Bab 1 EKONOMI BISNIS

 

EANKN@L DLZKLZ DB@DBKH XLXNFN

MEC]B ZBTL LKMBF G ==2 XBTU ZLMNBTON FY 9624:59:8:2

 

Ynana Dbfbsbk Eankn`l Dlskls YEKMBFUCUBK Yekhertlbk lc`u eankn`l dlskls Lc`u Eankn`l

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Dlskls

Yekhertlbk Eankn`l, Lc`u mbk ]enrlkyb @ekurut Bfcl Yrlkslp Eankn`l @bsbcbf Ynana Eankn`l Aedutufbk @bkuslb YETUZBFBBK MBK CLKHAUKHBK YETUZBFBB   K  DEK]UA DEK]UA DBMBK UZBFB @BKBOE@EK MBK NTHBKLZBZL 

YE@BZBTBK @BKBOE@EK YTNMUAZL ANKZEY KLCBL XBA]U MBTL TUBKH @BKBOE@EK AEUBKHBK YETUZBFBBK @BKBOE@EK ZU@DET MB\B @BKUZLB    BAUK]BKZL MBK CBYNTBK CBYNTBK AEUBKHBK 

 

DUAU BJUBK Mr. Grbkjls ]bktrl,4922. Yekhbktbr Dlskls. Obabrtb ? Y]. Tbob Hrbglkmn Yersbmb.

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EANKN@L DLZKLZ Yekhertlbk lc`u eankn`l dlskls Lc`u eankn`l dlskls bmbcbf dlskls bmbcbf subtu dlmbkh mbcb` lc`u eankn`l terbpbk ybkh `bkb `ekhhukbabk tenrl eankn`l mbk `etnme aubktltbtlg uktua `ekhbkbclsb usbfb dlskls mbk gbatnr-gbatnr ybkh deranktrldu deranktrldusl sl terfbmbp aebkeabrbhb`bk struatur nrhbklsbslnkbc mbk fudukhbk mbrl perusbfbbk mekhbk pbsbr tekbhb aerob, `nmbc mbk prnmua. Gnaus prngeslnkbc mbrl ourkbc Duslkess Ejnkn`ljs tecbf mleaspreslabk sedbhbl `ekyemlbabk –lkgnr`bsl prbatlabc uktua nrbkh-nrbkh ybkh `ekhbpclabslabk lc`u eankn`l mbcb` peaerobbk `ereab.‐ Lc`u eankn`l dlskls bmbcbf derfudukhbk mekhbk `bsbcbf mbk lsu eankn`l ybkh  derabltbk mekhbk mekhbk nrhbklsbsl dlskls, `bkboe`ek, mbk strbtehl. strbtehl. @bsbcbf mbk lsu ter`bsua? sedubf pekoecbsbk aekbpb anrpnrbsl `ukjuc mbk easls1 aekbpb `ereab `ecbauabk easpbksl? sejbrb fnrlznktbc, vertlabc mbk spbslbc1 perbk mbrl  wlrbusbfb mbk aewlrbusbfbbk1 slhklglabksl mbrl struatu struaturr nrhbklsbsl1 fudukhbk bktbrb perusbfbbk mekhbk abrybwbk, pekyemlb `nmbc, pecbkhhbk, pe`erlktbf1 lkterbasl bktbrb perusbfbbk mbk clkhaukhbk dlskls. 

 

Lstlcbf –lc`u eankn`l dlskls‐ mlhukbabk dlskls‐ mlhukbabk mbcb` jbrb dervbrlbsl. Abmbkh-abmbkh lb mlhukbabk sejbrb slknkl` mekhbk lc`u eankn`l lkmustrl btbu nrhbklsbsl lkmustrl, lc`u eankn`l `bkboerlbc, mbk lc`u eankn`l uktua dlskls.

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]bpl, `bslf bmb perdembbk sudstbkslbc mbcb` pekhhukbbk –lc`u eankn`l uktua dlskls‐ mbk –lc`u eankn`l `bkboerlbc‐ mekhbk lstlcbf  ybkh terbaflr mlhukbabk sejbrb cedlf se`plt. Zbtu pbkmbkhbk mbrl pe`lsbfbk bktbrb fbc lkl bmbcbf dbfwb lc`u eankn`l dlskls bmbcbf cedlf cubs mbcb` jbaupbkkyb mbrlpbmb lc`u eankn`l lkmustrl. Lc`u eankn`l uktua dlskls `eclfbt aepbmb prlkslpprlkslp `bynr mbrl lc`u eankn`l tbpl dergnaus pbmb `ekhbpclabslabk prlkslp-prlkslp lc`u eankn`l lkl terfbmbp dlskls ml muklb muk lb kybtb. Lc`u eankn`l `bkboerlbc bmbcbf bpclabsl mbrl `etnme eankn`l mbcb` prnses pekhb`dlcbk aeputusbk `bkboerlbc.

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Yekhertlbk eankn`l Yekhertlbk eankn`l `ekurut pbabr eankn`l ? Eankn`l bmbcbf lc`u ybkh `e`pecbobrl usbfb-us usbfb-usbfb bfb `bkuslb uktua `e`ekufl aedutufbkkyb ybkh tlmba terdbtbs, mekhbk bcbt pe`ubs aedutufbk ybkh terdbtbs. Eankn`l bmbcbf lc`u ybkh `e`pecbobrl perlcbau `bkuslb mbcb` `e`lclf mbk `ekjlptbabk ae`ba`urbk. Lktl per`bsbcbfbk eankn`l bmbcbf bmbkyb aetlmbase aetlmbasel`dbkhbk l`dbkhbk bktbrb aedutufbk `bkuslb  ybkh tlmba terdbtbs terdbtbs mbk bcbt pe`ubs aedutufbk ` `bkuslb bkuslb ybkh ou`cbfkyb terdb terdbtbs. tbs.

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Yekhertlbk perusbfbbk Yekhertlbk Yerusbfbbk `ekurut Yerusbfbbk `ekurut Xedster“s Mljtlnkbry, perusbfbbk bmbcbf dusslkess estbdclsf`ekt ng jn``erjlbc fnuse, ybltu ce`dbhb dlskls btbu dbmbk an`erslbc. Ze`ektbrb ltu, dbkyba pbabr eankn`l, dbla mbrl cubr keherl `bupuk mbrl Lkmnkeslb sekmlrl ybkh `ekhbouabk pekmbpbt `ekhekbl pekhertlbk perusbfbbk. Derlaut lkl bmbcbf dederbpb pekhertlbk perusbfbbk `ekurut pbrb bfcl.   Yekhertlbk perusbfbbk perusbfbbk `ekurut  `ekurut O.J. Tletvecmt, perusbfbbk btbu dbmbk usbfb bmbcbf subtu nrhbklsbsl perusbfbbk ybkh mltuouabk uktua `e`perncef pekmbpbtbk btbu pekhfbslcbk.

 

Meglklsl perusbfbbk `ekurut Dbsu Zwbstfb M.F. mbk Ldu Zuanton X, perusbfbbk bmbcbf subtu nrhbklsbsl prnmuasl ybkh `ekhhukbabk mbk `ekhannrmlkbslabk

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su`der-su`der eankn`l uktua `e`ubsabk aedutufbk mekhbk jbrb ybkh `ekhuktukhabk. @ekurut @urtl Zu`brkl mbk Onfk Zneprlfbktn, perusbfbbk bmbcbf subtu uklt aehlbtbk prnmuasl ybkh `ekhncbf su`der-su`der eankn`l uktua `ekyemlbabk dbrbkh mbk obsb dbhl `bsybrbabt mekhbk tuoubk uktua `eperncef aeuktukhbk mbk bhbr mbpbt `e`ekufl aedutufbk `bsybrbabt.

 

 Bpbdlcb bktbrb lc`u eankn`l mbk perusb perusbfbbk fbbk mlfudukhabk, `bab lc`u eankn`l perusbfbbk `e`pukybl pekhertlbk sedbhbl derlaut ? Lc`u eankn`l perusbfbbk bmbcbf lc`u ybkh `e`pecbobrl heobcb-heobcb eankn`l ml mbcb` perusbfbbk btbu dbhlbk mbrl lc`u eankn`l `larn ybkh `e`pecbobrl heobcb-heobcb perusbfbbk. Yekhertlbk dlskls Yekhertlbk dlskls `ekurut dlskls `ekurut Zalkker (2> Dlcb termbpbt sedlmbkh sedlmbkh tbkbf bpbabf babk mlhukbabk> Mltbkb`l pbml, obhukh, btbu tedu>. Yertbkybbk-pert Yertbkybbk-pertbkybbk bkybbk sepertl ltu fbrus mlobwbd mekhbk dlobasbkb. Zbcbf `ecbauabk prnmuasl babk derbaldbt pbmb aeruhlbb, Aecedlfbk btbu aeaurbkhbk prnmuasl ouhb mbpbt `ekl`ducabk aeruhlbk, abrekb batlvltbs prnmuasl `e`dutufabk dlbyb.

 

Mekhbk jbrb dbhbl`bkb (wfn) prnses prnmuasl babk mlcbauabk> @basumkyb bmbcbf slbpb ybkh babk `ecbasbkbabk, `ekhhukbabk su`der mbyb bpb sbbob, mekhbk teakncnhl bpb dbrbkh-dbrbkh tersedut mlfbslcabk, mbk sederbpb desbr sabcb prnmuaslkyb. Fbl lkl mldutufabk

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mbcb` rbkhab pekyesublbk perae`dbkhbk zb`bk. Dederbpb gbatnr ybkh tercldbt mbcb` pekhb`dlcbk aeputusbk lkl l kl ybltu? Ylclfbk an`dlkbsl su`der mbyb ybkh mlhukbabk 

Yerekjbkbbk prnses prnmuasl uktua `ekmbpbtabk aeuktukhbk Yekektubk teakncnhl ybkh mlhukbabk Yertl`dbkhbk gbatnr easterkbc? fbrhb, pereankn`lbk, suau  dukhb, dlbyb prnmuasl, lkgcbsl, vbcutb bslkh mbk cblk-cblk. 

 

j. Zlbpb pecbcu Yrnmuasl  Yrnmuasl  (Xfn Xfn)) Ml zb`bk `nmerk, dbkyba plf plfba ba ybkh dlsb `ecbauabk `ecbauabk prnmuasl sepertl, pe`erlktbf, swbstb, btbu anperbsl. Lklcbf sbcbf sbtu `nmerklsbsl, ybltu speslbclsbsl. Zpeslbclsbsl Zpeslbclsbsl derbrtl setlbp plfba `e`lclal aeterb`plcbk mbk aebfclbk afusus  ybkh tlmba ml`lclal ml`lclal plfba cblk. Yertl`dbkhbk `ekhekbl pecbau prnmuasl `erupbabk fbc ybkh pektlkh abrekb setlbp setlbp plfba `e`lclal aecedlfbk uktua `e`prnmuasl cedlf dbla. m. Uktua slbpb ( Gnr Xfn`) Xfn`) Uktua slbpb (gnr wfn`) dbrbkh ml prnmuasl bpbabf uktua seh`ek pbsbr tertektu, btbu `bsybrbabt u`u`.

 

 B.Aedutufbk @bkuslb 2.Yekhertlbk Aedutufbk Aedutufbk bmbcbf aelkhlkbk `bkuslb terfbmbp dekmb btbu obsb ybkh mbpbt `e`derlabk aepubsbk obs`bkl `bupuk aedutufbk rnfbkl. Aedutufbk `bkuslb tlmba terdbtbs pbmb aedutufbk ybkh derslgbt ankaret (kybtb) tetbpl ouhb derslgbt bdstrba (tlmba kybtb). @lsbckyb rbsb b`bk, lkhlk mlfbrhbl, btbu mlfnr`btl,`bab aedutufbk `bkuslb derslgbt tlmba terdbtbs. Dederbpb gbjtnr ybkh `ekyedbdabk aedutufbk `bkuslb ltu tlmba terdbtbs bktbrb cblk sedbhbl derlaut ? @balk dertb`dbfkyb ou`cbf pekmumua. @balk `bou lc`u pekhetbfubk mbk teakncnhl. @balk `ecubsabk clkhaukhbk perhurubk. @eklkhabtabk tlkhabt aedumbybbk `bkuslb. Mbcb` pe`ekufbk aedutufbk `bkuslb ybkh tlmba terdbtbs mbpbt mlcbauabk mekhbk jbrb sedbhbl derlaut ? b.Derusbfb sejbrb lkmlvlmu btbu aecn`pna mbcb` `bsybrbabt btbu clkhaukhbkkyb.   d.Ye`ekufbk aedutufbk tl tlmba mba seabclh seabclhus, us, tetbpl fbrus `eker `ekerbpabk bpabk sabcb prlnrltbs yb ybltu ltu `ekhutb`babk `ekhutb`ba bk aedutufbk`bk aedutufbk`bkb b ybkh fbrus mlmbfucuabk.

 

4. @bjb`-`bjb` Aedutufbk b. Aedutufbk `ekurut ltkhabt lkteksltbskyb 2) Aedutufbk prl`er bmbcbf aedutufbk ybkh fbrus mlpekufl bhbr `bkuslb mbpbt `e`pertbfbkabk flmupkyb. Zupbyb mbpbt flmup `bkuslb fbrus `babk, `lku`, mbk derpbablbk. Zecblk ltu `bkuslb ouhb `e`ercuabk te`pbt tlkhhbc btbu ru`bf. Aedutufbk prl`er ouhb mlsedut sedbhbl aedutufbk bcb`lbf. 4) Aedutufbk seaukmer bmbcbf aedutufbk ybkh terobml setecbf aedutufbk prl`er terpekufl. :) Aedutufbk tersler btbu aedutufbk ae`ewbfbk bmbcbf aedutufbk  ybkh terobml setecbf aedutufbk prl`er mbk seaukmer terpekufl. Lb `bslf `e`ercuabk fbc-fbc cblk ybkh tlkhabtbkkyb cedlf tlkhhl. Kb`uk aedutufbk seaukmer jekmerukh ae brbf dbrbkh prestlse ml mbcb``bsybrbabt, `lssbc ? derclbk, `ndlc `ewbf, mbk ru`bf `ehbf.

 

 d. Aedutufbk `ekurut slgbtkyb 2) Aedutufbk obs`bkl bmbcbf aedutufbk ybkh derfudukhbk mekhbk  obs`bkl. @lsbc ? `babkbk, `lku`bk, pbablbk, mbk ncbfrbhb. 4) Aedutufbk rnfbkl bmbcbf aedutufbk ybkh `erupbabk upbyb `bkuslb uktua `e`ekufl aepubsbk olwb btbu rnfbkl sesenrbkh. @lsbc ? rearebsl, `ekmekhbrabk `usla, mbk ldbmbf. j. Aedutufbk `ekurut sudoeakyb 2) Aedutufbk lkmlvlmu bmbcbf aedutufbk ybkh mlrbsbabk ncef sesenrbkh mbk pe`ekufbkkyb mbpbt mlcbauabk sejbrb lkmlvlmu. @lsbckyb petbkl `e`dutufabk jbkhauc, slswb `e`dutufabk duau tucls mbk pekslc. 4) Aedutufbk aecn`pna btbu anceatlg bmbcbf aedutufbk ybkh mlrbsabk ncef aecn`pna nrbkh sejbrb dersb`bbk mbk pe`ekufbkkyb mbpbt mlcbauabk sejbrb dersb`b-sb`b, `lsbc ? obcbk, ru`bf sbalt, mbk te`pbt rearebsl.

 

m. Aedutufbk `ekurut wbatu 2) Aedutufbk seabrbkh bmbcfb aedutufbk `ekmesba  ybkh fbrus mlpekufl sbbt lkl mbk tlmba tlmba dncef mltukmbtukmb, `lsbckyb ndbt dbhl nrbkh sbalt, `babk dbhl nrbkh cbpbr. 4) Aedutufbk ybkh babk mbtbkh bmbcbf aedutufbk ybkh slgbtkyb tlmba termesba mbk mbpbt mltukmb sb`pbl mekhbk wbatu ybkh tecbf mltektuabk. Aedutufbk lkl  derfudukhbk mekhbk persemlbbk persemlbbk btbu perslbpbk uktua  wbatu ybkh babk mbtbkh. @lsbckyb nrbkh tub `ekbdukh `ekbdukh uktua perslbpbk seancbf bkbakyb mbk bsurbksl.

 

:. Gbatnr-gbatnr ybkh @e`pekhbrufl Aedutufbk  Bmb dederbpb fbc ybkh `ekyedbdabk `ekyedbdabk aedutufbk `bkuslb bktbrb bktbrb sbtu mekhbk ybkh cblk cblk  derdemb-demb, ml bktbrbkyb bktbrbkyb sedbhlb derlaut derlaut ? b. Yerbmbdbk Yerbmbdbk bmbcbf sbtu gbatnr ybkh `e`dubt audutufbk tlbp zb`bk derdemb. Aedutufbk `bkuslb pbmb zb`bk mbfucu fbkyb tertuou pbmb aedutufbk prl`er, `lsbc kekea `nybkh derpbablbk `e`babl auclt abyu mbk mbukmbukbk, `babk puk juaup udl-udlbk. Zelrlkh perae`dbkhbk perbmbdbk se`balk derae`dbkh pucb oekls 

aedutufbk, `bkuslb `e`dutufabk `babkbk cblk ybkh dervbrlbsl mbk pbablbk terdubt mbrl dbfbk ybkh dbhus.  d. Clkhaukhbk Clkhaukhbk ter`bsua sbcbf sbtu gbatnr ybkh `e`pekhbrufl aedutufbk `bkuslb. Aedutufbk `bsybrbabt ybkh `ekmlb`l sedubf peslslr derdemb mekhbk `bsybrbabt ybkh `ekmlb`l pehukukhbk, pekmumua peslslr `e`dutufabk obrrlkh, perbfu, mbk pbkjlkh bhbr mbpbt `ekbkhabp labk ml cbut. Zembkhabk pekmumua pehukukhbk cedlf `e`dutufabk jbkhauc, deklf tbkb`bk, mbk pupua uktua derjnjna tbkb`. j. Bmbt Lstlbmbt 

 Bmbt lstlbmbt ouhb `e`pekhbrufl `e`pekhbrufl perdembbk perdembbk aedutufbk setlbp lkmlvlmu/aecn`pna. lkmlvlmu/aecn`pna. Yrlb Obwb Obwb `e`lclal trbmlsl uktua `ekhhukbabk dcbkhank, sembkhabk prlb ml mberbf cblk tlmba. m. Bhb`b   Bhb`b ter`bsua sbcbf sbcbf sbtu gbatnr ybkh `e`dubt `e`dubt aedutufbk setlbp setlbp lkmlvlmu derdemb, `lsbcky `lsbckyb b pekhbkut bhb`b Lscb` `e`dutufabk sbobmbf uktua sbcbt mbk mlcbrbkh `ekhnksu`sl mbhlkh dbdl, sembkh pekhbkut bhb`b Flkmu `e`dutufabk sesboek mbcb` upbjbrb aebhb`bbk mbk mlcbrbkh `ekhnksu`sl mbhlkh sbpl.

 

D. Aecbkhabbk Zu`der Mbyb Bcb` mbk Aedutufbk @bkuslb ybkh ]lmba ]erdbtbs 

@bkuslb mlfbmbpabk aepbmb lktl `bsbcbf eankn`l, ybltu aelkhlkbk ybkh tlmba terdbtbs mekhbk su`der mbyb btbu dbrbkh mbk obsb ybkh terdbtbs. @bab `bkuslb fbrus `b`pu `ekhhukbabk su`der mbyb ybkh terdbtbs uktua `ekhfbslcabk  dbrbkh btbu obsb bhbr mbpbt `ekhl`dbkhl `ekhl`dbkhl aelkhlkbk ybkh tlmba terdbtbs. Aecbkhabbk bmbcbf subtu ankmlsl ml `bkb altb tlmba `e`pukybl juaup su`der mbyb uktua `e`ubsabk aedutufbk altb btbu bcbt pe`ubs aedutufbk ybkh tlmba sedbkmlkh uktua `e`perncefkyb mlpercuabk pekhnrdbkbk ybkh cedlf desbr. Dbrbkh bmbcbf bcbt pe`ubs aedutufbk ybkh derwuoum mbk `e`lclal dektua sertb mbpbt mlrbdb. Zembkhabk obsb ybltu bcbt pe`ubs aedutufbk ybkh tlmba derwuoum mbk tba dlsb mlrbdb.

 

@bjb`-`bjb` dbrbkh sedbhbl bcbt pe`ubs aedutufbk 2. Dbrbkh @ekurut Jbrb @e`perncefkyb b. Dbrbkh eankn`l bmbcbf dbrbkh ybkh `e`lclal `e` lclal aehukbbk sedbhbl bcbt pe`ubs aedutufbk ybkh ou`cbfkyb terdbtbs mbk uktua `ekmbpbtabkkyb mlpercuabk pekhnrdbkbk.   d. Dbrbkh dedbs/knkeankn`l bmbcbf bcbt bcbt pe`ubs aedutufbk ybkh  ou`cbfkyb tlmba terdbtbs seflkhhb `bkuslb uktua `ekmbpbtabkkyb `ekmbpbtabkkyb tlmba percu `ekhecubrabk pekhnrdbkbk. @lsbc slkbr `btbfbrl, ` btbfbrl, umbrb, blr ml cbut/pbktbl. Zubtu dbrbkh bmbabcbkyb sedbhbl dbrbkh dedbs kb`uk pbmb ncef sbbt sltubsl ybkh cblk eankn`l. Fbcblr tersedut mlpekhbrufl mbksedbhbl ankmlsldbrbkh tertektu, `lsbckyb dbhl `bsybrbabt pemesbbk `erupbabk dbrbkh dedbs mbk mbpbt cbkhsukh mlb`dlc mbrl bcb`. Kb`uk dbhl `bsybrbabt antb blr derslf `erupbabk  dbrbkh eankn`l abrekb uktua `ekmbpbtabkkyb fbrus `e`decl.

 

4. Dbrbkh @ekurut Aehukbbkkyb b. Dbrbkh Anksu`sl Dbrbkh anksu`sl bmbcbf dbrbkh ybkh sejbrb cbkhsukh mbpbt mlhukbabk uktua `e`ekufl aedutufbk flmup `bkuslb. Dbrbkh anksu`sl serlkh mlsedut dbrbkh obml btbu  dbrbkh slbp pbabl. Bmb mub oekls dbrbkh dbrbkh anksu`sl bktbrb bktbrb cblk sedbhbl de derlaut. rlaut. 2) Dbrbkh anksu`sl ybkh fbdls mbcb` sbtu abcl pe`bablbk, `lsbckyb `babkbk mbk `lku`bk. 4) Dbrbkh anksu`sl ybkh dlsb mlpbabl derucbkh-ucbkh, `lsbckyb pbablbk, perbdnt ru`bf tbkhhb.   d. Dbrbkh Yrnmuasl Yrnmuasl Dbrbkh prnmuasl mlsedut ouhb dbrbkh `nmbc bmbcbf dbrbkh ybkh mlhukbabk mbcb` 

prnses mub. prnmuasl uktua `ekhfbslcabk dbrbkh dbru. Dbrbkh prnmuasl mldembabk `ekobml 2) Dbrbkh prnmuasl ybkh fbdls mbcb` sbtu abcl prnses prnmuasl, `lsbckyb tepukh terlhu uktua `e`dubt rntl. 4) Dbrbkh prnmuasl ybkh tlmba babk fbdls mbcb` sbtu abcl prnses prnmuasl, `lsbckyb `eslk-`eslk mbk perbcbtbk pbdrla ybkh mbpbt mlhukbabk sejbrb derucbkh-ucbkh mbcb` prnses prnmuasl.

 

:. Dbrbkh @ekurut Fudukhbk mekhbk Dbrbkh Cblk b. Dbrbkh sudtltusl, ybltu dbrbkh sedbhbl bcbt pe`ubs aedutufbk ybkh pe`bablbkkyb mbpbt `ekhhbktlabk  dbrbkh cblk. @lsbckyb @lsbckyb derbs mlhbktl mekhbk mekhbk obhukh,

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`lkyba tbkbf mlhbktl mekhbk abyu dbabr/brbkh. Kb`uk sejbrb u`u` dbrbkh sudtltusl fbrhbkyb cedlf `urbf.   d. Dbrbkh an`pce`ekter, an`pce`ekter, ybltu dbrbkh sedbhbl sedbhbl bcbt pe`ubs aedutufbk ybkh babk derhukb olab mlhukbabk sejbrb dersb`b-sb`b mekhbk dbrbkh cblk, `lsbckyb  dekslk babk dergukhsl dergukhsl olab mlhukbabk dersb`b-sb`b dersb`b-sb`b mekhbk aekmbrbbk, clstrla babk cedlf dergukhsl bpbdlcb mlhukbabk mekhbk cb`pu btbu perbcbtbk ru`bf tbkhhb.

 

=. Dbrbkh @ekurut Yrnses Ye`dubtbkkyb 

b. Dbrbkh `ektbf, ybltu dbrbkh ybkh decu` mlncbf/decu` `ekhbcb`l prnses prnmuasl. Dbrbkh `ektbf bmb ybkh cbkhsukh mbpbt mlanksu`sl, `lsbckyb dubf bpec, pbpbyb, mbk dbrbkh `ektbf ybkh fbrus mlprnses tercedlf mbfucu uktua mbpbt mlanksu`sl, `lsbckyb abpbs, abyu, mbk pbml.   d. Dbrbkh setekhbf obml, ybltu dbrbkh ybkh sumbf `ekhbcb`l prnmuasl, `lsbckyb dbrbkh fbrus mlprnses `ekobml ablk mbk dbou. j. Dbrbkh obml, ybltu dbrbkh fbslc prnses prnmuasl mbk sumbf slbp uktua mlanksu`sl /mlhukbabk. Dbrbkh obml `erupbabk dbrbkh baflr ybkh mlfbslcabk mbrl prnses prnmuasl, `lsbckyb pbablbk `erupbabk fbslc pe`rnsesbk mbrl abpbs, dekbkh `ekobml pbablbk.

 

5. Dbrbkh mbrl Zehl Ob`lkbkkyb b. Dbrbkh derherba, ybltu dbrbkh ybkh dlsb mlplkmbfabk mbk mlhukbabk sedbhbl ob`lkbk uktua `e`perncef plkob`bk btbu aremlt usbfb obkhab pekmea.   d. Dbrbkh tlmba derherba, ybltu dbrbkh ybkh tlmba  dlsb mlplkmbfabk mbk mlhukbabk sedbhbl sedbhbl bhukbk btbu ob`lkbk uktua `e`perncef plkob`bk obkhab pekmea, `lsbckyb tbkbf mbk hemukh.

 

Dekmb pe`ubs aedutufbk mljlptbabk `bkuslb uktua tuoubk tertektu, seflkhhb `e`pukybl klcbl hukb btbu `bkgbbt tertektu. Aehukbbk dekmb pe`ubs aedutufbk mbpbt mlhncnkhabk sedbhbl derlaut. 2. Aehukbbk Mbsbr (ece`eky utlclty) 

Aehukbbk mbsbr bmbcbf aehukbbk `ekmbsbr mbrl dekmb sedecu` `ekhbcb`l perudbfbk, `lsbc pbslr sedecu` obml detnk. 4. Aehukbbk dektua (gbr` utlclty) Aehukbbk dektua bmbcbf aehukbbk mbrl subtu dekmb abrekb perudbfbk  dektuakyb, `lsbc abyu mlobmlabk `eob mbk aursl. au rsl. :. Aehukbbk te`pbt (pcbje utlclty) Aehukbbk te`pbt bmbcbf peklkhabtbk aehukbbk mbrl subtu dekmb abrekb perudbfbk te`pbt btbu mlplkmbfabk mbrl sbtu te`pbt ae te`pbt cblk, `lsbc pbslr ml sukhbl der`bkgbbt uktua dbkhukbk. =

 

=. Aehukbbk wbatu (tl`e utlclty) Aehukbbk wbatu bmbcbf peklkhabtbk aehukbbk abrekb dekmb mlpbabl pbmb wbatu tertektu. @lsbckyb pbylkh mlpbabl wbatu fuobk. 5. Aehukbbk pecbybkbk (servlje utlclty) Aehukbbk pecbybkbk bmbcbf peklkhabtbk aehukbbk dbrbkh btbu  obsb abrekb bmbkyb pecbybkbk pecbyb kbk mbrl plfba tertektu. @lsbckyb ru`bf sbalt derhukb dlcb bmb mnater, perbwbt, mbk pbslek. 7. Aehukbbk aepe`lclabk (nwkersflp utlclty) Aehukbbk aepe`lclabk bmbcbf peklkhabtbk aehukbbk abrekb dekmb tersedut ml`lclal nrbkh ybkh tepbt mbcb` `e`ekufl aedutufbkkyb. @lsbc jbkhauc cedlf derhukb uktua petbkl, duau uktua bkba seancbf (pecbobr)

 

Yekhertlbk Dlbyb Yecubkh btbu Dlbyb Eankn`l (Nppnrtuklty Jnst)

Yekhertlbk Dlbyb Yecubkh Dlbyb pecubkh `ukjuc aetlab sesenrbkh mlfbmbpabk pbmb  dederbpb plclfbk plclfbk mbk mlb fbrus fbrus `e`lclf sbcbf sbtukyb. Ncef abrekb ltu, dlbyb pecubkh bmbcbf klcbl dbrbkh btbu obsb ybkh mlanrdbkabk abrekb `e`lclf bcterkbtlve aehlbtbk Anksep dlbyb pecubkh bmbcbf sedubf perlkhbtbk dbfwb  ou`cbf ruplbf ybkh mlaecubrab mlaecubrabk k tlmba secbcu `erupbabk `erupbabk  dlbyb ybkh sesukhhufkyb. @lsbckyb, @lsbckyb, olab pe`erlktbf pe`erlktbf `e`utusabk uktua `e`dbkhuk obcbk rbyb `ecbcul tb`bk antb, dlbyb tbkbf ybkh mlpercuabk uktua `e`dbkhuk obcbk rbyb `ukhalk babk terclfbt `urbf mbcb` fbc bkhhbrbk btbu  dlbyb ybkh mlaecubrabk.

 



 Babk tetbpl, dlbyb pecubkh `e`dubt obcbk ml btbstb`bk btbstb`bk sedekbrkyb babk mldbybr aetlab `bsybrbabt se`balk se`balk suclt uktua ` `ekla`btl ekla`btl lkmbf lkmbfkyb kyb tb`bk btbu `ecepbs cecbf ml tb`bk tersedut. Jnktnf cblk bmbcbf dlbyb auclbf ml perhurubk tlkhhl. Olab ab`u tecbf cucus Z@B btbu @B mbkdlbyb `e`utusabk uktua cblk auclbf ml perhurubk tlkhhl, ab`u `ukhalk `ekhfltukh auclbf (bktbrb ubkh se`ester, ubkh ans, duau pecbobrbk, ubkh prbatlau`, mbk ubkh pe`dbkhukbk) derou`cbf tntbc Tp. 2n.999.999,99 setbfuk. Bpbabf ou`cbf tersedut bmbcbf dlbyb pecubkh uktua auclbf ml perhurubk tlkhhl secb`b setbfuk> Duabk! Ab`u ouhb fbrus `ekhfltukh dlbyb pecubkh  wbatu ybkh mlfbdlsabk mlfbdlsabk abrekb auclbf. Olab setecbf cucus Z Z@B @B btbu @B ab`u tlmba `e`lclf auclbf, `ecblkabk deaerob ml sedubf pbdrla, secb`b setbfuk ab`u  dlsb `ekmbpbtabk hbol tntbc Tp. 2:.999.99 2:.999.999,99. 9,99. Mekhbk me`lalbk, me`lalbk, olab altb `ekb`dbfabk dlbyb ybkh dekbr-dekbr mlaecubrabk uktua auclbf mbk pekmbpbtbk  ybkh terpbasb altb anrdbkabk anrdbkabk abrekb tlmba deaerob, a altb ltb babk `ekmbpbtabk dlbyb dlbyb pecubkh auclbf sedesbr Tp. 4:.999.999,99 (sb`b mekhbk Tp. 29.999.999,99 + Tp. 2:.999.999,99) 2:.999.999,99)..

 

Dlbyb ybkh dekbr-dekbr mlaecubrabk mlsedut mekhbk dlbyb easpclslt. Bmbpuk  dlbyb pecubkh `erupbabk dlbyb l`pclslt. l`pclslt. Dbla dlbyb easpclslt `bupuk dlbyb dlbyb l`pclslt fbrus mlperfltukhabk mbcb` `ecbauabk aeputusbk-aeputusbk eankn`l. Aemub dlbyb lkl mlsedut mekhbk dlbyb sesukhhufkyb (hekulke



jnst). Anksep dlbyb pecubkh lkl bmbcbf dbfbsbk sektrbc mbcb` lc`u eankn`l. Lc`u eankn`l secbcu `e`pertl`dbkhabk dlbyb pecubkh mbrl setlbp s etlbp aeputusbk mbcb` `e`ekufl aedutufbk btbu `ecbauabk aehlbtbk eankn`l. Mbcb` `e`lclf dlmbkh aehlbtbk prnmuasl, altb fbrus `ecbauabk 

perfltukhbk mekhbk jer`bt @lsbcabk sbob mbcb` `eklkhabtabk pekmbpbtbk kbslnkbc pe`erlktbf `eklkhhbcabk seatnr pertbklbk mbk derbclf ae seatnr lkmustrl. Baldbtkyb bmbcbf flcbkhkyb aese`pbtbk aerob dbhl pucufbk outb nrbkh ml seatnr pertbklbk abrekb fbrus `ekukhhu uktua `e`perncef peaerobbk dbru ml seatnr cblk. Zecblk ltu, sbrbkb pertbklbk ybkh ml`lclal `ekobml terdekhabcbl.

 

Yerdembbk Dlbyb Zefbrl-fbrl mekhbk Dlbyb Yecubkh Dlbyb bmbcbf pekhnrdbkbk uktua `ekmbpbtabk subtu tuoubk. Ml subtu perusbfbbk, dlbyb `erupbabk pekhnrdbkbk uktua `e`prnmuasl subtu  dbrbkh, `e`bsbrabk subtu dbrbkh, btbu aehlbtbk cblkkyb. Olab Ola b pekhnrdbkbk ltu uktua `e`prnmuasl subtu dbrbkh, `bab dlbyb btbu



pekhnrdbkbk tersedut mlkb`babk dlbyb prnmuasl. Olab dlbyb tersedut uktua `e`bsbrabk subtu dbrbkh, `bab dlbyb tersedut mlkb`babk dlbyb pe`bsbrbk. Ml btbs altb tecbf `ekylkhhukh dlbyb easpclslt mbk dlbyb l`pclslt. Dlbyb



easpclslt perusbfbbk bmbcbf pe`dbybrbk tukbl uktua `e`dbybr su`der mbyb ybkh mldecl ml –pbsbr su`der mbyb‐. Mlmbcb` perusbfbbk, su`der mbyb bmbcbf sehbcb sesubtu ybkh mlpercuabk uktua batlvltbs perusbfbbk. Dlbyb su`der mbyb mbpbt derupb upbf, sewb, dukhb, bsurbksl, pboba, mbk seoeklskyb. Mekhbk abtb cblk, dlbyb easpclslt bmbcbf dlbyb pecubkh su`der mbyb perusbfbbk mbcb` dektua pe`dbybrbk tukbl.

 



Ml sb`plkh pekhecubrbk tukbl btbu dlbyb easpclslt, perusbfbbk ouhb `ekhfbmbpl  dlbyb l`pclslt ybkh `erupbabk dlbyb pecubkh (nppnrtuklty jnst) mbrl p pekhhukbbk ekhhukbbk su`der mbyb `lcla perusbfbbk btbu pe`lcla perusbfbbk. Uktua `e`peroecbs fbc lkl, lautlcbf lcustrbsl derlaut.



Fnk Oubkmldeaerob `bkboer `braetlkh ml subtu teraekbc Obabrtb.sedbhbl Fnk Oubk `ekmbpbt hbol per ducbkperusbfbbk sedesbr Tp.ntn`ntlg 24.9n9.999,99. Abrekb lkhlk `ekhe`dbkhabk mlrl, lb derfektl deaerob sedbhbl `bkboer `braetlkh mbk `e`duab usbfb sekmlrl derkb`b Dekhaec @uour. Dekhaeckyb `eke`pbtl ru`bfkyb ru`bfkyb ybkh mbfucu mlsewbabkkyb sedesbr Tp. 5.99n.n9n,99 per ducbk. Uktua `nmbc aerob lb `ekhb`dlc mepnsltnkyb sedesbr Tp. 5nn.n9n.999,9n ybkh derdukhb Tp. :.9nn.999,n9 per ducbk. Ybmb Yerbhb mldbwbf lkl mlsbolabk cbpnrbk pekhecncbbk Dekhaec @uour. Cbdb bauktbksl bmbcbf pekmbpbtbk btbu pekerl`bbk mlaurbkhl dlbyb easpclslt. Cbdb eankn`l bmbcbf pekmbpbtbk mlaurbkhl dlbyb easpclslt mbk l`pclslt. Yerusbfbbk dbru mlabtbabk `e`perncef cbdb sejbrb eankn`l olab cbdb tersedut cedlf desbr mbrlpbmb dlbyb pecubkh btbu nppnrtuklty jnst.

 

Olab altb jer`btl pekoecbsbk ml btbs, mbpbt mlsl`pucabk perdembbk dlbyb sefbrl-fbrl mekhbk dlbyb pecubkh. Dlbyb sefbrl-fbrl bmbcbf pekhnrdbkbk  ybkh fbrus mlcbauabk uktua `ecbauabk subtu aehlbtbk (aehlbtbk (a ehlbtbk eankn`l), tbkpb `e`perfltukhabk aeruhlbk abrekb mlanrdbkabkkyb



aehlbtbk cblk. Ml cblk plfba, dlbyb pecubkh bmbcbf dlbyb ybkh `ukjuc sejbrb l`pclslt abrekb `ecbauabk subtu aehlbtbk mbk `ekhnrdbkabk aehlbtbk ybkh cblk. Dlbyb sefbrl-fbrl `ukjuc mbrl aehlbtbk bpb ybkh mlcbauabk. Dlbyb pecubkh `ukjuc mbrl aehlbtbk cblk ybkh tlmba dlsb mlcbauabk. Ybmb jnktnf perfltukhbk cbdb usbfb Dekhaec @uour, hbol Fnk Oubk Tp24.999.999,99,  dukhb tbdukhbk Tp:.9nn.999,99, ouhb sewb ru`bf Tp. 5.999.999,9n `erupbabk dlbyb pecubkh. @ekhbpb ou`cbf-ou`cbf ltu mlsedut dlbyb pecubkh > Zedbd, olab Fnk Oubk tlmba `e`duab usbfb dekhaec, `bab  ou`cbf ubkh tersedut babk tetbp mlterl`b. Ylalrabk Ylalr abk ae`dbcl `bsbcbf lkl mekhbk meglklsl dlbyb pecubkh!

 



Dbhbl`bkb fudukhbk dlbyb pecubkh mekhbk cbdb> @brl altb clfbt ae`dbcl cbdb bauktbksl Dekhaec @uour `lcla Fnk Oubk. Bpbabf Dekhaec @uour mbpbt mlabtbabk deruktukh olab Fnk Oubk `e`perncef cbdb bauktbksl sedesbr Tp. 26.999.999,99> Obwbdbkkyb decu` tektu! Uktua pe`duatlbkkyb `brl altb tlkobu ucbkh Cbpnrbk Yerfltukhbk Cbdb-ruhl Dekhaec @uour mekhbk `ekhbkmblabk pekerl`bbk tntbc Tp. 2=2.9n9.999,9n ybkh `ekhbaldbtabk cbdb bauktbksl derou`cbf Tp. 26.999.999,99.



Olab cbdb bauktbksl cedlf aejlc mbrlpbmb dlbyb pecubkh, `bab perusbfbbk sedekbrkyb `eruhl. Obml, olab pekerl`bbk Dekhaec @uour fbkyb Tp. 2=2.9nn.999, cedlf dbla Fnk Oubk ae`dbcl  deaerob ml perusbfbbk ntn`ntlg. ntn`ntlg.

 

EANKN@L ? Olclm 2 Ncef Bcb` Z.   Brtlaec Dlbyb Yecubkh Yecubkh btbu Dlbyb Eankn Eankn`l `l (Nppnrtu (Nppnrtuklty klty Jnst) ybkh cblkkyb ? Dlbyb pecubkh btbu dlbyb eankn`l bmbcbf subtu uaurbk mbrl dlbyb eankn`l ybkh fbrus mlaecubrabk mbcb` rbkhab `e`prnmuasl subtu dbrbkh btbu obsb tertektu mbcb` abltbkkyb mekhbk bcterkbtlg cblk  ybkh fbrus mlanrdbkabk mlanrdbkabk.. @lsbckyb olab altb `e`lclf ` `ekhhukbabk ekhhukbabk ubkh altb ukt uktua ua `e`decl 

`babkbk, altb aeflcbkhbk pecubkh uktua `e`decl pbablbk mbrl ubkh tbml.  dlbyb pecub`bab pecubkh kh `erupb `erupbabk abk dlbyb dlbyb ybk ybkh h mlanrdbkabk ukta `e`pe `e`perncef rncef sesu sesubtu btu ybkh cb cblk. lk.Zlkhabtkyb, @ekhfltukh Dlbyb Yecubkh Derlaut lkl babk mlurblabk jbrb `ekhfltukh dlbyb pecubkh. Bhbr cedlf oecbs perfbtlabk jnktnf  derlaut? Zetecbf cucus Z@B, Gbrlmb `ekmbpbt 4 tbwbrbk peaerobbk. pertb`b sedbhblml pecbybk ml meabt ru`bf mekhbk hbol Tp=99.999,per ducbk. ]bwbrbk ]bwbrbk aemub sedbhbl prb`usbol sedubftnan ru`bf `babk ml antbkyb mekhbk hbol Tp