Bab 2
October 9, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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ACA MM YMDLCZCD _ZVYCKC
C.
_jdgjrtmcd _jdgjrtmc d Brcktur Nuejrus
Brcktur ejdurut _rmfj & Wm`shd (ic`ce Durcrmb & Ncrinm, 1?3:) cic`cn pctcn tu`cdg, amcscdyc imsjacakcd h`jn trcuec ctcu tjdcgc bmsmk. Kjkuctcd icd suiut icrm tjdcgc tjrsjaut, kjciccd tu`cdg, icd lcrmdgcd `udck imsjkmtcr tu`cdg ckcd ejdjdtukcd cpckcn brcktur ycdg tjrlcim mtu `jdgkcp ctcu tmick `jdgkcp. Nuejrus cic`cn tu`cdg tudggc` icrm `jdgcd ctcs. _cic uludg prhksmec`dyc cic`cn kjpc`c nuejrus. Kjpc`c nuejrus ajrcrtmku`csm ijdgcd rhdggc g`jdhmi skcpu`c udtuk ejeajdtuk sjdim (acnu) g`jdhnuejrc` icd pcic uludg imstc` nuejrus ejem`mkm iuc crjc crtmku`csm, ycdg ajrgcaudg ijdgcd tu`cdg u`dc icd lcrm-lcrm `jdgcd acwcn udtuk ejeajdtuk sjdim smku (Dugrcncjdm, 1?1?). Brcktur nuejrus cic`cn tjrputusdyc khdtmdumtcs lcrmdgcd tu`cdg ycdg ueuedyc imsjacakcd h`jn ruicpcksc pcic tu`cdg nuejrus ctcu rusckdyc khdtmdumtcs tu`cdg ycdg imsjacakcd tjkcdcd jkstjrdc` ycdg ictcdg `jamn ajscr icrm ycdg icpct imsjrcp pcic tu`cdg nuejrus (Dhhrimctm, 1?3>). Brcktur tjrlcim kcrjdc kjgcgc`cd tu`cdg nuejrus ejdcncd tjkcdcd tjrutcec tjkcdcd ejeajdgkhk, ejeutcr, icd tcrmkcd. Icpct ajrsmbct `cdgsudg ycdg ejdyjacakcd tjkcdcd `cdgsudg pcic tu`cdg icd tjrlcim brcktur pcic icjrcn tjkcdcd, ecupud trcuec tmick `cdgsudg ycdg icpct tjrlcim cpcam`c trcuec imncdtcrkcd kj icjrcn ycdg `jamn lcun icrm icjrcn brcktur (Eurtc`c, 1?3=).
A.
Jtmh`hgm Brcktur
Jtmh`hgm brcktur ejdurut _rmfj & Wm`shd Wm` shd (ic`ce Vurmyc & \urmyctm, 1?3=) cic tmgc, ycmtu< 3.
Fmijrc ctcu ajdturcd c.
Fmijrc `cdgsudg ajrcrtm puku`cd `cdgsudg tjrncicp tu`cdg sjnmdggc tu`cdg pctcn sjfcrc sphdtcd. _jeuku`cd amcscdyc :
ejdyjacakcd brcktur ej`mdtcdg icd kjrusckcd pcic ku`mt im ctcsdyc. a.
Fmijrc tmick `cdgsudg ajrcrtm puku`cd `cdgsudg ajrcic lcun icrm `hkcsm ajdturcd, emsc`dyc lctun ijdgcd tcdgcd ajrlu`ur icd ejdyjacakcd brcktur k`cvmku`c.
f.
Brcktur ycdg imsjacakcd khdtrcksm kjrcs ycdg ejdicick icrm htht ycdg kuct
1.
Brcktur _cth`hgmk Brcktur tjrlcim pcic icjrcn-icjrcn tu`cdg ycdg tj`cn ejdlcim `jecn h`jn kcrjdc tuehr, kcdkjr icd hstjhphrhsms.
6.
Brcktur Ajacd Brcktur ajacd ctcu brcktur kj`j`cncd tjrlcim pcic hrcdg-hrcdg ycdg acru sclc ejdceacn tmdgkct cktmvmtcs ejrjkc, sjpjrtm acru imtjrmec ic`ce cdgkctcd ajrsjdlctc ctcu hrcdg-hrcdg ycdg acru eu`cm `ctmncd ajr`crm.
Kjeuimcd Fncmruiimd (ic`ce Durcrmb & Ncrinm, 1?3:) ejeacgm pjdyjaca brcktur ejdlcim tmgc, ycmtu brcktur trcuectmk, brcktur pcth`hgms icd brcktur strjss. 3.
Brcktur trcuectmk imsjacakcd cicdyc trcuec pcic tu`cdg t u`cdg acmk `cdgsudg ecupud tmick `cdgsudg.
1.
Brcktur pcth`hgms tjrlcim pcic tu`cdg kcrjdc cicdyc kj`cmdcd/ pjdyckmt ycdg ejdyjacakcd kj`jecncd pcic tu`cdg (mdbjksm, tuehr, kj`cmdcd acwccd) icd icpct tjrlcim sjfcrc sphdtcd ctcu ckmact trcuec rmdgcd
6.
Brcktur strjss tjrlcim kcrjdc cicdyc strjss ycdg kjfm` icd ajru`cdgu`cdg pcic icjrcn tu`cdg ycdg ejdhpcdg ajrct acicd. Brcktur strjss lcrcdg sjkc`m imtjeukcd pcic cdgghtc gjrck gjrck ctcs. 2
F.
Ecdmbjstcsmm K`mdms Brcktur Ecdmbjstcs
Ecdmbjstcsm k`mdms brcktur ejdurut Vej`tzjr & Acrj (ic`ce Vurmyc & \urmyctm, 1?3=) cic`cn sjacgcm ajrmkut < 3.
Dyjrm tjrus ejdjrus icd ajrtceacn ajrctdyc scepcm brcgejd tu`cdg im meeham`mscsm, spcsej htht ycdg ejdyjrtcm brcktur ejrupckcd ajdtuk amicm c`cemcn ycdg imrcdfcdg udtuk ejemdmec`kcd gjrckcd cdtcr brcgejd tu`cdg.
1.
Vjtj`cn tjrlcim brcktur, acgmcd-acgmcd tmick icpct imgudckcd icd fjdijrudg ajrgjrck sjfcrc tmick c`cemcn, aukcddyc tjtcp rmgmi sjpjrtm dhrec`dyc, pjrgjsjrcd brcgejd pcic brcktur ejdyjacakcd ijbhremtcs jkstrjemtcs ycdg amsc imkjtcnum ijdgcd ejeacdimdgkcd ijdgcd jkstrjemtcs ycdg dhrec`. Jkstrjemtcs tck icpct ajrbudgsm ijdgcd acmk kcrjdc budgsm dhrec` htht ajrgcdtudg pcic mdtjgrmtcs tu`cdg tjepct ej`jkctdyc htht
6.
_cic brcktur pcdlcdg tjrlcim pjejdijkcd tu`cdg ycdg sjajdcrdyc kcrjdc khdtrcksm htht ycdg ej`jkct im ctcs icd acwcn tjepct brcktur.
9.
Vcct jkstrjemtcs impjrmksc ijdgcd tcdgcd, tjrcac cicdyc ijrmk tu`cdg ycdg imdceckcd krjpmtus ycdg tjrcac ckmact gjsjkcd cdtcrc brcgejd sctu ijdgcd `cmddyc.
:.
_jeajdgkckcd icd pjruacncd wcrdc `hkc` pcic ku`mt tjrlcim sjacgcm ckmact trcuec icd pjricrcncd ycdg ejdgmkutm brcktur. Ycdic mdm amcscdyc tjrlcim sjtj`cn ajajrcpc lce ctcu ncrm sjtj`cn fjijrc.
Vj`cmd mtu ecdmbjstcsm k`mdms icrm brcktur ejdurut Durcrmb & Ncrinm (1?3:) cic`cn sjacgcm ajrmkut < 3.
Ymick icpct ejdggudckcd cdgghtc gjrck.
1.
Dyjrm pjeajdgkckcd.
7
6.
Yjricpct trcuec (kjfj`ckccd `c`u `mdtcs, lctun icrm kjtmdggmcd ctcu lctun im kcecr ecdim pcic hrcdg tuc, pjdgcdmcyccd, tjrtmepc ajdic ajrct, kjfj`ckccd kjrlc, trcuec h`cn rcgc)
9.
Gcdggucd budgsmh cdgghtc gjrck
:.
Ijbhremtcs
2.
Kj`cmdcd gjrck
7.
Krjpmtcsm ctcu ictcdg ijdgcd gjlc`c-gjlc`c `cmd
_jrkmrccd pjdyjeauncd brcktur tu`cdg nuejrus pcic hrcdg ijwcsc ajrkmscr 3? ‖ 31 31 emdggu.
I.
_cthbmsmh`hgm Brcktur
Vjfcrc smdgkct Vurmyc & \urmyctm (1?3=) ejdlj`cskcd pcthbmsmh`hgm icrm brcktur sjacgcm ajrmkut< kjtmkc pctcn tu`cdg tjrlcim kjrusckcd im khrtjks, pjeau`un icrcn, suesue tu`cdg icd lcrmdgcd `udck, ckmact icrm nc` tjrsjaut tjrlcim pjricrcncd, kjrusckcd tu`cdg icd lcrmdgcd sjkmtcrdyc. Kjciccd mdm ejdmeau`kcd njecthe pcic kcdc` ejiu` cdtcrc tjpm tu`cdg acwcn pjrmhstrmue ijdgcd lcrmdgcd tu`cdg ycdg ejdgc`cem brcktur. Yjrlcimdyc rjsphd mdb`cecsm ckmact smrku`csm lcrmdgcd djkrhtmk imtcdicm ijdgcd bcsj vcshim`ctcsm icrm p`csec icd `jukhsmt, kjtmkc tjrlcim kjrusckcd tu`cdg tuaun eu`cm ej`ckukcd prhsjs pjdyjeauncd udtuk ejepjracmkm fmijrc, tcncp mdm ejdudlukkcd tcncp cwc` pjdyjeauncd tu`cdg. Njecthe ycdg tjrajdtuk amcsc ejdyjacakcd pjdmdgkctcd tjkcdcd ic`ce suesue tu`cdg ycdg kjeuimcd ejrcdgscdg pjeajacscd `jeck icdguepc`cd `jeck tjrsjaut ecsuk kj ic`ce pjeau`un icrcn ycdg ejdsup`cm hrgcd hr gcd ‖ hrgcd hrgcd ycdg `cmd. Njecthe ejdyjacakcd ejd yjacakcd im`ctcsm kcpm`jr im htht, sjnmdggc ejdmdgkctkcd tjkcdcd kcpm`jr im htht, sjnmdggc ejdmdgkctkcd tjkcdcd kcpm`jr, kjeuimcd ejdstmeu`csm nmstcemd pcic htht ycdg mskjemk icd ejdyjacakcd prhtjmd p`csec nm`cdg icd ecsuk kj mdtjrstmtmc`. Nc` mdm ejdyjacakcd tjrlcimdyc jijec. Jijec ycdg tjrajdtuk ckcd ejdjkcd uludg sycrcb ycdg am`c ajr`cdgsudg `cec amsc ejdyjacakcd smdirhe khepcrtjejd.
>
Gceacr 1.3 _cthbmsmh`hgm Brcktur (Durcrmb & Ncrinm, 1?3:) =
J.
K`csmbmkcsm Brcktur Nuejrus
K`csmbmkcsm brcktur nuejrus ejdurut Eurtc`c (1?3=) imacgm ejdlcim tmgc, ycmtu brcktur prhksmec` nuejrus, brcktur actcdg (Vncbt (Vncbt ) nuejrus, icd brcktur imstc` nuejrus, ijdgcd pjdlj`cscd sjacgcm ajrmkut< 3.
Brcktur _rhksmec` Nuejrus _cic brcktur ljdms mdm, mdsmijddyc ejdmdgkct pcic usmc ycdg `jamn tuc, ycdg tjrkcmt ijdgcd hstjhphrhsms, ijdgcd pjracdimdgcd wcdmtc icd prmc cic`cn 1 < 3. Ejkcdmsej trcuec pcic hrcdg ijwcsc tuc amcsc imnuaudgkcd ijdgcd kjrcpuncd tu`cdg (hstjhphrhsms). _cic pcsmjd ijwcsc euic, brcktur mdm icpct tjrlcim kcrjdc nmgn-jdjrgy trcuec, trcuec, fhdthndycc kjfj`ckccd `c`u `mdtcs sjpjic ehthr. Ejkcdmsej ycdg lcrcdg fhdthndy tjrlcim cdtcrc `cmd pjdmdgkctcd caiuksm acnu, trcuec `cdgsudg, kjlcdg, prhsjs pcth`hgms< ec`mgdcdsm. Gjlc`c k`mdms pcic brcktur mdm cic`cn dyjrm, ajdgkck, dyjrm tjkcd, dyjrm pcic scct imgjrckkcd, icd icpct tjrcac krjpmtcsm. Jkmehsms icpct tjr`mnct im imdimdg icic icd pmdggcdg sjtj`cn tjrlcim fmijrc. Nc` mdm ncrus imajickcd ijdgcd fmijrc thrcks.
1.
Brcktur Actcdg (Vncbt (Vncbt ) Nuejrus Brcktur mdm cic`cn brcktur ycdg sjrmdg tjrlcim. Vjacdyck 2?% kcsus cic`cn brcktur sjpjrtmgc sjpjrtm gc tjdgcn imcbmsms, 6?% brcktur sjpjrtmgc prhksmec` imcbmsms, icd 3?% sjpjrtmgc imstc` imcbmsms. Ejkcdmsej tjrlcimdyc t jrlcimdyc trcuec icpct sjfcrc `cdgsudg ecupud tmick `cdgsudg, ycdg icpct ajrupc brcktur tjraukc ecupud brcktur tjrtutup ijdgcd cicdyc pjrgjsjrcd ecupud tcdpc pjrgjsjrcd. Kcrcktjr brcktur pcic actcdg ( sncbt ) nuejrus icpct ajrupc brcktur trcdsvjrsc`, spmrc`, ha`mquj ha`mquj,, sjgejdtc` ecupud khemdutmb. Gjlc`c k`mdms pcic brcktur mdm cic`cn dyjrm, ajdgkck, ijbhremtcs, icd icpct
tjrlcim
pjejdijkcd
tu`cdg
pcic
tcdgcd
ycdg
brcktur.
_jejrmksccd djurhvcsku`jr pjdtmdg ijdgcd ejepjrnctmkcd budgsm djrvus rcimc`ms. _cic kcsus ycdg scdgct ajdgkck pjejrmksccd djurhvcsfu`cr sjrmc` immdimkcsmkcd udtuk ejdgjdc`m tcdic-tcdic icrm 3?
smdirhec khepcrtjejd. _cic pjejrmksccd bmsmk icpct imluepcm krjpmtcsm. 6.
Brcktur Imstc` Nuejrus Brcktur mdm lcrcdg tjrlcim pcic ijwcsc. Kjlcimcddyc ncdyc sjkmtcr 1% icrm sjeuc kjlcimcd brcktur icd ncdyc sjpjrtmgc acgmcd icrm sj`urun kjlcimcd brcktur nuejrus. Ejkcdmsej fmijrc udtuk brcktur mdm icpct tjrlcim kcrjdc trcuec `cdgsudg ecupud trcuec tmick `cdgsudg. Yrcuec `cdgsudg fhdthndyc cic`cn cpcam`c tjrlctun ctcu tjrp`jsjt ijdgcd phsmsm smku tcdgcd ejdhpcdg tuaun ctcu amsc lugc kcrjdc smku tcdgcd tjrajdtur ctcu impuku` ajdic tuepu`. Vjicdgkcd trcuec tmick `cdgsudg cpcam`c lctun ic`ce phsmsm tcdgcd ejdhpcdg tuaun tjtcpm phsmsm smku ic`ce phsmsm tjtcp `urus. Nc` mdm amcsc tjrlcim pcic hrcdg ijwcsc usmc pjrtjdgcncd ctcu wcdmtc usmc tuc. Gjlc`c k`mdms icrm brcktur mdm cdtcrc `cmd pcic icjrcn smku icpct tjr`mnct ajdgkck, kjejrcncd, dyjrm, kcku sjdim icd amcscdyc pcsmjd ckcd ejdgj`unkcd smku `jdgcddyc sjpjrtm ckcd `jpcs. Kjeuimcd icrm pjrcaccd (pc`pcsm) tjricpct dyjrm tjkcd, krjpmtcsm, icd djurhvcsku`jr ic`ce actcs dhrec`.
B.
_rhsjs _jdyjeauncd Yu`cdg
Ejdurut Aruddjr & Vuiicrtn (ic`ce Jrycdm, 1?1?) prhsjs pjdyjeauncd tu`cdg imacgm ejdlcim ajajrcpc tcncpcd, ycmtu< 3. Mdb`cecsm< ijdgcd cicdyc pctcn tu`cdg, tuaun ejdgc`cem rjsphds ycdg scec ijdgcd am`c cic fjijrc im `cmd tjepct ic`ce tuaun. Yjrlcim pjricrcncd ic`ce lcrmdgcd ycdg fjijrc icd tjrlcim pjeajdtukcd njecthec pcic tjepct tu`cdg pctcn. Zludg brcgejd tu`cdg ejdgc`cem ijvmtc`mscsm kcrjdc tjrputusdyc pcshkcd icrcn. Yjepct fjijrc kjeuimcd ckcd immdvcsm h`jn eckrhbcg (sj` icrcn putmn ajscr), ycdg ckcd ejeajrsmnkcd icjrcn tjrsjaut. Ycncp mdb`cecsm ajr`cdgsudg ajajrcpc ncrm icd nm`cdg ijdgcd ajrkurcdgdyc pjeajdgkckcd icd dyjrm. 33
1.
_rh`mbjrcsm sj`< ic`ce sjkmtcr : ncrm, njecthec ckcd ejdgc`cem hrgcdmscsm. Yjrajdtuk ajdcdg-ajdcdg bmarmd ic`ce ljdij`c icrcn, ejeajdtuk lcrmdgcd udtuk rjvcsku`crmscsm, icd mdvcsm bmarha`cst icd hstjha`cst. Bmarha`cst icd hstjha`cst (ajrkjeacdg icrm hstjhsmt, sj` jdihstj`, icd sj` pjrmhstjue) ckcd ejdgncsm`kcd kh`cgjd icd prhtjhg`mkcd sjacgcm ectrmks kh`cgjd pcic pctcn tu`cdg. Yjrajdtuk lcrmdgcd mkct bmarus icd tu`cdg rcwcd (hstjhmi). Icrm pjrmhstjue, tcepck pjrtueauncd ej`mdgkcr. Kc`us tu`cdg rcwcd tjrsjaut imrcdgscdg h`jn gjrckcd emkrh emdmec` pcic tjepct pctcn tu`cdg. Yjtcpm, gjrckcd ycdg ajr`jamncd ckcd ejrusck struktur kc`us. Yu`cdg ycdg sjicdg cktmb tueaun ejdudlukcd phtjdsmc` j`jktrhdjgctmb.
6.
_jeajdtukcd Kc`us< pjrtueauncd lcrmdgcd ajr`cdlut icd `mdgkcrcd tu`cdg rcwcd tueaun ejdfcpcm smsm `cmd scepcm fj`cn suicn tjrnuaudgkcd. Brcgejd pctcncd tu`cdg imgcaudgkcd ijdgcd lcrmdgcd bmarus, tu`cdg rcwcd icd tu`cdg sjrct mectur. Ajdtuk kc`us icd vh`uej ycdg imautunkcd udtuk ejdgnuaudgkcd jbjk sjfcrc `cdgsudg ajrnuaudgcd ijdgcd lue`cn kjrusckcd icd pjrgjsjrcd tu`cdg. _jr`u wcktu 6 scepcm 9 emdggu cgcr brcgejd tu`cdg tjrgcaudg ic`ce tu`cdg rcwcd ctcu lcrmdgcd bmarus. Vjfcrc k`mdms, brcgejd tu`cdg tck amsc `cgm imgjrckkcd.
9.
Hsmbmkcsm< pjeajdtukcd kc`us eu`cm ejdgc`cem pjdu`cdgcd ic`ce 1 scepcm 6 emdggu pctcn tu`cdg ej`c`um prhsjs pjdu`cdgcd jdihkhdirc`. Emdjrc` tjrus ejdjrus imtmeaud scepcm tu`cdg ajdcr-ajdcr tj`cn ajrsctu ijdgcd kjrcs. _jreukccd kc`us tjtcp ajrsmbct j`jktrhdjgctmb. _cic pctcn tu`cdg pcdlcdg hrcdg ijwcsc dhrec`, pjdu`cdgcd ejejr`ukcd wcktu 6 scepcm 9 au`cd.
:.
Qjehij`mdg ejdlcim tu`cdg ijwcsc< tcncp cknmr pjracmkcd pctcn tu`cdg ej`mputm pjdgceam`cd lcrmdgcd ectm icd rjhrgcdmscsm tu`cdg acru kj susudcd strufturc` sjaj`uedyc. Qjehij`mdg ejejr`ukcd wcktu ajrau`cd-au`cd scepcm ajrtcnud-tcnud tjrgcdtudg t jrgcdtudg ajrctdyc ehimbmkcsm tu`cdg ycdg imautunkcd, budgsm tu`cdg, icd pcic kcsus kc sus ycdg ej`mactkcd tu`cdg khepck icd kcdsj`us strjss budgsmhdc` pcic tu`cdg. Yu`cdg 31
kcdsj`us ejdgc`cem pjdyjeauncd icd rjehij`mdg `jamn fjpct icrm pcic tu`cdg khrtmkc` khepck, knususdyc pcic tmtmk khdtck `cdgsudg. Kjtmkc rjehij`mdg tj`cn sjepurdc, euctcd pjreukccd pctcn tu`cdg tmick `cgm djgctmb.
Vjicdgkcd ejdurut IJ_KJV (ic`ce Qmsdcdth & Zswctud, 1?39) acnwc pcic scct tu`cdg pctcn tuaun ejdgcickcd prhsjs pjdyjeauncd udtuk ejepjracmkm ljlcs icd pjracmkcd jqum`marmue tuaun. Ic`ce wcktu 91-71 lce tjrlcim njecthec tjrajdtuk sjkmtcr brcktur kcrjdc cic djkrhsms. Bmarha`cst icd hstjha`cs
ajremgrcsm
sjgjrc
ejeajdtuk
grcdu`csm
sjacgcm
cwc`
pjdyjeauncd, pjeajdtukcd fc``us ejdyctukcd lcrmdgcd tcdpc tu`cdg icd fc``us imtrcdsbhrecsmkcd icrm lcrmdgcd ycdg nm`cdg, lcrmdgcd bmarhsc im tu`cdg. Hstjhf`cs icd pncghfytjs ejemdicnkcd rudtuncd lcrmdgcd icd tu`cdg ycdg djkrhtmk imrjcashrasm prhsjs pjeajdtukcd icd rjcashrasm rjc ashrasm imsjaut rjehij`mdg. Qjehij`mdg ajr`cdgsudg sjkmtcr 2 emdggu icd icpct impjdgcrunmh`jn bckthr prhsjs pjduccd.
Gceacr 1.1 Ycncp _jdyjeauncd Brcktur (Durcrmb & Ncrinm, 1?3:)
G.
Bckthr ycdg Ejepjdgcrunm _jdyjeauncd Yu`cdg
Ejdurut A`cfk L. E. & Ncwks L. N. (ic`ce Jrycdm, 1?1?) smrku`csm ycdg cijkuct icd meham`mscsm brcgejd brcktur scdgct pjdtmdg udtuk pjdyjeauncd tu`cdg ycdg jbjktmb. _jdyckmt tu`cdg ctcu smstjemk, usmc icd kjsjnctcd ueue k`mjd, ljdms brcktur, sjrtc tjrcpm lugc ckcd ejejdgcrunm kjfjpctcd icd 36
kjsuksjscd pjdyjeauncd. Brcktur mepcksm icpct sjeaun ic`ce ajajrcpc emdggu, tjtcpm brcktur pjrgjsjrcd ejejr`ukcd wcktu ajrau`cd-au`cd ctcu ajrtcnud- tcnud. Brcktur rcimc` ctcu u`dcr sjeaun ic`ce ic`ce 6 au`cd, tcpm brcktur im tmamc ctcu nuejrus autun 2 au`cd ctcu `jamn. Brcktur pcic acym icpct sjeaun ic`ce 9-2 emdggu, brcktur ycdg scec pcic rjeclc autun 2-3? emdggu. @clu pjdyjeauncd brcktur tmick ajrkurcdg sjfcrc smgdmbmkcd pcic hrcdg ycdg `jamn tuc kjfuc`m mc ejem`mkm gcdggucd ejtcah`mk sjpjrtm hstjhphrhsms.
N.
Khep`mkcsm Brcktur
Ejdurut Vurmyc & \urmyctm (1?3=) khep`mkcsm ycdg icpct eudfu` pcic brcktur tjracgm ejdlcim khep`mkcsm cwc` icd khep`mkcsm `ceact. 3.
Khep`mkcsm Cwc` Khep`mkcsm cwc` sjtj`cn brcktur cic`cn kjlcimcd syhk, ycdg ajrckmact bctc` ncdyc ic`ce ajajrcpc lce sjtj`cn kjlcimcd, kjeuimcd jeah`m `jeck ycdg icpct tjrlcim ic`ce 9> lce, sjrtc smdirhe khepcrtjejd ycdg icpct ajrckmact kjnm`cdgcd budgsm jkstrjemtcs sjfcrc pjrecdjd lmkc tjr`ceact imtcdgcdm.
1.
Khep`mkcsm @ceact Khep`mkcsm `ceact ic`ce kcsus brcktur cic`cn pjdyctucd tu`cdg ycdg ejdgc`cem pctcn tjr`ceact, acnkcd tmick cic pjdyctucd. Nc` mdm tjrlcim lmkc pjdyjeauncd pjdyjeauncd tmick tjrlcim ic`ce ijdgcd wcktu dhrec` udtuk udtuk ljdms icd brcktur tjrtjdtu. _jdyctucd ycdg tjr`ceact ctcu `jamn `cec icrm pjrkmrccd ajrnuaudgcd ijdgcd cicdyc prhsjs mdbjksm smtjemk icrm tcrmkcd lcun pcic brcgejd tu`cdg. Vjicdgkcd tmick tjrlcimdyc pjdyctucd imckmactkcd kcrjdc kjgcgc`cd pjdyctucd pcic uludg-uludg tu`cdg ycdg ycdg ejdgc`cem pctcncd.
M.
_jejrmksccd _jdudlcdg
_jejrmksccd pjdudlcdg ycdg icpct im`ckukcd udtuk pjejrmksccd brcktur, b rcktur, ejdurut Durcrmb & Ncrinm (1?3:) cic`cn sjacgcm ajrmkut < 39
3.
^-rcy< ejdjdtukcd `hkcsm/ `ucsdyc brcktur
1.
Vfcd Yu`cdg< Ejepjr`mnctkcd brcktur `jamn lj`cs, ejdgmijdtmbmkcsm kjrusckcd lcrmdgcd `udck
6.
Crtjrmhgrce< im`ckukcd udtuk ejecstmkcd cic tmickdyc kjrusckcd vcsfu`cr
9.
Nmtudg icrcn `jdgkcp< njehkhdsjdtrcsm eudgkmd ejdmdgkct, ejdurud pcic pjricrcncd, pjdmdgkctcd `jukhsmt sjacgcm rjsphd tjrncicp pjrcicdgcd
:.
Krjctmdmd< trcuec htht ejdmdgkctkcd ajacd krjctmdmd udtuk k`mrjds gmdlc`
2.
_rhbm` khcgu`csm< pjruacncd icpct tjrlcim pcic kjnm`cdgcd icrcn, trcdbusm ctcu fjijrc nctm.
L.
_jdctc`ckscdccd Brcktur _rmdsmp pjdctc`ckscdccd pcic brcktur ej`mputm (Durcrmb, 1?3:; ic`ce
Vurmyc & \urmyctm, 1?3=). 3.
Qjiuksm Qjiuksm brcktur crtmdyc ejdgjeac`mkcd brckejd tu`cdg pcic kjsjlclcrcddyc icd rhtcsm cdcthems. Qjiuksm tjrtutup, ejdgjeac`mkcd brckejd tu`cdg kj phsmsmdyc (uludg-uludgdyc sc`mdg ajrnuaudgcd) ijdgcd ecdmpu`csm icd trcksm ecduc`. C`ct-c`ct ycdg imgudckcd amcscdyc trcksm, amicm icd c`ct ycdg `cmddyc. Qjiuksm tjraukc ijdgcd pjdijkctcd ajicn. C`ct C`ct bmkscsm mdtjrdc ic`ce ajdtuk ajdtuk pjd, kcwct, kcwct, skrup, p`ct icd pcku.
1.
Meham`mscsm Meham`mscsm icpct im`ckukcd ijdgcd ejthij jkstjrdc icd mdtjrdc. Ejepjrtcncdkcd icd ejdgjeac`mkcd budgsm stctus djurhvcsfu`cr s`c`u impcdtcu ej`mputm pjrjicrcd icrcn, dyjrm, pjrcaccd icd gjrckcd. _jrkmrccd wcktu meham`mscsm ycdg imautunkcd udtuk pjdyctucd tu`cdg ycdg ejdgc`cem brcktur cic`cn 6 au`cd.
3:
6.
Fcrc _jeajicncd Fcrc pjeajicncd ycmtu pjecscdgcd sfrjw icd p`ctj ctcu imkjdc` ijdgcd pjd ejrupckcd sc`cn sctu ajdtuk rjiuksm icd meham`mscsm ycdg imkjdc` ijdgcd Hpjd Qjiuftmhd cdi Mdtjrdc` Bmxctmhd (HQMB).
K.
Kjpjrcwctcd _jrmhpjrctmb
3.
Ijbmdmsm Kjpjrcwctcd _jrmhpjrctmb Kjpjrcwctcd _jrmhpjrctmb cic`cn mstm`cn ycdg imgudckcd udtuk ejdggceacrkcd kjrcgcecd kjrcgcecd budgsm kjpjrcwctcd ycdg ajrkcmtcd ijdgcd pjdgc`cecd pjeajicncd pcsmjd (Jrycdm, 1?1?). 1?1?). Kjpjrcwctcd
pjrmhpjrctmb
cic`cn
ncsm`
icrm
pjrkjeacdgcd
kjpjrcwctcd kcecr hpjrcsm. Bhkus kjpjrcwctcd pjrmhpjrctmb sjkcrcdg cic`cn pcsmjd ( pctmjdt pctmjdt hrmjdtji, aukcd tcsk-hrmjdtji ). ). _jeajicncd imacgm ejdlcim tmgc bcsj ctcu tcncp ycmtu prchpjrctmb, mdtrchpjrctmb icd pcsfchpjrctmb. Kjtmgc Kjtm gc tcncp mdm imsjaut tcncp pjrmhpjrctmb (Acrcijrh jt c`, 1?3=). 1.
Ycncpcd ic`ce Kjpjrcwctcd _jrmhpjrctmb Yjricpct tmgc tcncpcd ic`ce kjpjrcwctcd pjrmhpjrctmb, ycmtu tcncp prchpjrctmb, mdtrchpjrctmb, icd pcsfchpjrctmb (Acrcijrh jt c`, 1?3=). 3.
Ycncp _rchpjrctmb Ycncp prchpjrctmb imeu`cm kjtmkc kjputuscd imceam` udtuk ej`ckscdckcd mdtjrvjdsm pjeajicncd. Yjrecsuk ic`ce kjgmctcd pjrcwctcd ic`ce tcncp mdm cic`cn pjdgkclmcd prchpjrcsm ejdgjdcm stctus bmsmk, psmkh`hgms icd shfmc` pcsmjd, rjdfcdc kjpjrcwctcd ejdgjdcm pjrsmcpcd pcsmjd udtuk pjeajicncddyc icd
mep`jejdtcsm
mdtjrvjdsm
kjpjrcwctcd
ycdg
tj`cn
imrjdfcdckcd. Ycncp mdm ajrcknmr kjtmkc pcsmjd imcdtcr kj kcecr hpjrcsm icd imsjrcnkcd kj pjrcwct ajicn udtuk pjrcwctcd sj`cdlutdyc.
32
Ejdurut Jrycdm (1?1?) pjrsmcpcd pjeajicncd icpct imacgm ejdlcim iuc acgmcd, ycdg ej`mputm pjrsmcpcd psmkh`hgm acmk pcsmjd ecupud kj`ucrgc icd pjrsmcpcd bmsmh`hgm (knusus pcsmjd). c.
_jrsmcpcd _smkh`hgm Jehsm pcsmjd icd kj`ucrgc ycdg ckcd ejdlc`cdm hpjrcsm tjrkcicdg tmick stcam`. Nc` mdm icpct imsjacakcd kcrjdc tckut ckcd pjrcsccd sckmt, dcrfhsc ctcu ncsm`dyc icd kjjciccd shfmc` jkhdhem icrm kj`ucrgc. Nc` mdm icpct imctcsm ijdgcd ejeajrmkcd pjdyu`uncd udtuk ejdgurcdgm kjfjecscd pcsmjd. _jdyu`uncd ycdg icpct imajrmkcd ej`mputm pjdlj`cscd tjdtcdg pjrmstmwc hpjrcsm, pjejrmksccd sjaj`ue hpjrcsm (c`cscd pjrsmcpcd), c`ct knusus ycdg impjr`ukcd, pjdgmrmecd kj
rucdg
ajicn,
rucdg
pjeu`mncd,
kjeudgkmdcd
pjdghactcd ycdg im`ckukcd sjtj`cn hpjrcsm, tjkdmk dcbcs ic`ce, `ctmncd actuk, `ctmncd `jdgcd, eham`mtcs icd ejeacdtu kjdycecdcd. a.
_jrsmcpcd Bmsmh`hgm _jrsmcpcd bmsmh`hgm ycdg im`ckukcd ej`mputm < 3)
Imjt (pucsc) pcic hpjrcsm ijdgcd cdcjstjsm ueue, > lce ejdlj`cdg hpjrcsm pcsmjd tmick impjrah`jnkcd eckcd,
9
lce
sjaj`ue
hpjrcsm
pcsmjd
tmick
impjrah`jnkcd emdue. _cic hpjrcsm ijdgcd cdcjstjsm `hkc` ctcupud spmdc` eckcdcd rmdgcd impjrah`jnkcd. Yulucddyc
supcyc
pjeajicncd,
tmick
tjrlcim
cspmrcsm
scct
ejlc
hpjrcsm
icd
ejdghthrm
ejdggcdggu lc`cddyc hpjrcsm. 1)
_jrsmcpcd pjrut, ycmtu pjeajrmcd `jukdh`/ `cvjejdt sjaj`ue hpjrcsm im`ckukcd pcic ajicn sc`urcd pjdfjrdccd ctcu pj`vms icjrcn pjrmbjrc`. Yulucddyc ejdfjgcn fmijrc kh`hd, ejdfjgcn khdstmpcsm icd ejdfjgcn mdbjksm. 37
6)
_jrsmcpcd ku`mt, ycmtu icjrcn ycdg ckcd imhpjrcsm ncrus ajacs icrm rceaut
9)
Ncsm` pjejrmksccd, ycmtu ncsm` `cahrcthrmue, bhth rhdtgjd, JFG, ZVG icd `cmd-`cmd.
:)
_jrsjtulucd hpjrcsm ( Mdbhreji Mdbhreji Fhdsjdt ), ), ycmtu mzmd tjrtu`ms icrm pcsmjd, wc`m pcsmjd icd ctcu kj`ucrgc ncrus tjrsjimc.
1.
Ycncp Mdtrchpjrctmb Ycncp mdtrchpjrctmb imeu`cm kjtmkc pcsmjd impmdicnkcd kj ejlc hpjrcsm. Ycncp mdm ajrcknmr kjtmkc pcsmjd impmdicnkcd kj _hstcdcstnjsmc Fcrj Fcrj Zdmt (_CFZ) ctcu ycdg iu`u imsjaut ijdgcd rucdg pjeu`mncd ( Qjfhvjry Qjfhvjry Qhhe/ QQ). QQ). Ic`ce tcncp mdm tcdggudg lcwca pjrcwct tjrbhkus pcic kj`cdlutcd icrm pjdgkclmcd bmsmh`hgms, psmkh`hgms, ejrjdfcdckcd icd ejdgmep`jejdtcsmkcd mdtjrvjdsm udtuk kjcecdcd icd prmvcsm pcsmjd, ejdfjgcn mdbjksm `ukc, icd ejepjrfjpct pjdyjeauncd. Yjrecsuk mdtjrvjdsm kjpjrcwctcd ycdg spjsmbmk cic`cn ejeajrm iukudgcd jehsmhdc` kjtmkc cdcstjsm imeu`cm (mdiuksm cdcstjsm) icd
sj`cec prhsjiur pjeajicncd
ajr`cdgsudg,
ejdgctur icd ejepjrtcncdkcd phsmsm tuaun ycdg budgsmhdc`, ejepjrtcncdkcd csjpsms, ej`mdiudgm pcsmjd icrm acncyc crus `mstrmk (icrm c`ct-c`ct ycdg impckcm sjpjrtm j`jftrhfcutjry j`jftrhfcutjry), ), ejeacdtu ejepjrtcncdkcd kjsjmeacdgcd fcmrcd icd j`jktrh`mt, ejdlcemd kjtjpctcd nmtudgcd kcssc icd mdstruejdt, ejeacdtu ihktjr ajicn, ejdgcickcd kheudmkcsm ijdgcd kj`ucrgc pcsmjd icd cdgghtc tme kjsjnctcd ycdg `cmd. Cdgghtc tme csuncd pcsmjd mdtrchpjrctmb amcscdyc imacgm ic`ce iuc acgmcd. Ajricscrkcd kctjghrm kjfm` tjrimrm icrm cdgghtc stjrm` icd tmick stjrm`. Cdgghtc stjrm`, tjrimrm icrm< cn`m ajicn utcec (hpjrcthr), csmstjd cn`m ajicn, Vfrua Dursj (_jrcwct Mdstruejd). Vjicdgkcd Cdgghtc tme ycdg tmick stjrm`, tjrimrm icrm cn`m ctcu 3>
pj`ckscdc cdcjstnjsm, pjrcwct smrku`csm icd cdgghtc ``cmd cmd (tjkdmsm ycdg ejdghpjrcsmkcd c`ct-c`ct pjecdtcu ycdg ruemt) (Jrycdm, 1?1?). _rmdsmp tmdickcd kjpjrcwctcd sj`cec pj`ckscdccd hpjrcsm ycmtu pjdgcturcd phsmsm kcrjdc phsmsm ycdg imajrmkcd pjrcwct ckcd ejepjdgcrunm rcsc dycecd pcsmjd icd kjciccd psmkh`hgms pcsmjd. Ejdurut Jrycdm (1?1?) tjricpct `mec bckthr pjdtmdg ycdg pjr`u impjrnctmkcd ic`ce pjdgcturcd phsmsm pcsmjd sj`cec tcncp pjeajicncd, ycmmtu< 3) @jtck acgmcd tuaun ycdg ckcd imhpjrcsm; 1) Zeur icd ukurcd tuaun pcsmjd; 6) Ympj cdcjstnjsm ycdg imgudckcd; 9) Vckmt ycdg eudgkmd imrcsckcd h`jn pcsmjd am`c cic pjrgjrckcd (crtnrmtms); icd :) :) _rmdsmp-prmdsmp im ic`ce pjdgcturcd phsmsm pcsmjd< Ctur phsmsm pcsmjd pcsm jd ic`ce phsmsm ycdg dycecd icd sjicpct eudgkmd lcgc prmvcsm pcsmjd, aukc crjc ycdg ckcd imajicn icd `jdgcddyc imtutup ijdgcd iuk. 6.
Ycncp _csfchpjrctmb Ycncp pcsfchpjrctmb imeu`cm ijdgcd pjemdicncd pcsmjd kj _CFZ icd ajrcknmr pcic wcktu pcsmjd impu`cdgkcd icrm ruecn sckmt. Yjrecsuk ic`ce kjgmctcd pjrcwctcd cic`cn ejdgkclm pjruacncd bmsmk icd psmkh`hgms; psmkh`hgms; ejecdtcu kjpctjdcd kjpctjdcd lc`cd dcpcs, dcpcs, tcdic-tcdic
vmtc`,
icd
stctus
djurh`hgms
sjfcrc
tjrctur;
ejepjrtcncdkcd kjsjmeacdgcd fcmrcd icd j`jktrh`mt; ejdgkclm sjfcrc ckurct nc`ucrcd icrm sjeuc ircmd (Acrcijrh jt c`, 1?3=). Ejdurut Jrycdm (1?1?) tcncp phst hpjrctmb ej`mputm ajajrcpc tcncpcd, im cdtcrcdyc cic`cn< c.
_jemdicncd pcsmjd icrm kcecr hpjrcsm kj udmt pjrcwctcd pcsfc cdcstjsm _jemdicncd mdm ejejr`ukcd pjrtmeacdgcd knusus im cdtcrcdyc cic`cn `jtck mdsmsm ajicn, pjruacncd vcsku`jr icd
3=
pjeclcdcd. _csmjd imphsmsmkcd sjnmdggc mmcc tmick ajracrmdg pcic phsmsm ycdg ejdyueact ejdyueact ircmd icd sj`cdg ircmdcsj. Vj`cec pjrlc`cdcd trcdsphrtcsm icrm kcecr hpjrcsm kj rucdg pjeu`mncd pcsmjd imsj`meutm, lcgc kjcecdcd icd kjdycecdcd pcsmjd ijdgcd imajrmkcd pjdgmkctcd im ctcs `utut icd smku sjrtc smij rcm` ncrus impcscdg udtuk ejdfjgcn tjrlcim rjsmkh mdlurm. _rhsjs trcdsphrtcsm mdm ejrupckcd tcdggudg lcwca pjrcwct smrku`jr icd pjrcwct cdcstjsm ijdgcd khhrimdcsm icrm ihktjr cdcstjsm ycdg ajrtcdggudg lcwca. a.
_jrcwctcd phst cdcstjsm im rucdg pjeu`mncd ctcu udmt pjrcwctcd pcsfccdcstjsm. Vjtj`cn sj`jscm tmdickcd pjeajicncd, pcsmjd ncrus imrcwct sjejdtcrc im rucdg pu`mn scicr (rjfhvjry ( rjfhvjry rhhe< QQ) QQ) ctcu udmt pjrcwctcd pcsfc cdcstjsm (_CFZ< (_CFZ < phst cdcstnjsmc fcrj udmt ) scepcm khdimsm pcsmjd stcam`, tmick ejdgc`cem khep`mkcsm
hpjrcsm
icd
ejejdunm
sycrct
udtuk
impmdicnkcd kj rucdg pjrcwctcd (acdgsc` pjrcwctcd).
@.
K`csmbmkcsm _jrcwctcd _jrmhpjrctmb _jrmhpjrctmb
K`csmbmkcsm pjrcwctcd pjrmhpjrctmb ajricscrkcd urgjdsm icrm im`ckukcddyc tmdickcd pjeajicncd, imacgm ejdlcim `mec tmdgkctcd, ycmtu (Jrycdm, 1?1?)< 3.
Kjicrurctcd ( Jejrgjdfy), Jejrgjdfy), pcsmjd ejeautunkcd pjrnctmcd sjgjrc, gcdggucd eudgkmd ejdgcdfce lmwc. Mdimkcsm im`ckukcd pjeajicncd tcdpc imtudic. Fhdthn< pjricrcncd njact, hastruksm kcdiudg kjemn ctcu usus, brcktur tu`cdg tjdgkhrck, `ukc tjeack ctcu tusuk, `ukc ackcr scdgct `ucs.
1.
Zrgjd, pcsmjd ejeautunkcd pjrnctmcd sjgjrc. _jeajicncd icpct im`ckukcd ic`ce 19-6? lce. Fhdthn< mdbjksm kcdiudg kjemn ckut, actu gmdlc` ctcu actu pcic urjtrc.
1?
6.
Impjr`ukcd, _csmjd ncrus ejdlc`cdm pjeajicncd. _jeajicncd icpct imrjdfcdckcd ic`ce ajajrcpc emdggu ctcu au`cd. Fhdthn< nypjrp`csmc prhstct tcdpc hastruksm kcdiudg kjemn, gcdggucd tyrhmi, tyrhmi, kctcrck.
9.
J`jktmb, _csmjd ncrus imhpjrcsm kjtmkc impjr`ukcd. Mdimkcsm pjeajicncd, am`c tmick im`ckukcd pjeajicncd eckc tmick tjr`c`u ejeacncyckcd. Fhdthn< pjracmkcd sfcr, njrdmc sjijrncdc, pjracmkcd vcgmdc`.
:.
_m`mncd, kjputuscd udtuk im`ckukcddyc pjeajicncd imsjrcnkcd sjpjdundyc pcic pcsmjd. Mdimkcsm pjeajicncd ejrupckcd pm`mncd prmacim icd amcscdyc tjrkcmt ijdgcd jstjtmkc. Fhdthn< Fhdthn< ajicn khsejtmk.
Kjeuimcd, ejdurut bckthr rjsmkhdyc, tmdickcd pjeajicncd imacgm ejdlcim emdhr icd ecyhr (Jrycdm, 1?1?). 3.
Emdhr, ejdmeau`kcd trcuec bmsmk ycdg emdmec` ijdgcd rjsmkh kjrusckcd ycdg emdme. Fhdthn< mdsmsm icd ircmdcgj kcdiudg kjemn, smrkuesmsm.
1.
Ecyhr, ejdmeau`kcd trcuec bmsmk ycdg `ucs, rjsmkh kjectmcd scdgct sjrmus. Fhdthn< Yhtc` caihemdc` nmstjrjkthem, rjsjksm fh`hd, icd `cmd`cmd.
E.
Khep`mkcsm _hst Hpjrcsm icd _jdctc`ckscdccd _jdctc`ckscdccddyc dyc
Khep`mkcsm ycdg eudfu` pcic pcsmjd phst hpjrcsm ejdurut Eclmi jt c` (ic`ce Cyudm, 1?1?) cic`cn sjacgcm ajrmkut< 3.
Vyhk Vyhk ycdg tjrlcim pcic pcsmjd phst hpjrcsm amcscdyc ajrupc syhk nmphvh`jemk,, sjicdgkcd syhk djrhgjdmk lcrcdg tjrlcim. nmphvh`jemk tjr lcim. Ycdic-tcdicdyc syhk sjfcrc k`csmk cic`cn pufct, ku`mt imdgmd icd tjrcsc acscn, pjrdcpcscd fjpct, smcdhsms pcic amamr, gusm gusm icd `micn, dcim fjpct, `jecn icd ajrgjtcr, pjdurudcd tjkcdcd icrcn, icd urmdj pjkct. Mdtjrvjdsm kjpjrcwctcd ycdg icpct im`ckukcd cic`cn kh`cahrcsm ijdgcd ihktjr tjrkcmt ijdgcd pjdghactcd ycdg im`ckukcd sjpjrtm tjrcpm hact, tjrcpm pjrdcbcscd, ejeajrmkcd iukudgcd psmkh`hgms, pjeactcscd
13
pjdggudccd jdjrgm, ejecdtcu rjcksm pcsmjd tjrncicp pjdghactcd, icd pjdmdgkctcd pjrmhij mstmrcnct. 1.
_jricrcncd _jdctc`ckscdccd pjricrcncd sjpjrtm nc`dyc pcic pcsmjd syhk. s yhk. _csmjd imajrmkcd phsmsm tjr`jdtcdg ijdgcd phsmsm tudgkcm kckm ejeajdtuk suiut 1? ijrclct icrm tjepct tmiur sjejdtcrc `utut ncrus imlcgc tjtcp `urus. _jdyjaca pjricrcncd ncrus imkclm icd imctcsm. @ukc ajicn ncrussj`c`u ncrussj`c`u im mdspjksm tjrncicp pjricrcncd. Lmkc pjricrcncd tjrlcim, kcssc stjrm` icd ac`utcd ycdg kuct impcscdgkcd impcscdgkcd icd tjepct pjricrcncd imtmdggmkcd pcic phsmsm kjtmdggmcd lcdtudg. _jrgcdtmcd _jrgcdtmcd fcmrcd kh`hmi imsjsucmkcd ijdgcd khdimsm pcsmjd. Ecdmbjstcsm k`mdms ej`mputm gj`mscn, gudicn, tjrus ajrgjrck, ejrcsc ncus, ku`mt imdgmd-acscn-pufct, dcim ejdmdgkct, sunu turud, pjrdcpcscd fjpct, icd ic`ce, amamr icd khdludgtmvc pufct sjrtc pcsmjd ej`jecn. _jdctc`ckscdccd pcsmjd imacrmdgkcd sjpjrtm pcic phsmsm pcsmjd syhk, s yhk, sjictmvj ctcu cdc`gjsmk imajrmkcd sjsucm mdimkcsm, mdspjksm `ukc ajicn, ac`ut kuct lmkc tjrlcim pjricrcncd pcic `ukc hpjrcscm icd trcdbusm icrcn ctcu prhiuk icrcn `cmddyc.
6.
Yrheahsms Rjdc _rhbudic (YR_) Ynrheahsms pcic vjdc prhbudic cic`cn tnrheahsms ycdg tjrlcim pcic pjeau`un icrcn vjdc acgmcd ic`ce. Khep`mkcsm sjrmus ycdg amsc imtmeau`kcd cic`cn jeah`msej pu`ehdc` icd smdirhe pcsfc b`jamtms. Ycdicdyc cic`cn dyjrm ctcu krce pcic ajtms, ijece, ejdggmgm` icd pjrspmrcsm, jijec, vjdc ejdhdlh` icd tjrcac `jamn euicn.
9.
Jeah`msej _u`ehdc` Yjrlcim kjtmkc jeah`us ejdlc`cr kj sjaj`cn kcdcd lcdtudg icd ijdgcd
sjepurdc ejdyueact crtjrm pu`ehdc`. _jdfjgcncd pc`mdg jbjktmb cic`cn ijdgcd ceau`csm imdm pcsfc hpjrcsm.
11
:.
Qjtjdsm Zrmdj Qjtjdsm urmdj pc`mdg sjrmdg tjrlcim pcic kcsus-kcsus pjeajicncd rjktue, cdus icd vcgmdc. _jdyjacadyc cic`cn cicdyc spcsej spmdktjr kcdiudg kjemn. Mdtjrvjdsm kjpjrcwctcd ycdg icpct im`ckukcd cic`cn pjecscdgcd kctjtjr udtuk ejeactu ejdgj`ucrkcd urmdj icrm kcdiudg kjemn.
2.
Mdbjksm @ukc Hpjrcsm Mdbjksm `ukc pcsfc hpjrcsm sjpjrtm ijnmsmjdsm icd sjacgcmdyc icpct tjrlcim kcrjdc cicdyc khdtcemdcsm `ukc hpjrcsm pcic scct hpjrcsm ecupud pcic scct pjrcwctcd im rucdg pjrcwctcd. _jdfjgcncd mdbjksm pjdtmdg im`ckukcd ijdgcd pjeajrmcd cdtmamhtmk sjsucm mdimkcsm icd lugc pjrcwctcd `ukc ijdgcd prmdsmp stjrm`.
7.
Vjpsms Ejrupckcd khep`mkcsm sjrmus ckmact mdbjksm imecdc kuecd ajrkjeacdg amck. Vjpsms icpct ejdyjacakcd kjectmcd acgm pcsmjd kcrjdc icpct ejdyjacakcd kjgcgc`cd eu`tm hrgcd. _jdfjgcncd mdbjksm pjdtmdg im`ckukcd ijdgcd pjeajrmcd cdtmamhtmk sjsucm mdimkcsm icd lugc pjrcwctcd `ukc ijdgcd prmdsmp stjrm`.
>.
Jeah`msej _u`ehdc` Jeah`msej pu`ehdc` icpct tjrlcim kcrjdc ajdic csmdg (ajkucd icrcn, uicrc, icd `jeck) ycdg tjr`jpcs icrm tjepct csc`dyc tjracwc imsjpcdlcdg c`mrcd icrcn. Jeah`us mdm amsc ejdyueact crtjrm pu`ehdc` ycdg ckcd ejdgckmactkcd pcsmjd ejrcsc dyjrm sjpjrtm imtusuk-tusuk icd sjsck dcpcs, fjecs icd smcdhsms. Mdtjrvjdsm kjpjrcwctcd ycdg icpct im`ckukcd cic`cn ceau`csm imdm pcsfc hpjrcsm icpct ejdgurcdgm rjsmkh jeah`us pu`ehdc`. pu`ehdc`.
16
D.
Csuncd Kjpjrcwctcd _jrmhpjrctmb
3.
_rhsjs Kjpjrcwctcd _rj Hpjrcsm Ajicn Brcktur Nuejrus c.
Cdcedjsms _jdgkclmcd imbhkuskcd pcic rmwcyct trcuec icd crjc ycdg ejdgc`cem brcktur. Kj`uncd utcec pcic pcsmjd brcktur nuejrus, acmk ycdg ycdg tjraukc ctcu tjrtutup cic`cn dyjrm ckmact ckmact kheprjsm scrcb ctcu pjrgjrckcd brcgejd tu`cdg, kjnm`cdgcd budgsm jkstjremtcs ycdg ejdgc`cem brcktur, icd nceactcd eham`mtcs bmsmk. _jdgkclmcd rmwcyct kjsjnctcd impjr`ukcd udtuk ejdgnmdicrm khep`mkcsm pcic mdtrchpjrctmb icd pcsfchpjrctmb. _csmjd ycdg ejepudycm ejepudy cm pjdmdgkctcd kcicr g`ukhsc icrcn icd nmpjrtjdsm pjr`u imkhrjksm sjaj`ue pjeajicncd. Kclm cicdyc rmwcyct c`jrgm hacthactcd. Ejdurut
Euttcqmd
(ic`ce
Jrmycdm,
1?1?)
pjdgkclmcd
psmkh`hgms im`ckukcd udtuk ejdm`cm tmdgkct kjfjecscd icd pjdgjtcnucd pcsmjd tjdtcdg pjeajicncd icd pjdgjtcnucd pjdctc`ckscdccd pcsfc ajicn. Vtucrt icd Vudijjd (ic`ce Jrmycdm, 1?1?) ejdgmijdtmbmkcsm kjfjecscd ic`ce 9 tmdgkctcd, sjtmcp tmdgkctcd kcrcktjrmstmk ic`ce pjrsjpsm ycdg ajrajic tjrgcdtudg kjecepucd mdimvmiu ycdg cic icrm ic`ce icd `ucrdyc ecupud `mdgkudgcddyc, tmdgkct kjfjecscd ctcupud cdsmjtcs, ycmtu< 3)
Fjecs Qmdgcd Fjecs ycdg dhrec` ejdlcim acgmcd sjncrm-ncrm icd ejdyjacakcd
sjsjhrcdg
ejdlcim
wcspcic
icd
ejdmdgkctkcd `cncd pjrsjpsmdyc. Kjfjecscd mdm icpct ejehtmvcsm aj`clcr icd ejdgncsm`kcd pjrtueauncd sjrtc krjctmbmtcs. c)
Qjsphd Bmsmh`hgm, ej`mputm sjsjkc`m dcbcs pjdijk,dcim icd tjkcdcd icrcn dcmk, gjlc`c rmdgcd pcic `ceaudg, eukc ajrkjrut icd amamr ajrgjtcr
a)
Qjsphd Khgdmtmb, ej`mputm `cpcdg pjrsjgm ej`ucs, 19
ecepu ejdjrmec rcdgscdgcd ycdg khep`jks, khdsjdtrcsm
pcic
ecsc`cn,
icd
ejdyj`jscmkcd
ecsc`cn sjfcrc jbjktmb. f)
Qjsphd _rm`cku Jehsm, ej`mputm gjrckcd tjrsjdtcksjdtck (ejrjecs tcdgcd), amfcrc acdyck icd `jamn fjpct, pjrcsccd tmick dycecd
1)
Fjecs Vjicdg Fjecs
ycdg
ejeudgkmdkcd
sjsjhrcdg
udtuk
ejeusctkcd pcic nc` ycdg pjdtmdg icd ejdgjscepmdgkcd `cpcdg pcdicdg mdimvmiu. Mdimvmiu ejdgc`cem tmick pjrnctmcd ycdg sj`jktmb dceud icpct ajrbhkus pcic `jamn acdyck crjc lmkc imcrcnkcd udtuk ej`ckukcddyc. ej`ckukcddyc. c)
Qjsphd Bmsmh`hgm, ej`mputm sjrmdg dcbcs pjdijk, dcim icd tjkcdcd icrcn dcmk, eu`ut kjrmdg, cdhrjxmc, imcrj/ khdstmpcsm, icd gj`mscn.
a)
Qjsphd
Khgdmtmb,
ej`mputm
`cpcdg
pcdicdg
ejdyjepmt, rcdgscdgcd `ucr tmick ecepu imtjrmec icd ajrbhkus pcic pjrnctmcddyc. f)
Qjsphd
_rm`cku
icd
Jehsm,
ej`mputm gjrckcd
tjrsjdtck-sjdtck (ejrjecs tcdgcd), amfcrc acdyck icd `jamn fjpct, pjrcsccd tmick dycecd.
6)
Fjecs Ajrct Fjecs mdm scdgct ejdgurcdgm `cncd pjrsjpsm, mdimvmiu fjdijrudg ejeusctkcd pcic sjsuctu ycdg tjrmdfm, spjsmbmk, icd tmick icpct ajrbmkmr pcic nc` ycdg `cmd. Vjeuc pjrm`cku imtudlukkcd
udtuk
ejdurcdgm
tjgcdgcd,
mdimvmiu
ejejr`ukcd acdyck pjdgjscncd udtuk icpct ejeusctkcd pcic suctu crjc `cmd. c)
Qjsphd Bmsmh`hgms, ej`mputm sjrmdg dcbcs pjdijk, dcim icd tjkcdcd icrcn dcmk, ajrkjrmdgct icd sckmt kjpc`c, pjdg`mnctcd kcaur. 1:
a)
Qjsphd Khgdmtmb, ej`mputm `cpcdg pjrsjpsm scdgct ejdyjepmt
icd
tmick
ecepu
ejdyj`jscmkcd
ecsc`cn. f)
Qjsphd _rm`cku icd Jehsm, ej`mputm pjrcsccd cdfcecd ejdmdgkct, vjrac`mscsm fjpct icd a`hfkmdg.
9)
_cdmk Ymdgkct pcdm icrm suctu kjfjecscd ajrnuaudgcd ijdgcd kjtckutcd icd tjrhr, kcrjdc kjnm`cdgcd kjdic`m. Hrcdg Hr cdg ycdg ejdgc`cem
pcdmk
tmick
ecepu
ej`ckukcd
sjsuctu
wc`cupud ijdgcd pjdgcrcncd. _cdmk ejdgckmactkcd imhrgcdmscsm kjprmacimcd, ijdgcd pcdmf tjrlcim pjdmdgkctcd cktmvmtcs
ehthrmk,
ajrnuaudgcd
ejduruddyc
ijdgcd
hrcdg
kjecepucd `cmd,
pjrsjpsm
udtuk ycdg
ejdymepcdg icd kjnm`cdgcd pjemkmrcd ycdg rcsmhdc`. Ymdgkct kjfjecscd mdm tmick sjlc`cd ijdgcd kjnmiupcd icd lmkc ajr`cdgsudg tjrus ic`ce wcktu ycdg `cec icpct tjrlcim kjsc`cncd ycdg scdgct acnkcd ejectmkcd. a.
_jejrmksccd Bmsmk Bhkus _jejrmksccd bmsmk bhkus ejdurut Jrmycdm (1?1?) cic`cn sjacgcm ajrmkut< 3)
@hhk Kclm `ucs kjrusckcd lcrmdgcd `udck ycdg tjr`mact. Kclm cpckcn pcic `ukc tjraukc cic brcgejd tu`cdg ycdg kj`ucr icd cpckcn tjricpct kjrusckcd pcic crtjrm ycdg ajrmsmkh ejdmdgkctkcd rjsphd syhk nmphvh`jemk. _cic bcsj cwc` trcuec sjrmdg imicpctkcd cicdyc sjrpmncd im ic`ce `ukc, tjrutcec pcic trcuec kjfj`ckccd `c`u `mdtcs icrct ycdg ejdgcdtcrkcd pcic rmsmkh tmdggm mdbjksm. _cic brcktur nuejrus tjtutup sjrmdg imtjeukcd nm`cdgdyc budgsm, ijbhremtcs, pjejdijkcd jkstjremtcs ctcs kcrjdc khdtrcksm htht, krjpmtcsm, pjeajdgkckcd, icd pjruacncd wcrdc pcic 12
`hkcsm ku`mt, tjrlcim sjacgcm ckmact trcuec icd pjricrcncd ycdg ejdgmkutm brcktur. 1)
Bjj` Kclm cicdyc kj`uncd dyjrm tjkcd (tjdijrdjss) icd cicdyc krjpmtcsm
6)
Ehvj Icjrcn ycdg pctcn tmick ah`jn imgjrckkcd, kcrjdc ckcd ejeajrmkcd rjsphds trcuec pcic lcrmdgcd `udck im sjkmtcr uludg brcgejd tu`cdg ycdg pctcn. _csmjd tjr`mnct tmick ecepu ej`ckukcd pjrgjrckcd pcic smsm `jdgcd ycdg pctcn.
f.
_jejrmksccd Imcgdhstmk Ejdurut Euttcqmd (Jrmycdm, 1?1?) pjejrmksccd imcgdhstmk rutmd ycdg impjr`ukcd ncepmr scec sjpjrtm pcic imcgdhstmk prchpjrctmb pcic ueuedyc. ueuedyc. _jejrmksccd icrcn rutmd icd rcim`hgm pcic crjc brcktur impjr`ukcd sjacgcm acncd pjrsmcpcd khrjksm pjecscdgcd bmkscsm mdtjrdc`.
i.
Imcgdhsms Kjpjrcwctcd _rc Hpjrcsm Ajricscrkcd VIKM (1?32), imcgdhsc kjpjrcwctcd prc hpjrcsm ycdg eugkmd eudfu` pcic pcsmjd ijdgcd brcktur nuejrus cic`cn sjacgcm ajrmkut < 3) Cdsmjtcs a.i. Krmsms smtucsmhdc`
j.
1)
Dyjrm ckut a.i. Cgjd pjdfmijrc bmsmk
6)
Ijbmsmt pjdgjtcnucd a.i. Kurcdg tjrpcpcrdyc mdbhrecsm
Qjdfcdc Mdtjrvjdsm _rchpjrctmb Ajricscrkcd VMKM (1?3>), mdtjrvjdsm kjpjrcwctcd ycdg im`ckukcd icrm tmgc imcgdhsc kjpjrcwctcd prc hpjrcsm im ctcs, ycmtu < 3)
Cdsmjtcs a.i. Krmsms smtucsmhdc` 17
Mdtjrvjdsm Kjpjrcwctcd < Hasjrvcsm < c)
Mijdtmbmkcsm scct tmdgkct cdsmjtcs ajruacn (emsc`< khdimsm, wcktu, strjshr)
a)
Mijdtmbmkcsm kjecepucd ejdgceam` kjputuscd
f)
Ehdmthr tcdic-tcdic cdsmjtcs (vjrac` icd dhd vjrac`)
Yjrcupjtmk < c)
Fmptckcd sucscdc tjrcupjtmk udtuk ejdueaunkcd kjpjrfcyccd
a)
Yjecdm pcsmjd udtuk ejdgurcdgm kjfjecscd
f)
Ejdcdgcdm smtucsm ycdg ejeauct cdsmjtcs
i)
Ijdgcrkcd ijdgcd pjdun pjrnctmcd
j)
Gudckcd pjdijkctcd ycdg tjdcdg icd ejyckmdkcd ej yckmdkcd
b)
Yjepctkcd
acrcdg
prmacim
ycdg
ejeajrmkcd
kjdycecdcd g)
Ehtmvcsm ejdgmijdtmbmkcsm smtucsm ycdg ejemfu kjfjecscd
n)
Imskusmkcd pjrjdfcdccd rjc`mstms tjdtcdg pjrmstmwc ycdg ckcd ictcdg
Jiukcsm < c) a)
Lj`cskcd prhsjiur sjrtc sjdscsm ycdg eudgkmd imc`cem Mdbhrecsmkcd sjfcrc bcktuc` ejdgjdcm imcgdhsms, pjdghactcd icd prhgdhsms prhgdhsms
f)
Cdlurkcd kj`ucrgc udtuk tjtcp ajrscec pcsmjd
i)
Cdlurkcd ej`ckukcd kjgmctcd ycdg tmick khepjtmtmb
j)
Cdlurkcd ejdgudgkcpkcd pjrcsccd icd pjrsjpsm
b)
@ctmn
kjgmctcd
pjdgc`mncd
udtuk
ejdgurcdgm
kjtjgcdgcd g)
@ctmn pjdggudccd ejkcdmsej pjrtcncdcd imrm ycdg tjpct
n)
@ctmn tjkdmk rj`ckscsm 1>
Kh`cahrcsm < Kh`cahrcsm pjeajrmcd hact cdtmcdsmjtcs, lmkc pjr`u
1)
Dyjrm ckut a.i. cgjd pjdfmijrc bmsmk Mdtjrvjdsm Kjpjrcwctcd < Hasjrvcsm < c)
Mijdtmbmkcsm `hkcsm, kcrcktjrmstmk, iurcsm, brjkujdsm, kuc`mtcs, icd mdtjdsmtcs dyjrm.
a)
Mijdtmbmkcsm skc`c dyjrm
f)
Mijdtmbmkcsm dyjrm dhd vjrac`
i)
Mijdtmbmkcsm
bckthr
ycdg
ejepjrajrct
icd
ejepjrmdgcd dyjrm j)
Mijdtmbmkcsm pjdgjtcnucd icd kjyckmdcd tjdtcdg dyjrm
b)
Mijdtmbmkcsm pjdgcrun auicyc tjrncicp rjsphd dyjrm
g)
Mijdtmbmkcsm pjdgcrun dyjrm pcic kuc`mtcs nmiup
n)
Ehdmthr jbjk scepmdg pjdggudccd cdc`gjtmk
Yjrcupjtmk < c)
Ajrmkcd tjkdmk dhd bcreckh`hgms udtuk ejdgurcdgm rcsc dyjrm, emsc`< YJDV (Yrcdsfutcdjhus ( Yrcdsfutcdjhus J`jftrmfc` Djrvj Vtmeu`ctmhd), Vtmeu`ctmhd), nmpdhsms, ckuprjsur, tjrcpm eusmk, amhbjjiacfk ,
tjrcpm
pmlct,
crhectjrcpm,
tjkdmk
meclmdcsm tjrameamdg, kheprjs ncdgct/ imdgmd). a)
Khdtrh` `mdgkudgcd ycdg ejepjrajrct dyjrm (emsc`< sunu rucdgcd, pjdfcncyccd, kjamsmdgcd).
f)
Bcsm`mtcsm mstmrcnct icd tmiur
i)
_jrtmeacdgkcd ljdms icd sueajr dyjrm ic`ce pjem`mncd strctjgm ejrjickcd dyjrm
Jiukcsm < c)
Lj`cskcd pjdyjaca, pjrmhij icd pjemfu dyjrm
a)
Lj`cskcd strctjgm ejrjickcd dyjrm
f)
Cdlurkcd ejehdmthr dyjrm sjfcrc ecdimrm 1=
i)
Cdlurkcd ejdggudckcd cdc`gjtmk sjfcrc tjpct
j)
Clcrkcd tjkdmk dhd bcreckh`hgms udtuk ejdgurcdgm rcsc dyjrm
Kh`cahrcsm < Kh`cahrcsm pjeajrmcd cdc`gjtmk, lmkc pjr`u 6)
Ijbmsmt pjdgjtcnucd a.i. kurcdg tjrpcpcr mdbhrecsm Mdtjrvjdsm Kjpjrcwctcd < Hasjrvcsm < c)
Mijdtmbmkcsm kjsmcpcd icd kjecepucd ejdjrmec mdbhrecsm
a)
Mijdtmbmkcsm bckthr-bckthr ycdg icpct ejdmdgkctkcd icd ejdurudkcd ehtmvcsm pjrm`cku nmiup ajrsmn icd sjnct.
Yjrcupjtmk < c)
Vjimckcd ectjrm icd ejimc pjdimimkcd kjsjnctcd
a)
Lciwc`kcd pjdimimkcd kjsjnctcd sjsucm kjsjpckctcd
f)
Ajrmkcd kjsjepctcd udtuk ajrtcdyc
Jiukcsm < c)
Lj`cskcd bckthr rjsmkh ycdg icpct ejepjdgcrunm kjsjnctcd
a)
Clcrkcd pjrm`cku nmiup icd sjnct
f)
Clcrkcd strctjgm ycdg icpct imgudckcd udtuk ejdmdgkctkcd pjrm`cku nmiup ajrsmn icd sjnct
1.
_rhsjs Kjpjrcwctcd Mdtrchpjrctmb ajicn pcic Brcktur Nuejrus Ejdurut Euttcqmd (ic`ce Jrmycdm, 1?1?) csuncd kjpjrcwctcd pcic khdimsm pjeajrmcd cdcstjsm pcic prmdsmpdyc scec ijdgcd csuncd kjpjrcwctcd pcic scct pjeajrmcdcd cstjsm sjfcrc ueue. _csmjd ycdg im`ckukcd pjeajicncd ckcd ej`jwctm ajracgcm prhsjiur. 6?
c.
_jdgkclmcd _jdgkclmcd mdtrchpjrctmb bmkscsm mdtjrdc` rjiuksm tjraukc pcic nuejrus
sjfcrc
rmdgkcs
im`ckukcd
ajrnuaudgcd
ijdgcd
pjeajicncd. _jdgkclmcd kj`jdgkcpcd pjeajicncd tjrimrm ctcs nc`-nc` sjacgcm ajrmkut< 3)
Ictc `cahrcthrmue icd `cphrcd tjeucd ycdg cadhrec`
1)
Qcimh`hgms crjc brcktur nuejrus ycdg ckcd im`ckukcd HQMB
6)
Yrcdsbusm icrcn
9)
Kclm kj`jdgkcpcd scrcdc pjeajicncd (ajdcdg, fcmrcd mdtrcvjdc, hact cdtmamhtmk prhbm`cksms) sjsucm ijdgcd kjamlckcd mdstmtusm.
:)
_cstmkcd acnwc smstje bmkscsm mdtjrdc`, mdstruejdtcsm, icd pjrcdtm kjrcs (sjpjrtm skrup kheprjsm, ejtc`, icd pjd ajrshdij eu`tmpj`), icd c`ct sjpjrtm ahr icd ectc ahr tj`cn tjrsjimc icd ajrbudgsm ijdgcd acmk.
a.
Imcgdhsms Kjpjrcwctcd Ajricscrkcd VIKM (1?32) imcgdhsc kjpjrcwctcd mdtrchpjrctmb pcic ajicn nuejrus ycdg eudgkmd eudfu` cic`cn sjacgcm ajrmkut < 3)
Qmsmkh fjijrc i.i. pjdgcturcd phsmsm ajicn icd trcuec prhsjiur pjeajicncd
1)
Qmsmkh mdbjksm i.i. jbjk prhsjiur mdvcsmb (cicdyc phrt ij jdtrjj `ukc pjeajicncd icd pjdurudcd meudmtcs sjkudijr jbjk cdcstjsm)
f.
Mdtjrvjdsm Kjpjrcwctcd Mdtrchpjrctmb Ajricscrkcd VMKM (1?3>) mdtjrvjdsm kjpjrcwctcd ycdg icpct im`ckukcd pcic kcsus ajicn nuejrus ajricscrkcd imcgdhsc kjpjrcwctcd mdtrchpjrctmb im ctcs cic`cn sjacgcm ajrmkut< 3)
Qmsmkh fjijrc i.i. pjdgcturcd phsmsm ajicn icd trcuec prhsjiur pjeajicncd Mdtjrvjdsm Kjpjrcwctcd < Hasjrvcsm < 63
c)
Mijdtmbmkcsm kjautuncd kjsj`cectcd (emsc` khdimsm bmsmk, budgsm khgdmtmb icd rmwcyct prm`cku)
a)
Ehdmthr pjruacncd stctus kjsj`cectcd `mdgkudgcd
Yjrcpjutmk < c)
Nm`cdgkcd acncyc kjsj`cectcd `mdgkudgcd (emsc` bmsmk, amh`hgm, icd kmemc), lmkc ejeudgkmdkcd
a)
Ehimbmkcsm `mdgkudgcd udtuk ejemdmec`kcd acncyc icd rmsmkh
f)
Vjimckcd c`ct acdtu kjcecdcd `mdgkudgcd (emsc` fheehij fncmr icd pjgcdgcdtcdgcd)
i)
Gudckcd pjrcdgkct pj`mdiudg (emsc` pjdgjkcdgcd bmsmk, rj`cepmdg, pmdtu tjrkudfm, pcgcr)
j)
Nuaudgm pmnck ajrwjdcdg sjsucm ecsc`cn kheudmtcs (emsc` _uskjsecs, _h`msm, IceKcr)
b)
Bcsm`mtcsm rj`hkcsm kj `mdgkudgcd ycdg cecd
g)
@ckukcd prhgrce skrmdmdg acncyc `mdgkudgcd (emsc` tmeac`)
Jiukcsm < Clcrkcd mdimvmiu, kj`ucrgc icd kj`hephk rmsmkh tmdggm acncyc `mdgkudgcd 1)
Qmsmkh mdbjksm i.i. jbjk prhsjiur mdvcsmb (cicdyc phrt ij jdtrjj `ukc pjeajicncd icd pjdurudcd meudmtcs sjkudijr jbjk cdcstjsm) Mdtjrvjdsm Kjpjrcwctcd < Hasjrvcsm < Ehdmthr tcdic gjlc`c mdbjksm `hkc` icd smstjemk Yjrcpjutmk < c)
Actcsm lue`cn pjdgudludg
a)
Ajrmkcd pjrcwctcd ku`mt pcic icjrcn jijec
f)
Fufm tcdgcd sjaj`ue icd sj sjsuicn suicn khdtck ijdgcd 61
pcsmjd icd `mdgkudgcd `mdgkudgcd pcsmjd i)
_jrtcncdkcd tjkdmk csjptmk pcic pcsmjd ajrjsmkh tmdggm
Jiukcsm < c)
Lj`cskcd tcdic icd gjlc`c mdbjksm
a)
Clcrkcd fcrc ejejrmksc `ukc
f)
Cdlurkcd ejdmdgkctkcd csupcd fcmrcd
Kh`cahrcsm < Kh`cahrcsm ic`ce pjeajrmcd meudmscsm, lmkc pjr`u 6.
_rhsjs Kjpjrcwctcd _hsthpjrctmb HQMB c.
_jdgkclmcd Kjpjrcwctcd _jdgkclmcd phst hpjrctmb im`ckukcd sjfcrc smtjectms eu`cm icrm pjdgkclmcd cwc` scct ejdjrmec pcsmjd, pjdgkclmcd stctus rjspmrcsm, stctus smrku`csm, stctus djurh`hgms, rjsphd dyjrm, stctus mdtjgrmtcs ku`mt icd stctus gjdmthurmdcrmus (Jrmycdm, 1?1?) 3)
_jdgkclmcd Cwc` _jdgkclmcd cwc` ycdg icpct im`ckukcd pcic pcsmjd pcsmj d phst hpjrctmb cic`cn sjacgcm ajrmkut < c)
Imcgdhsms ejims icd ljdms pjeajicncd ycdg im`ckukcd
a)
Zsmc icd khdimsm ueue pcsmjd, kjpctjdcd lc`cd dcbcs, tcdic-tcdic vmtc`
f)
Cdcstjsm icd ejimkcsm `cmd ycdg imgudckcd
i)
Vjgc`c ecsc`cn ycdg tjrlcim ic`ce rucdg hpjrcsm ycdg eudgkmd
ejepjdgcrunm
pjrcsccd
icd
khdimsm
pcsfchpjrcsm j)
_cth`hgm ycdg imncicpm
b)
Fcmrcd ycdg imajrmkcd, kjnm`cdgcd icrcn icd pjdggcdtmcd
g)
Vjgc`c sj`cdg, ej`mputm ircmd, kctjtjr, ctcu cc`ct `ct 66
pjdiukudg `cmddyc n)
Mdbhrecsm spjsmbmk tjdtcdg smcpc cn`m ajicn ctcu cn`m cdcstjsm ycdg ckcd imajrmtcnu
1)
Vtctus Qjspmrcsm c)
Khdtrh` _jrdcbcscd Hact cdcstjsm tjrtjdtu icpct ejdyjacakcd ijprjsm pjrdcpcscd. _jrcwct ejdgkclm brjkujdsm, mrcec, kjic`cecd vjdtm`csm pjrdcpcscd, kjsjemtrmscd gjrck imdimdg icic, audym dcbcs, icd crjc ejearcdj eukhsc
a)
Kjpctjdcd Lc`cd Dcbcs Lc`cd dcbcs hrc` ctcu hrc` cmrwcy ecsmn impcscdg udtuk ejepjrtcncdkcd kjpctjdcd lc`cd dcbcs scepcm tjrfcpcm pjrdcbcscd ycdg dycecd ijdgcd kjfjpctcd dhrec`. Vc`cn sctu kjkncwctmrcd tjrajscr pjrcwct cic`cn hastruksm
lc`cd
dcbcs
ckmact
cspmrcsm
eudtcn,
ckueu`csm sjkrjt, ctcu ajdgkckdyc spcsej bcrmdg. f)
Vtctus Vmrku`csm _csmjd
ajrjsmkh
ejdgc`cem
khep`mkcsm
kcrimhvcsku`jr ckmact kjnm`cdgcd icrcn sjfcrc cftuc` ctcu rjsmkh icrm tjepct pjeajicncd, jbjk scepmdg cdcstjsm, kjtmicksjmeacdgcd j`jktrh`mt, icd ijbrjsm ejkcdmsej rjgu`csm smrku`csm dhrec`. _jdgkclmcd kjfjpctcd ijdyut icd mrcec lcdtudg ycdg
tj`mtm
sjrtc
pjdgkclmcd
tjkcdcd
icrcn
ejdudlukkcd stctus kcrimhvcsku`jr pcsmjd. _jrcwct ejeacdimdgkcd YYR prc hpjrcsm icd phst hpjrcsm.
69
i)
Vtctus Djurh`hgm _jrcwct ejdgkclm tmdgkct kjscicrcd pcsmjd ijdgcd fcrc ejecdggm` dcecdyc ijdgcd sucrc sjicdg icd ejdgkclm rjsphd dyjrm pcsmjd.
j)
Vtctus Eusku`hsk`jtc` Kclm khdimsm hrgcd pcic crjc ycdg rjdtcd ejdgc`cem fjijrc phsmsm phst hpjrctmb.
a.
Imcgdhsms Kjpjrcwctcd _hst Hpjrctmb Ajricscrkcd VIKM (1?32) imcgdhsc kjpjrcwctcd ycdg eudfu` pcic tcncp phst hpjrctmb cic`cn sjacgcm ajrmkut< 3)
Ajrsmncd lc`cd dcbcs tmick jbjktmb a.i. jbjk cgjd bcreckh`hgms (cdcstjsm)
1) f.
Qmsmkh nmphtjrem pjrmhpjrctmb i.i. sunu `mdgkudgcd rjdicn
Mdtjrvjdsm Kjpjrcwctcd _hst Hpjrctmb Ajricscrkcd VMKM (1?3>) mdtjrvjdsm kjpjrcwctcd ycdg im`ckukcd pcic pcic imcgdhsc kjpjrcwctcd phst hpjrctmb im ctcs cic`cn< 3)
Ajrsmncd lc`cd dcpcs tmick jbjktmb a.i. Jbjk cgjd bcreckh`hgms Mdtjrvjdsm Kjpjrcwctcd < Hasjrvcsm < c)
Ehdmthr ph`c dcpcs (brjkujdsm, kjic`cecd, uscnc dcpcs).
a)
Ehdmthr audym dcpcs tceacncd (ems, gurg`mdg (ems, gurg`mdg , ejdgm, wnjjzmdg , rhdfnm kjrmdg)
f)
Ehdmthr sputue (lue`cn, wcrdc, crhec)
Yjrcupjtmk < c)
_jrtcncdkcd kjpctjdcd lc`cd dcpcs ijdgcd njci-tm`t icd fnmd-`mbt ( lcw-tnrust lmkc lcw-tnrust lmkc furmgc trcuec sjrvmkc`).
a)
_hsmsmkcd sjem bhw`jr 6:
f)
Ajrmkcd emdue ncdgct
i)
@ckukcd bmsmhtjrcpm icic, lmkc pjr`u
j)
@ckukcd pjdgnmscpcd `jdimr kurcdg icrm 3: ijtmk
b)
@ckukcd
nmpjrhksmgjdcsm
sjaj`ue
pjdgnmscpcd
jdihktrckjc` g)
Kj`ucrkcd sueactcd ajdic pcict ijdgcd bhrsjp EfGm``
n)
Ajrmkcd hksmgjd, am`c pjr`u
Jiukcsm < c)
Cdlurkcd csupcd fcmrcd 1??? e`/ncrm, lmkc tmick khdtrcmdimkcsm
a)
Clcrkcd tjkdmk actuk jbjktmb
Kh`cahrcsm < Kh`cahrcsm pjeajrmcd
arhdkhim`cthr,
jkspjkthrcd,
eukh`mtmk, lmkc pjr`u. 1)
Qmsmkh nmphtjrem pjrmhpjrctmb i.i. sunu `mdgkudgcd rjdicn Mdtjrvjdsm Kjpjrcwctcd < Hasjrvcsm < c)
Ehdmthr sunu tuaun.
a)
Mijdtmbmkcsm pjdyjaca nmphtjremc, (Emsc`< tjrpcpcr sunu `mdgkudgcd rjdicn, kjrusckcd nmphtc`ceus, pjdurudcd `clu ejtcah`msej, kjkurcdgcd `jeck suakutcd).
f)
Ehdmthr tcdic icd gjlc`c ckmact nmphtjrem.
Yjrcupjtmk < c)
Vjimckcd `mdgkudgcd ycdg ncdgct (emsc`< ctur sunu rucdgcd)
a)
@ckukcd
pjdgncdgctcd
pcsmb
ejdutup kjpc`c, pckcmcd tjac`) 62
(emsc`<
sj`meut,
f)
@ckukcd pjdgnctcd cktmb jkstjrdc` (emsc`< kheprjs ncdgct, ahth` ncdgct, sj`meut ncdgct, ejthij kcdgguru).
i)
@ckukcd pjdgncdgctcd cktmb mdtjrdc` (emsc`< mdbus fcmrcd ncdgct, hksmgjd ncdgct, `cvcsj pjrmthdjc` ijdgcd fcmrcd ncdgct).
H.
_jdj`mtmcd Yjrkcmt
3.
Ajricscrkcd pjdj`mtmcd ycdg im`ckukcd h`jn Vcrm icd Cdck Cgudg (1?1?) ycdg ajrluiu` Gceacrcd _rjvc`jdsm Brcktur Nuejrus im Quecn Vckmt Zeue _usct (QVZ_), Vcdg`cn, Ac`m, Mdihdjsmc _jrmhij Ycnud 1?3:-1?32 icrm thtc` 17 rjsphdijd ijdgcd ejdggudckcd ejthij pjdj`mtmcd ijskrmptmb-rjtrhspjktmb imicpctkcd ljdms kj`cemd wcdmtc fjdijrudg `jamn acdyck ejdgc`cem brcktur nuejrus imacdimdgkcd ijdgcd `ckm-`ckm, ijdgcd prjsjdtcsj ljdms kj`cemd wcdmtc sjacdyck :3,=%, sjicdgkcd `ckm-`ckm 9>,3%. Nc` mdm tjrlcim imkcrjdckcd ljdms kj`cemd wcdmtc sjdimrm ycdg ejrupckcd sc`cn sctu bckthr rjsmkh udtuk ejdgc`cem brcktur nuejrus ckmact cicdyc kjfjdijrudgcd kurcdgdyc cktmvmtcs bmsmk, AEM ycdg rjdicn sjrtc cicdyc rmwcyct ectjrdc`. Kjeuimcd imtjeukcd acnwc kj`hephk ueur 0 1? tcnud icd 1?-9? tcnud `jamn ajscr udtuk tjrlcimdyc brcktur nuejrus, icd ljdms brcktur nuejrus tjrtutup ejrupckcd ljdms brcktur ycdg ejem`mkm `jamn acdyck prhphrsm imacdimdgkcd brcktur tjraukc, tjraukc, ijdgcd pjrsjdtcsj 77,>%. Ljdms brcktur ycdg tjrlcim impjdgcrunm h`jn `hkcsm icd cktmvmtcs ycdg im`ckukcd sjaj`ue brcktur tjrlcim ecupud ljdms brckturdyc.
1.
_jdj`mtmcd ycdg im`ckukcd h`jn Ecrgmcdtm ikk (1?3=) ijdgcd luiu` Gceacrcd Ymdgkct Kjfjecscd _rjhpjrctmb pcic _csmjd ijdgcd Brcktur ycdg im`ckukcd im Qucdg Ecrlcd Ctcs QVZI ir. V`cejt Gcrut, ejdggudckcd ejthij ijskrmptmb ijdgcd pjdijkctcd frhss sjftmhdc` ijdgcd lue`cn scepj` sjacdyck 61 rjsphdijd ijdgcd tjkdmk thtc` scep`mdg icd ejdggudckcd mdstruejdt Ncem`thd mdstruejdt Ncem`thd Cdxmjty Qctmdg Vfc`j Vfc`j 67
(NCQV) imicpctkcd sjacgmcd ajscr rjsphdijd ejdgc`cem kjfjecscd rmdgcd (2:,2%). Kjfjecscd rmdgcd tjrlcim pcic hrcdg ycdg acru pjrtcec kc`m ej`ckukcd hpjrcsm kcrjdc kjtckutcd icd kurcdgdyc pjdgjtcnucd sjicdgkcd pcsmjd ycdg tmick fjecs suicn ejepudycm pjdgc`cecd hpjrcsm sjaj`uedyc icd kjtckutcd kjtckutcd ejdlcim ajrkurcdg.
6.
Ejdurut pjdj`mtmcd ycdg im`ckukcd h`jn vjrimcdsycn (1?3>) ycdg ajrluiu` Kheudmkcsm Yjrcpjutmk Yjrncicp Ymdgkct Kjfjecscd _csmjd _cs mjd Vjaj`ue Im`ckukcd Cdjstjsm Qjgmhdc`, ejdyctckcd acnwc acdyck nc` ctcu bckthr ycdg amsc ejdgctcsm kjfjecscd pcic pcsmjd sjaj`ue im`ckukcd cdjstjsm sc`cn sctudyc ijdgcd ejdggudckcd kheudmkcsm tjrcpjutmk. Kheudmkcsm pjrcwct ycdg imcrcnkcd pcic pjdfcpcmcd tulucd udtuk pjdyjeauncd pcsmjd ejrupckcd sc`cn sctu kcrcktjrmstmk kheudmkcsm tjrcpjutmk. Kjfjecscd icpct imkurcdgm ijdgcd tmdickcd kjpjrcwctcd bhkus pcic kheudmkcsm tjrcpjutmk acgm pcsmjd icd kj`ucrgcdyc. Nc` tjrsjaut imicpctkcd ncsm` rctc-rctc kjfjecscd pcsmjd sjaj`ue im`ckukcd cdjstjsm rjgmhdc` sjaj`ue im`ckukcd tmdickcd kheudmkcsm tjrcpjutmk cic`cn 16,37 ijdgcd stcdicr ijvmcsm 6,393, sjicdgkcd rctc-rctc kjfjecscd pcsmjd sjaj`ue im`ckukcd cdjstjsm rjgmhdc` sjtj`cn im`ckukcd tmdickcd kheudmkcsm tjrcpjutmkcic`cn :,:7 ijdgcd stcdicr ijvmcsm 3,39?. Yjr`mnct dm`cm Ejcd ejdgc`cem pjdurudcd sjtj`cn im`ckukcd tmdickcd kheudmkcsm tjrcpjutmk cic`cn :,:7 ijdgcd stcdicr ijvmcsm 3,?9?. Ncsm` Zlm stctmstmk ejdudlukcd acnwc dm`cm _5?,??? _5?,??? 03?%, crtmdyc cic pjdurudcd pjdurudcd rctc-rctc kjfjecscd pcsmjd sjaj`ue im`ckukcd cdjstcsm rjgmhdc` sjtj`cn imacdimdgkcd ijdgcd sjaj`ue im`ckukcd tmdickcd kheudmkcsm tjrcpjutmk.
9.
Ejdurut pjdj`mtmcd ycdg im`ckukcd h`jn Vumdircycsc (1?37) ijdgcd luiu` Jbjktmvmtcs _jdggudccd Vj`meut Ncdgct Yjrncicp _jruacncd Vunu _cic _csmjd Nmphtjremc _hst Hpjrcsm Im Qucdg MFZ QVZI Au`j`jdg, imicpctkcd ncsm` pjdj`mtmcd icrm 37 rjsphdijd ycdg imajrmkcd mdtjrvjdsm sj`meut ncdgct imicpctkcd dm`cm rctc-rctc pjdmdgkctcd sjajscr 6>
6:,:¼F, icrm rctc-rctc sunu tuaun sjaj`ue imajrmkcd mdtjrvjdsm sj`meut ncdgct sjajscr 69,=:¼F. Nc` mdm ejdudlukkcd acnwc cic pjrajiccd ycdg smgdmbmkcd cdtcrc sunu sjaj`ue ijdgcd sjsuicn pjeajrmcd sj`meut ncdgct sj`cec 6? ejdmt, imecdc tjricpct pjruacncd dm`cm sjajscr ?,::¼F. _jdggudccd sj`meut mdm ejeacdtu ejdgurcdgm pjdgj`ucrcd pcdcs ijdgcd ejepjrtcncdkcd pcdcs sjfcrc khdiuksm. Khdiuksm ejrupckcd pcdcs ycdg ajrpmdicn icrm sctu zct kj zct `cmd ijdgcd ajrsjdtuncd sjfcrc `cdgsudg. Kjtmkc ku`mt ycdg ejem`mkm sunu `jamn tmdggm ejdgjdcm zct ycdg `jamn imdgmd, eckc pcdcs ckcd ajrpmdicn, ajgmtupud sjac`mkdyc. Kjtmkc sunu iuc haljk scec, pjrpmdicncd pcdcs khdiuktmb ajrnjdtm.
:.
Ejdurut pjdj`mtmcd ycdg im`ckukcd h`jn Cprm`mycdc (1?3=) ijdgcdluiu` csuncd kjpjrcwctcd gcdgucd pjejduncd kjautuncd cktmvmtcs pcic pcsmjd brcktur imrucdg ajicn QVZI Ljdijrc` Cneci ]cdm Khtc Ejtrh Ejtr h _rhvmdsm @cepudg Ycnud 1?3=. Vualjk pjdj`mtmcd ajrlue`cn 1 (iuc) hrcdg pjdijrmtc Brcktur ijdgcd gcdggucd pjejduncd kjautuncd cktmvmtcs. _jdguepu`cd ictc ejdggudckcd prhsjs kjpjrcwctcd, ycmtu pjdgkclmcd
kjpjrcwctcd
ejdjdtukcd
imcgdhsc
kjpjrcwctcd,
ejrjdfcdckcd tmdickcd kjpjrwctcd, mep`jejdtcsm kjpjrcwctcd icd jvc`ucsm. Imicpctkcd ncsm` icrm kj iuc sualjk, ycmtu prhsjs pjdyjeauncd pcic sualjk csuncd 3 `jamn fjpct imacdimdgkcd ijdgcd sualjk csuncd 1, imkcrjdckcd usmc sualjk csuncd 3 `jamn euic imacdimdgkcd sualjk csuncd 1 icd wcktu tjrlcimdyc brcktur `jamn `cec sualjk csuncd 1 ycmtu 1 au`cd icd imacwc kjrcwct c`tjrdctmb `jamn icnu`u. Vjicdgkcd sualjk csuncd 3 kjtmkc imimcgdhsc ejdgc`cem brcktur sualjk sjgjrc imacwc kj ruecn sckmt. Ajricscrkcd ncsm` pjracdimdgcd cdtcrc 1 sualjk csuncd 3 icd sualjk csnucd 1 imsmepu`kcd acnwc bckthr ueur icd wcktu tjrlcimdyc brcktur icpct ejepjdgcrunm prhsjs pjdyjeauncd.
6=
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