks (tlgk hksn). Rnpkrktjr enepu`ykl mjepj`n` pnelska snikgkl inrlmut? Ikglk` pnelska pnrtkek, inrhu`gsl u`tum enelskamk` bklrk` ck` kflrk` hfulck yk`g eksum cn`gk` bnpkt, inrupk tntns el`ykm cn`gk` umurk` inskr. Ikglk` pn`guepuf bklrk`, inrhu`gsl u`tum enelskamk` tntns bklrk` mnblf cn`gk`  prl`slp grkvlty  prl`slp  grkvlty snttfl`g .  Elst nxtrkbtjr , inrhu`gsl u`tum enelskamk` tntns bklrk` inrumurk` sk`gkt mnblf (mkiut). Tnrkfktk` mj`trjf, inrhu`gsl u`tum en`gj`trjf mnrok snpkrktjr tnrutkek pkck mj`clsl jvnr prnssurn. prnssurn. Iklm snpkrktjr 9 (cuk) hksn ekupu` snpkrktjr 2 (tlgk) hksn ckpkt clinckmk` en`okcl tlgk inrckskrmk` in`tum`yk ? Rnpkrktjr Ajrlzj`tkf Rnpnrktjr on`ls l`l ilksk`yk clgu`kmk` tnrakckp kflrk` yk`g enelflml rkslj gks tnrakckp bklrk` yk`g fnila tl`ggl u`tum krus yk`g inriula. Tkck snpkrktjr ajrlzj`tkf hfulck prjcumsl kmk` en`gkflr snbkrk ajrlzj`tkf ck` snbkrk inrskekk` kmk` inrsl`ggu`gk` pkck pnreumkk` bklrk`. Gks kmk` en`gkflr clk`tkrk  pn`ynmkt-pn`ynmkt ck` iutlrk`-iutlrk` bklrk` enfnmkt pkck pn`ynmkt ck` kmk` enein`tum hlfe enein`tum  hlfe ck` mneuclk` en`gkflr mn krnk bklrk` ckrl snpkrktjr.

7

 

)Q Gkeikr 9.> Rnpkrktjr Ajrlzj`tkf Slgk Hksn (www.prlk`ttkrua.bje ( www.prlk`ttkrua.bje)Q

Rnpkrktjr Xnrtlmkf Rnpkrktjr vnrtlmkf snrl`g clkpflmkslmk` u`tum on`ls hfulck yk`g rkslj gks tnrakckp bklrk``yk rn`cka al`ggk al`ggk snck`g. Tkck ikglk` ikwka inok`k ilksk`yk  inrin`tum bneiu`g yk`g inrhu`gsl inrhu`gsl snikgkl tnepkt u`tum en`kepu`g pkslr ktku  in`ck pkckt fkl``yk.

Gkeikr 9.8 Rnpkrktjr Xnrtlmkf Xnrtlmkf Cuk Hksn (www.prjsnsl`custrl.bje)

1

 

Rnpkrktjr Rpanrlbkf  Rnpkrktjr inrin`tum iufkt l`l ueue`yk clgu`kmk` u`tum enelskamk` hfulck cn`gk` Gks Flqulc Yktlj yk`g mnblf al`ggk snck`g mkrn`k enepu`ykl mkpksltks gks ck` pnelskak` yk`g tnriktks `keu` ckpkt inrjpnrksl pkck tnmk`k` tl`ggl. Hfulck yk`g eksum mn ckfke snpkrktjr kmk` clpnbka fnwkt l`fnt hfjw clvnrtnr mneuclk` snbkrk tk`gn`slkf clfnepkr mn cl`cl`g snpkrktjr. Bklrk` cl cl`cl`g kmk`  inrgnrkm turu` mn tnepkt kmueufksl snck`gmk` gks kmk` `klm mn elst nxtrkbtjr u`tum pnelskak` snfk`out`yk.

Gkeikr 9.7 Rnpkrktjr Rpanrlbkf  (Tkeu`gmks cmm., 9443)

HWMJ (Hrnn Wktnr M`jbm Jut )

HWMJ enrupkmk` pnrkfktk` yk`g clgu`kmk` u`tum enelskamk` klr iniks ( hrnn wktnr ) ckrl el`ykm . Klr yk`g tnrplska en`uou mn ikglk` ikwka HWMJ snck`gmk` el`ykm en`uou ikglk` ktks HWMJ. Klr mneuclk` tnrsnmkt cl ikwka yk`g mneuclk` clmnfukrmk` mn Rmle Sk`m . Rnck`gmk` el`ykm mnfukr enfkful

<

 

 hfjwfl`n en`uou mn ckfke snpkrktjr. HWMJ ueue`yk clgu`kmk` pkck prjcumsl yk`g enelflml Wktnr-Jlf Yktlj (WJY) yk`g tl`ggl (Balfl`gkrlk` cmm.,;)

9.3.3. Wksa Sk`m 

Wksa tk`m clgu`kmk` u`tum enelskamk` iutlrk` klr yk`g eksla tnrbkepur cn`gk` el`ykm yk`g mnfukr ckrl snpkrktjr. Iutlrk` klr tlckm kmk` tnrplska ckrl el`ykm ilfk ak`yk en`gk`ckfmk` pnrinckk` inrkt on`ls. Ininrkpk hkmtjr yk`g enepn`gkrual  pnelskak` k`tkrk el`ykm ck` klr cl ckfke wksa tk`m ykltu rntn`tlj` tlen, tlen, tnepnrktur klr cl ckfke wksa tk`m , pnrinckk` inrkt on`ls klr ck` el`ykm, mnkckk`  sprnkcnr ck` banelbkf .

;9

 

Gkeikr 9.;; Wksa Sk`m  (Tkeu`gmks cmm., 9443) wktnr 

9.3.>.. Rmle Sk`m  9.3.> Sk`m 

Rmle tk`m kckfka tk`gml inrtnmk`k` ktejshlr yk`g inrhu`gsl u`tum en`kepu`g klr  tnrprjcumsl yk`g cltnrlek ckrl wksa tk`m , HWMJ, ktku snpkrktjr.

Gkeikr 9.;9 Rmle Sk`m  (www.blvlfclgltkf.bje) 9.3.8.. Rtjrkgn 9.3.8 Rtjrkgn Sk`m  Sk`m 

;2

 

Hu`gsl stjrkgn Hu`gsl  stjrkgn tk`m kck 9 (cuk), ykltu snikgkl pn`kepu`g el`ykm snen`tkrk cl RT^ (Rtkslu` Tn`guepuf ^tkek) snrtk snikgkl tnepkt u`tum enelskamk` el`ykm  ck` klr cl TTT (Tuskt Tn`kepu`g Trjcumsl). Tkck TTT, TTT, stjrkgn tk`m clkflrmk` el`ykm ckrl HWMJ. Cl ckfke stjrkgn ckfke stjrkgn tk`m l`l, el`ykm ck` klr yk`g eksla en`yktu kmk` clclkemk` snfkek ininrkpk oke u`tum clfkmumk` snttfl`g  clfkmumk` snttfl`g , kgkr el`ykm inrkck cl ktks ck` klr inrkck cl ikwka.

Gkeikr 9.;2 Rtjrkgn Sk`m  www.supnrljrtk`m.bje)) (www.supnrljrtk`m.bje

9.3.7.. M`jbm 9.3.7 M`jbm Jut Crue (MJ (MJ Crue)

Kfkt l`l clrk`bk`g u`tum en`galfk`gmk` bklrk` ckrl ckfke gks iuk`gk` sninfue gks tnrsniut clkflrmk` en`uou hfkrn en`uou hfkrn stkbm u`tum clikmkr. Bklrk` clplskamk` en`ggu`kmk` cnelstnr , suktu pn`guepuf bklrk` snpnrtl skrl`gk`. Kflrk` gks kmk` enfnwktl cnelstnr pkc ck` bklrk` kmk` tnrmuepuf clsltu mneuclk` oktua mn ikwka jfna gkyk grkvltksl. Inrckskrmk` in`tum`yk tnrclrl ckrl 9 (cuk) ykltu tlpn ajrlzj`tkf ck` vnrtlmkf.

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Gkeikr 9.;3 M`jbm 9.;3 M`jbm Jut Crue Slpn Ajrlzj`tkf (www.tbc(www.tbcltkflk.bje)

Cnelstnr Tkc

Gkeikr 9.;> M`jbm 9.;> M`jbm Jut Crue Slpn Xnrtlmk Xnrtlmkff (www.lcplpn.bje )

9.3.1.. Hfkrn 9.3.1 Hfkrn Rtkbm  Rtkbm 

Kfkt l`l inrhu`gsl u`tum eneikmkr gks yk`g tnrslsk ckrl prjsns pnelskak`.

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Gkeikr 9.;8 Hfkrn 9.;8 Hfkrn Rtkbm  (www.vjlbnn.nu)

9.3.