BAB I Arkot Sirkulasi Dan Parkir
June 9, 2019 | Author: nining angriani | Category: N/A
Short Description
sirkulasi dan parkir...
Description
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
A. Latar Belakang Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan kota yang pesat tanpa diikuti oleh ketersediaan pembiayaan pembangunan pembangunan yang memadai dapat menimbulkan berbagai permasalahan diantaranya adalah menurunnya kualitas lingkungan perkotaan, timbulnya permukiman kumuh, berkembangnya kegiatan informal serta penurunan kualitas kehidupan dan produktifitas kota. Peningkatan aktivitas dipusat kota juga akan berpengaruh terhadap tarikan arus lalu lintas yang besar dan menyebabkan meningkatnya kebutuhan sarana dan prasarana transportasi. Peningkatan kebutuhan ini sering tidak diimbangi dengan penyediaan sarana dan prasarana yang tidak memadai akibatnya timbul berbagai macam masalah transportasi, salah satunya adalah masalah perparkiran. Perparkiran
bukanlah
suatu
fenomena
yang
baru.
Perparkiran merupakan masalah yang sering dijumpai dalam sistem transportasi. Di banyak kota baik di kota - kota besar maupun kota- kota yang sedang berkembang selalu menghadapi masalah perparkiran, khususnya untuk kendaraan roda 4. Masalah perparkiran tersebut akhir akhir ini terasa sangat mempengaruhi pergerakan kendaraan, dimana kendaraan yang melewati tempattempat yang mempunyai aktivitas tinggi laju pergerakannya akan terhambat oleh kendaraan yang parkir di badan jalan, sehingga hal ini dapat menyebabkan kemacetan. Pada umumnya kendaraan yang parkir di pinggir jalan berada di sekitar tempat atau pusat kegiatan seperti : perkantoran, sekolah, pusat kegiatan ekonomi seperti: pasar tadisional, pasar swalayan, bioskop, rumah makan dan lain- lain. Dalam usaha menangani masalah tersebut, maka diperlukan pengadaan lahan parkir yang cukup, dan penentuan
1
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
bentuk permodelan parkir yang tepat pada lahan parkir yang ada, dimana kebutuhan akan lahan parkir ( demand ) dan prasarana yang dibutuhkan ( supply ) haruslah seimbang dan disesuaikan dengan karakteristik perparkiran. Kota Makassar sebagai salah satu kota terbesar di Indonesia Timur sekarang ini sudah semakin dipadati oleh kendaraan, baik roda dua maupun roda empat. Sebagai kota besar tentunya tak lepas dari kemacetan setiap harinya. Selain itu jumlah volume kendaraan tidak sebanding dengan lebar ruas jalan dan juga karena kesadaran masyarakat untuk tertib berlalu lintas masih sangat kurang.Terutama pada Kawasan jalan urip sumoharjo dan Kawasan Jalan dr. leimena, merupakan salah satu kawasan dengan tingkat aktifitas masyarakat yang cukup tinggi. Kawasan jalan urip sumoharjo dan Kawasan Jalan dr. leimena, merupakan salah satu kawasan dengan tingkat aktifitas masyarakat yang cukup tinggi. Dimana pada kawasan ini merupakan salah satu kawasan tempat bertemunya kendaraan dari berbagai arah dan merupakan jalan arteri primer sehingga kendaraan yang ada di kawasan tersebut kepadatannya cukup tinggi.
B. Rumusan Masalah 1. Bagaimana Sistem Sistem Pergerakan serta sirkulasi kendaraan pada kawasan jalan urip sumoharjo dan Kawasan Jalan dr. leimena ? 2. Permasalahan apa yang menyebabkan kemacetan di daerah tersebut ? C. Tujuan 1. Untuk mengetahui Sistem pergerakan sirkulasi kendaraan yang ada di jalan urip sumoharjo dan Kawasan Jalan dr. leimena.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
A.
SIRKULASI Elemen
perancangan
kota
sirkulasi
menurut
Shirvani
(1985:26) merupakan salah satu alat paling bermanfaat untuk membangun
lingkungan
kota.
Sirkulasi
dapat
membentuk,
mengarahkan dan mengontrol pola aktivitas dan pengembangan kota, ketika sistem transportasi jalan umum, pedestrian ways dan sistem transit menghubungkan dan memusatkan pergerakan. Pertambahan kendaraan terutama kendaraan pribadi terjadi sanat cepat, yang merupakan salah satu pemicu terjadinya kemacetan. Kemacetan terjadi salah satunya akibat percepatan pertambahan
kendaraan
yang
tidak
diimbangi
pertumbuhan
infrastruktur jalan raya. Selain itu beberapa faktor kemacetan lalu lintas diantaranya adalah adanya pasar tumpah, PKL, pulau jalan, traffic light, parkir, atau angkutan umum yang berhenti seenakanya Menurut Shirvani ada tiga prinsip utama dalam menangani sirkulasi yaitu: 1. Jalan seharusnya seharusnya didesain menjadi ruang terbuka yang memiliki pemandangan baik antara lain: a. Bersih dan elemen landscape yang menarik menarik b. Persyaratan ketinggian ketinggian dan garis sempadan sempadan bangunan bangunan yang berdekatan dengan jalan. c. Pengaturan parkir di pinggir jalan dan tanaman yang berfungsi sebagai penyekat jalan. d. Meningkatkan lingkungan alami yang terlihat dari jalan
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
2. Jalan harus dapat memberi petunjuk orientasi bagi para pengendara dan dapat menciptakan lingkungan yang dapat dibaca yaitu: a. Menciptakan bentuk landscape untuk meningkatkan meningkatkan kualitas lingkungan kawasan sepanjang jalan tersebut b. Mendirikan perabot perabot jalan yang berfungsi berfungsi pada pada siang dan dan malam hari dengan hiasan lampu yang mendukung suasana jalan c. Perencanaan umum jalan dengan pemandangan kota (visitas) dan beberapa visual menarik yang dapat berperan sebagai tetenger (landmark) d. Pembedaan susunan
dan
jalan-jalan
penting
dengan
memberikan perabot jalan (streetscaping), trotoar, maju mundurnya batas bangunan (setback), penggunaan lahan yang cocok dan sebagainya
3. Beberapa
kecenderungan
tujuan
dalam
perencanaan
transportasi meliputi: a. Meningkatkan mobilitas di Kawasan Pusat Bisnis (Central Business Districs) b. Mengurangi penggunaan kendaraan pribadi c. Mendorong penggunaan transportasi umum d. Meningkatkan kemudahan pencapaian ke Kawasan pusat Bisnis Dalam proses perancangan sebuah pola sirkulasi perlu di perhatikan anggapan mengenai sirkulasi (Motloch,1991), yaitu : 1. Sirkulasi sebagai sebuah pergerakan
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
2. Sirkulasi sebagi sebuah sebuah penekanan material Pembuatan material yang senada ataupun sejenis dapat merupa kan sebuah penanda atau sebuah penekanan dalam suatu pola sirkulasi Jalur yang jelas akibat penekanan pada bahan material mempermudah sistem sirkulasi suatu kawasan. 3. Sirkulasi sebagai pertimbangan desain Jika kita mengangap sirkulasi merupakan pertimbangan pertimbangan dalam de sain makakita
harus mepertimbangkan masalah kegunaan
bentuk keamanan, dan skala dari suatu jalan atau jalur bagi pembentukan pola sirkulasi. 4. Sirkulasi sebagai sebuah mata rantai dan sistem visual 5. Suatu pola sirkulasi merupakan merupakan suatu suatu pola yang yang berkelanjutan berkelanjutan d an berkesinambungan berkesinambungan sehingga membentuk suatu sistem Yang tertata. Suatu sistem yang berpola dan tertata rapi menjadi satu
kesatuan
dengan
hasil rancangan sehingga
menimbulkan kesan desain yang menarik. 6. Sirkulasi sebagai perbedaan keruangan Perbedaan antara kondisi disini dan disana yang dibedakan den gan suatu
ruang
yang berbeda menimbulkan suatu sistem
sirkulasi tersendiri dengan pola keruangan sebagai aspek utama pembentuknya. 7. Sirkulasi sebagai perbedaan waktu 8. Dalam suatu suatu proses sirkulasi,terdapat sirkulasi,terdapat perbedaan waktu dalam mencapai tempat yang merupakan tujuan akhir dari alur sirkulasi. Hal ini diakibatkan karena adanya adanya proses pencapaian dalam sebuah kegiatan sirkulasi.
Dalam suatu sirkulasi tentulah tidak terlepas dari perencanan sebuah jal an Yang menghubungkan satu tempat dengan tempat yang lain, jenis-
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Kecepatan rencana minimal 60 km/jam,
Lebar badan jalan minimal 8 meter,
Kapasitas lebih besar daripada volume lalu lintas lintas rata-rata,
Lalu lintas lintas jarak jauh tidak boleh terganggu oleh lalu lintas lintas ulang al ik, lalu lintas lokal dan kegiatan lokal
Jalan masuk dibatasi secara efisien
Jalan persimpangan dengan pengaturan tertentu tidak menguran gi kecepatan rencana dan kapasitas jalan,
Tidak terputus walaupun melalui kota,
Persyaratan teknik jalan masuk ditetapkan oleh Menteri.
2. Jalan Arteri Sekunder
Kecepatan rencana minimal 20 km/jam,
Lebar badan jalan minimal 8 meter,
Kapasitas sama atau lebih besar daripada volume lalu lintas ratarata,
Lalu lintas cepat tidak boleh terganggu terganggu oleh lalu lintas lambat, lambat, Persimpangan dengan pengaturan tertentu tidak mengurangi kec epatan rencana dan kapasitas jalan.
3. Jalan Kolektor Primer
kecepatan rencana minimal 40 km/jam,
Lebar jalan minimal 7 meter,
Kapasitas sama dengan atau lebih besar dari pada volume lalu lin tas rata-rata,
Jalan masuk dibatasi, direncanakan sehingga tidak mengurangi k ecepatan rencana dan kapasitas jalan,
Tidak terputus walaupun melalui kota
4. Jalan Kolektor sekunder
Kecepatan rencana minimal 20 km/jam,
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Kecepatan rencana minimal 20 km/jam,
Lebar badan jalan minimal 6 meter,
Tidak terputus walaupun melalui desa.
6. Jalan Lokal Sekunder
Kecepatan rencana minimal 10 km/jam
Lebar badan jalan minimal 5 meter
Persyaratan teknik diperuntukkan bagi kendaraan beroda tiga tiga ata u lebih,
Lebar badan jalan tidak tidak diperuntukkan bagi kendaraan kendaraan beroda tig a atau lebihminimal 5 meter.
Berdasarkan UU No. 13 / 1980, jalan adalah suatu prasarana perhub ungan dalam bentuk apapun meliputi segala bagian jalan termasuk bangunan pelengkap yang diperuntukkan bagi lalu lintas. Jalan dikelompokkan dikelompokkan menjadi 6 ( UU No. 13 / 1980 ) antara lain: lain : a. Jaringan jalan berdasarkan berdasarkan sistem (penghubung)
Sistem jaringan jalan primer
Menghubungkan kota/wilayah(simpul / distribusi) di tingkat tingkat nasional / regional.
Sistem jaringan jalan sekunder
Menghubungkan zona-zona/kawasan pada suatu kota / wilayah. wilayah.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
-
Jalan masuk dibatasi
Lokal
:
-
Jarak pendek
-
Kecepatan rendah
-
Jalan masuk tidak dibatasi
c. Jaringan jalan berdasarkan peruntukkan
Jalan umum, untuk lalu lintas umum -
Jalan Khusus, tidak untuk umum, sebagai contoh :
-
Jalan inspeksi saluran
-
Lebar badan jalan minimal 5 meter
-
Persyaratan teknik diperuntukkan bagi kendaraan beroda tiga ata u lebih,
-
Lebar badan jalan tidak diperuntukkan bagi kendaraan beroda tig a atau lebih, minimal 5 meter.
Berdasarkan UU No. 13 / 1980, jalan adalah suatu prasarana perhub ungan dalam bentuk apapun meliputi segala bagian jalan
termasuk
bangunan pelengkap yang diperuntukkan bagi lalu lintas. Jalan dikelompokkan menjadi 6 ( UU No. 13 / 1980 ) antara lain: lain : a. Jaringan jalan berdasarkan berdasarkan sistem (penghubung)
Sistem jaringan jalan primer
Menghubungkan kota/wilayah(simpul / distribusi) di tingkat nas ional /regional
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Kolektor
:
-
Jarak sedang
-
Kecepatan sedang
-
Jalan masuk dibatasi
Lokal
:
-
Jarak pendek
-
Kecepatan rendah
-
Jalan masuk tidak dibatasi
c. Jaringan jalan berdasarkan peruntukkan
Jalan umum, untuk lalu lintas umum
Jalan Khusus, tidak untuk umum, sebagai contoh : -
Jalan inspeksi saluran
-
Jalan perkebunan
-
Jalan pertambangan
d. Jaringan jalan berdasar klasifikasi teknis teknis
Jalan kelas I : -
Kendaraan dengan lebar maksimal 2,5 m
-
Kendaraan dengan panjang maksimal 18 m
-
Kendaraan dengan muatan lebih dari 10 ton
-
Di jalan arteri.
Jalan kelas II : -
Kendaraan dengan lebar maksimal 2,5 m Kendaraan dengan panjang 18
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Jalan Desa / Kampung.
B. PARKIR Menurut Shirvani (1985:24), elemen parkir mempunyai dua efek langsung terhadap kualitas lingkungan, yaitu: 1) Menghidupkan aktivitas komersial (dimana faktor parkir sangat penting) 2) Mempertajam benturan benturan visual visual terhadap bentuk fisik kota. Menurut Shirvani (1985: 25-26) beberapa cara dalam mengendalikan parkir yaitu: 1) Struktur
tempat parkir
tidak boleh
menganggu aktivitas di
sekitarnya. Mendukung kegiatan street level dan menambah kualitas
visual
lingkungan,
akan
lebih
baik
lagi
jika
pembangunannya diiringi dengan penegakan peraturan parkir yang resmi sebagai bagian perencanaan. 2) Pendekatan
program
penggunaan
berganda
dalam
arti
memaksimalkan penggunaan tempat parkir dengan pelaku dan waktu yang berbeda secara simultan 3) Tempat parkir khusus, khusus, dimana suatu perusahan perusahan atau instansi instansi yang memiliki
sejumlah
besar
karyawan
dengan
kendaraannya,
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
bahwa pajak ialah iuran kepada negara yang dapat dipaksakan, dimana yang terhutang wajib membayar menurut peraturan-peraturan dengan tidak mendapat prestasi kembali yang langsung dapat ditunjuk dan gunanya untuk membiayai pengeluaran umum berhubungan dengan tugas negara untuk menyelenggarakan pembangunan. Sedang Munawir (1982:11), memberikan pengertian bahwa pajak adalah iuran rakyat yang diberikan kepada kas Negara (peralihan kekayaan dan sektor partikulir ke sektor pemerintah) berdasarkan undang-undang (dapat dipaksakan) dengan tidak mendapat jasa, baik yang langsung dapat ditunjuk, dan digunakan untuk membiayai pengeluaran umum. 1. Pengertian jalan Untuk membahas lebih jauh agar dapat dibedakan bagianbagian yang terdapat pada, suatu jalan sesuai standar (Sukirman S, 1992-35), mengemukakan beberapa pengertian dan sebagai berikut : a. Daerah manfaat jalan (damaja) adalah meliput, badan jalan, saluran tepi jalan dan ambang pengamannya. Badan jalan meliputi jalur lalu lintas, dengan atau tanpa, jalur pemisah dan bahu jalan, b. Daerah milik jalan (damaja) merupakan ruang sepanjang jalan yang dibatasi oleh lebar dan tinggi tertentu yang dikuasai oleh pembina jalan dengan suatu hak tertentu. Sejalur tanah tertentu diluar daerah manfaat jalan tetapi
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
konstruksi bangunan jalan, dalam hal tidak cukup luasnya daerah milik jalan.
2. Pengertian Transportasi Transportsi
dapat
diartikan
sebagai
usaha
yang
memindahkan, menggerakkan, menganggkut, atau mengalihkan suatu objek dari satu tempat ke tempat lain, dimana di tempat lain objek tersebut lebih bermanfaat atau dapat berguna untuk tujuantujuan
tertentu.
(Fidel
Miro, 2005 ) Dalam pengertian lain
transportasi diartikan sebagai usaha pemindahan atau pergerakan dari suatu lokasi ke lokasi yang lainnya dengan menggunakan suatu alat tertentu. Dengan demikian maka transportasi memiliki dimensi seperti lokasi (asal dan tujuan), alat (teknologi) dan keperluan
tertentu
Mir o,19 97 ). ( Mir o,1997
Sistem
transportasi
selalu
berhubungan dengan kedua dimensi tersebut, jika salah satu dari ketiga dimensi tersebut tidak ada maka bukanlah termasuk transportasi.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Sistem transportasi merupakan suatu satuan dari elemenelemen yang saling mendukung dalam pengadaan transportasi.
(Mor lok,199 ,1991 1) : Elemen-elemen transportasi tersebut adalah Morlok 1. Manusia dan barang (yang diangkut) 2. Kendaraan dan peti kemas kemas (alat angkut) 3. Jalan (tempat (tempat alat angkut angkut bergerak) bergerak) 4. Terminal 5. Sistem pengoperasian Sedangkan Khisty and Lall, 2003 menyatakan bahwa empat elemen utama transportasi adalah : 1. Sarana perhubungan (link ) : jalan raya atau jalur yang menghubungkan dua titik atau lebih. Pipa, jalur darat, jalur laut, dan jalur penerbangan juga dapat dikategorikan sebagai sarana perhubungan. 2. Kendaraan : alat yang memindahkan manusia dan barang dari satu titik ke titik lainnya di sepanjang sarana perhubungan. Contohnya mobil, bis, kapal, dan pesawat
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Keempat elemen di atas berinteraksi dengan manusia, sebagai pengguna maupun nonpengguna sistem, dan berinteraksi pula dengan lingkungan.
3. Konsep Perencanaan Transportasi Terdapat beberapa konsep perencanaan transportasi yang telah berkembang sampai saat ini – – yang paling popular popular adalah “Model Perencanaan Transportasi Empat Tahap”. Model perencanaan ini merupakan gabungan dari beberapa seri submodel yang masingmasing harus dilakukan secara terpisah dan berurutan. (Tamin. O.Z.,
1997 ) Pemodelan ini mudah dipakai dan ditunjang pula dengan berbagai (sejumlah) alat analisis statistik dan berbagai perangkat lunak program.
4. Sistem Sirkulasi Adalah
prasarana
penghubung
vital
yang
menghubungkan menghubungkan
berbagai kegiatan dan penggunaan di atas lahan. Dalam tapak, sistem
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
lebar jalan, pola lantai, kejelasan orientasi, lampu jalan, dan fasilitas penyeberangan.
5. Sirkulasi Kendaraan Secara hierarki dibagi menjadi 2 jalur kendaraan, yaitu: a. Jalur distribusi, jalur untuk gerak perpindahan perpindahan lokasi (jalur cepat) b. Jalur akses, jalur yang melayani hubungan jalan dengan pintu masuk bangunan Kedua jalur tersebut perlu dipisah untuk memperlancar lalu lintas. Fasilitas penunjang berupa rambu-rambu lalu lintas dan ruang parkir harus disesuaikan dengan ruang yang tersedia.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
BAB III ANALISA DATA DAN PEMBAHASAN
A. GAMBARAN UMUM LOKASI LOKASI SURVEI Lokasi survei pada percobaan ini berada di Kec.panakkukang kelurahan tello baru jalan urip sumoharjo-jalan Abdullah daeng sirua.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
B. LOKASI SURVEY Lokasi Survei pada pembahasan pegerakan dan parkir ialah berada pada jalan urip sumoharjo sampai ke jalan Abdullah daeng sirua. Dimana permasalahan yang dijadikan sebagai obyek percobaan di laporan ini ialah mengenai pola sirkulasi kendaraan yang melewati jalur sepanjang urip sumoharjo-jalan Abdullah daeng sirua. Dan juga permasalahan mengenai pola parkir yang ada di sepanjang jalan tersebut dan bagaimana cara penanganannya sehingga sirkulasi dan parkir di daerah terbut dapat tertata dengan rapi dan sirkulasi berjalan dengan lancar.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Berdasarkan dari ketiga titik survei tersebut jarak yang terbentang dari jalan urip somoharjo-jalan Abdullah daeng daeng sirua ±500 meter
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
4. Survei dilakukan 3 kali dalam sehari, dan 3 hari dalam seminggu.
1.
Lokasi Titik survei 1 Lokasi : jalan urip sumoharjo (depan masjid ridha Allah).
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
dilakukan 3 hari untuk pengambilan data, 2 hari kerja dan 1 hari libur. Berikut data – data – data data hasil pengamatan Lokasi 1 : Tabel data pengamatan : Minggu 23
Mobil Pribadi
april 2017 Pagi 08:00 – 08:00 –
Angkutan
Truk
Motor
umum 333
92
5
494
223
45
2
379
531
97
14
1108
08:30 Siang 13:00 – 13:30 – 13:30 Sore 17:00
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Kamis 27
Mobil Pribadi
april 2017 Pagi 08:00
Angkutan
Truk / bus
Motor
umum 790
159
13
1345
680
110
11
1023
894
155
14
1582
– 08:30 – 08:30 Siang 13:00 – 13:30 – 13:30 Sore 17:00 – 17:00 – 17:30
Berdasarkan data – – data diatas dapat dilihat bahwa jumlah
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
2.
Lokasi Titik survei 2 Lokasi : jalan dr leimena.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
kendaraan yang melanggar dari arah jalan dr leimena menuju abdesir sehingga menggangu sirkulasi kendaraan lainnya. Berikut data – – data yang didapatkan dari titik survei ke dua : Tabel data pengamatan :
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Kamis 27
Mobil Pribadi
april 2017 Pagi 09:00
Angkutan
Truk
Motor
umum 341
78
4
1053
229
53
8
499
– 09:30 – 09:30 Siang 13:30
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Senin 24
Mobil Pribadi
april 2017 Pagi 09:30
Angkutan
Truk
Motor
umum 123
24
1
469
103
24
1
205
– 10:00 – 10:00 Siang 14:00
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
View more...
Comments
