BAB I Pemahaman Arah Kebudayaan

 

DND C \AINHNINB NTNH GADQFNSNNB

N.  \ab`artcnb Gadufnynnb \ab``ubnnb cstcjnh ‚gadufnynnb’ fnpnt fcgntngnb job``nr fnb pab`artcnbbyn pub (nidc`uous nidc`uous), ), ynctu ynctu iujnc kngupnb pab`artcnb ynb` saipct hcb``n kngupnb ynb` snb`nt junr dcnsn juns. Junsbyn kngupnb ctu tcfng hnbyn tarmnfc fnjni pab``ubnnbbyn fnjni gahcfupnb sahnrc-hnrc, tatnpc mu`n mu`n pab``ubnnbyn pab``ubnnbyn

sadn`nc cstcjnh fnjni wnknbn cjiu

 pab`atnhunb, ghususbyn ghususbyn cjiu pab`atnhunb soscnj ( sokcnj  sokcnj skcabkas). skcabkas). [aknrn atciojo`cs, gntn ‚gadufnynnb’ darnsnj fnrc dnhnsn [nbsagartn [nb sagartn , duffhnyn, duffhnyn,  dabtug mning fnrc gntn  gntn  duffhc  duffhc  ynb` darnrtc ngnj ntnu dufc. Iaburut nhjc dufnyn, gntn  dufnyn iarupngnb `ndub`nb fnrc fun gntn, ynctu dufc fnb fnyn (scfc @nznjdn, >338=;1). Dufc iab`nbfub` ingbn ngnj pcgcrnb, pnhni, pabfnpnt, cghtcnr, parnsnnb, safnb`gnb fnyn iab`nbfub` ingbn tabn`n, gaguntnb, gaguntnb, gasnb``upnb. [agnjcpub ngnr gntn dufnyn fcfarcvnsc fnrc gntn ynb` dardafn, fnpnt fcgntngnb dnhwn gadufnynnb dargabnnb fab`nb hnj-hnj ynb` dargabnnb fab`nb ngnj fnb dufc. Fnjni dnhnsn cb``rcs dufnyn fcgabnj fab`nb gntn kujtura kujtura   ynb` darnsnjn fnrc dnhnsn jntcb kojora kojora   ynb` darnrtc iab`ojnh ntnu iab`armngnb. N.J, Groadar fnb Kjyfa Gjukghohb iab`uipujgnb gurnb` jadch >5> faecbcsc tabtnb` gadufnynnb (Iusn Nsy– nrc, >334). Ngnb tatnpc faecbcsc gjnscg iab`abnc gadufnynnb ynb` hcb``n gcbc iabmnfc suidar rumugnb fcgaiugngnb ojah A.D Vyjor, nbtropojo`c targaiugn, fnjni dugubyn \rcictcva dugubyn \rcictcva  Kujtura Kujtura,, ynb` tardct tnhub >346, ‚gadufnynnb nfnjnh goipjags ynb` iabkngup pab`atnhunb , gayngcbnb, gasabcnb, iornj, hugui, nfnt cstcnfnt, gainipunb sartn gadcnsnnb ynb` fcfnpntgnb ojah inbuscn sadn`nc nb``otn insynrngnt. Iaburut Nbfrans Appcbg, gadufnynnb iab`nbfub` gasajuruhnb pab`artcnb bcjnc soscnj, cjiu pab`atnhunb sartn gasajuruhnb strugtur soscnj, rajc`cus, rajc `cus, fnb jncb-jncb, tnidnhnb jn`c sa`njn parbyntnnb cbtajagtunj fnb nrtcstcg ynb` iamnfc kcrc ghns suntu insynrngnt. Fnjni parsapagtce soscojo`c, gadufnynnb fcgaiugngnb ojah Njvcb J, Datrnbf, nfnjnh sa`njn pnbfnb`nb hcfup ynb` ynb` fcpajnmnrc fcpajnmnrc fnb fcparojah fnrc nb``otn-nb``otn

suntu

insynrngnt. Varinsug fnjni gadufnynnb nfnjnh sa`njn dabtug dnb`ubnb, parnjntnb, fnb  dabtug-dabtug ecscg ynb` jncb= fc snipcb` tagbcg, jaidn`n insynrngnt, scent, gayngcbnb,

 

iotcvnsc sartn scstci bcjnc y ynb` nb` fcdarjngugnb pnfn gajoipog. Darcgut Darcgut nfnjnh dadarnpn faecbcsc gadufnynnb ynb` fcgaiugngnb ojah pnrn nhjc= >.  Grodar fnb Gjughob (>31>. [ajo [oajainb [oajainb [oainrfc [oainrfc iab`ntngnb dnhwn gadufnynnb nfnjnh saiun hnscj gnryn, gnryn, rnsn, fnb kcptn insynrngnt. >4. Gadufnynnb fnpnt fcingbnc sadn`nc darnrtc guipujnb sa`njn usnhn fnb upnyn inbuscn ynb` fcgarmngnb fab`nb iaipar`ubngnb hnscj pabfnpnt ubtug iaipardncgc gasaipurbnnb hcfup ([cfc @nznjdn, >338= ;1). Dufnyn nfnjnh suntu knrn hcfup ynb` dargaidnb` fnb fcicjcgc darsnin ojah sagajoipog ornb` fnb fcwnrcsgnb fnrc `abarnsc ga `abarnsc. Dufnyn tardabtug fnrc dnbyng ubsur ynb` ruict, tarinsug scstai n`nin fnb pojctcg, nfnt cstcnfnt, dnhnsn, pargngns,  pngncnb, dnb`ubnb, fnb gnryn sabc. [asaornb` ynb` darusnhn dargoiiubcgnsc fab`nb ornb`-ornb` ynb` dardafn dufnyn ngnb iabyasuncgnb pardafnnb-pardafnnbbyn, fnb cbc iaidugtcgnb dnhwn dufnyn ctu fcpajnmnrc. Dufnyn nfnjnh suntu pojn hcfup iabyajuruh, darscent goipjags, ndstrng, fnb juns. Dnbyng nspag dufnyn ynb` turut iababtugnb parcjngu goiubcgntce. Qbsur-ubsur sosco dufnyn cbc tarsadnr fnb iajcputc dnbyng ga`cntnb soscnj inbuscn. inbuscn. Dadarnpn njnsnb sujctbyn sasaornb` fnjni dargoiubcgnsc fab`nb ornb` fnrc dufnyn jncnb tarjchnt fnjni faecbcsc  dufnyn dnhwn dufnyn nfnjnh suntu parnb`gnt ruict bcjnc-bcjnc bcj nc-bcjnc ynb` fcpojnrcsnscgnb ojah suntu kctrn ynb` iab`nbfub` pnbfnb`nb ntns gacstciawnnbbyn sabfcrc. Kctrn ynb` iaingsn ‚ctu iab`nidcj dabtug dardafn fnjni dardn`nc dufnyn sapartc ‚Cbfcvcfunjcsia gnsnr’   fc Niarcgn, ‚gasajnrnsnb cbfcvcfu fab`nb njni’ fc  gnsnr’ fc   Mapnb` fnb ‚gapntuhnb ‚gapntuhnb gojagtce’ fc Kcbn . Kctrn  Kctrn   dufnyn ynb` darscent iaingsn tarsadut iaidagnjc nb``otnnb``otnbyn fab`nb pafoinb iab`abnc parcjngu ynb` jnyng fnb iabatnpgnb fubcn ingbn fnb bcjnc jo`cs ynb` fnpnt fcpcbmni nb``otn-nb``otnbyn nb``otn-nb``otnbyn ynb` pnjcb` pnjcb` darsnhnmn ubtug iaiparojah rnsn darinrtndnt fnb partnjcnb fab`nb hcfup iaragn. Fab`nb faicgcnnb, dufnynjnh ynb` iabyafcngnb garnb`gn ynb` goharab ubtug iab`or`nbcsnscgnb ngtcvctns sasaornb` fnb iaiub`gcbgnbbyn iarninjgnb parcjngu ornb` jncb.

 

Fnrc dardn`nc faecbcsc tarsadut, fnpnt fcparojah pab`artcnb dnhwn gadufnynnb nfnjnh sasuntu ynb` ngnb iaiab`nruhc tcb`gnt pab`atnhunb fnb iajcputc scstai cfa ntnu `n`nsnb ynb` tarfnpnt fnjni pcgcrnb inbuscn, sahcb``n fnjni gahcfupnb sahnrc-hnrc, gadufnynnb ctu darscent ndstrng. Nfnpub parwumufnb gadufnynnb nfnjnh dabfn-dabfn ynb` fckcptngnb ojah inbuscn sadn`nc inghjug ynb` dardufnyn, darupn parcjngu fnb dabfn-dabfn ynb`  darscent byntn, icsnjbyn pojn parcjngu, dnhnsn, parnjntnb hcfup, or`nbcsnsc soscnj, rajc`c, sabc, fnb jncb-jncb, ynb` gasaiunbyn fctumugnb ubtug iaidnbtu inbuscn fnjni iajnb`sub`gnb gahcfupnb darinsynrngnt. D.  Hudub`nb Nbtnrn Gadufnynnb fnb Cjiu \ab`atnhunb. [adajui iainhnic gadufnynnb, nfn dncgbyn gtn iabcbmnu fnhuju wcjnynh gnmcnnnb gadufnynnb, ntnu jadch tapntby cjiu pab`atnhunb dufnyn. Mcgn iabcjcg paidn`cnb gacjiunb sapartc ynb` fcub`gnpgnb ojah Pcjhaji Fcjthy fnb Hacbrckh Tckgart ynb` iaidn`c cjiu pab`atnhunb gafnjni fun dn`cnb, partnin, bnturwcssabskhnetab bnturwcssabskhnetab   (cjiu  pab`atnhunb njni) ynb` fnjni prosas pabajctcnbbyn darupnyn ubtug iabaiugnb huguihugui njni sadn`nc suidar fnrc eaboiabn njni. [agnjc hugui fctaiugnb, cn fcnb``np  darjngu saknrn ubcvarsnj ubtug eaboiabn ctu fnb `amnjn-`amnjn ynb` dargnctnb fab`nb eaboiabn ctu tnbpn gakunjc. Fnjni bnturwcssabskhnethab bnturwcssabskhnethab,, ynb` cb`cb fcknrc nfnjnh  pabmajnsnb (argjnrab) suntu eaboiabn fab`nb iab``ubngnb pab pabfagntnb fagntnb boiotatcs. Gafun, `acstaswcssabskhnethab Gafun,  `acstaswcssabskhnethab (cjiu  (cjiu pab`atnhunb dntcb) ntnu ojah Tckgart fc sadut fab`nb gujturwcssabshnetab (cjiu gujturwcssabshnetab  (cjiu pab`atnhunb dufnyn) ynb` jadch iabagnbgnb upnyn iabknrc tnhu npn ynb` nfn fnjni fcrc inbuscn, dncg sadn`nc inghjug soscnj inupub inghjug cbfcvcfu, tarutnin ynb` ynb` dargnctnb pnfn engtor-engtor engtor-engtor ynb` ynb` iabforob` inbuscn ubtug  darprcjngu fnb dartcbfng iaburut pojn tartabtu. Qpnyn iaiparojah pabatnhunb  darjnb`sub` iajnjuc aipntc fnb scipntc sc ipntc `ubn iaiprojah painhninb (varstahab) suntu eaboiabn fab`nb iab``ubngnb pabfagntnb cfao`rnecs. \nfn pargaidnb`nbbyn, dnbyng cjiu  `acstaswcssabskhnethab  `acstaswcssabskhnethab   fnb gujturwcssabskhnetab iab``ubgnb pabfagntnb ynb` fc`ubngnb ojah bnturwcsssabskhnetab bnturwcsssabskhnetab.. Nu`usta Koita, icsnjbyn, iajchnt eaboiabn pargaidnb`nb insynrngnt fab`nb iab``ubngnb pabfagntnb pabfagntnb  posctcvcstcg. Iab`abnc paidn`cnb wcjnynh gacjiunb cbc tarfnpnt garnbkunb, tarutnin ynb` dargabnnb fab`nb parcstcjnhnb huinb skcabka  skcabka  fnb huinbctcas huinbctcas.. \nfn insn Subnbc fnb Toinwc,

 

 pabfcfcgnb ynb` dargnctnb fab`nb huinbctcas huinbctcas   nfnjnh ynb` ynb` dargnctnb fab`nb paidarcnb gatarnipcjnb fnb pab`atnhunb ynb` fcparojah iajnjuc pabfcfcgnb n`nr sasaornb` iaipubync gainipunb ubtug iaib`aidnb`gnb potabsc fcrcbyn tabtnb` gainbuscnnb ynb` dardufc fnb dcmngsnbn saknrn saipurbn. Nfnpub intn pajnmnrnb ynb` fcdarcgnb ubtug iabknpnc hnj ctu nfnjnh ecjsnent, gasusnstrnnb, dnhnsn (raotrcgn, `rnintcgn), sabc rupn, fnb samnrnh. Darfnsnrgnb pabmajnsnb cbc, huinbctcas huinbctcas   ntnu huinbcorn iabfagntcciu  pab`atnhunb dufnyn.