Bab I: 1.1 Latar Belakang

 

OJO I

U@HKJLPFPJH

:.:

Fjtjr O`fjcjhd U`trndrjbi U`trnd rjbi m`rupjcjh ajojhd ifmu d`nfndi yjhd m`mp`fjgjri m`mp`fjgjri ajrj k`scripsi

ojtujh o`rkjsjrcjh o`rkjsjrcjh t`cstur, t`cstur, structur, structur, kjh mih`rjfndi mih`rjfndi s`ajrj micrncnpis. micrncnpis. U`trndrjbi U`trndrjbi sjhdjt sjhd jt o`rluou o`rluouhdj hdjh h k`hdjh k`hdjh kisipf kisipfih ih ifmu ifmu d`nfndi d`nfndi yjhd yjhd fji fjih. h. Q`p`rt Q`p`rtii k`hdjh k`hdjh ifmu ifmu U`trnf U`t rnfdi. di. U`trnd U`trndrjbi rjbi k`hdjh k`hdjh U`trnf U`trnfndi ndi sjhdjt sjhdjt o`rluou o`rluouhdjh hdjh `rjt `rjt kimjhj kimjhj p`trnf p`trnfndi ndi m`mp`fjgjri ojtujh, ojic prns`s, jsjf usuf ojtujh, p`trnd`h`sj (m`mp`fjgjri ojtujh s`ajjrj fujs) s`kjhdcjh p`trndrjbi m`rupjcjh ajrj uhtuc m`mp`fjgjri ojtujh jtju ajrj k`scripsi ojtujh. U`trndrjbi gudj sjhdjt o`rluouhdjh k`hdjh Cristjfndrjbi kjh mih`rjfndi mih`rj fndi jtju puh Mih`rjf nptic. Kimjhj Kimjhj kjfjm mih`rjf nptic kip`fjgjri kip`fjgjri mih`rjfmih`rjff o`rkjsjrcjh mih`rj o`rkjsjrcjh sibjt nptichyj. nptichyj. Q`kjhdcjh Q`kjhdcjh p`trndrjbi p`trndrjbi kjfjm p`hjmjjh p`hjmjjh ojtujh ojtujh ljrus kic`hjfi mih`rjf jpjcjl yjhd m`hyusuh ojtujh t`rs`out. K`hdjh c`mjmpujh mjtj mjhusij yjhd t`rojtjs mjcj uhtuc p`hdjmjtjh p`hdjmjtjh mih`rjf p`hyusuh ojtujh f`oil fjhgut ljrus m`hdduhjcjh jfjt yjitu micrnscnp. Kjfjm ifmu D`nfndi jhjfisis sjyjtjh tipis ojtujh kifjcucjh cjr`hj sibjt- sibjt bisic, s`p`rti t`cstur, cnmpnsisi kjh p`rifjcu mih`rjf-mih`rjf p`hyusuh ojtujh t`rs`out tikjc tikjc kjpjt kjpjt kik`sc kik`scrips ripsii s`a s`ajrj jrj m`djsc m`djscnpi npiss ki fjpjhd fjpjhdjh. jh. [`rcji [`rcjitt k`hdjh k`hdjh p`rjhj p`rjhjh h micrnscnp pnfjrisjsi kjfjm ik`htibicjsi sibjt nptic sujtu mih`rjf mjcj kijhddjp p`rfu uhtuc uht uc mjmp mjmpu u m`hdd m`hdduh uhjc jcjh jh micr micrns nscn cnp p t` t`rs rs`o `out ut.. Nf Nf`l `l cj cjr` r`hj hj it itu u ki kijk jkjc jcjh jhfj fjl l prjcticum U`hd`hjfjh Micrnscnp Unfjrisjsi.

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Mjcsuk kjh [ugujh Mjcsuk kijkjcjhhyj prjcticum jajrj U`hd`hjfjh Micrnscnp Unfjrisjsi ihi yjitu

jd jdjr jr

prjc prjcti ticj cjh h

kj kjpj pjtt

m`hd m`hd`t `tjl jlui ui

t` t`ht htjh jhd d

mi micr crns nscn cnp p

pn pnfj fjri risj sjsi si

s`rt s`rtj j

ajrj ajrj

p`hdduhjjhhyj. Jkjpuh tugujh kjri U`hd`hjfjh Micrnscnp Unfjrisjsi ihi yjitu7 :.

M`hd`tjlui ojdijh-ojdijh micrnscnp pnfjrisjsi s`rtj buhdsihyj.

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M`hd`t M`hd`tjlui jlui kijm`t`r kijm`t`r m`kjh pjhkjhd pjhkjhd mih`rj mih`rjff t`rljk t`rljkjp jp o`hjhd o`hjhd sifjhd jhjfisjtnr kjh pnfjrisjtnr.

1.

M`hd`tjlui M`hd`tjlui ucurjh ucurjh mih`rjf, mih`rjf, kjyj josnros josnros kjh wjrhj wjrhj sujtu sujtu mih`rjf gicj gicj s`jrjl jhjfisjtnr kjh pnfjrisjtnr.

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OJO II

FJHKJQJH [@N_I

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U`trndrjbi U`trndrjbi jkjfjl sjfjl sjtu ajojhd ifmu c`oumijh yjhd m`mp`fjgjri ojtujh

o`rkjsjrcjh o`rkjs jrcjh c`hjmpjcjh c`hjmpjcjh micrnscnpis micrnscnpis,, t`rmjsuc t`rmjsuc ki kjfjmhyj kjfjmhyj m`fjcucjh m`fjcucjh p`m`rijh p`m`rijh kjh p`hdcfjsibicjsijh ojtujh. U`hdjmjtjh s`ajrj s`csjmj pjkj sjyjtjh tipis pjkj ojtujh kifjcucjh kiojwjl micrnscnp pnfjrisjsi, hjmuh c`hyjtjjhhyj, p`hdjmjtjh k` k`hd hdjh jh

m`hd m`hddu duhj hjcj cjh h

micr mi crns nscn cnp p

p` p`tr trnd ndrj rjbi bic c

sjhd sjhdjt jt

sufi sufit, t,

m`sc m`scip ipuh uh

o` o`di ditu tu

p`hdjmjtjh sihdcjpjh ki fjpjhdjh k`hdjh m`hdduhjcjh f`hsj tjhdjh jtju fup gudj p`htihd. U`m`rijh s`ajrj p`trndrjbi pjkj ojtujh p`rtjmj-tjmj m`fiojtcjh ik`htibicjsi mih`rjf (oifj m`muhdcihcjh) kjh p`h`htujh cnmpnsisihyj. Luouhdjh t`csturjf jhtjrj outir-outir kiajtjt, ljf ihi tikjc ljhyj m`mojhtu kjfjm p`hdcfjsibicjsijh t`tjpi kjpjt m`mo m` mo`r `ric icjh jh

ou ouct ctii-ou ouct ctii

jt jtju ju

p` p`tu tuhg hguc uc

t` t`ht htjh jhd d

pr prns ns`s `s-p -prn rns` s`ss

jcti jctibb

s`fj s`fjmj mj

p`mo`h p`m o`htuc tucjh jh ojtujh. ojtujh. Ojtujh Ojtujh c`muki c`mukijh jh kicfjs kicfjsibi ibicjs cjsicj icjh h o`rkjs o`rkjsjrc jrcjh jh prns`h prns`htjs tjs` ` vnfum` kjri o`rojdji mih`rjf p`mo`htuc ojtujh ‖rnacbnrmihd ‖rnacbnrmihd mih`rjfs ””..

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U`hd`rtijh Micrnscnp Micrnscnp t`rkiri kjri kuj cjtj yjhd kijmoif kjri ojljsj Yuhjhi yjchi miarns

yjhd jrtihyj c`aif kjh sanp`ih yjhd jrtihyj m`filjt. Gjki micrnscnp jkjfjl s`oujl jfjt yjhd kiduhjcjh uhtuc m`filjt nog`c o`rucurjh c`aif yjhd tikjc kjpjt kifiljt k`hdjh mjtj mj tj t` t`fj fjhg hgjhd jhd.. Micrns Micrnscn cnp p kit` kit`mu mucj cjh h nf`l nf`l Jhtn Jhtnhy hy Rj Rjh h F`uw F`uw`h `hln` ln`c, c, ki kimj mjhj hj

1

 

s` s`o` o`fu fumh mhyj yj sukjl sukjl jk jkj j _no` _no`rt rt Lnnc Lnnc kj kjh h Mjra` Mjra`ff ffn n Mjfp Mjfpli lidi di yj yjhd hd m`hdj m`hdjkj kjcj cjh h p`h` p`h`fi fiti tijh jh

m`f m`fjfui jfui

f`hsj `hsj

yjhd jhd

s` s`k` k`rl rljh jhj. j.

Fjfu Fjfu

Jhtn Jhtnhy hy

Rjh

F`uw F`uw` `hln` hln`c  c 

m`hd`mojhdcjh f`hsj s`k`rljhj itu m`hgjki f`oil cnmpf`cs jdjr kjpjt m`hdjmjti prntnznj, ojct`ri kjh o`rojdji mjclfuc c`aif fjihhyj. C`mukijh pjkj s`citjr tjluh :255 Ljhz kjh Gjhs`h t`fjl m`h`mucjh micrnscnp yjhd kic`hjf k`hdjh micrnscnp djhkj yjhd f`oil ojic kjripjkj micrnscnp yjhd kioujt nf`l Jhtnhy Rjh F`uw`hln`c. Micrnscnp jkjfjl sujtu ihstrum`h ifmijl yjhd t`rc`hjf jojk c`‑:9 kjh t`fjl kit kit`rj `rjpcj pcjh h s`ajrj s`ajrj fujs fujs ki kjfjm kjfjm ojhyjc ojhyjc ifmu ifmu p`hd`tj p`hd`tjluj lujh. h. Jcjh Jcjh t`tjpi t`tjpi,, s`nrjhd s`nrjhd d`nfndi d`nf ndist st sukjl sukjl kjpjt kjpjt m`filj m`filjtt mjt`ri mjt`rijfjf-mjt mjt`ri `rijf jf yjhd yjhd t`rkjpj t`rkjpjtt kjfjm kjfjm tjhjl tjhjl yjhd yjhd oijsjhyj tikjc oisj kifiljt fjhdsuhd ki p`duhuhdjh t`tjpi k`hdjh micrnscnp. Ujkj tjluh tjluh :