B Liptak Csilla Szines Kerdesek Es Valaszok Angol B2 Ocr

Ifi Szerzők:

B. Lipták Csilla Csősz Tímea Lektor:

Dr. Jeremy Parrott f i Illusztrációk:

Falcione Sarolta

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\ A hangfelvételt készítette

Árkádia Rádió, Makó V Közreműködött:

Dr. Jeremy Parrott Jennifer Túsz Catherine Williamson

Kiadói kód: MX-479 Kerettanterv: 17/2004 (V.20.), 3-as számú melléklet Szerkesztő: Nemcsók Adrienn Tömeg: 508 g Terjedelem: 296 oldal (26,46 ív)

Minden jog fenntartva, beleértve a sokszorosítást, a mű bővített, illetve rövidített változata kiadásának jogát is. A kiadó írásbe:: engedélye nélkül sem a teljes mű, sem annak része semmilyen formában nem sokszorosítható. ISBN 978 963 261 106 8 © Copyright Maxim Kiadó, Szeged

Kedves Nyelvtanulók!

Könyvünkkel az angol nyelvtudás megszerzéséhez szeretnénk segítséget nyújtani. A kötet általános nyelvi szintje a KÉR (Közös Európai Referenciakeret) által meghatározott B2 szint, amely Magyarországon a középfokú nyelvvizsgák, illetve az emelt szintű érettségi elfogadott szintje. A hangsúlyt a lexikára (szókincsre) helyeztük és a vizsgák szóbeli és írásbeli feladatai során érintett témakörök szavait és kifejezéseit igyekeztünk többféle módon bemutatni. A kötet 20 fejezetet tartalmaz, mindegyik fejezet egy-egy nagyobb témakört fed le, és egysé­ gesen öt részből áll. A fejezetek bemelegítő feladattal kezdődnek, ami a témára való ráhan­ golódást segíti. A szóbeli vizsgára való felkészülést teszik eredményesebbé a beszélgetést, vitát, vélemény­ kifejtést kezdeményező kérdések, illetve az ezeket követő mintaválaszok. A kérdések között van egyszerűbb és bonyolultabb, ennek megfelelően a válaszok hossza is eltérő. Ahol lehetséges volt, alternatív megoldásokat adtunk, lehetővé téve a választást, a válasszal való „azonosulás” lehetőségét. A kérdések megegyeznek az érettségin és a nyelvvizsgákon előforduló leggyakoribb kérdésekkel, a részletes mintaválaszok pedig felölelik a vizsgákon felmerülő összes lehetséges témát. A kiadó www.olvas.hu honlapján olvasóink minden témakörhöz k¡egészítő kérdéseket és válaszokat olvashatnak és hallgathatnak meg. A kérdéssort egy angol-magyar szószedet követi. A szavak magyar megfelelője az adott témakörben, az adott szövegösszefüggésben használatos jelentésre utal. A fejezeteket egy-egy olvasott és hallott szöveg értését fejlesztő feladat zárja le. A szövegek hasznos nyelvi modellek, melyek segítik a témával való ismerkedést. A feladatok változatosak, az érettségin és különböző nyelvvizsgákon előforduló feladattípusokat alkalmaztuk. Javasoljuk, hogy egy-egy témakör feldolgozásánál először próbáljon meg önállóan vála­ szolni a kérdésekre, csak ezt követően olvassa el a mintaválaszokat. Olvasás közben meg is hallgathatja a válaszokat a CD-ről. Később a szöveg olvasása nélkül többször is hallgassa meg a mintaválaszokat. Rögzítse a témához tartozó szavakat, kifejezéseket. Amikor úgy érzi; hogy már otthonossá vált az adott témában, oldja meg az olvasott és hallott szöveg értését ellenőrző feladatokat. A feladatok megoldásait és a hanganyagot megtalálja az mp3 CD-mellékleten. A könyvben ikonnal jelöltük a hanganyagokat, amelyek sorrendjéről a kötet végén szereplő tracklista segítségével tájékozódhat.

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Mivel a témakörök az élet számos területét lefedik, és anyaggyűjtésünk során a legfrissebb információkat (pl. aktuális események, a tudomány legújabb eredményei stb.) igyekeztünk összegyűjteni, e kötet nemcsak a nyelvtudás fejlesztésére, hanem új ismeretek szerzésére is alkalmas, „izgalmas olvasmány”. A tanuláshoz sok erőt, kitartást, a majdani vizsgához pedig sok addigra felhalmozott tudást kívánunk.

A szerzők és a kiadó

1. F A M I L Y R E L A T I O N S

1. Family Relations There is only one pretty child in the world and every mother has it. (Chinese proverb)

Warmer Finish the ph rases with on e w ord that m ean s how people are related in a family. (Who is w h ose who?)

D

his mother’s sister is his

m their son’s wife is their

Cl your sister’s daughter is your ES her father’s brother’s son is her

m my husband’s father is my m

our daughter’s children are our

El

my father’s brother is my

m

his wife’s mother is his

m her brother’s wife is her m your sister’s son is your Questions I I

How has family life changed in the past decades?

m

Are you in favour of traditional or modern family patterns? Why?

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W hat are the most basic functions of the family?

8 3 W hat function does marriage fulfil in our society? Can a woman be a mother, a wife and a career woman in one person? tm

What is an ideal husband/wife like?

m

How do people get married in Hungary?

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W hat other alternatives are there to marriage?

El What are the most common problems affecting family life?

à

1. F AMI L Y R E L A T I O N S B3

Why do some marriages end in a divorce?

m

What problems do divorces generate?

m

Why do you think the number of people living alone is on the rise?

m

How many brothers and sisters have you got?

m

Is it good to be an only child?

m

Are you in favour of a small or a large family? Is there an ideal age for having a baby?

CS3 Should a good mother stay at home with her children? m

What are the most important aspects of bringing up a child? What problems do teenagers have? Is it more difficult to raise a child nowadays than it was before?

m

How has family life changed in the past decades? The most important change that has taken place is that families are no longer dominated by the husband. With the new model of woman born in western countries wives no longer want to be dependent upon their spouses financially as most of them go out to work and pursue a career. Obviously this also means that women have become responsible for two jobs, which is extremely difficult for them to carry out. Another conspicuous change is that the number of children in a family has decreased as life expectancy has considerably improved due to advanced medical care. Family planning methods have also become available to the great majority of people.

1 3 Are you in favour of traditional or m odern family patterns? Why? a) I am in favour of the traditional family pattern as I am convinced that the womans place is in the home. She is the one who can properly fulfil the duties of bringing up the children and taking care of the home doing the chores and running errands while her husband goes out to work to provide for his family. Women, by pure instinct, are much better at household affairs than men.

b) I believe a democratic relationship within the family is much more to my liking than follow­ ing the traditional roles of a breadwinner and homemaker. As I see it both parties should take the trouble to actively take part in family life, by which I mean sharing all the duties and tasks it requires. Why can’t a father help with the housework or collecting the children if his wife works full-time? Some men even enjoy cooking and treat it like a hobby rather than a chore.

W hat are the m ost basic functions of the family? Living and growing up in a family makes it possible for the individual to experience security, unconditional love, affection and emotional support. Being the primary scene of socialisation, the family also teaches social skills and common practices as well as values and traditions.

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1. F AMI L Y R E L A T I O N S

1 m J

m What function does m arriage fulfil in our society? Marriage is one of the most important basic institutions of society as well as a personal, intimate relationship between man and woman. It is a form of living together with the usual roles and responsibilities of husband and wife, ensuring sexual relationship with each other exclusively as well as sharing economic resources and raising children together.

m Can a wom an be a mother, a wife and a career wom an in one person? a) You miss so much if you’re a working mum. You miss out on a lot of your kids’ life. Too much is definitely expected of women, I think - a pristine house, perfect children and a career, whereas men can do what they like. It’s a lot easier for them.

b) Admittedly, motherhood is not all a bed of roses, especially if you happen to be a career woman. Can today’s woman have it all - a nice fulfilling job, a loving husband, great kids and a comfortable home? Well yes, but only if you learn the art of juggling home and career and if you know your priorities. Another good piece of advice for the aspiring career woman/mother/wife: Get a job that will complement, not clash, with your home life. Get a job you really love and enjoy. There is nothing worse than having a lousy job that leaves you drained at the end of the day and ill-prepared to face your family when you get home. m

What is an ideal husband/wife like? a) I believe that the ideal husband is one who is caring and honest and treasures his family like no one else. One who will actually listen to a conversation that you have started and make intelligent remarks, one who will also do the housework without having been asked to. A husband who knows everything about you; the things that make you mad or sad and the things that make you happy.

b) The first and basic quality in your wife should be sincerity. If your wife is sincere to you, your life in your house as well as outside the house will be ideal because you will be able to lead a free and happy life. Devotion is the second factor, which should be present in your wife. If your wife has a devoted nature, she will help you in your thick and thin and you will be able to pass your rainy days in a nice manner. The other qualities like her beauty and appearance are secondary and additional but they should be praised as well. These are the essential characteristics of an ideal wife, which can make your life with her a paradise. m

How do people get married in Hungary? Getting married begins with the engagement that usually takes place after a certain period of dating each other. It is usually the man who proposes to the woman and asks her to marry him and gives her an engagement ring. Nowadays young couples can have a religious ceremony in church or a civil ceremony in a registry office. In Hungary it is the custom to have both

1. F AMI L Y R E L A T I O N S ceremonies one after the other. On the day of the wedding the bride and the groom wear traditional, very elegant clothes and after the ceremony the guests are invited to a party which usually takes place in a restaurant and they are served dinner and can dance and have fun till the small hours.

mWhat other alternatives are there to m arriage? Cohabitation or common-law marriage is a form of living together in a sexual reationship for couples who do not wish to undertake the legal proceedings of a marriage. This kind of living arrangement has both its advantages and disadvantages. Many couples in the world today would rather cohabit before marriage because they have the erroneous belief that doing so will enable them to know if they are well-suited for marriage. Also, for people who have gone through divorce(s) it is a way of escaping the pains of a next possible separation. The advantage of cohabitation is that it lowers the cost of living, because the cost of food, rent, bills etc. are split into two. It also means emotional support and sexual relations without the commitment of marriage. One disadvantage of cohabitaton is that it makes it easier for a partner to walk out of the relationship because after all, he or she is not obliged to you (legally). Cohabitations are usually short-lived, furthermore, unmarried partners get limited support and protection from the government.

H i What are the m ost com m on problems affecting family life? The most common problem arises from the growing rate of divorces, that is, the problem of broken, or single-parent families. They tend to live in poverty as single, working mothers or fathers mostly find it hard to support their children. Burdened with financial hardships it is also virtually impossible to find the delicate balance between childcare and career owing to lack of time. As a result, this lacking or inadequate parental attention can often lead to psychological disturbances in “latchkey children” or to juvenile delinquency in extreme cases. W ith divorces and subsequent remarriages children are put in a situation that most of them find very hard to tolerate: fitting into a step-family, living together with a step-parent and, perhaps step-sisters and brothers.

GSJ Why do som e m arriages end in a divorce? The growing number of divorces is the end-product of the changes that have taken place both in society and the individual. Society more readily accepts divorce as a way of solving marital problems, while women - in their new roles as career women - are getting more and more dissatisfied with the traditional expectations of them in wedlock. Psychologically problematic behaviour (child or spouse abuse), adultery, financial problems or different addictions can also make a marriage dysfunctional in the long run.

ESI What problems do divorces generate? Divorce is generally a very painful process for all the participants, even if it is based on mutual consent. It is especially the children who suffer the most, they have to face its negative impact. Emotional difficulties arise with the experience of losing one parent, very often children tend to put the blame on themselves for that. It can also bring out aggressive and violent behaviour,

1. F AMI L Y R E L A T I O N S

H I

or on the contrary, total isolation. Very often their academic achievement also deteriorates and they tend to lose concentration. In serious cases emotional stress even causes bodily illnesses.

E l Why do you think the number of people living alone is on the rise? W ith the divorce rate hovering around 50%, it is no wonder why there is a growing number of 40-somethings who are single. W hile fifty years ago it was unusual to see a single person of that age, today it is quite the norm. People are choosing to get divorced more often, whereas divorce was never an option fifty years ago. Therefore, the population of older singles is growing rapidly. Another reason why people are seeing a growing population of singles is because people are not as likely to remarry if their spouse dies earlier than expected. W ith diseases like cancer and other serious conditions more common than ever before, large numbers of people are dying before their normal life expectancy rate predicts. W hile people typically remarried soon after being widowed in the past, today people are embracing the single life instead of settling for the first person they come across. m

How many brothers and sisters have you got? a) I come from a large family, I’ve got an elder brother, an elder sister and a younger sister, so I’m the third kid in sequence. Living in a big family is fun, there is always something happening around you, you never get bored. It’s true, that sometimes it is impossible to have some privacy even if you are longing for it, and your visiting friends always see your home in a state of total chaos but all in all growing up in a family like mine the advantantages seriously outweigh the disadvantages, I suppose.

b) I am an only child, I have no siblings, so I don’t really know what it must be like being surrounded by other children from your own family. I can only picture it from what I have seen when visiting my best friend at home. He comes from a family with three kids, so life there is quite different from ours. His mother doesn’t go out to work, for example, she is a full-time mother.

EES Is it good to

be an only child?

As a matter of fact it is sometimes boring when you have nobody to talk to, so this is when I call my friends or chat on the net. But on the other hand my parents only have to spend money on one child, which means that I probably get more presents, clothes and pocket money than the kids who have to share everything they are given including parental attention.

EH Are you in favour of a small or a large family? a) Growing up in a large family may develop in one discipline and a feeling for others qualities that are desirable for good citizenship. Food and other consumer items may not be sufficient and the members will learn to share things fairly and forego little things that may not be indispensable. Everyone in the family will have their share of domestic chores to do and this provides useful training for life. Thus the children in a large family are likely to grow up as responsible adults conscious of the needs and desires of others. A large family will be a lively family and life at home will never be dull. There will be many people

4 1. F AMI L Y R E L A T I O N S to talk to and discuss problems with. A problem that is brought by one will be shared by all the others...

b) O f course, small families have a lot going for them too. I come from a small family myself, and I can say that it’s so nice to occasionally be able to sit down with my parents after they come home from work, and that they don’t have to go right away to take someone somewhere, and we can just talk. Also, with my sibs we can get to know each other so well, just by being with each other one-on-one. Even when all of us are together, it’s so intimate. There’s also a lot more care that parents can give to kids in a small family Kids can do more things, with parents able to take them to more places, and go to basketball games, choir concerts, and volleyball tournaments. It’s also easier to keep things organized and do them together. W hen there’s a big family, it’s harder to keep everything in line, and know when and who’s going where for what, and keep the house clean, and have dinners made... My friends from big families are amazed when they come over to my house, and we apologize for the mess! Kids also have a more focused parenting. W hen parents get to spend more time with their kids, they teach them more about life skills and right versus wrong. I think that’s the biggest piece to having a small family.

¡¡U Is there an ideal age for having a baby? When is the best age to have a baby? W hether it’s your teens, 20s, 30s or 40s, each decade brings its own set of challenges and rewards - biological, material, emotional. I think, biologically, your late 20s is a great time to have your first child. But there are so many variables that can afirt / y a 1 ■■1r xi rT \ tyou t/m i A "f- f "U f~\ i Tf~\111* i A A W vj feet that age, like when meet the rightf person, your job and financial situation and, most importantly, your emotional readiness to take on this lifelong responsibility

mShould a good m other stay at hom e with her chil­ dren? a) In my opinion, a good mother knows what education to give her children without giving up her job. Moreover, a mother is a good mother when she is able to combine both things: the education of her children and the requirements of her job. Even if she doesn’t have much time to spend with her offspring, that time should be quality time. A good mother knows what advice to give her children, listens to their problems, helps a little with the homework and offers them the independence they need. Children should be able to learn how to make decisions on their own and not always ask their mother to be next to them in difficult moments.

b) As children grow from infancy to school-age, they are learning all about life and what to expect from the people around them. Children function best in their world by knowing that there is stability and predictability at home. Having a mother at home to care for them if they are sick or even later when they get home from school can be a huge benefit to their sense of self-esteem and having a sense that they are cared for and loved.

1. F A MI L Y R E L A T I O N S

1 E

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What are the m ost important aspects of bringing up a child? First and foremost setting a good example to our children is crucial. Kids internalize moral values within the boundaries of their families, copying what they see from their parents. They learn to respect other people and must be taught to become law-abiding citizens. Patriotism is another value that is given birth to within the family If they are given guidance about possible meaningful activities they can engage in to let off steam they stand every chance of becoming happy, content and successful adults.

EH W hat problems do teenagers have? They have all sorts of problems: rows with their parents, trouble at school and how to get on with the opposite sex. Hungarian schools are very demanding, students are overburdened and they have to study a lot. Therefore they do not have enough free time to relax and meet their friends. Boys are interested in girls, but the girls are more mature than their peers, and want older boys. Another problem is that, for boys, appearance is very important and they like slim, pretty, fashionable girls. However, not every girl has the measurements of Monica Bellucci. Boys may not know how to address a girl they like and ask her out for a date. M

Is it m ore difficult to raise a child nowadays than it was before? I personally think it is. Parents have to be a lot more careful nowadays than before as there are so many dangers around children. As the pace of life and technological progress have sped up considerably the sheer amount of choice available to children these days is far greater. There are more influences from the media and more ways to find people that will support whatever choices you make. Depending on the culture, children are also less likely to be strongly influenced by the views of the family. In my opinion, parenting is definitely fraught with more dangers than before and requires a less authoritative and more intelligent approach.

1. F AMI LY R E L A T I O N S

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1. F AMI L Y R E L A T I O N S

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1. F A MI L Y R E L A T I O N S

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1. F AMI L Y R E L A T I O N S

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Tasks Reading Comprehension Read the follow ing text ab ou t giving birth after th e age of forty, from w hich several se n te n c e s have b e e n rem oved. Your task is to fill in the gaps (1-6) from the list b elow the text. W rite the letters in the b oxes below . T h ere is an extra se n te n ce that you do n ot n eed . An exam ple (0) h a s b e e n given for you.

Having a baby after 40 Rocker Madonna did it when she was 41. Desperate Housewife Marcia Cross and British beauty Jane Seymour were both 44, and Susan Sarandon did it when she was 46. £ 3 _________ ______With so many two-income families, later marriages, second 'and third marriages, new technologies, infertility treatments, improved fetal diagnosis, and healthier women overall, many families are choosing not to have children until they are approaching the big 4-0, or have waltzed past it. Many women in their 40s get pregnant after struggling for years with infertility, or they decide to start a family after having finally found Mr. Right. E l ________________ Today it is not unheard o f for women in their 40s to be giving birth for the first time. At this age, however, conception can be difficult, with experts saying that more than half of older women experience problems conceiving.

m ___________ ____The average age of first-time mothers continues to rise. Doctors say that the

risks that increase most dramatically for moms in their 40s are chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down’s syndrome, and miscarriage. The risk of Down’s is one in 100 at age 40 and one in 30 at age 45, while the risk of miscarriage reaches about 50 percent by age 42, according to American Baby Magazine.

m ______ _________ They may have more problems during delivery, such as failure to progress

and fetal distress, which may explain why first-time moms older than 40 have the highest chances of needing a Caesarian-section - 43 percent, according to a recent study at Harvard Medical School. m ____________ ___ Is 40 too old to have a baby? No, said Dr. Serdar Ural, director of Maternal and Fetal Medicine at Penn State Hershey Medical Center. 1 P 1 ________________ “Age is always a risk factor, no matter what condition we are talking about,” Ural said. “W hile

1. F AMI L Y R E L A T I O N S the pregnancy itself may not be a problem, other disorders may have the potential to complicate the pregnancy Based on the technology today, the risk in a healthy 40-year-old may not be any ___________ We can higher than a 30-yearold in the way of complications,” Ural said. detect it.”

m

(www.pennlive.com)

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Nevertheless, experts say, the pregnancy rate among women over 35 has nearly doubled.

m They are also at higher risk for high blood pressure and low-birthweight babies. K§

But, of course, it is easier for wealthy people as certain medical treatments are terribly expensive.

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Based on recent data and recent developments in science and technology, no, 40 is not too old.

H R “They may have a higher risk of chromosomal problems, but we can get around that with screening tests. flfjjj Each-of these celebs had babies4n their 40s, reflecting a trend-tfaat-goes beyond s ctper-star dom tt^-fhe-nt»t-=-sit^desperivte--ho-us-ewives in--cur-own neit^Atrurhoods.

m Still others want a new baby with their second marriage or find their baby’s arrival to be a surprise. Women at this age are almost three times as likely to develop diabetes during pregnancy than moms in their 20s.

1. F A M I L Y R E L A T I O N S i Listening Comprehension In this se ctio n you are goin g to h ear ab ou t the im p o rtan ce o f having breakfast for sch oolch ild ren . Your task is to w rite the letter of the co rre ct an sw er next to the statem en ts. First, you will have so m e tim e to study the task, and th en w e will play the record ing. T h en , after a short pause, listen to the record in g again. At the end, you will have som e m ore tim e to ch eck your answ ers. T h ere is an exam ple (0) that h a s b e e n d on e for you. = TRUE IP = FALSE = THE TEXT DOES NOT SAY

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School Kids Skipping Breakfast are Missing Healhty Brain Fuel

S3 There are different excuses why children don’t eat breakfast before school. ¡SH According to the survey there are more children who go to school on an empty stomach.

m If kids skip breakfast they can’t run in the PE lessons. m Without breakfast kids eat unhealthy food at school.

BS1 In the morning most children don’t eat because there is no time for it.

IS

Parents should offer their children a choice of breakfast cereals.

WM Eating while going to school is very unhealthy. WOk There are places in Australia where kids go to school without breakfast every day.

Breakfast is considered to be the most important meal for schoolkids.

There is no joy except in human rela­ tionships. (Antoine de Saint-Exupery)

All the phrases below are in co n n ectio n w ith hum an relationships. Put the words in th e colum n w ith w hich we asso ciate the phrase the m ost. T h ere are phrases that fit m ore th an one p lace though. keep in touch, be crazy about, give birth to, get divorced, have a row, have a date, make friends with, bring somebody up, get to know, have responsibility, get married, breastfeed, break up, go out with, celebrate an anniversary, get on with, lose touch, meet, live separately, rear a child, fall in love

1 H We are engaged in many different relationships. Who are the people around you and how do you get on with them?

m Does it take you long to get to know new people? m How do you keep in touch with the people around you? I B i W hat are the advantages and disadvantages of different generations living together? m W hat is the generation gap? Does it exist in Hungary? m What is your relationship with your parents like? IB W hat do parents and children argue about? 1E1 How do you solve disputes with your parents?

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2. HUMAN R E L A T I O N S H I P S C l Is adolescence a nice period of life?

ESI

Are parents too permissive nowadays?

H I Why do parents treat boys and girls differently? m

There is no friendship between a boy and a girl. Do you agree? Why? Why not?

PEI Single-sex schools are old-fashioned. Do you agree? Why? Why not? m

Why is it important to have friends?

m

What are the most important characteristics of a friend?

m

Describe your best friend and tell the history of your friendship. (Where did you meet? Why do you get on well? W hat have you got in common? How do you keep in touch?)

Men keep their friends longer than women. Do you agree? Why? Why not?

EOS How often do you see your friends and what do you do together? m

Do you ever argue with your friends? What about? How do you solve your problems?

S 3 W hat is better: to have one close friend or several other friends? Why?

S I We are engaged in m any different relationships. Who are the people around you and how do you get on with them? a) I’m a very active, sociable type of person, so there are always a lot of people around me: the members of my family, my friends, my schoolmates, my neighbours and my girlfriend. I get on well with my parents, especially my mom, who is very understanding, but I often have rows with my twin brother. He is too bossy and aggressive. At school I have a lot of friends; however my best friend lives in another town, so we don’t see each other very often. There is one thing I can’t bear: the neighbour’s dog. It barks all the time. I’ve had a lot of arguments with its owner. Luckily, the other neighbour is a nice old lady, who likes gossiping and makes delicious cakes every weekend. But the most important person for me is my girlfriend. She is the most beautiful girl in the world, I love her so much.

b) I have a lot of people around me, but I do not really like to talk to them. I’m 16 and I feel the whole world is against me. Nobody understands me! My parents always criticize the way I look, the way I dress and they do not like any of my friends. My classmates are either big-headed, rude boys or eager beaver, silly, giggling girls. W hat is more my teachers are strict and demanding and I can’t live up to their expectations. At school I am absolutely lonely and desperate. I have a few friends, but they go to different schools or work and we can only meet at the weekends.

m

Does it take you long to get to know new people? a) No. I think I’m quite open and friendly. I can communicate easily with almost anybody. I like asking questions and I am interested in other people’s opinions, ideas and way of thinking. I am said to be a good listener.

2. HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS

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b) Yes. It takes me ages to start talking. I don’t like to be in the centre of attention, so whenever I am in unfamiliar company I withdraw, listen to the others, and even if I am asked I am reluctant to answer. I am quite reserved and introverted, unfortunately.

m How do you keep in touch with the people around you? a) Although I live with my parents we normally exchange information in writing. My parents work in shifts and we sometimes do not meet for a whole week. We have a note-board in the kitchen and we leave messages on it. I have my own cell phone, so we can talk, but I am on a tight budget and I text them instead of calling. I see my friends at school/work every day, we talk and discuss things but after school/work we continue on the Internet. It’s free, fast and other people can join us if they want to, so we can share our opinions with a lot of people.

b) I hate letters and any kind of writing, because if you can’t express yourself very well you are easily misunderstood and as people may interpret your words differently you might hurt your loved ones. Therefore, whenever it is possible I meet people personally and talk to them or at least I phone them. I really need that personal contact.

m What are the advantages and disadvantages of different generations living together?

Sometimes it is not the question of choice whether adult children live with their parents or not. It is simply a necessity or a mere solution to a financial problem, as having your own home or renting an appropriate lodging depends on your financial situation. There are a lot of young couples unable to afford to rent a house or a room and they stay with one of their parents. From the financial point of view it is an advantage: you can save money, and you can share not only household expenses but the housework as well. However, you do not have your own life, your mother-in-law can be too nosy and pushy, she can interfere with all aspects of your life, which may poison your relationship. If you do not live alone you have to adjust to other people’s lifestyle, rhythm of life, even if your room or part of your house is separated. To sum up, although it is cheap and you can share the chores and help is at hand you cannot have privacy, and you are likely to be observed and criticized all the time.

m What is the generation gap? Does it exist in Hungary? The generation gap is a pile of problems and a “certain distance” that exist between parents and their children. People of the same age form one group as they were brought up at the same time, according to the same educational principles; they have roughly the same experiences, and they tend to think in a similar way. This group’s beliefs and lifestyle differ from their parents’ way of thinking and living. Anyway children used to rebel against their parents, and

2.

HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS

they do so nowadays as well. Children deny their parents’ ideas, they look for something new, and they want to be totally different. This is the same everywhere, not just in Hungary.

1 3 What is your relationship with your parents like? a) It’s fairly good. I am an only child so my family is very small and my grandparents live far from us. I am really fond of my father, who is a very clever, intelligent and hard-working person. He taught me many things (to play chess, to skate, to pay attention to the lyrics of songs, to be polite with girls etc.) and I can talk to him openly. We play squash together twice a week, and he never misses this chance to be together. My mum works a lot, and I have to help her with all kinds of housework. (I do the shopping, heat up my meals and wash up the dishes, clean my room, make dinner etc.) This is the topic we always quarrel about. She expects too much from me, I guess. On the other hand, she provides for me. I have everything a young person needs nowadays, and I get a lot of good things: private lessons, extra sports activities, fashionable clothes and fantastic entertainment programmes.

b) There is a saying “You can choose your friends but you cannot choose your family”. There are six of us in my family: my parents, my elder sister and younger brother and my granny. I look like my mother but I inherited my father’s personality, so we are both stubborn and stick to our opinions come what may. Neither of us can persuade the other. This means we quarrel all the time and it makes our family gatherings a disaster. Moreover, my younger brother is a jerk, a hyperactive crazy kid and he always follows and imitates me, and wants to fight. In a word he gets on my nerves, so I try to get rid of him whenever I can. My granny is the heart of the family. She is a real homemaker, and does everything to keep the family together. She insists on family dinners on weekdays and big family lunches at week­ ends. Everyone should appear in the dining-room at 1 p.m. sharp on Saturday and Sunday, and then we sit down, eat and talk. I am really grateful to her for these occasions, we look and feel like a real family. I don’t know what will happen when she passes away...

mWhat do parents and children argue about? Some parents are strict and argue about clothes, hairstyle and friends. Having tattoos, a mohawk or black leather outfit demonstrate that you belong to a certain teenage cult, which parents do not appreciate. Skinheads, punks, rockers or goths are not considered to be very respectable, and parents do not let their children meet their friends. Girls are not satisfied with their bodies, start dieting and may develop eating disorders. Parents argue with them about it and force them to eat.

E l How do you solve disputes with your parents? a) We can’t solve them. If none of us can persuade the other, we leave the room and everybody hides. After a while - hours or days - we carry on our normal life and behave as if nothing happened. As I’m a child I think I have to obey my parents and the rules set by them.

2. HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS

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b) After a while someone starts to give in: sometimes me, sometimes my parents. My mom is a great negotiator, and always mediates successfully. As both sides (me and my parents) look for a compromise, sooner or later we can find a solution and come to an agreement.

m i Is adolescence a nice period of life? a) Yes, it is. Firstly, we are not young children, and we notice more and more interesting phenomena in the world, understand important things, and make amazing discoveries in human relations. Secondly, we do not have to work and worry about where to get money to pay the bills. We can enjoy life to the full.

b) No, it is far from that. We don’t belong anywhere. Kids are too childish for us, whereas adults look down on us and do not take us seriously. We ourselves do not know who we are, what we want or where we should go. We are in continuous doubt.

m

Are parents too permissive nowadays? Yes and no. It depends on the parents. Modern psychology suggests that instead of giving orders or applying strict rules parents should talk to their kids and make them understand what is good or bad. Some of my classmates can do whatever they want: stay out late, go to festivals, have almost everything, but they are lonely Those who cannot go out are unhappy as well. It is very difficult to find a middle way, a good solution. If I get a 5, or write a good test I am praised and can go to a concert, for example. But when I do something wrong: I am late, or do not wash up the dishes my parents punish me. I am grounded for a week, or get less or no pocket money. I am angry at first, but then I accept it and try not to do it next time.

B 1 Why do parents treat boys and girls differently? Because they try to pass on certain social expectations and teach their kids different roles. There are social stereotypes, which partly originate from the biological differences between men and women. Boys, for example, are expected to be brave, strong and protective. We want girls to become sensitive, caring and kind. You can recognize a baby-boy or baby-girl from the colour of their clothes or the toys they play with. Boys play with cars, guns or some sort of machines, whereas girls have their dolls and they dress them, cook for them or look after them all day long, just like their parents.

Ill There is no friendship between a boy and a girl. Do you agree? Why? Why not? a) Personally I think it’s true. They belong to different sexes and sooner or later they are attracted to each other biologically. It is possible that they do not become lovers or their relationship does not develop further than friendship. However, in most cases at least one of them is in love, or more devoted than the other, and as this love is not returned, his/her real feelings stay hidden. In such cases this is very painful and one side suffers a lot.

2.

HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS

b) I don’t think it’s true. At a certain age kids, for example, don’t make a distinction and understand each other well. Later this friendship may develop into love but not necessarily.

mSingle-sex schools are old-fashioned. Do you agree? Why? Why not? a) I agree, although instead of old-fashioned I would say not modern. Our society is based on the two sexes; women and men have equal rights, social position, they live and work side by side. It’s important to get to know the other sex and learn how to get on with them. School is the best place for that.

b) I disagree. Girls and boys are biologically different, and their physical, mental and emotional development differs a great deal, in time, space and also intensity. It makes it difficult for teachers to create a curriculum that guarantees equal development. What is more, boys and girls should acquire different social roles and teaching them these roles is easier and might be more effective in a single-sex school.

ESS Why is it important to have friends? As adults work and children go to school the majority of people spend more time with strangers (colleagues, classmates) than with the family. Besides relatives we need other people to talk to, to be with, to exchange ideas. After the family, friends can help us the most. Friends have a lot of things in common: they normally have the same or very similar interests and hobbies, live under the same circumstances or have the same problems. They spend their free time together, discuss their problems and give each other advice.

mWhat are the m ost important characteristics of a friend? A friend should be first of all reliable, helpful and patient. As the proverb says “A friend in need is a friend indeed”. It means a friend is a person you can trust and can turn to when in trouble. If you ask for help he/she comes and helps you without hesitation. It is also an advantage if he/she is cheerful and has a good sense of humour. So when you are together you can laugh a lot, and you have a really good time.

S 3 Men keep their friends longer than women. Do you agree? Why? Why not? a) I think it’s true. Men are rarely jealous of each other and do not have a very emotional relationship. W hen boys/men are together they engage in sport, play cards or computer games, watch films or sit in a pub and talk about their work, sport, politics, cars, boozing and, of course, women in general. All these topics are neutral and they don’t often talk about their personal feelings, about their grief or failure, and real emotions.

2. HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS

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b) As for me, it’s not true. Having a long friendship has nothing to do with sex, it’s not gender specific. There are men and women who can keep their friends, and do everything not to lose touch; and there are the others who change their friends very often.

m

Describe your best friend and tell the history of your friendship. (Where did you meet? Why do you get on well? What have you got in com m on? How do you keep in touch?) a) My best friend is a girl of my age. We have known each other for 15 years. We met in kindergarten, and then we went to the same elementary school and since then we have kept in touch. Although we go to different secondary schools we meet every weekend. We spend most of our free time together: go to the cinema, talk about boys and books, and walk in the town. We both are cheerful and easy-going, like fashion and are interested in romantic stories and films. We tell each other our deepest feelings and secrets, because we know we won’t betray each other.

b) My best friend is the opposite of me: very serious, hard-working and shy. We make a funny pair: he is tall and thin and I am short and stocky. We met two years ago when I started working for this company. Our desks were opposite and we soon became friends. After work we are not together as we go home to our families or girlfriends; but at weekends we often have common programmes, like going on excursions or 1-2-day trips to the mountains. We have spent all our winter and summer holidays together since we met. It’s really great and my parents and my girlfriend like him a lot.

I I How often do you see your friends and what do you do together? a) We play football or basketball, on Friday night we go out together to a pub or disco or just hang around after school/work. We are mad about computer games and poker, so we often play on the Internet. Concerts are another good activity. In winter we go skating and in the summer to the swimming-pool or aqua park.

b) We meet every day. We go to school together as we live close to each other. After school we hang around in the town, or in a shopping centre. We like eating out, going windowshopping or just walking in the centre. Laura has a dog and we walk it almost every afternoon or evening. On Friday or Saturday night we have pyjama-parties, watch films, make pop-corn or play board games like Activity or Monopoly.

m

Do you ever argue with your friends? What about? How do you solve your problems? a) We never quarrel. It’s unbelievable, but true. Both of us are able to make a compromise. b) About boys, of course. Amie criticizes my boyfriends, she hasn’t liked any of them so far. She is just jealous of them, I think, or simply we have different taste.

c) About football and sometimes music. We support different football teams: John is into Spanish football, and his favourite team is Real Madrid but I prefer English football,

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M

What is better: to have one close friend or several other friends? Why? a) I’d rather have one close friend, who I can rely on, and can share all my problems with. You are sure that he/she won’t betray you as there is no third person.

b) If there are a lot of people around you responsibility can be lost easily. Everybody promises to do their best and finally everybody waits for the other to help. In the end you may stay alone. O f course, there are moments and situations when we need a lot of company celebrations, festivals, parties or holidays - and it’s good if there are plenty of people around you.

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£ Reading Comprehension Read the follow ing text abou t m en and w om en. Mark e a ch statem en t (1-7) A if it says the sam e as the text, B if it says so m eth in g different from the text, C if the text d oes n o t give en ou g h in form ation for you to c h o o se A or B. W rite the letters in the boxes. T h ere is an exam ple (0) at th e begin n in g.

Are Men and Women the Same or Different? More than two hundred years ago, early feminist Mary Wollstonecraft wrote an essay in which she argued that men and women are essentially the same. She suggested that the roles played by the two sexes are largely constructed by society. However, the so called essentialists argue that the differences between the sexes are biologically determined; it is encoded in the brain and in the body’s chemistry. Many essentialists claim that brain structure accounts for most of the differences between men and women. Neuroscientists have discovered, for example, that womens brains have a larger corpus callosum, which carries messages between the right and left hemispheres. Because the emotional right hemisphere and the verbal left hemisphere in womens brains can communicate more easily than in m ens, women are generally more intuitive and better at expressing their emotions. In addition to brain differences, many essentialist theorists argue that hormones play a large part in explaining the disparities between men and women. Testosterone, a male hormone induces the growth of body hair, the deepening of the voice, and the development of muscles. It is also

Q

2.

HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS

responsible for aggressiveness, sexual desire, and competitiveness. Both men and women produce testosterone, but women produce about 70 percent less than men. Similarly, according to researchers, both men and women produce oxytocin, but women produce it in greater quantities. Moreover, researchers contend that testosterone counteracts the effect of oxytocin, while estrogen, the primary female hormone, enhances it. Oxytocin promotes affection within relationships, but it is most known for enhancing the maternal instinct. Scientists maintain that oxytocin is released during childbirth and breastfeeding and is responsible for creating a strong bond between mother and child. The fact that women are more affected by oxytocin than men, according to experts, explains why women are often better nurturers and caretakers than men. Other experts believe that culture shapes roles for men and women, and they argue that children are born into societies that have preexisting gender norms and expectations. According to this view, known as social constructionism, boys and girls are socially conditioned to adopt genderspecific behaviors that society considers appropriate. Family peers, and the media constantly reinforce these stereotypes, according to which boys are expected to be assertive, competitive, and independent, while girls nice, caring and dependent. So females learn how to get along; males learn how to get ahead. And children of both sexes learn, above all, that gender matters. The social cues that help construct gender are present from the beginning of children’s lives. For example, many parents decorate their babies’ rooms in gender-specific wallpaper, such as adventure-theme paper depicting planes for boys and passive themes such as daisies for girls. Some studies have indicated that adults handle female and male infants differently. Parents, for example assign different chores to children. Boys are often required to mow the lawn or wash the car, whereas girls are usually asked to cook and clean. Many experts point out that children learn most of what they know about gender expectations by watching role models, usually their parents. In the eyes of many, traditional gender roles lead to discord between the sexes. For this and other reasons, determining where notions of gender come from is continuously debated. Whether biologically determined or socially constructed, gender unquestionably shapes interactions between men and women, for better or ill.

(megaessays.com/viewpaper.html)

m The question whether men and women are biologically or socially determined has been discussed for more than two centuries. ia

According to neuroscientists women’s brains carry messages faster than men’s brains.

I !

The right hemisphere of our brain is responsible for our ability to put feelings into words.

m Women can speak about their feelings more easily than men.

m The quantity of testosterone is higher in men than women. m Men are as good educators as women due to the quantity and effect of different hormones, say experts. I I

Social constructionists believe that culture and society influence our future gender role.

m

Boys and girls learn at an early age that it is important for them to know which sex they belong to.

2.

HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS

i

m Parents are taught how to pass social roles to their children by the radio, T V and magazines. m

W hen helping their parents boys rather stay in the house while girls work outdoors.

You are goin g to h ea r five p eop le talking a b o u t their relationships. C h o ose the b e st d escrip tion o f w hat e a c h o n e says from the list A-F. T h ere is o n e letter w h ich you do n o t n eed to use.

Relationships

m Believes hard times can be overcome by love. MUi Is convinced that young couples compete for a long time. I I

Suggests a peaceful way of ending a relationship.

m

Thinks nothing can ruin people’s happiness.

S I Is worried about his/her friends’ disapproval.

m Talks about bitter childhood memories.

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3, C E L E B R A T I O N S

May all your troubles last as long as your New Year's resolutions. (Joey Adams)

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Words to find: BANKHOLIDAY CELEBRATION CHOCOLATE CHURCH CRUCIFIXION EASTERBUNNY EASTEREGGS FAMILIES HOLIDAYS H OTCROSSBUNS JE SU S RESURRECTION SIMNELCAKE SPRING

3. C E L E B R A T I O N S

7?? f Questions

m Are festivals and celebrations important in your family? El

W hat are your favourite family occasions?

m

Have you ever had a surprise party?

El

Why do you think young children enjoy birthday parties so much? How would you decorate your home for a birthday party?

m

On what other occasions are your family together?

m

W hat customs and traditions are attached to Christmas?

El El m

Are Hungarian Christmas traditions different? What and how do we celebrate at Easter? How is Easter celebrated abroad?

E H Do you have your own family tradition? m

W hat are festive meals like in your family?

m

W hich is better for celebration: homemade dishes or going to a restaurant?

Cl Is it a good idea to make presents for your loved ones rather than buy something in the shop? m

How do Hungarians celebrate New Year’s Eve?

E 3 W hat public holidays are celebrated nationwide? m

Mention a few typically British public holidays.

E H W hat do Americans celebrate that is typical of their country? m

Do you think it is a good idea to “import” holidays from abroad?

E SI W hat special or unusual Hungarian festivals do you know of?

Answers

.;:7

E l Are festivals and celebrations important in your family? Absolutely. These are the occasions when the family members get together, either the nuclear or the extended family, depending on the nature of the festival. W hat I really like about them is that these are times when everybody’s hectic lifestyle slows down a bit, we sit down together round a nicely laid table and spend a few happy hours eating and talking, simply enjoying our relatives’ company.

m

What are your favourite family occasions? My absolute favourite is Christmas, definitely. It has such a special atmosphere that nothing can surpass. The whole of December is full of thrills and joy, the very expectation of the coming festival is exciting in itself. Those special smells and the sight of the glittering

3. C E L E B R A T I O N S Christmas tree is a surprise for me every year. I simply love looking at the faces of my loved ones after opening their presents from me. W hen I was younger I used to look forward to my birthdays very much, but now they are not so important any more. m

Have you ever had a surprise party? a) Two years ago my best friends wanted to give me a real surprise and organized a party like that. I was totally unaware of what was going on as it was disguised as a casual Friday night get-together. Not suspecting anything I rang the bell of my friends home but nobody answered. I tried the door and it was unlocked but I could see it was dark inside. I found it extremely strange but stepped in. At that moment the lights went on and all my friends were standing there in the hall with a birthday cake singing Happy Birthday. I was so astonished I couldn’t say a word for minutes.

b) No, never. As a matter of fact, I only saw such surprise parties in movies as they are very popular in some countries, as far as I know. I imagine it can be really heartwarming to experience that your family and your friends deeply care and want to see you happy on your special day.

E S Why do you think young children enjoy birthday parties so much? Kids are always hungry for surprises and excitement, be it the present they get to the sweet taste of the birthday cake with the surprise marzipan figure on top. As most of them enjoy company, the very thought of spending a whole afternoon playing and having fun together with their best friends and relatives fills them with joy.

¡¡Bit How would you decorate your hom e for birthday party? As I have two kids born in two different parts of the year we have spring and autumn birthday parties. These are long-awaited occasions for them as they usually count the number of nights they have to sleep through before the big day. On the day itself we usu­ ally decorate the children’s room with colourful bal­ loons and the dining-room where the cake is going to be served is decorated with streamers, balloons, a sizeable “Happy Birthday” letter-string in colourful letters, the kid’s name and age are blue-tacked on the dining-room mirror. Underneath, the table is nicely laid with some flowers and festive serviettes.

n

On what other occasions are your family together? They are mostly happy occasions when we get together with the extended family such as a wedding or the baptism of a new family member. However, we also gather together on

3, C E L E B R A T I O N S sad occasions, like a few weeks ago we met our family at the funeral of my uncle and after the ceremony there was a wake where we had some food and drinks and remembered the deceased of the family.

m

What custom s and traditions are attached to Christmas? The period of Advent, which is when we wait for the magic festival to come, is full of traditions. It is customary in many families, especially those with children, to make or buy a special calendar with a small “window” for each day in December. Parents hide small presents like sweets, stickers or the like behind those windows so kids get surprise every day to make the long winter days pass by faster for them. It is also a tradition to light a candle every Sunday four weeks before Christmas on a wreath in the living-room. The lighting of the fourth candle symbolizes the arrival of the festival. Well before Christmas British families bake the Christmas cake, which is so rich that it stays fresh till the 25th of December. Hungarian families start baking cookies and gingerbread a week before. In the festive period there are famous fairs in several European cities, where anything from presents to Christmas decorations can be bought, and there’s the wonderful smell of roasting chestnuts and mulled wine permeating the air. Very often there are Christmas charity bazaars to raise money for those in need.

Ü

Are Hungarian Christmas traditions different? Hungarian Christmas is a bit different from English both in timing and in traditions. For Hungarian kids the 24th of December is the most important day, unlike British children who look forward to the 25th each year. In Hungary kids get their present on Christmas Eve, not the next morning. Apart from the beautifully wrapped presents under the Christmas tree Hungarian children don’t get goodies in their socks on the mantlepiece because they get those sweets in red bags earlier, on 6th December, at “Mikulás” (St Nicholas’ Day). There are differences in the festive dishes as well. Hungarian Christmases are exclusively family occasions whereas in England, as far as I know, people are likely to spend Boxing Day (26th December) with friends. In Hungary a typical festival spent with friends is New Year’s Eve.

BUI What and how do we celebrate at Easter? We celebrate Easter on Sunday, at the first full moon after the spring equinox. At this time we commemorate the resurrection of Jesus Christ and the beginning of spring. The festive period begins with Good Friday, two days before Easter Sunday. People usually go to church and women and girls paint eggs for the Monday male visitors. The different Easter symbols are eggs and chicks referring to new life, while the bunny symbolizes fertility. On Easter Day, which is always a Sunday, people eat traditional dishes such as hard-boiled eggs, cooked ham with spring radishes and yellow cottage cheese made in different ways. Also, there are some special Easter cakes. A typical Hungarian tradition is the sprinkling of girls and women with perfume, or originally with water, on Easter Monday. In return for the sprinkling boys and men get either hand-painted or chocolate Easter eggs and an invitation to the table full of homemade dishes and cakes.

3. C E L E B R A T I O N S L

BSS How is Easter celebrated abroad? In Great Britain families organize egghunts in the garden and children are challenged to find the eggs hidden in the bushes. They also eat something typical of the festival called hot-cross buns. They are usually eaten toasted with some butter spread on them. In the USA kids take part in egg-rolling competitions. They have to roll the eggs down from the top of a hill so that the eggs don’t break. In both countries, as well as in Hungary it is customary to send greeting cards to those you care about wishing them a happy Easter.

ESI Do you have your own family tradition? Our family tradition is connected to Christmas. It was best when we were young children. My father always hid the Christmas tree somewhere in the garden so we couldn’t take a look at it till it was fully decorated with the presents underneath in the living-room. On the 24th we kids always went over to “help” our granny bake the cakes, but now I know Dad only wanted us to stay away from home while he was decorating the tree. When we went back home with the cakes everything was ready and as we stepped into the room we could hear a bell ringing and my parents were standing by the tree and the sparklers were all lit. They enjoyed our surprise and joy so much that the same ritual was repeated every year till we got out of primary school. Now we decorate the tree together and very often remember those good old days.

m

What are festive meals like in your family? My mum and my granny are really fussy about home cooking so when we have a family occasion they spend the whole day in the kitchen making the most wonderful dishes on the planet. We usually have a starter, very often clear meat soup with semolina noodles which are my favourites, then there’s a choice of two or even three main courses as they want to please every member of the family. This is usually the point when nobody can swallow a bite more, still there are the cakes and cookies that they have been baking for days on end. Most of the family members are in for a slimming diet after such a meal, still we enjoy them a lot. However, I’m not sure they are equally enjoyable for those who do the washing up afterwards.

m

Which is better for celebration: hom em ade dishes or going to a restaurant? a) Going to a restaurant is always a special occasion for me for two reasons: I love being spoilt every now and then since there are some very good places to choose from and I also cherish the thought of not having to cook and do the dishes afterwards. In a restaurant I feel I am a guest and not a servant.

b) Nothing can beat homemade dishes, especially if it is a memorable occasion. Restaurant food may look fancy and complicated but home cooking involves feelings like goodwill, care and love. These are the ingredients that make those dishes really special for every occasion.

3. C E L E B R A T I O N S

1 i

m

Is it a good idea to make presents for your loved ones rather than buy som e­ thing in the shop? a) To be honest, I have never tried making a present for anybody by myself as I don’t think I am clever enough with my hands. Also, I seem to lack ideas as to what I could make. Bet­ ter still, I just try and figure out the secret wishes of my loved ones, sometimes even with the help of explicit questions and then I make for the shops to spend a couple of hours to find the perfect presents.

b) In my family I am known to be the creative one, I have been enjoying doing handicraft since primary school. I think I am lucky in this respect as I can give presents which are unique, personal and therefore very special for those who get them.

m

How do Hungarians celebrate New Year's Eve? New Year’s Eve in Hungary is the top party time for young and the not-so-young alike. People organize house parties, but very often they go out somewhere to have fun. It is usually the families with young children who celebrate at home watching television. During the night people enjoy themselves by talking, eating, drinking, listening and dancing to music. At midnight they all listen to the national anthem standing up and after it they clink their glasses filled with champagne and wish each other a Happy New Year. Nowadays there are fireworks displays and people can also buy fireworks for home use which they let off in their gardens after midnight. The partying usually goes on into the small hours.

B 3 What public holidays are celebrated nationwide? Apart from Christmas and Easter we have some other public holidays that we celebrate every year. On March 15th we commemorate the events of the Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence of 1848-49, a day in late May or early June is Pentecost, August 20th is the day of the new bread and also the day of our first king, Stephen I. On October 23rd we remember the declaration of the Hungarian Republic and November 1st is All Saints’ Day when people go to the cemetery to remember their dead. These are all bank holidays.

Mention a few typically British public holidays. Some typically British red-letter days are 1st March, which is St David’s Day in Wales and Ireland’s special day on the 17th of the same month is St Patrick’s Day. England’s national day is celebrated in April and they call it St George’s Day while Scotland’s national day, St Andrew’s Day is observed at the end of November. There’s another festival on November

H

r 3. C E L E B R A T I O N S i

5th, Guy Fawkes’ Day and this celebration commemorates the Gunpowder plot, that is the conspiracy of Catholics against Protestants. O f course, February 14th (Valentine’s Day) and 31st October (Halloween) are also special days but they are not bank holidays.

m

What do Americans celebrate that is typical of their country? The third Monday in January honours Martin Luther King Jr, Civil Rights Leader, combined with other holidays in several states. The third Monday in February is George Washington’s birthday, but it is very often referred to as Presidents’ Day and it is considered a day to honour all American presidents. The last Monday in May is called Memorial Day and people commemorate the nation’s war dead from the Civil War onwards. For the Americans a midsummer festival is very important: this is July 4th or Independence Day when people celebrate the Declaration of Independence with garden parties and fireworks. Another very typical American festival is the 4th Thursday in November, when on Thanksgiving Day families gather together over a traditional turkey dinner. Thanksgiving is a four-day weekend vacation for schools and colleges.

H I Do you think it is a good idea to "import" holidays from abroad? a) I personally think it’s good to have some more festivals which are relatively new, such as Valentine’s Day and Halloween. Even if they are not Hungarian in origin, February 14th celebrates love, while Halloween gives a good opportunity for parties and having fun.

b) I am not too happy about imported holidays as I believe they have nothing to say to Hungarian people, simply because they have no tradition in our culture. What we do nowadays is the slavish imitation of foreign customs while we tend to forget about events which are much more Hungarian.

S I What special or unusual Hungarian festivals do you know of? Hungary has several festivals which are unique or special, there are wine and brandy festivals in different parts of the country, sausage-making festivals, and different fruit festivals during which apples and plums play the most important roles. August 20th is the time of a wellknown cultural event both inland and abroad, this is the Debrecen Flower Carnival. Beside the mobile floats decorated with flowers a lot of dancers and musicians march and parade through the town on this day. In the evening a spectacular fireworks display marks the occasion.

3. C E L E B R A T I O N S

Wordlist alike

s'laik

egyaránt

astonished

e'tonijt

megdöbbent

attach

9'taetf

társul

be spoilt

spoilt

el van kényeztetve

be unaware of sth

Ane'wee sv

fogalma sincs vmiről

beat

but

túlszárnyal

blue-tack

'bluitsek

gyurmaragasztó

brandy

'braendi

pálinka

cem etery

'semiteri

tem ető

cham pagne

Jaem'pein

pezsgő

charity bazaar

'tjseriti be'za:

jótékonysági vásár

charm

tja:m

talizmán

cherish

'tjenj

féltve őriz, dédelget

clink glasses

kliqk 'glaisiz

koccint

com m em orate

ka'memereit

megemlékezik

conspiracy

k0n'spir9si

összeesküvés

custom ary

'kAstomori

szokásos

declaration

dekla'reijn

kikiáltás

disguised

dis'gaizd

leplezett

egg-rolling competition

'eg.rouliQ kompe'tijn

tojásgurító verseny

enduring

in'djueriQ

tartós, maradandó

equinox

'nkwinoks

nap-éj egyenlőség

explicit

ik'splisit

egyértelmű, nyilvánvaló, nyílt

extended family

ik'stendid 'fsemili

a tágabb értelemben vett család

fair

fee

vásár

fancy

'fsensi

különleges, luxus, díszes

fertility

fe'tiletr

termékenység

festive

'festiv

ünnepi

fireworks displays

'faisweiks di'splei

tűzijáték

for days on end

fo: 'deiz ©n 'end

napokon keresztül

fussy

'fASI

nagy hűhót szokott csapni

generous

'c^eneres

bőkezű, adakozó

gingerbread

'd3 ind30bred

mézeskalács

glittering

'glitariq

csillogó

Good Friday

'god .fraidi

nagypéntek

goodies

'gudiz

édesség, finomság

gratitude

'grsetitjuid

hála

ground almond

'graund .aimand

őrölt mandula

handicraft

'hasndikraift

kézimunka

heartwarming

'ha:two:mir]

szívmelengető

hectic

'hektik

hektikus, felbolydult

honour

'one

lerója tiszteletét

in a decent way

in 8 'dirssnt wei

tisztességesen, rendesen

inland

'inland

belföldön

lack ideas

'l03k ai'diaz

ötletek híján van

letter-string

leta.strit]

betűzsinóros felirat

long-awaited

loQa'weitid

várva várt

mantlepiece

'msentlpus

kandallópárkány

m arch

mcutj

masíroz

mark the occasion

'maik ői e'keijn

fémjelzi az ünnepet

mobile float

'maubail,flaut

mozgószínpad, itt: virágkocsi

mulled wine

'mAld wain

forralt bor

nuclear family

'njuiklia 'faemili

a szűkebb értelem ben vett család

pass on

'pa:s ,on

átad, továbbad

Pentecost

'pentikoust

pünkösd

perm eate

'parmieit

beleng (levegőt vmilyen illat)

plot

plot

titkos terv, cselszövés

property

'propati

vagyon

raisin

'reizin

mazsola

resurrection

reza'rekjn

feltámadás

ritual

'ritjual

rituálé, szokás

roast chestnuts

'raust 'tJestnAts

gesztenyét süt

sausage-making festival

'sosid3,meikir] 'festival

kolbászfesztivál

semolina noodles

seme'lune ,nu:dlz

grízgaluska

serviette

saivi'et

papírszalvéta

3. C E L E B R A T I O N S

1 í

sizeable

'saizsbl

m éretes

slavish

'sleivij

szolgai

sparkler

'sparkle

csillagszóró

spectacular

spek'taekjule

látványos

spring radish

'sprirj .reedij

hónapos retek

sprinkling

'sprit] klit]

locsolkodás

stream er

'struma

szerpentin (bulidekoráció)

surpass

ss'pais

túlszárnyal

the deceased

09 di'snst

az elhunytak

the national anthem

őe 'naejnl 'sen09m

a nemzeti himnusz

timing

'taimirj

időzítés

unique

ju'niik

különleges, egyedi

wake

weik

halotti tor

wreath

ruő

koszorú

yellow cottage cheese

jeleo ,kotid3 tjnz

sárga túró

your beloved ones

jo: bi'lAvid WAnz

a szeretteid

You are goin g to read an article a b o u t a p erson al a cco u n t of C hristm as far from Europe. So m e phrases have b e e n rem ov ed from the text. C h o o se the right p h rases from the list (A-M) to fill the gaps (1-10). T h ere are tw o extra phrases that you do n o t n eed . Write your an sw ers in the b oxes below . T h ere is an exam ple (0) at the begin n in g.

My Christmases in Australia We live in Melbourne Australia, so we don’t have a Winter Christ­ for the time mas. It’s summer here then H ___________ of year, we usually celebrate Christmas time with the air con­ ditioner running to keep cool!! Very hard for some people to believe. My parents came out from England in the late 1950’s and so over the years, our Christmases were full of regular English traditions from a very cold climate. Things have changed a bit over the years K S __________ for the heat and changing times.

m

r 3. C E L E B R A T I O N S Now I’m married with my own family and this is a typical Christmas for us: About two weeks before Christmas, I finally decide I should do the Christmas present shopping and it’s a mad rush from then till Christmas Eve. Every year I keep saying I will buy gifts ________________ , but I never do and I think the rush and exhilaration is all a part of that special Christmas spirit. At the same time, a lot of the people in our area decorate their houses and gardens with lights, animated Santas and other wonderful sights. The nights ____ (remember we are talking about summer here), our family climbs in the car and drives round, windows down, looking IB_ ________ . Five years ago, we joined in this tradition, by placing 500 lights in a forty foot gum tree in our front yard. No fancy colours or flashing, but the sheer height of it looks great.

m____

m____

We love real trees ____ or a branch in a pot. Decorated by the whole family, it looks nice and welcoming. Presents are piled around it and we keep the animals away from it. The cats do love to try and climb the tree! On Christmas Eve I do the cooking. Our Christmas dinner will consist of roast turkey, roast potatoes, pumpkin ___________ ____ as well as salads, cold ham, cold chicken, king prawns and crayfish (lobster).

El

Dessert is always my m others trifle recipe and a pavlova coated with cream, strawberries and passionfruit. Mince Pies, lollies (candies) decorate the table. The actual table is adorned ___________ ____ , and christmas candles. Christmas Eve is also spent watching the Tradi­ tional Carols by Candlelight at the Sydney Myer MusicBowl in Melbourne on the television. For the night we leave chocolate chip cookies and a glass of m ilk out for Santa.

m

On Christmas morning, the presents from Santa are opened and then we sit around the tree and share the presents .

m______

We have our main Christmas meal at lunchtime. Turkey is served cold as are all the other meats mentioned. However, m ___________ ____ , we always have hot vegetables and gravy accompa­ nying the meal. The weather is varied at Christmas time and I remember one year where it was 40 degrees Celsius (110 degrees Fahrenheit). Another year, it was chilly and there was actually snow in the Alps on Boxing Day. It was the only time _________ ___ it snowing in Victoria at Christmas time. W ith the climate, it didn’t settle though.

m

(www. thekoala.com/christmas2.htm)

m m we bought for each other ■3 being quite warm m

at all the lovely displays

m

with a few compensations

I I

so we either use a live one in a tub

ID

way in advance

m with a festive tablecloth

1

3. C E L E B R A T I O N S

1

111 sticking to tradition

n

decorated from top to bottom

S 3 and other hot vegetables 1EB I had ever heard of

m with a candlelit dinner at 8 0

: i : : z

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

m

A

In this se ctio n you are goin g to h ea r ab ou t the history of a British spring festival. Your task is to circle the letter of th e c o rre ct answ er (A, B or C). First, you will have so m e tim e to study the task, and th e n w e will play th e recording. Th en , after a sh ort pause, listen to the record in g again. At the end, you will have some m o re tim e to c h e c k your answ ers. T h ere is an exam ple (0) at th e beginning.

Pancake Day 13

Pancakes in England are a traditional

S3 dessert. breakfast dish.

m party meal. B S Pancake Day is celebrated m before Easter. K B after Easter.

m

MS on a Thursday. On this day people fry pancakes because according to tradition

m they must eat something delicious. m only pancakes are allowed to be eaten. m leftover food has to be finished.

m The festival is celebrated

12 with a funny contest.

SB with football games.

m in England only

3. C E L E B R A T I O N S

El

The tradition began

ES after Lent. ■ D when a woman went to church smelling of frying fat. 8 3 about 500 years ago.

El

Competitors

ES are women only. ED must run without dropping the pan. 1 3 must go to church on that day. The winner

ES can eat the pancakes.

m gets a kiss.

1 3 can ring the bell.

4.

CONSUMER SOCIETY

^ Warmer Find the w ord that does n o t fit in th e line.

SB

consume, sell, buy, save, pay, produce

B

department store, bakery, jeweller’s, shoe shop, cinema

13

cash, credit card, coin, wallet, banknote

■ 3 savings account, debt, credit, loan, mortgage

m commercial, junk mail, job ad, newspaper, billboard, advertisement m

currency exchange, dry-cleaner, photocopying shop, bookshop, key cutting

13 ID

bargain, full price, sale, low cost, discount lottery ticket, postcard, envelope, post code, magazine

7?; f Questions m

What do we mean by consumer society?

m

W hat do you spend your money on?

m

Nowadays people buy more things than they need. Do you agree?

El

Do you like shopping? Why? Why not?

H

Do you think it’s worth waiting for the sales to do your shopping? Why?

m

How do you like paying?

m

Why do people become shopaholics? Suggest ways to overcome this addiction.

m

W hat is the aim of advertisements in general?

m

W hat forms of advertising are used nowadays?

m What is your favourite shop? W hy do you like it? m Is it a good idea to have a credit card? m Why are shopping centres so popular nowadays? Do you often visit them?

r 4.

CONSUMER SOCIETY

I B

What makes a good ad or commercial?

10

Are you influenced by adverts?

m

Are there any products that you think are cleverly advertised? Give examples.

m Are there any advertisements you’ve seen recently that you object to? W hat don’t you like about them? 11

What services are available in your village or town? Are post offices important in the 21st century? Why? Why not?

FE I Do you tip the person whose service you use? go y /

m

Is tipping widespread/common in Hungary?

| Answers What do we m ean by consum er society? Consumer society is a society in which individuals are encouraged to spend money on new products and services so as to benefit the economy. Therefore manufacturers and service providers promote their mass-produced goods and services through mass media and sell them to people who often buy more than they need or even can afford. Such society seems to be dominated by buying and spending.

m

What do you spend your m oney on? a) I get pocket money regularly but I don’t spend it as soon as I get it. I always save my money. I’m mad about new technology and latest gadgets. At the moment I’m saving up for an IPod.

b) I can’t really handle money. Whenever I get some money I feel like spending it. I rush to the biggest shopping centre and buy some new clothes. I like being fashionable and it makes me happy if I am admired or envied by my friends.

m

Nowadays people buy more things than they need. Do you agree? a) Yes. In the era of consumer society shops are fully packed and customers are regularly tempted or charmed. Shops offer discounts, bonuses and all of them apply all sort of tricks to force you to buy things you did not plan. They continuously rearrange the display of goods; there is a bakery with the smell of fresh bread in each supermarket; there are newly opened stalls in a shopping mall, etc. We simply can’t resist such temptations.

b) Unfortunately, they do. You should be very “narrow-minded”, straightforward, armed with a shopping list to which you must stick to be able to leave the store with no extra items.

E l Do you like shopping? Why? Why not? a) Yes, absolutely. I enjoy walking in the streets and window shopping; I take an active part in the family’s weekly shopping. We go to a big supermarket and buy food for the week. I’m

4. CONSUMER SOCIETY also into visiting the market as I like wandering from stall to stall carefully choosing the freshest, most attractive products local farmers grow. The icing on the cake is when I have some money to spend on clothes; I’m in seventh heaven then.

b) Not really. It takes a lot of time and energy to do the regular shopping for my family. Luckily my husband often does it for me. I make a long shopping list and he carefully selects the goods. As we are on a tight budget, he never buys anything not on the list. As for buying clothes, I normally go to a big store and buy fashionable clothes at a reason­ able price.

I D What is your favourite shop? Why do you like it? a) The grocery’s opposite our home. It’s very close to our house, is open long hours and it has a wide range of goods. If we run out of anything at the weekend I just go down and fetch a carton of milk, a tub of sour cream or a bottle of mineral water. The shopkeeper knows us very well, and she is very friendly. I like their bread the most. They have home-made bread from Transylvania.

b) My favourite shop is the bookshop in the new shopping centre. It is very spacious, and many books are displayed on the shelves. They also sell DVDs and CDs. There is a coffee bar in one corner, where you can browse through the book you would like to buy while drinking fine coffee or tea.

1HJ Do you think it's worth waiting for the sales to do your shopping? Why? a) Yes, definitely. Seasonal sales start very early, in the middle of the season itself, so you have enough time to wear the clothes that you buy at half price. W hat’s more they are still fashionable. There are so many clothes in the shops, that if you are lucky you can pick up a few good bargains in the sales.

b) I would like to buy clothes at a lower price, but I hardly ever find anything in my size. Products of good quality are not reduced and I hate crowded shops. W hen the sale kicks off shops are full of customers. You have to jostle in the crowd to reach a shelf or a box and you have to queue for hours at the changing room if you want to try something on.

I Q How do you like paying? a) I prefer payment in cash. I don’t trust technology, and I like to know exactly how much money is in my wallet. I don’t earn a lot, so I have no money to waste. I know that this is old-fashioned, but I can economise in this way, and as I pay cash I always have some coins in my purse even at the end of the month.

b) I always pay by credit card. It’s very convenient; I do not have to count my banknotes or coins. Moreover, I have an overdraft facility on my bank account, so I will be able to pay at the cash desk even if my account is in the red.

mIs it a good idea to have a credit card? Yes and no. It is good, because this form of payment is fast and easy (if you can remember the pin code of your card); but it can also be dangerous. We often hear about online crimes involving credit cards. Some crafty hackers may have access to your bank account, might clone (copy) your credit card and can withdraw money from it. Another disadvantage of a credit card is that if you do not keep in mind how much money you have, you can spend many times more than you can actually afford. In this case, you have credit card debt, which means you have to pay back your debt plus the interest. Nowadays, banks are far more cautious with their money, and I have heard of cases when people finally went bankrupt.

d

Why are shopping centres so popular nowadays? Do you often visit them? a) Shopping centres offer a wide range of shops, services and many other facilities. There are all kinds of shops; food stores, trendy boutiques, sports shops, jewellery, footwear and underwear, accessories, book and music shops, florist’s and newsagent’s. They provide all sorts of services, as they may have a post office, a currency exchange, a dry-cleaner, key cutting, shoe and watch repair, a hairdresser or an in-site carwash. You can also eat and drink there, as there are cafes, bars, and restaurants. Shopping malls are easily accessible, and have a big parking lot which in many cases can be used free of charge. In addition, concerts and entertainment programmes are regularly organised to attract customers.

b) I often go to the Plaza as I like its cinema and before and after the film I can window shop, eat or drink something and I like its atmosphere a lot.

c) I go to the Forum once or twice a month, and I can buy everything we need under one roof. Parking is free and while having my coat dry-cleaned I can do the weekly shopping. Moreover, there is a playground for the kids, so they don’t bother us while we are shopping.

U2J Why do people becom e shopaholics? Suggest ways to overcom e this addic­

tion. Shopaholism or compulsive buying is an addiction that is linked to materialism, reduced self­ esteem, and an inability to tolerate negative feelings, pain, loneliness, boredom, depression, fear or anger. For shopaholics spending money is a form of escapism, a means of achieving happiness. Shopaholics’ lives are emotionally empty; they fill their lives with things, and shopping is a form of therapy. Buying something new makes their lives happier and more fulfilling. However, spending can get out of control and can lead to massive credit-card debt and financial ruin. It may spoil relationships, can cause work problems, and even depression

4.

CONSUMER SOCIETY L

À

and anxiety. This addiction is difficult to detect, but like other addicts shopaholics need professional help. Nowadays almost anybody can become addicted to shopping, so to avoid it here are some tips. First of all, reduce temptations, and go to a shop only when it is necessary. Make lists before going to a shop and do not buy anything else. Take a trusted friend with you, who you really listen to. If you see something and long for it think over whether you really need it or just want it. Leave your credit card at home, and rip up credit card offers before reading them. Try to develop other ways to handle emotions: do some sport, watch a film or play with your friends.

m What is the aim of advertisements in general? Advertisements are a form of communication intended to persuade the viewers, readers or listeners to take some action. Commercial advertisers try to persuade potential costumers to purchase their products or use their service by creating a desire for that particular item or service. Public service advertising informs, educates and motivates the public about non-commercial issues, such as HIV/AIDS, political ideology, energy conservation or deforestation. Political parties, interest groups, religious organizations and governmental agencies rely on this mode o f persuasion, which has proved to be a powerful educational tool capable of reaching and motivating large audiences.

m

What forms of advertising are used nowadays? Different types of media can be used to deliver advertising messages, including traditional media, such as newspapers, magazines, television, radio, billboards or direct mail. Branding is a very popular form of commercial advertising. It involves the repetition of an image or product name so that the potential costumers or consumers associate related qualities with the brand in their mind. T V commercials are the best examples of this. Endorsement or celebrity branding focuses upon using celebrity fame, money and popularity. Celebrities may endorse a brand by “sharing” their favourite products or wearing clothes of a specific brand or designer. Teens are the main target audience of this kind of advertisement as they follow celebrities and try to imitate their favourite icons. W ith the dawn of the Internet and mobile phones many new advertising opportunities appeared. There are web pop-ups, web banners, flash banners, micro sites and mobile phone screens.

m

What makes a good ad or com m ercial? A good ad or commercial should be persuasive and entertaining, thought-provoking and informative, creative and funny. It should spark human interest and invoke the right emotion in the mind of the viewer. It should have the power to completely change the mind of the viewer, listener or reader to buy the new item instead of the old favourite. Moreover, the style and the image should appeal to the target group.

1 9

r 4.

CONSUMER SOCIETY

k

m Are you influenced by adverts? a) O f course I am. I believe nobody can escape from it. It does not matter how hard you try to avoid advertising, it’s everywhere. I am into Formula 1 and I must admit I have tried both Becks and Foster beers because of their sponsorship of the sport.

b) I don’t like commercials, but I trust newspaper inserts, which convince me effectively to visit a certain shop which has a sale on an item I need. Moreover, they offer coupons, and I am willing to try a new thing, such as shampoo or toothpaste, if I have a coupon for it.

c) I have become immune to advertising. I trust people’s personal opinion more, therefore I look for consumer recommendations on the net; and I read special websites and blogs before booking a package tour or choosing accommodation.

m Are there any products that you think are cleverly advertised? Give examples. a) Yes. Somehow all the commercials that promote beer are very memorable. They are simple, funny and there is always something unexpected. My favourite one is when a guest coming to a party brings a huge piece of cheese. W hen the box (its form resembles a big cheese) is opened several bottles of beer are revealed. Soon after that an enormous baguette is “pulled apart” which contains another bottle of the same brand of beer. Then everybody is invited to taste the cheese with a piece of bread. It’s really amazing.

b) I like all Milka ads; lilac for me always means that fine chocolate. In Milka commercials the background is always the picturesque landscape of the Alps and they have managed to develop an association of that strange lilac cow with their products. The influence of this image is so strong that according to a survey many city children (not only in Switzerland) believe that cows are lilac.

Are there any advertisements you've seen recently that you object to? What don't you like about them? a) I loathe commercials and posters which use the image of a nude woman to promote their products. What has a beautiful young female body to do with taps or cars? Women are dealt with as a product that can be bought. It’s totally appalling.

b) I always become upset whenever I hear in a commercial that “we are the best” or “our product is the best compared with all similar products available in the market”. I hate being told what to like; let me decide myself what to choose.

c) Commercials create a false image of Hungarian society Each family appearing in these films has a wonderful, spacious house with brand new furniture and all kinds of high-tech household appliances. The husband is handsome, the wife is pretty and energetic, there are two lovely kids and their car is worth several millions. Why do they stupefy millions of poor people like me? It’s really annoying.

4. CONSUMER SOCIETY

m

What services are available in your village or town? a) I live in a big town and we have all kinds of ser­ vices: postal, banking, delivery and repair. There are currency exchanges, dry-cleaners, hairdress­ ers, beauty salons, opticians and photocopying services.

b) I live in a small village, but we are well provided with services. There is a post office, a bank, a petrol station, a garage, a hairdresser’s, a chemist’s and a photocopying shop.

1 3 Are post offices important in the 21st century? Why? Why not? Post offices are important even in the era of e-mail. If we have to send an official letter which ought to be registered the best way is sending it by ordinary mail. Many people don’t trust bank money transfer and pay their electricity, telephone or gas bills using the postal service. Others send parcels and packages to their friends or relatives by post, and quite a few online and mail-order companies use this delivery service. It is true that delivery by post is fairly slow and not very reliable, but it is cheaper than any other delivery service. In the last decade the Hungarian Post Office has extended the range of its services to meet the clients’ needs as much as possible. Nowadays post offices offer banking and insurance services, and besides envelopes, greeting cards and magazines you can buy travel cards (season tickets), stationery products, all kinds of lottery tickets and even sweets there.

E 3 Do you tip the person whose service you use? a) It depends. If the service is fast, of good quality, and is carried out with particular attention I do tip the person who serves me. I tip the petrol station attendant if he fills my tank and cleans the windows of my car. I always give extra money to the hairdresser and the beautician. I am generous with a waiter or waitress if he/she is fast, friendly and I am satisfied with the food they have served.

b) No, never. I deal with people too (I’m a shop assistant) and nobody gives me a tip; the customers sometimes leave the shop without even saying good-bye. If I use a kind of service I pay the price. And anyway, service charges are too high.

S 3 Is tipping w idespread/com m on in Hungary? Tipping is widespread and even expected in Hungary at the hairdresser’s, beauty salons, petrol stations and garages, and taxi drivers are also tipped. The salary of a hairdresser or waiter is very low, as the employer knows that they will be given tips and the money they get from the customers is calculated in their pay. Although a service charge is included in the price of a meal or drink, the customer is expected to give the waiter at least 10% of the bill as a tip.

4. CONSUMER SOCIETY

Wordlist access accessible according to a survey achieve addiction admire

'æ k se s ak 'sesebl 9'ko:dit] tg 9 S9'vei

afford

9'fo:d

annoying

9'noiiQ

appalling

9'po:lir)

appeal to armed with attract avoid bank account bank loan banknotes

9'pi:l ta a:m d wiő

banner

'bæ ng

bargain becom e immune benefit billboard boredom

'baigin

branding

'brændirj

browse bulletin board cash

'bulatin bo:d kæ j

celebrity branding

si'lebriti 'brændir]

charm

tja:m

coin com m ercial advertising com m ercial

koin ka'm aijal 'ædvataizit]

compulsive buying

kam'pAlsiv 'bairj

a'tjiiv g'dikjgn gd'maig

e'trækt 9'void 'bærçk a'kaunt 'bær]k 'leun 'bæ qknaut

bi'kAm i'mjuin 'bemfit 'bilboid 'boidam

braoz

ka'm aijal

hozzáférés elérhető egy felmérés szerint elér függőség csodál anyagilag m egengedhet valamit idegesítő megdöbbentő, meghökkentő hatást gyakorol vkire felfegyverkezik vmivel vonz elkerül, kerül bankszámla bankhitel bankjegy hirdetési szalag, szalaghirdetés jó vétel immunissá válik hasznot húz hirdetőtábla unalom egy bizonyos márka reklámozása böngész, olvasgat hirdetőtábla készpénz híres emberek általi reklámozás elvarázsol, megbabonáz, elbűvöl érme, aprópénz kereskedelmi hirdetés reklámfilm m egrögzött, kényszeres vásárlás

4.

consum er recom m endation consum er society consumption convenient convince

CONSUMER SOCIETY

W

karísjuima .rekamen'deijn

fogyasztói ajánlás

kan'sjuima sa'saiati kan'sAmpJan kan'vuniant kan'vins

fogyasztói társadalom fogyasztás kényelmes m eggyőz ravasz számítógépes betörők valutaváltás hajnal adósság üzenetet közvetít vágy vmi iránt kimutat, észrevesz, észlel kedvezményt adó kupon leértékelés az áruk elrendezése bemutat, kirak tisztító szem etes takarékoskodik, spórol ösztönöz, bátorít népszerűsít, reklámoz híres emberek általi reklámozás irigyel korszak elszökik, megszökik légvárépítés, menekvés valutaárfolyam szolgáltatások hírnév idehoz, leugrik vmiért anyagi romlás lekötött betét felugró hirdetés követ fizetési mód ingyenes belépés ingyenes szerkentyű, mütyür

crafty hackers

'kraifti 'haskaz

currency exchange dawn debt deliver m essages desire for detect discount coupon discount display of goods display dry-cleaner dustbin econom ise encourage endorse

'kAransi iks'tjeind3 do:n det di'liva 'mesid3 iz di'zaia fo: di'tekt 'diskaunt 'ku:pon 'diskaunt di'splei av 'gudz di'splei 'drai 'kiírna 'dAstbin i'konamaiz in'kArid3 in'dois

endorsem ent

in'doismant

envy era escape escapism exchange rate facilities fame fetch financial ruin fixed-term deposit flash banner follow form of payment free entrance free of charge gadget

'envi 'iara i'skeip i'skeipizem iks'tjeind3 'reit fa'silitiz

feim fetj fai'naenjal 'runn 'fikstaim dípozit 'fisej 'basna 'folau 'fo:m av 'peimant 'fri: 'entrans 'fri: av 'tja:d3 'gsed3it

.

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i

4. CONSUMER SOCIETY

generous governmental agency grocery handle high-tech household appliances icon in seventh heaven in the red influence informative insurance service interest go bankrupt jostle key cutting kick off lilac loathe loneliness long for manufacturer mass

’d 3e n e re s .g A v e ’m en tl ’e id 3en si 'g re u s e ri haendl 'h a i.te k 'h a u s h e o ld a 'p la ia n s iz 'a ika n in 'se ve n © 'h aeven in ő a 'red 'in flu a n s in 'fo im e tiv 'in jo e re n s 's e :v is 'intrist 'g e o 'baet]krApt d 30sl 'ku 'kAtir] 'kik 'of la ila k la o ő 'le o n lin e s Io i q 'fo : .m aan ju 'faekftere m ass

m ass-produced

'm sesp re d ju rs t

m ortgage newspaper inserts nude

'm o :g id 3

object to

e b 'd 3e k t te

obtain optician's overdraft credit parcel parking lot persuade persuasion persuasive petrol station attendant picturesque landscape place emphasis on

e b'tein

'n ju :z p e ip a 'insert n ju :d

o p 'tijn z 'a u v a d r a ift 'k re d it p a is l 'pazkirj 'lot p a 's w e id p a 's w e i 3a n p a 's w e is iv 'petral 'stei/n e 'te n d e n t p ik tja 're s k 'Ise n d ske ip 'pleis 'e m fa s is a n

nagylelkű, adakozó állami szerv, intézmény fűszerbolt bánik vmivel korszerű háztartási esz­ közök ikon a hetedik mennyországban deficitje, adóssága van hatás információt tartalmazó biztosítási szolgáltatás kamat tönkremegy lökdösődik, furakodik kulcsmásolás kezdődik vmi lila utál magány, m agányosság vágyik vmire gyártó töm eg töm egterm eléssel előállított jelzáloghitei újsághirdetés m eztelen ellenez, ellenérzéssel van vmi iránt szerez szem ész hitelkeret csom ag parkolóhely m eggyőz m eggyőzés m eggyőző benzinkutas festői táj hangsúlyt helyez vmire

4. CONSUMER SOCIETY

policy 'polisi pop-up ‘pop 'Ap powerful educational tool 'pauafel ec^ukeijenl 'tu:I professional help pra'fejanal 'help promote pra'maut promotional material pra'maujanel ms'tisrisl pull apart 'pul e'pait purchase 'paitjas purse pais queue kju: reach nitj rearrange ri:a‘reind3 reasonable price 'ruzanabel 'prais reduce temptation ri'djuis temp'teijn reduced self-esteem ridjuist 'self a’stirm registered mail 'red3 ista:d 'meil resist temptation n'zist temp'teijn ri'vnl reveal rip up 'rip 'ap rush TAJ seilz sales save m oney

'seiv 'mAm

save up for seasonal sales service charges spacious

'seiv Ap 'for 'snzanel 'seilz 'saivis 'tja:d3 iz 'speijas

spark human interest

'spa:k 'hjumen 'intrist

spoil stall stupefy

spoil stoil ‘stjuipifai

tab

tseb

target audience tear off tempt the icing on the cake thought-provoking tight budget

'taigit 'oidians 'tea of tempt '6i ’aisir] 'on 6a 'keik '©o:t pra'vaukir]) 'tait 'bAd3 it

tip

tip

H

politika felugró hirdetések hatásos nevelőeszköz hivatásos segítség reklámoz reklámanyag széthúz vásárol; vásárlás női pénztárca sorban áll; sor elér átrendez elfogadható ár csökkenti a csábítást alacsony önértékelés ajánlott levél ellenáll a csábításnak felfed, m egm utat széttép rohan kiárusítás, leértékelés megspórol, összegyűjt pénzt gyűjt vmire szezonális kiárusítás szolgáltatási díjak tágas felkelti az emberek érdeklődését elront, tönkretesz árusítóbódé, asztal butít papírcsík, papírszalag (letéphető) célközönség letép csábít hab a tortán gondolatébresztő szűkös anyagi lehetőség borravaló; borravalót adni vkinek

4.

CONSUMER SOCIETY

tolerate transfer money upset wallet wander waste of money waste well provided wide range of goods widespread window shopping withdraw money

'tolareit treens'fa: 'mAni Ap'set 'wollt 'wonda 'weist 8v 'mAni w eist

'weI pra'vaidid waid 'reind3 av 'gudz 'waidspred 'windau 'Jopiq wiő'dro: 'mAni

tűr, tolerál pénzt utal ideges tárca, pénztárca kóborol, bóklászik pénzpocsékolás pazarol jól ellátott széles áruválaszték elterjedt kirakatnézegetés pénzt kivesz automatából, levesz a számláról

0S Reading Comprehension You are going to read an article about shopaholism. Six paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs A-G the one which fits each gap. There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. There is an example (0) at the beginning.

The Price of Being a Shopaholic Fiona Murray appears to be a typical affluent shopper. In her forties, attractive and well dressed; she buys four pairs of shoes and two handbags on a newly opened charge account. But though she looks good, inside she feels terrible, as she has an addiction to spending.

m______

The hit of “intense pleasure” she gets from being handed her wrapped purchases may be overtaken by a “sense of powerlessness and guilt” by the time she reaches the shop door - and later by “profound self-disgust”. But it’s a rush of comfort so intense that she’s as addicted as any substance abuser.

m______

Experts are divided over what causes shopaholicism and how best to treat it. Yet compulsive shopping is not recognised as a unique disorder - and most experts see it as a symptom of a broader mental health problem, such as anxiety or depression, accentuated by Western prosperity and the influence of advertising.

m___

“It’s healthy, up to a point. But the sheer volume of spending power today means that most people’s homes are full of objects they rarely use. It’s the purchasing that gives the satisfaction.” The solution is to “live wisely without being mean or puritanical, but to respect your own space and the objects you buy with your hard-earned money”.

m______

The organisation helps people in debt to find new skills to pay off the money they owe - and, equally importantly, addresses the psychology of shopaholicism without trying to change people’s fundamental nature.

m______

“I’m aware of the abundance in my life that has nothing to do with money or buying things,” she says. “I realise that I’ve got enough of most things, and that’s improved my quality of life enormously. I’m also more positive about myself. It’s going to take me four years to pay off my debt. But if I can pay off £42,000 of debt in that time, what will I be capable of next?”

13_________ (www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/)

118

When Lynn Daniel, 40, went on a New Working Ways course, to help clear her £42,000 debt, her attitude to life changed.

■1

It’s a change of heart Gill Kay, co-director of New Working Ways, has witnessed many times. “The extraordinary discovery we’ve made is that an addiction to spending money can switch to compulsive saving quite easily,” says Kay. “We have people now who can’t walk past a building society without paying money in.”

m As many as eight per cent of Americans are shopaholics, and nine out of 10 of them are women, according to recent research at Stanford University. Though similar studies have not been conducted in Britain, there’s growing concern that the addiction is taking a grip here.

m She hides clothes in the locked boot of the car until she can throw away the shopping bags -

“as an alcoholic gets rid of bottles” - and stuffs clothes in her wardrobe, “as a bulimic crams food in her mouth”.

£

Martin Lloyd-Elliott, a psychologist in Chelsea, London, treats shopaholics with behavioural therapy. “Retail therapy is commonly used to describe a feeling with which we’re all familiar making ourselves feel better by spending money,” he says.

RS

New Working Ways, a lottery-supported financial recovery programme in Leeds offers more practical solutions.

r 4.

CONSUMER SOCIETY

i

iv\ Listening Comprehension You are going to hear som eone talk about identity safety. Your task is to give short answers to the questions below. First, you will have som e tim e to study the task, and then listen to the recording. Then, after a short pause, listen to the recording again. An example has been done for you.

ID Safety How do data prove that identity fraud is a booming business? In 2007 there was a

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m How many people fall victim to such a crime yearly? It is estimated that about __ ______ _________ ___ m W hen is it advisable to cut personal information into pieces? You should shred sensitive inform ation___________ ______ m How often should we check our credit reports? Authorities recommend to check th e m _________ _______ E l

m

What do people tend to use for passwords and PINs? They use How can thieves “get hold of your identity”? They may have access to them if

El

How do lenders check your real address? They use_____________

m How should we treat cold calls and e-mails for special details? We should

5. F A S H I O N

5. Fashion Fashion can be bought. Style one must possess. (Edna Woolman Chase)

From the text below ten words are missing. Fill in the gaps with the right words.

traditional, formal, are dressing down, a tie, casually, to dress up, shorts, occasion, clothing, T-shirt

_____ . If I’m going to visit friends, I gener-

Every day, I try to dress for the K i ally

m

E3

dress

m ___

_________________

.

I

wear

jeans,

. In the past, I made it a habit m

in a suit and m more and more people m

and

I

________________

____________________

on

a

for work

in the workplace, and this is more accepted ____________________

I put on comfortable shoes. Overall, I think new fashions are r e p la c in g ® ones, but I also think we should try and preserve typical traditional ¡3 3 It’s an important part of our culture and heritage.

Questions ■ a W hat do you think of fashion? How do you choose your clothes?

El Where do you buy your clothes? E3 Do you enjoy browsing in second-hand clothes shops? El What do you like wearing on weekdays? El How do you dress for a special occasion? m

throw

_________ because it was important to give a good impression, but

now. W hen I exercise, I generally wear some H

H

might

. In the case of a date, I usually wear a nice shirt, but nothing too

What are you wearing now?

ES W hat are your favourite accessories?

and a sweatshirt and

5.

FASHION

El

W hat is your hairstyle like?

m

How often do you go to the hairdresser’s?

m

What services do hairstylists offer?

SH

Do you regularly visit the beautician?

Ill

W hat kind of cosmetic treatments can you choose from?

m

Do you often wear makeup? How can you look after your body in the comfort of your home? Are cosmetic products for home use as effective as they are advertised?

m

Are you in favour of natural home beauty treatments or do you prefer the ones available in shops?

m

Have you ever stayed at a spa hotel?

US

What was it like?

EBM “Beauty is only skin-deep.” Do you agree?

y / f Answers

SI

m What do you think of fashion? a) I think wearing something fashionable gives you that “rounded” feeling. However, you must be really careful because fashion can deceive people easily: the fact that an item is fashionable doesn’t mean that it looks good on you. It depends on what sort of person you are because if you like following the crowd then you’ll be open to all kinds of fashion trends, but if you’re more unique then probably not. I believe that fashion goes in cycles, things that used to be fashionable come back in style later. As for me I admire some of the comfortable styles, and I truly believe that wearing something that makes you feel good about yourself is all that matters.

b) I’m not particularly interested in current trends, I usually wear what I like. I don’t care much about fashion as long as what I wear is comfortable and not too expensive. But I do have my own style and people notice it quite quickly. Even though they don’t dare to comment, I can sense that they find it weird (for example I love gypsy skirts, as long and as wavy as possible). And I don’t really care if people don’t like it. I have invented my own style and I stick to it.

m

How do you choose your clothes? Choosing my clothes is usually an on-the-spot decision for me. As I love shopping and window-shopping I usually get a fairly good idea of what is trendy in a particular season. Nowadays there are so many stores and boutiques to choose from that visiting them with my friends has become a sort of leisure time activity for us. What I try on and what I really buy are not always the same. Buying something is the result of carefully considering the style, colour, material and, most importantly, the price of a particular item.

5. F A S H I O N

m Where do you buy your clothes? I usually buy my clothes in the international fashion shops o f the malls that have recently appeared in Hungary. Their collections are colourful, always up-to-date and you can even find some very good bargains, especially in the sales. I occasionally go to second-hand clothes shops too, but I don’t often find a really good item. I have also tried mail order from big catalogues and was fortunate to find that the garment I ’d chosen looked exactly like the one in the picture. What’s more, the size was also perfect. I ’ve heard other people’s disappointing stories about ordering from catalogues so I think I was a lucky exception.

m Do you enjoy browsing in second-hand clothes shops? a) I love these shops! I have an absolute favourite one and the clothes on sale there are consistently of excellent quality and very well taken care of. Lots of revered clothing labels that I would never normally be able to afford the originals of pop up there. The truth is that I’m broke most of the time and I have no issue about wearing things that someone may have become too big for. Second-hand clothes are a wonderful solution to today’s economic crisis and also help to reduce the environmental impact of manufacturing new clothes. To me going to that shop is always like going on a treasure hunt, as I often find something for a fraction o f the original price.

b) I hate these places so I never go to second-hand clothes shops. I have tried shopping in them and I must say that the ones that are really inexpensive have this awful smell all over the place while the ones that sell quality second-hand clothes off the peg are not cheap at all. Also, I could never get rid of the thought that somebody has already worn that particular item.

m W hat do you like wearing on weekdays? a) On an average weekday I don’t make much fuss about getting dressed in the morning, I usually put on what I first find in my wardrobe. I work in an office but I don’t meet a lot of people so I just wear what I feel comfortable in. My favourite items are jeans, a T-shirt and a jumper or a cardigan in cold weather.

b) My conviction is that you should make the most of your looks at all times. You simply owe it to yourself to feel good when you look in the mirror and, at the same time, have a positive effect on the people around you. That’s why I always take special care how I choose my clothes in the morning, I like experimenting with colours and patterns, matching the clothes I have in as many different ways as possible. I also neatly do my hair and makeup and complement my outfit with carefully chosen accessories every single day when I meet people.

5. FASHION i S ! How do you dress for a special occasion? Before going to the theatre I usually put on something elegant. I love silk blouses with a nice string of pearls and earrings, velvet skirts or satin trousers and, of course, a nice pair of highheeled shoes. I never fail to find my small, elegant black handbag in my wardrobe. I also have that “little black dress” that is said to be a must for every woman. At a party I like wearing something more extravagant, like glittering tops, colourful materials and more conspicuous accessories. For any special occasion I always wear my favourite Chanel perfume.

¡¡¡I What are you wearing now? a) Right now I am wearing a trendy pair of Calvin Klein jeans with a beige lycra top. I have chosen my favourite woolen sweater to keep me warm. I’m also wearing a pair of highheeled black boots I recently bought and feel both attractive and comfortable in. As I love fashion jewellery, today I have chosen to wear this long necklace with a matching bracelet and earrings. b) Now I am wearing what I usually prefer: a pair of dark grey trousers with a long-sleeved pinstriped cotton shirt and a knitted vest. My shoes are also comfortable, brown leather ones, ideal for both work and time off-work, and my woolen socks keep my feet warm. My only accessory is my Rolex watch.

m What are your favourite accessories? I love hairclips, they are of all sizes and colours to match what I am wearing. They are easy to use and ideal for having a hairdo in a matter of minutes. I’m also fond of fashion earrings, to be quite honest I simply adore the big, chunky ones. But when it comes to real jewellery, I have a silver ring which has a special place in my heart as I inherited it from my grandmother.

m What is your hairstyle like? a) I wear my hair quite short. I used to have longer hair years ago but now I find it more practical as I don’t have to bother with it every morning. I can also shampoo it while having a shower and drying it doesn’t take more than five minutes. I regularly go to the swimming pool which is yet another argument for keeping my hair short.

b) My hair is long and naturally wavy, so I need to take special care of it. I wash it weekly and use different kinds of haircare products. I like to complement my shampoo with some herbal conditioner and a special serum to prevent split ends. Before blow-drying I evenly spread some curl activator on it which makes my locks bouncy and the finishing touch is routinely some volumizing hair spray to tame the frizzes and add shine.

S3 How often do you go to the hairdresser's? a) Going to the hairdresser is an event I always look forward to. I get an appointment every other week for different reasons. First, I can’t really do my hair on my own, plus my

I

5. FASHION hairstyle requires monthly cuts. Secondly, I simply enjoy the atmosphere of the beauty salon and I know a lot of the customers who are also regulars. The smells of the haircare products mixed with that of freshly percolated coffee, and the careless chatting of women waiting for their turn gives the place a real homey touch,

b) I am not a regular at the hairdresser’s as it is usually my mum/wife who cuts my hair. She can do it quite well although not professionally. I don’t really need any special styling, I just blow-dry it or let it dry when the weather is nice. We bought a trimming set in the sales last year, and since then we haven’t had to pay for this service.

OS What services do hairstylists offer? W hen you enter a hairstylist’s studio you can see the services they offer and the prices they charge on a notice on the wall. There are some common services, such as shampooing, cutting and blow-drying hair, but you can have some special hairdos for occasions like proms or weddings when the hairstylist puts your hair in curlers and then combs it in a spectacular fashion. It is also possible to have your hair straightened, or if you want curls you can have your hair permed. If you want to change your haircolour you should ask for frosting, highlights, lowlights or an all-over colour. Nowadays some hair studios offer new services: hair lenghtening and sewing to make your hair look thicker, maybe even wigs or fake hair to change your appearance dramatically. m

Do you regularly visit the beautician? a) I have neither the time nor the money to go to the beautician’s. I am said to be lucky as my skin is problem-free, I only need to apply some moisturizer every morning and before bed after cleansing my face thoroughly. I know I’m still young and perhaps that’s why my skin doesn’t show the symptoms of aging yet so I can imagine that in a few years’ time I might feel the need to try a beauty salon’s services.

b) I try and see my cosmetician every other month. I work hard so I think I simply deserve those two hours when I can forget about my problems and just enjoy being pampered. What I particularly love is the 30-minute face massage that my beautician is so skilful at. It eases my stress, relaxes my muscles and leaves me absolutely refreshed.

m What kind of cosm etic treatm ents can you choose from? Cosmetic treatments are aimed at enhancing the look of the skin especially on the face. They promise a younger looking appearance or problem-free skin. There are several traditional and advanced high-care treatments that you can choose from, depending on your means. Probably the most popular ones are acne treatments for the younger generation and anti­ wrinkle treatments for those above thirty. Women also make an appointment with their beauticians if they want to have special makeup done before an important event like a ball or if they want to have their bodies waxed to look good at the beach. You can have your eyelashes or eyebrows dyed at the beautician’s and even get a piercing. For more advanced cosmetic

5. F A S H I O N treatments, like body sculpting, skin rejuvenation and cellulite treatments there are special beauty salons but they very often charge incredible prices for their services.

m Do you often wear makeup? a) No, I don’t. In fact, I am not very good at such artistic skills and I choose not to try and make a clown of myself. If I have to look really good for an event I arrange for an appointment with my beautician who is a real professional and knows what suits me best and how much makeup is tasteful.

b) I wear makeup nearly every day, though I also try and give my skin a “day-off” quite regu­ larly, mostly at weekends. During the week as I meet lots of people I want to look as good as possible. I put on some neutral eyeshadow, apply some mascara and a touch of lipgloss and blusher. I finish it off with some loose powder and that is all there is to it. For an evening party or any other special occasion I prefer a more dramatic look and apply darker colours, eyeliner, curling mascara, perhaps even false eyelashes, shimmering lipstick and powder.

fyU How can you look after your body in the com fort of your home? As women’s magazines are full of useful tips, if you care to read about it first it is relatively easy to give your body a real treat without leaving the comfort of your home. You may even turn your bathroom into a veritable spa. Looking around in your fridge and pantry offers you a wide choice of facial masks, natural body peeling and relaxing bath additives and hair care products. Herbs and plants from your garden or even from your balcony enrich the possibilities which are almost endless. You can also give yourself a nice facial or body or sole massage, the technique of which is certainly not witchcraft, what’s more, books and online articles on the topic are widely available.

m Are cosm etic products for hom e use as effective as they are advertised? Probably not, and this is certainly not the fault of the product itself, but simply due to the psychology of advertisements. They always tend to exaggerate in order to make people buy the products in question, and promise instant results. I guess everybody should take these promises with a pinch of salt. The process of aging can be slowed down but cannot be stopped altogether. To see how effective a product is you need long-term use, but first and foremost: a careful and well-informed choice.

5. F A S H I O N

m Are you in favour of natural hom e beauty treatm ents or do you prefer the ones available in shops? a) I am rather lazy so whenever I need a beauty care product I buy it in my favourite store in the shopping centre I regularly visit. I most often buy shower gel, shampoo, body lotion, facial cream, deodorant and toothpaste. I stick to the store’s own brand which I find to be a very good quality and cost-effective at the same time. True, that these products are made from organic ingredients and contain the minimal amount of chemicals. Occasionally I also order from beauty care catalogues and I am quite satisfied with the products they sell.

b) Natural is the best, this is my motto. You can only trust a beauty product if you make it yourself and know what goes into it. It is very easy to m ix a facial mask from fruit, vegetables or dairy products or to concoct some hair rinse to leave your hair supple, silky and shiny. Obviously you can’t make a face cream or body lotion at home but you can always get your beautician or chemist to make some for you. After all, who knows your skin type better than your cosmetician?

101 Have you ever stayed at a spa hotel? a) So far I haven’t had the chance to pay a visit to any of these places, although I often see them advertised in magazines and on websites. To be quite honest as they are pretty tempting I regularly check the prices and they seem a bit too expensive for a family like mine. Also, in the future I don’t think we could afford a minibreak like that unless we win one in a game.

b) Yes, last September I stayed at a four-star hotel and spent a wellness weekend there. The hotel is situated not far from the town centre in picturesque surroundings. It provided a safe and guarded parking lot, had a small inside park, a big and quiet terrace, relaxing and sunbathing areas. Our room was beautifully furnished, had a T V set with many satellite channels, Internet connection and a minibar. However, what we enjoyed most about the room was the beautiful panoramic view of the town which we admired every time we looked out of the window.

What was it like? Besides the comfortable beds the wellness facilities of the hotel offered a wide range of opportunities for relaxation. In the basement there was an indoor swimming pool, a Jacuzzi with thermal water, aromatic and infra saunas, and a well-equipped fitness room. All the facilities were free of charge, and it was possible to use them from early in the morning till late at night. As we looked for not only relaxation but partial body recovery, we tried some services in the beauty salon. I had a fruit body polish and manicure, while my daughter asked for a foot bath, pedicure and foot massage. After that we both had a head, neck and body massage which lasted for an hour. Following the treatments we had a light, healthy lunch, then went up to the room and had a nap in the afternoon. As for the evening entertainment, we went to a theatre on Friday night and our Saturday evening was spent in a wine museum, where we took “active part” in a wine-tasting ceremony. On Sunday we left the hotel totally relaxed and feeling literally reborn.

r

5. FASHION

i i "Beauty is only skin-deep." Do you agree? The phrase refers to the outward beauty of a person. O f course, we must realise that a person can be beautiful on the inside. Such a person is often referred to as a “lovely” person. However, when we refer to something beautiful we are usually referring to outward appearance. What the phrase is trying to emphasise is that the outward appearance of a person counts for nothing, but it is what lies beneath the skin, the actual person him/herself is what really matters. I believe the underlying message of this saying is completely true. Nevertheless, I also see the need for a person to look as good as possible within reasonable limits, that is, it is not necessary to seek a plastic surgeon’s services to qualify for that. It is quite enough to take good care of your body, try to stay healthy, fit and slim and think positively.

5. F A S H I O N _

Wordlist accessories admire adore all-over colour anti-wrinkle treatm ent attractive bargain bath additive be broke be pampered blow-drying blusher body lotion body recovery body sculpting bouncy browse chunky cleanse comb complement consistently conviction

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5. FASHION A go well with guarded parking lot hair rinse hairclip hairdo have a nap have no issue about doing sth have one's body waxed have one's hair permed

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5. F A S HI O N

1 J

satin shimmering lipstick shower gel skin rejuvenation sole m assage spa

'saetin 'Jimarit] 'lipstik 'Jaua d3el skin rijuivs'neijn soul m 33'sa :3 spa:

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supple

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5. FA SH I ON

You are going to read an article about the dark side of the fashion industry. Your task is to find the letter (A-H) of the sentence that most appropriately summa­ rizes what the paragraph is about and m atch it with the paragraph. Write your answers in the boxes below. There is one item you do not need to use. The first one (0) has been done for you as an example.

When Fashion is Dangerous 158______________ The most dangerous aspect of fashion is the size of the models. Every woman that I know cannot help but compare her own figure to those of the anorexic, waif-thin models that walk the runway. The creatures of the high fashion industry have paved the way for even Twiggy to look plump.

D

______________

“Thin” is a strange addiction. Models of the 1930’s, 40’s and 50’s were women who had curves. It was not until the 1960’s that the fashion industry took a dangerous turn into forming the attitude that “thin” was “in”. The power of the fashion industry on forming the attitudes of beauty and acceptance have been dangerous for at least half a century.

m ____

Its power reaches everyone from the teenager who is sticking her finger down her throat to stay thin, to the pre-menopausal woman who is so tired of fighting her own body that she is having the fat sucked out of every part of her, no matter the cost to health or bank account. These examples are not unique. This strange attitude of forcing starvation tactics onto women is truly dangerous. It is not simply dangerous for the woman’s physical health, it is equally important that it has wreaked havoc on her mental health.

m ____

Fashions that are made for models whose breasts will never develop,who have lost their menstrual cycle because of extreme dieting, who have become ill and died from taking diet pills and other forms of drugs are a mere reflection for those of us who are continually dissecting all parts of our bodies that are not the ideal of this sick idea of “perfect”.

13_________ As most of the world literally starves, it is the greatest irony that our daughters, friends, mothers, grandmothers, as well as ourselves are being conned into believing that the only acceptable form of “beauty” is to look half dead from lack of food, and to have never developed into women.

5. F A S HI O N

1 f

i

t

m _______ Do women run the fashion industry? It is a disturbing thought to imagine what has been behind the last 50 years of “High Fashion”. Thankfully there are certain things that are being done, although slowly, to help counteract peoples warped sense of what is truly “fashionable”. Recently, models who were too thin were not allowed to walk the runway in Spain. Tyra Banks has at last, included plus size models on her show, “Americas top model”, and Dove brand soap has done a complete ad campaign to encourage the acceptance that women of all ages, sizes and colours are beautiful.

m _______

Fashion becomes dangerous when it is deadly. Hopefully, we as women will learn to embrace and accept our bodies and not continue this misogynistic trend. (www.helium.com/items/247164-when-fashion-is-dangerous)

IBS There have been steps taken to avert the dangerous trend. ■1

m m m

Be on the alert: there are serious health consequences. t o d ^ o d d s of zero srze create afalse image.

11P1 Women should think twice before doing anything silly. The turning from normal to abnormal was gradual.

1E3 Apparently, cosmetic surgery is the only solution. What is a disadvantage in the third world is considered an advantage in developed countries.

CO It is dangerous madness for the young and old alike. 1

2

3

4

5

6

c

In this section you are going to hear some interesting facts about beauty. Your task is to write the letter of the correct answer in the boxes below. First, you will have some time to study the task, and then we will play the whole recording in one piece. Then, after a short pause, listen to the recording again. At the end, you will have some more time to check your answers. There is an example (0) that has been done for you. E ! = TRUE E H = FALSE ( S = THE TEXT DOES NOT SAY

What is Beauty?

m m IB

The idea of being beautiful is all around us in almost every walk of life. People are generally not sure who is beautiful. Beautiful women have stunning hair.

ii

5. F ASHI ON

i Health is an important element of personal beauty. Babies like watching faces. Happiness is caused by adrenaline production in the body. Sadness is associated with darker colours in clothes. There’s no need to do complicated things if you want to look healthy. Beauty and symmetry are closely related. There is nothing you can do to maintain facial and bodily symmetry. If others think of you positively, you are considered beautiful.

n

2

3

D

5

6

7

8

9

10

6. HOUSI NG

111

6. Housing The city is not a concrete jungle, it is a human zoo. (Desmond Morris)

♦V Warmer The following words which are in connection with city and country life form opposites; find the pairs. village, clean, densely populated, industry, crowded, quiet, huge, dirty, natural, congested roads, spacious, empty, sparsely populated, clean, high, urban, cramped, agriculture, town, tiny, low, artificial/man-made, noisy, rural, empty streets, polluted

Questions E l Where do you live? Do you like living there? H

What are the advantages and disadvantages o f living in the countryside?

El

W hat are some of the problems big cities have?

m

m

What changes need to be made to large towns in order to improve the lives of the people living in them? Why do people move to live in the green belt areas of big cities?

1 3 Where would you prefer to live in the future? m

Would you ever consider living in another country?

C l What facilities are there in your neighbourhood? m

EE! ESI

W hat kinds of entertainment are there in your area? In what way would you improve the area where you live? Is burglary very common in your area?

PEI W hat are neighbourhood watch schemes?

EH

Do you believe that they can work effectively?

m

W hat measures would you take to protect your house from being burgled? W hat would you like to change about your house/flat?

nu

6. HOUSING

Describe your ideal home (surroundings, layout, and furniture). H i Compare the way of life in a flat and a house.

EES

What is an eco-friendly house like?

n Where do you live? Do you like living there? a) I live in a town in the North-Eastern part of Hungary. I like this town as I got used to its buildings, the churches, the busy main square and the forests on the outskirts. A town without any particular geographical features - some sort of water or hills - is said to be dull; however we do not feel any boredom here. There are a lot of man-made sights - historic and modern buildings, sculptures and statues, parks and ponds - which compensate for the “frugal” nature.

b) I live in a small village in the North of Hungary. It is located in a valley, surrounded by beautiful mountains. I like living here because of the scenery I see every day. However, I am considering moving to a bigger place, as it’s almost impossible to find a proper job here, and when my kids grow up they’ll need good schools and richer social environment.

m What are the advantages and disadvantages of living in the countryside? Living in the countryside has many advantages. First of all, this is man’s natural environment. You are in touch with the land, feel the rhythm of nature, you always breathe fresh air. As you are fairly active, you are in good health. Another good point is that the country is safe. “The countryside is a place where you don’t have to lock your car or even your front door.” If you’re a parent, you will have fewer worries about unpleasant influences that your children might be exposed to. Country people have their own houses, big gardens, and the cost of living is lower. On the other hand, there are fewer jobs, educational and entertainment opportunities. Therefore many people commute every day to earn their living. Villages and small country towns do not have secondary or higher educational institutions, so if “village children” want to study they must go to a bigger town. In the countryside few festivals, concerts and cultural events are organised but nowadays with the help of modern technology and communication - cable TV, Internet, DVD player, etc. - people have access to a wide choice of entertainment in rural areas as well.

I I What are some of the problems big cities have? City life seems to be quite unnatural. It’s an artificial, man-made environment, where you are surrounded by high buildings, congested roads, honking vehicles and jostling crowds of people. Vehicles and factories emit

6. H O U S I N G

1 poisonous gases so the main problem is air pollution. Consequently town people often develop respiratory diseases, and are not as healthy as country people. As the number of dwellers in big towns is on continual increase there is always a shortage of housing. The majority of citydwellers live on housing estates where their housing conditions are limited to apartments. It is due to high estate and house prices and rocketing rents. Some other problems of a town nowadays are the rise in serious crime, the increasing rate of unemployment and the growing number of homeless people. Large modern cities are too big to control. There are so many pickpockets, thieves, drug dealers, beggars, homeless and young people hanging around in a town, that this often scares visitors, tourists or peaceful citizens off and they do not go out in the evenings to enjoy the benefits of city life.

E l What changes need to be m ade to large towns in order to improve the lives of the people living in them? The urban environment needs to become a better place to live. First of all, the problems of road congestion and traffic jams during the rush hours should be solved by developing public transport, encouraging walking and cycling. Local councils should invest in a greener infrastructure; they should create new parks and gardens. The crime rate should be lowered by having a stronger police force and more surveillance cameras should be installed in busy squares and subways. New jobs should be created to provide people with the opportunity to earn their living. The problem of housing may be solved by giving more financial help (subsidised loans, low interest-rate mortgages) to young people to create their own homes.

E S Why do people move to live in the green belt areas of big cities? In the city houses and small flats are very expensive; most people simply can’t afford them. The cost of the maintenance of flats on a housing estate has increased significantly in recent years, and many people have swapped their flats for small cottage houses on the outskirts. Moreover, city centres have become unliveable as you cannot find peace and quiet there. The roads are congested day and night, if you want to be in the fresh air you have to travel several kilometres. In a suburb you can sit in your garden, and children can play outdoors all day long.

E l Where would you prefer to live in the future? a) I study in a country town but I’d like to live in Budapest. There is always an event which is worth visiting. New films and plays are premiered, there is a wide range of exhibitions, and all sorts of concerts are held, so that everyone can find something that suits their taste. Our capital is the centre for business, banking, marketing, culture and education providing a wide range of job opportunities. It’s easier to find a proper job there than anywhere else in the country.

b) I’d like to live in a suburb of a big town. I don’t like crowded places, the city rush, I need peace and quiet. I would like to have an orchard with all kinds of fruit trees, grow my own vegetables, and provide enough space for my children to play. As I am fond of animals, I would like to have a dog and two cats. We may keep some domestic animals as well.

6. HO USING

m Would you ever consider living in another country? a) Yes. Actually I’ve been thinking about it for several years. My cousin studies in Spain, one of my friends married to an American guy and lives in Chicago, and several of my friends work abroad. Nowadays, the borders of the countries of the European Union have collapsed, just like the Berlin Wall in 1989. If you want to learn a foreign language, earn quite well and look around the world you should spend some years abroad. In a foreign country you get acquainted with a new way of life, a different way of thinking and your mind will get broader. Keeping in touch with your family is fairly easy, so you won’t lose anything or miss too many things.

b) No, never. I’m a great patriot. I was born here, Hungarian is my mother tongue; I cannot express myself in a very sophisticated way in any other foreign language. All the celebrations (family gatherings, national and religious holidays) mean a lot to me. I can’t imagine my life without seeing the Great Church every day, listening to the church bells at noon on the radio, inhaling the familiar fragrance o f my roses in my garden. This is my world.

m What facilities are there in your neighbourhood? a) I live on a housing estate which is not far from the city centre. It has all the necessary amenities we need every day. There is a supermarket, a cosmetics shop, several services, a post office, surgery and a pharmacy. We have an open street market with vegetables, clothes and flower stalls. There is a fitness centre, a skating rink and a school swimming pool which is open to the public.

b In my village there are few facilities. We have a supermarket, a hardware store, a post office and a few services. There is a football field where the local football team plays its county tournament matches. We have a 15-year-old swimming pool which had to be closed as the local council couldn’t maintain it. However, our roads are in a very good condition and we have bicycle roads almost everywhere, so at least the cyclists are safe.

E l What kinds of entertainm ent are there in your area? a) On our housing estate we are really short of entertainment facilities. There is a library and a small cinema in the building of the primary school. The library can be used by anybody, but it is only open on weekdays till 4 o’clock. The cinema works on Friday and Saturday evenings, but unfortunately old films are shown. We rarely go there. If we want to have fun we have to go to the centre.

b) My village has basically no form of public entertainment. There is a culture house, which used to have clubs for young and old people, a big hall for theatre performances and concerts, but two years ago the building was sold to an entrepreneur who turned it into a sewing workshop. We have a park with some benches, and in the summer young people gather there. We have two pubs. One is visited by the old and the other is the meeting place of the young. If we fancy dancing or listening to live music we should travel to the nearby town.

6. HOUSI NG

J

f

t

E3 In what way would you improve the area where you live? a) I would make it greener and more colourful. The swings, slides, and climbing frames in the playground should be made of wood and painted red or green. I would create a Dog Run - a large fenced-in area for dogs to exercise unleashed. Moreover, I would provide a wide range of recreational opportunities including parks where people would be able to have a barbecue, make a campfire on summer evenings. As our world is aging I would build more homes for elderly people.

b) I would build underground garages for cars so that children would have more space to play and cyclists could ride their bikes in a car-free area. I would employ more traffic wardens who would fine car drivers for parking on grassed areas or the pavement. Dog owners would also be punished if they leave their dogs’ dirt in the street. m

Is burglary very com m on in your area? a) Unfortunately, it is. Each year some sort of crime is committed in my neighbourhood. Cars are regularly stolen or terribly damaged (tyres are punctured, aerials torn off, rear windows broken), and burglaries occur weekly. At night it is not advisable to walk in the street, because there’s a gang of youngsters who often attack and mug people walking on their own.

—

b) No, it isn’t. I’ve never heard of any such case. There are some gangs and loud youngsters who sometimes roam around at night. And last week the police were called out to an extremely loud and disturbing house party at 4 a.m. Anyway, we have Neighbourhood Watch Scheme and it frightens criminals away.

m

What are neighbourhood w atch schemes? Neighbourhood Watch or Home Watch Scheme is the attempt of local people to tackle crime in the area where they live. Their aims are: to reduce the opportunities for crime (car theft, burglary) and anti-social behaviour (vandalism, graffiti) occurring in the neighbourhood by deterring would-be burglars and vandals. NHW is about looking out for each other, building a community spirit and acting together as the eyes and ears of the neighbourhood and picking up on anything that could cause concern or worry.

m

Do you believe that they can work effectively? a) I think this is one of the biggest and most successful crime prevention schemes ever. It is not about being a nosey neighbour or interfering in other people’s business, but about being a good neighbour and caring for your community. Since we formed our local Watch Scheme there hasn’t been any car theft and the fences have not been sprayed. I am a member of it, and support it financially each month.

6. HOUSING b) I don’t see the point. I pay enough tax for the government and expect the local police to secure my property. Anyway, I have my own alarm system with a fitted connection to the police station. My home is my castle, the police force should keep an eye on it not the neighbours.

m

What m easures would you take to protect your house from being burgled? We have a security door with a steel frame and three ultra-strong deadlocks. We live in a block of flats and there are three other flats on our floor, so I think it’s enough. However, if I lived in a house and had more valuables I would install a security system with door and window sensors, motion detector and indoor sounder to detect intruders. There are stateof-the-art surveillance systems which can effectively secure a house. I would also light the house properly outside, as a bright light can deter a would-be burglar. Keeping guard dogs is another good idea. They would guard the house and frighten strangers away.

FES What would you like to change about your house/flat? a) I’d like to replace my kitchen table with an island that functions for both dining and food preparation. And I would like to have a top notch mini gym in my spare room. I’d get all the fancy machines, then there would be no excuse for missing a workout.

b) I would turn the living room and the kitchen into one large area where the family could be together all the time. Moreover, I would put the sink under the window, so that I could enjoy the garden view while washing up. I would also enlarge the bathroom, would install a large, heart-shaped fizzy bath and two washbasins. But the most important would be a skylight. I’d like natural light and would keep lots of plants next to the bath.

U S Describe your ideal hom e (surroundings, layout, and furniture). a) My ideal home is on a hill in a forest that has tall deciduous trees. There’s a babbling brook nearby. The house is made of stone; the walls are covered with climbing ivy. As you enter a big open fire place is the first thing you see, the large living room is filled with antique furniture, and the walls are covered with paintings. There is a huge library and the whole room is lined with bookshelves. The French windows open on the woods, there’s a comfortable armchair in front of it. I’d be sitting there all the time reading or looking at the squirrels and deer drinking from the brook.

b) My ideal home is situated in a rural setting. Everything in the house - its design, construction and furnishing - is based on the combination of traditional and contemporary styles and materials. For example, the roof is thatched but the western wall is made of glass so I can enjoy the sunset. The kitchen area is large with stainless steel work surfaces and appliances but the floor is covered in simple local stone. A home movie theatre is a must, and so is the gym. There’s a nine-hole golf course and I’ve always wanted to have horses.

m Compare the way of life in a flat and a house.

6. H O U S I N G Living in a house is much better than living in a flat as you have more space, an outer area and more privacy. Everyone should have his/her own room, so that siblings do not have to share a bedroom, or the parents sleep in the living room. A house normally has a garage, a store room, a spare room, a pantry, so you can store things. You also might have a laundry, but if not at least you can hang the washing in the open air. You can keep animals, grow your own vegetables, and sit under the sky every evening. You do not hear the neighbours quarrelling or having a bath. Although I live in a flat I can t find any strong argument in favour of it.

m What is an eco-friendly house like? Eco-friendly or green homes are innovative solutions to housing problems and the impact they have on our environment. High efficiency solar panels generate all the electricity you could need while highly efficient batteries store enough power to keep you running through a week of cloudy days. The walls are highly insulated and then covered with natural brick and clay tiles. The windows are triple-glazed. Green homes make an efficient use of water. W ith methods involving the collection of grey water for reuse in non-drinking areas of the home, rainwater used for irrigation and the installation of efficient fixtures such as low-flow shower heads and dual-flush toilets, homes can drastically reduce their water consumption. There is of course, super efficient LED lighting, using low wattage and motion sensor light bulbs which last for around 100,000 hours.

El

6. HOUSI NG

á f c f Wordlist aging alarm system amenities attem pt babbling brook

19

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cso b o g ó patak

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akkumulátor

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blossom burglary care for

blosm

virágzik

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(városi) polgár

domestic animal dual-flush toilet dull dweller earn one's living effective enlarge

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6. HOUSING

1 1

estate flora and fauna French windows frighten furniture geographical features get acquainted with golf course have a barbecue heart-shaped fizzy bath heating system higher educational institution

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homeless honking vehicle housing estate illumination impact improve inhabitant inherit

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6. HOUSING

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6. H O US I NG

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£ Reading Comprehension You are going to read four short articles about eco-friendly houses. Match each sentence (1-10) below with one of the places (A-D). Write your answers in the boxes below. There is an example (0) at the beginning.

Eco-friendly Homes m

Portable M artin House-To-Go - This has to be one of the most practical, eco friendly houses on the planet. It definitely takes the term green to the extreme. W ith this portable house, you can pack up and move whenever you feel the need. The Martin portable house is constructed to the highest of building specifications and is weatherproofed with NASA accredited insulation that will endure harsh weather conditions.

■0

Ewok Tree House - The Ewok style tree house was designed by a Canadian carpenter. The wood and fibreglass waterproof exterior protects the inside of the house which comes with a working kitchen that includes a refrigerator, a sink and a microwave. There are also built-in beds but unfortunately when using the bathroom you must use the great outdoors. The spheres are suspended in trees and accessible by a series of rope bridges.

■a

The Zerohouse -The zerohouse can collect solar power and store energy for up to at least a week’s worth of usage. It also gathers rainwater in an elevated reservoir so that gravity can take its course instead of tapping into the power supply. Waste is processed into dry compost below the house and insulation and daylight are used to balance internal temperatures and maximize thermal performance. The house has everything needed for a weekend getaway or long-term residence. Everything in the house is automatic, with master controls wired to a central laptop computer. The Dome House - Believe it or not, this energy efficient, weather durable, Styrofoam expandable igloo shaped house of the future can be brought and assembled by you and two or three of your friends. It is rot, water, and termite proof, which automatically saves the inhabitants thousands of dollars in future maintenance costs. Using these materials provides a structure that is extremely resistant to earthquakes, hurricanes, and typhoons. (constructionmanagementdegrees.org/top-lO-extreme-eco-friendly-homes)

m

I f you buy this home you don’t have to think about furniture too much.

11

The material used for exterior protection has been approved by a reputable organisation.

6. H O U S I N G

J B

Even seven cloudy days do not leave this home without electricity.

E3

This house gives peace to people living in environments with frequent and recurring forces of nature.

E3

You can take active part in building this home.

ES

This home may provide permanent as well as temporary residence. Living in this house you might have some problems with hygiene.

m

If you buy this house you wont have to bother about continual renovation.

El ES

This home is totally based on electronic technology. Getting into this home requires a special physical ability.

101 You can take this home with you wherever you move.

Listening Comprehension In this section you are going to h ear a new s report about a charity. Your task is to w rite the letter of the c o rre ct answ er in the boxes below. First, you will have som e tim e to study the task, and then you will hear the recording. Then, after a short pause, listen to the recording again. There is an exam ple (0 ) that has been done for you.

Galvin Cooks up a Fresh Start for Troubled Youths

El

Galvin’s Chance project tries to help young people who live m

m m D

m

in rotten houses. on dangerous housing estates. near elegant hotels.

Chris Galvin, the leader of the project, is ________

13

a skilled cook.

E

a chauffeur.

m

a Michelin executive.

Teenagers will be trained in

m m

hospitals. tourist agencies.

1 3 hotels.

6. HOUSING

B

There has been a promise to tra in _____________

m

20 young people.

■ D more than 20 young people, maximum 20 young people. H

The idea of Galvin’s Chance came into M r Sirieix’s mind while he w as___

13

m

witnessing a murder. getting into trouble with a gang.

1 3 jogging in his free time.

E3

To start the project they should collect___

___

E 3 £13,000. B O £ 30,000.

13

1 3 £ 33,000. Another project called STOP was set by Alexander Rose whose friend was m

stabbed to death.

m

shot to death.

H sl mugged. m

To raise the needed money the charity is organising an event which involves

ES a running race and a reception. BT1 a walk and stair climbing.

K3

B

1

2

3

4

5

6

IS

0

a running race and stair climbing.

7. G L O B A L I S S U E S

7. Global Issues Take nothing but pictures. Leave nothing but footprints. Kill nothing but time. (Motto of the Baltimore Grotto, a caving society)

Warmer Crossword puzzle To find the vertical word (What's better than cure?) in the highlighted squares, fill in the right word in the horizontal lines. A letter is given to help you in every word.

G

1

N

2 H

3

B

4 D A

6 H O

8 9 10

L

T

Definitions: m

Large number of insects or animals that destroy crops.

C l

Strong rain and wind starting over the sea, rotating in big whirling circles.

El

Violent shaking of the earth’s crust due to movements deep underground and which can cause a lot of damage on the surface.

7. G L O B A L I S S U E S

E l

People who live on the slopes of a volcano are m o r e ____________________to possible eruptions than people who live further away.

m

Uncontrolled fire which destroys forests, jungle and vegetation as well as animal species, often getting out of control over vast areas.

E l

A series of gigantic waves caused by an earthquake, volcanic eruptions or landslides under the sea.

W k Shortage of water after a long period without rain.

E l

The continual wearing away of the soil by heavy rain, wind and poor land use especially in deforested areas.

S3

The building up of large quantities of water generally caused by heavy rains that the soil is unable to absorb.

il

Very violent gusts of whirling, funnel-shaped winds that spin along over the ground.

H R W hat are the most worrying environmental problems?

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Why is it difficult to cope with them? W hat is the greenhouse effect and what is it caused by? W hat international steps have been taken to fight global warming? Why is the depletion of the ozone layer extremely dangerous? W hat is happening to the forests of the planet? Why are the rainforests important?

E l W hat is meant by biodiversity? Which animals are on the edge of extinction? Apart from climate change why do certain animals die in great numbers?

H I Could you mention some species of animals that have already died out? Do you know why they are extinct? IS

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How do you think animals in danger could be helped? What do you think of zoos? What are the organizations that are interested in environmental protection and animal rights? Do you approve of animals performing in circuses? There has been an increase in natural disasters in the past decades. How does this fact relate to the ongoing climate change? W hat natural catastrophes are related to earth/air/water/heat and fire? How can people protect themselves and prepare for them? What other (not natural) catastrophes have happened?

7. G L O B A L I S S U E S

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What is happening to the natural resources underground? What is understood by sustainable development? Are you pessimistic or optimistic about the future of our planet?

I Answers

C l What are the most worrying environmental problems? Most of us worry about different kinds of problems. One category comprises those which are the direct consequences of environmental pollution. They are global warming and the greenhouse effect, the depletion of the ozone layer, shrinking polar ice, the risen sea levels, acid rain and climate change. Obviously pollution is the main culprit here, the careless and methodical destruction of land, water and air. Related to climate change extreme weather conditions may also cause serious damage in certain parts of the world. The greedy utilization of natural resources such as fossil fuels and forests have also taken their toll as well as overhunting of certain animal species, which are now on the edge of extinction.

E l Why is it difficult to cope with them? The biggest problem arises from the fact that pollution has already exceeded a certain limit which makes this harmful process extremely difficult if not impossible to reverse or at least to mitigate further damage. Moreover, certain countries are still not aware of the destruction they are inflicting on the world with their industrial carbon dioxide emissions. In South America, for example, poverty leads people to cut down trees for firewood and farmland, as the social security in their country is not strong enough to help them provide for their families.

m What is the greenhouse effect and what is it caused by? The greenhouse effect is to be blamed for global warming and climate change. Carbon dioxide in the air has increased a lot since the industrial revolution due to factory smoke and motor vehicle exhaust fumes have also multiplied the damage. This increased amount of C 0 2 forms a “blanket” around the earth as a result of which the incoming heat from the sun cannot escape into space thus the temperature of the air is constantly on the rise. The effects are profound: the gradual melting of polar ice causes sea levels to rise and floods, and rising temperatures result in dramatic weather changes.

m What international steps have been taken to fight global warming? To bring climate change to a halt, global greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced significantly. The European Union has long been at the forefront of international efforts to combat climate change and has played a key role in the development of two major treaties addressing the issue, the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol, agreed on in 1997. International negotiations are now taking place

GLOBAL ISSUES under the UNFCCC with the goal of reaching a global agreement governing action to address climate change after 2012.

Why is the depletion of the ozone layer extremely dangerous? The ozone layer is the upper layer of the atmosphere, which absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from the rays of the sun. As a consequence of industrial and domestic pollution holes have appeared in it, especially over the Antarctic, Greenland, Scandinavia and Siberia. Through the holes very damaging U V radiation can reach the surface of the earth in increased quantity and it can cause skin cancer and cataracts and can harm crops, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems as well as land and sea animals.

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What is happening to the forests of the planet? European and North American forests are threatened by forest death which is caused by air pollution, acid rain, various diseases and climatic stress. Also, both temperate forests and tropical rainforests are being cut down at an alarmingly fast rate worldwide. Deforestation is when forests are lost because people want to make farms and cities or simply firewood. Without the forests, the habitats of the animals are lost and many animals die.

m

Why are the rainforests important? Forests have the following main functions: they regulate the water cycle, produce and protect soil, provide habitat for animals and plants, provide most of our oxygen and are the sources of half the medicine used worldwide. Forests are often planted to protect against natural disasters. W hen forests are lost, very often the soil they protected is also lost. This loss o f soil is often called erosion. We give out carbon dioxide when we breathe and plants and trees take it in by photosyn­ thesis. Trees are also important for storing carbon. Deforestation causes the carbon in the trees to go into the air again, and this results in more carbon dioxide in our atmosphere. Since carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, deforestation leads to global warming. In fact, 20% of global warming is caused by deforestation.

m What is m eant by biodiversity? The variety of life on Earth, its biological diversity is commonly referred to as biodiversity. The number of species of plants, animals, and microorganisms, the enormous diversity of genes in these species, the different ecosystems on the planet, such as deserts, rainforests and coral reefs are all part of a biologically diverse Earth. Greater species diversity ensures natu­ ral sustainability for all life forms; and healthy ecosystems can better withstand and recover from a variety of disasters.

GLOBAL ISSUES

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m Which animals are on the edge of extinction? The list of animal species officially declared to be endangered is shockingly long with a lot of lesser-known animals included. The most well-known among them are perhaps the Siberian tiger, the giant panda, the great blue whale, the sea otter, the dolphin, the polar bear, the African and Indian elephants, the European bison, the rhinoceros, the mountain gorilla, the giant sea turtle and a lot of songbirds and lizards, to mention only a few.

1 3 Apart from climate change why do certain animals die in great numbers? Animals suffer due to climate change caused by pollution as well as overhunting and poaching. They are hunted for their fur, skin and meat, certain body parts which are used for souvenirs and as medicine. Moreover, predators such as wolves are killed by farmers as they are considered to be a threat to their flocks.

P I Could you m ention some species of animals that have already died out? Do you know why they are extinct? The Tasmanian wolf was not a wolf, but a carnivorous marsupial and a relative of the wom­ bats and kangaroos. It is believed to be extinct for well over half a century. Caspian tigers were hunted for their furs and to protect livestock. The last Caspian tiger reported shot was in 1957. In 1505, Portuguese sailors discovered the island of Mauritius and the 50 lb flightless dodos which supplemented their food stores. The last dodo was killed in 1681. Other already extinct animals are the cave bear that lived in Europe during the Pleistocene, the sabre-tooth tiger, the woolly mammoth, and, o f course, the different species of dinosaurs.

m How do you think animals in danger could be helped? I think helping animals to reproduce might be one possible solution to help them to survive. Captive breeding is the process of breeding rare or endangered species in artificial environments, such as wildlife preserves, zoos and other conservation facilities; sometimes the animals are released back to the wild, where there is sufficient natural habitat to support new individuals.

m

What do you think of zoos? a) In my opinion sometimes zoos are very for the animals and give the whole species a last chance. Conservation is one of the things that zoos do to help the animal species survive. This brings me to the five main reasons why we have zoos. They are conservation, reproduction, education, research and recreation. Conservation is breeding, rescuing, finding homes for, and

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7. G L O B A L I S S U E S

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preserving threatened or endangered species. A zoo that does this hard task extremely well is Buffalo Zoo in the US.

b) I strongly believe elephants and other animals should be out there in the wild roaming freely, but we greedy humans polluted the earth and destroyed or stole most of their habi­ tats. I feel that elephants and animals like cheetahs, leopards and lions shouldn’t be stuck all crammed up in zoos, I think they should be in a protected park such as a national park or a wild animal park. The image of a herd of elephants roaming freely has been set in our minds from watching nature documentaries. W hat visitors see in a zoo is a lot different compared to the free, flexible and strong creatures of the wild.

m

What are the organizations that are interested in environmental protection and animal rights? One of them is called Greenpeace, which is an independent global campaigning organization that acts to change attitudes and behaviour, to protect and conserve the environment and to promote peace. Greenpeace is international and it depends on donations from individual supporters to carry out the campaign to protect the environment. For more than 45 years, the World Wildlife Fund (W W F) has been protecting the future of nature. The world’s leading conservation organization, W W F works in 100 countries and is supported by close to 5 million people globally. W W F’s unique way of working combines global reach with a foundation in science, involves action at every level from local to global, and ensures the delivery o f innovative solutions that meet the needs of both people and nature. Friends of the Earth International (FOEI) is the world’s largest grassroots environmental net­ work and it campaigns on today’s most urgent environmental and social issues. It challenges the current model of economic and corporate globalization, and promotes solutions that will help to create environmentally sustainable and socially just societies.

m Do you approve of animals performing in circuses? a) The fact is, animals do not naturally ride bicycles, stand on their heads, balance on balls, or jump through rings of fire. To force them to perform these confusing and physically uncomfortable tricks, trainers use whips, tight collars, muzzles, electric prods, and other painful tools of the trade. We applaud trapeze artists, jugglers, clowns, tightrope walkers, and acrobats, but let’s leave animals in peace. Several countries have banned or restricted the use of animals in entertainment - it’s time for the rest of the world to do the same.

b) I don’t really see what is wrong with circuses featuring animals on their shows. Circus animals perform tricks out of love for their trainers. Circus animals are like beloved chil­ dren, as they are taught and nurtured their whole lives. After the show, the animals can rest in comfort. The circus is safe fun for the whole family. W hat’s more, circuses serve endangered species by educating children and adults. Laws protect animals in circuses, they must be treated well.

19

7. G L O B A L I S S U E S

1 © i

M

There has been an increase in natural disasters in the past decades. How does this fact relate to the ongoing climate change? According to scientific evidence there is a possible relation between recent natural disasters and climate change. Heat waves in Europe have become much more likely; the extreme temperatures of the summer o f2003 are estimated to have been 75% due to human influence. Increased temperatures worsen drought conditions. Hurricane intensity has increased by 70% in the last 50 years. Modelling indicates that in the future, continued increases in greenhouse gas concentrations will cause further climate change and more extreme weather events.

m

What natural catastrophes are related to earth/air/w ater/heat and fire? Catastrophes related to earth are earthquakes, landslides and mudslides, and volcanic eruptions; air-related catastrophes are those which involve disastrous windstorms, such as tornadoes, hurricanes, cyclones and typhoons. Disasters by water include seastorms and icestorms, tsunamis, heavy rains and subsequent flooding. Extreme heat can induce ravaging wildfires in dry areas of the planet.

OP How can people protect themselves and prepare for them? In order to protect themselves people are advised to observe certain rules. In the case of an earthquake, for example, you are advised to stay calm as panic leads to hasty decisions and may cause even more injury and harm or even death. People in California have emergency supplies stored in their homes and they may even nail down their furniture to safeguard against minor tremors. Against flooding people build or reinforce dams and dykes, and once caught in a flood, you’d better climb up to the highest point of the building you are in and avoid electrical wiring to minimise the possibility of an electric shock or electrocution. To be safe during a heavy thunderstorm it is necessary to have your home fitted with a lightning rod. People living in hurricane-proned areas need to have an underground shelter built, stocked with the necessary supplies for a few days. To protect yourself in a housefire at home you should have a fire alarm installed and some fire extinguishers, whereas in a public building you must follow the instructions of the evacuation plan displayed on the walls and avoid elevators and narrow staircases.

m

What other (not natural) catastrophes have happened? Catastrophes which are caused by careless or deliberate human activities are nuclear catastrophes, vehicle crashes, space vehicle explosions, oil spills, terrorism and biological attacks. They take the same heavy toll on human life and property as natural disasters. The 1986 Chernobyl disaster has been called the biggest socio-economic catastrophe in peacetime history. 50% of the area of the Ukraine is contaminated in some way.

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7. G L O B A L I S S U E S k

What is happening to the natural resources underground? Underground there is a repository of once living plants and animals. They are now conserved in the form of fossil fuels: coal, oil and gas. These non-renewable resources are formed over very long geological periods. Minerals and fossils are included in this category. Since their rate of formation is extremely slow, they cannot be replenished once they get depleted. Our whole world is based on natural resource utilization and stocks are now running out. Unless we convert to renewable energy (solar, water, wind and geothermal energy) we are in for a devastating energy crisis soon.

m

What is understood by sustainable development? The concept of sustainable development basically pertains to city planning in such a way that it is more energy efficient and less polluting for the environment. In broad terms, the concept of sustainable development is an attempt to combine growing concerns about different environmental issues with socio-economic considerations.

S I Are you pessimistic or optimistic about the future of our planet? a) I am quite optimistic about it. I think technological developments will enable us to easily solve problems that may arise. W ith the help of advanced technology we will be capable of building homes under the sea or underground if surface conditions are unfit for supporting life. Food problems can also be overcome by biotechnology or synthetic pills. Advanced medicine will help people to defeat diseases and live a longer, healthier life. I’m convinced that scientific progress has a lot to offer us in the coming centuries.

b) I’m afraid our future doesn’t leave us much to be happy about. Environmental pollution is steadily damaging our planet, and most of the harm caused is said to be irreversible, so we may have already passed the point of no return. Day by day animal and plant species are dying out causing havoc in the ecosystem. Much of Europe has been hit by a terrible heat wave. Oil will run out in about 40 years. I’m not sure my grandchildren are going to enjoy our home planet the way our grandparents could. Nature seems to be fighting a los­ ing battle against humanity.

7. G L O B A L I S S U E S

I c t t T Wordlist

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absorb acid rain address the issue adopt aerosol alarmingly applaud aquatic arise artificial assist at the forefront of attempt attitude available balance ban be aware of be blamed for be cram m ed up be on the rise be overcom e be stuck becom e extinct beloved bison bring sth to a halt

8 b'zo:b

captive breeding

'kseptiv 'brndiQ

carbon dioxide carnivorous cataract

'kaiban dafoksaid kai'mveres 'ksetersekt

challenge

‘tjaelind3

cheetah circum stance collar com bat com e up with

'tjnte 'seikemsteens

elnyel

'sesid rein

savas eső

e'dres ői 'iju: e'dopt

nekilát a feladatnak elfogad hajtógázzal m űködő riasztóan

'eeresol e'laimiqli e'ploid e'kwsetik e'raiz aiti'fijl e'sist aet 08 'foifrAnt ov a'tempt 'aetitjuid e'veilebi

m egtap sol vízi tám ad, felmerül (probléma) m esterség es segédkezik legelöl próbálkozás szem lélet rendelkezésre álló

'baslens basn

egyensúlyoz betilt

bi: bi: bi: bi:

tudatában van vminek hibáztatható vm iért ö ssze van zsúfolva

e'w ee ov 'bleimd fo: 'krsemd Ap on őe 'raiz

bi: 'euvekAm bi: stAk bi'kAtn ik'stiQkt bi'lAvid 'baisn 'briQ tu e ,ho:lt

'kole kam'baat 'kAm

Ap wiő

növekszik legyőz beszorul vhová kihal (faj) im ádott bölény m egállít fogságban tö rtén ő sz a ­ porítás szén-dioxid, C 0 2

húsevő szürkehályog m egkérdőjelez, kétségbe von gepárd körülm ény nyakörv legyőz, visszaver előhozakodik vmivel

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7. G L O B A L I S S U E S

L

com ponent comprise concern confusing

kam'paunent

alkotóelem

kam'praiz kan'saind kan'fjuizir]

m ag áb a foglal

conservation facilities

konsa'veijn fa'silitiz

consideration contam inated convert to coral reef dam declare deforestation deliberate

konsida'reijn kan'tæmineitid

depletion

di'plnjn

desert devastating direct consequence display diverse diversity dom estic donation drought

'dezat deva'steijn

sivatag pusztító, rom boló

di'rekt, dai'rekt 'konsikwans di'splei dai'vais dai'vaisiti

egyen es következm ény kifüggeszt sokféle fajgazdagság, diverzitás

da'mestik

háztartási ad om án y

due to

'dju: to

dyke earthquake ecosystem electric prod

daik 'a : 9 kweik

electric wiring

i'lektrik 'waiarit]

electrocution em ergency supplies emission endangered energy efficient ensure erosion estim ate evacuation plan

liektra'kjuijn

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kan'vait to 'korai ri:f dæm di'klea dufora'steijn di'libarat

dau'neijn draut

'ukau.sistam I'lektrik prod

['ma:d3ansi sa'plaiz i'mijn in'deind3ad 'enad3i i'fijnt in'Jua

agg o d alo m zavarba ejtő term észetvédelm i létesítm ények m egfontolás szennyezett áttér vmire korallzátony (völgyzáró) gát kinyilvánít erdőirtás szándékos tönkretétele, felélése vminek

szárazság, aszály vmi m iatt, vmi következ­ téb en töltés (vízparton) földrengés ökoszisztém a elektrom os ösztöke elektrom os vezetékrend­ szer halálos áram ütés vésztartalék kibocsátás veszélyeztetett

'estimeit

energiatakarékos, hatékony biztosít talajpusztulás, erózió becsül (értéket)

l'vækjueijn plæn

m enekülési útvonal

i'raü3 n

I 7. G L O B A L I S S U E S

evidence exceed a certain limit exhaust fume explosion feature fight a losing battle fire extinguisher be fitted with sth flexible flightless forest death fossil fuels foundation framework gene

'evidens ik'snd a sa:tn limit ig'zoist fjuim

bizonyíték

ik'spleojn

robbanás szerepeltet

geotherm al

,d3i:au'0a:ml

giant sea turtle global warming gradual grain grassroots greedy greenhouse effect habitat harmful hasty havoc heat wave herd of elephants

'd3aiant ,si: tsitl

óriásteknős

'glaubl 'wormii] 'grsedjael grein

globális felm elegedés fokozatos

'futja fait o ‘Iuiziq bsetl faia ik'JtirjgwiJs bi: 'fitid wiő 'fleksebl flaitlis 'forist d e 9 'fosl fjualz faon'deijn 'freimwaik d 3 i:n

'graisruits 'grndi 'grunhaus i'fekt 'hsebitaet 'haimfal

túllép egy bizonyos határt kipufogógáz

vesztes csatát vív tűzoltó készülék felszerelve vmivel rugalm as repülni képtelen erdőelhalás fosszilis tüzelőanyagok m eg alap o zo ttság keret gén, örökítőanyag geoterm ális, m a g m a ­ energiát felhasználó

gab on a fundam entális m ohó ü vegh ázh atás élőhely káros

'heisti

elham arkodott

'hsevak 'hi:t weiv

pusztulás, rom bolás hőhullám, kánikula

'he:d ov 'elifants

elefántcsorda

hurricane-prone

'hArikan praun

hurrikán veszélyeztette (terület)

impact in broad terms independent indicate individual induce industrial revolution inflict irreversible juggler

'impaekt in 'bro:d tarmz indi'pendant 'indikeit

(be)hatás szélesebb értelem b en véve független jelez

indi'vid3oal in'djuis in'dAstrial reva'luijn in'flikt

m agán szem ély

iri'vaisabl 'd3 Agla

visszafordíthatatlan bűvész; zsonglőr

előidéz, okoz ipari forradalom okoz

7. G L O B A L I S S U E S

landslide lesser-known lightning rod livestock marsupial

ïændslaid less.n su n

földcsuszam lás kevésbé ism ert

laitmr] rod

villámhárító

'laivstok ma:'su:pial

m eet the needs of

'miit 09 ,m:dz ov

lábasjószág erszényes kielégíti az igényeket/ szükségleteket

methodical me'Godikl 'mineral mineral minor 'mams mitigate 'mitigeit mudslide 'rriAdslaid multiply 'mAltiplai mAzl muzzle nail down one's furniture 'neil daun wAnz 'feimtje natural resources 'nætjral ri'zoisiz mgeuji'eijn negotiation non-renewable resources nonri'njusbl ri'zoisiz

m ód szeres ásvány apróbb, kisebb m értékű enyhít sárcsuszam lás m egsok szoroz szájkosár padlóhoz szögezi a bútort term észeti kincsek tárgyalás n em m egújuló energiaforrások

non-violent nurture observe rules oil spill on the edge of extinction otter

non'vaislsnt 'ns:tjs eb'zeiv ru:lz 'oil spil

betartja a szabályokat olajfolt (tengerben)

on ői 'ed3 9 v ik'stiqkjn 0 Í9

kihalás szélén álló vidra

outcom e

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kim enetele vmilyen esem én yn ek

outstanding overhunting pertain to photosynthesis pole poverty predator profound promote property protocol provide for

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túlvadászás vonatkozik, utal vmire

povgti

szegén ység ragad ozó

’pred 9 t9 pre'faond prs'msut 'propsti

erőszakm entes, szelíd gondoz, táplál

fotoszintézis sarkvidék

'prsütskol

m élyreható tám ogat, elősegít birtok okirat, jegyzőkönyv

pra'vaid fo:

ellát

raise awareness

reiz s'w esm s

felhívja a figyelmet, rávilágít

ravaging

'rævid3it]

dühöngő, őrjöngő

7. G L O B A L I S S U E S A reach recover from

rutj ri'kAV9 from

recovery resources

ri'kAveri ri'zoisiz

recreation regulate reinforce release renewable energy replenish repository represent reproduce research response restrict reverse roam run out Sabre-tooth Tiger safeguard severely shrinking significantly social issues socially just species stock subsequent sufficient supplement support new individuals support one's family suspect sustainability sustainable development take one's toll temperate terrestrial threat thus tightrope walker

rekri'eijn 'regjuleit rmn'fois

elérh etőség kihever vmit a talpra álláshoz szükséges források kikapcsolódás szabályoz m egerősít

ri'lns ri'njuiebl 'ened3i ri'plemj

elenged m egújuló energiaforrások

n'pozitri repri'zent ri:pre'dju:s 'ruseitj ri'spons

tárh áza vmtnek képvisel szaporodik kutatás válasz

ri'strikt ri'veis ranm

szigorít visszafordít

újra feltölt

'rAn a ut 'seibetuiG 'taiga

barangol elfogy kardfogú tigris

'seifgaid si'vieli 'JriQkirj

védekezik súlyosan zsugorod ás

sig'mfikantli saujl 'ijuiz

jelentős m értékben társadalm i kérdések

'saujali d3Ast

társadalm ilag igazságos faj, fajok készlet vmit követő

'spi:Ji:z stok 'sAbsikwant s a ’fijnt 'sAplamant

elegendő pótlás, kiegészítés

se'poit nju: indi'vidjualz sa'poit WAnz 'fasmih sa'spekt

új egyedeket eltart eltartja a családját gyanít

sasteina'biliti sas'teinabl di'velapmant

fenn tarthatóság

'teik WAnz taol 'temperát tfrestrial Qret

fenntartható fejlődés nagy áldozatokat követel m érsékelt égövi földi

ŐAS

fenyegetés így, ezáltal

'taitrecp 'wo:ke

kötéltáncos

7. G L O B A L I S S U E S treaty

triiti

egy ezm én y

trem or

'treme

földm ozgás, rezgés, vibrálás

tsunami ultraviolet radiation

tsu'naimi Altre'vaielet reidi'eijn

unfit for supporting life

'Anfit fo: Ja'poitit] laif

unique upper layer urgent utilization vehicle volcanic eruption water cycle wellbeing whip wildfire wildlife preserves withstand

ju'nnk 7\ps Iei0 's:d 30 nt juitilai'zeijn 'viiikl vol'kemik i'rApJn 'woit© saikl ’welbint] wip 'waildfais 'waildlaif pri'zsivz wiő'stasnd

wombat

'wombat

woolly m am m oth World Heritage worsen

'woli 'masmaG ,w0:ld 'heritid3 w©:sn

szökőár ultraibolya sugárzás alkalmatlan az élet fen­ ntartására egyedülálló, különleges felső réteg sürgős felhasználás, hasznosítás járm ű vulkánkitörés vízkörforgás jólét ostor bozóttűz vadaspark visszaver, kibír vom b at (ausztrál erszényes állat) gyapjas m am m u t világörökség rosszabbodik

Tasks □ Reading Comprehension You are going to read excerpts from a letter written by a survivor who tells - in his own words - what he witnessed and experienced during the worst recorded natural disaster ever to hit the United States, Your task will be to choose the right phrases (A-L) from the list to fill the gaps (1-10). There is an extra phrase that you do not need. An example (0) is given for you.

To All at Home Weather Bureau Galveston Tex Sept 10, 1900 Very probably you little expect to get a letter from me from here but here I am alive and |0 _____ That is what few can say in this storm-swept city. I have been here two weeks,

7. G L O B A L I S S U E S

1 © . i

E3______

____ of a man who is on a three months leave, after which I go back to Memphis.

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O f course you have heard o f the storm __________ ____ last Friday night, but you cannot realize what it really was. I have seen many severe storms but never one like this. I remained in the office all night. It was in a building that withstood the disaster E l ______ ____in the town, though it was badly damaged and rocked frightfully in some of the blasts. In the quarter of the city where I lodged (south part) everything was swept away and nearly everyone drowned. The family with whom I roomed were all lost. I lost everything E l ________________ from Memphis and a little money, but I think eighty dollars will cover my entire loss: I am among the fortunate ones. The Local Forecast Official, Dr. Cline, and his brother did not fare so well. Their house went with the rest and they were out in the wreckage nearly all night. Dr. Cline lost his wife, but after being nearly drowned themselves they saved the three children. As soon as possible the next morning m ________________ I went out to the south end to see how they fared out there. I had to go through the wreckage of buildings nearly the entire distance (one mile) and when I got there I found everything swept clean. Part of it was still under water. I could not even find the place where I had been staying. One who did not know E | ________________ that that had __ been a part of the city twenty-four hours before. I could not help seeing many bodies and I soon got sick of the sights out there and returned to the office to put things in order as best I could. There is not a building in town that is undamaged. Hundreds are busy day and night m __________ and recovering the dead. It is awful. Every few minutes a wagonload of corpses passes by on the street. The more fortunate are doing all they can to aid the sufferers m ___________ ____ to care for all. There is not room in the buildings still standing to shelter them all and hundreds pass the night on the street. The City is under military rule and the streets are patrolled by armed guards.

m

They are expected to shoot at once ________________ stealing. We have neither light, fuel or water. I have gone back to candles. I am now writing by candlelight. A famine is feared, as nearly all the provisions were ruined by the water which stood from six to fifteen feet in the streets and all communication to the outside is cut off. For myself, I have no fear. We had warning of the storm and many saved themselves before the storm reached here. We were busy all day Thursday answering telephone calls about it and advising people to prepare for danger. But it was more severe than we expected.

m

I have been very busy since the storm and had little sleep but do not worry on my account. Write soon. Yours truly John D. Blagden (www.1900storm.com/nightofhorrors/index.lasso)

GLOBAL ISSUES clearing away the debris

m

m

after the waters went down

C

without a-scratch.

1 3 anyone found that passed over this place

m

■ 3 by seeking safety 1 3 to take the place ■ 3 would hardly believe

m m

happy to let you know I brought with me but it is impossible

m

E ! better than any other

mD

2

3

D

5

6

D

8

9

10

Listening Comprehension You are going to hear part of a nature documentary about global warming. Your task will be to write the correct letter or letters in the boxes below. Please note that in this task both answers may be correct, but there is at least one correct answer. This means that you have to write one or two letters (A, B or AB) in the boxes below. There is an example (0) at the beginning for you. You will hear the recording twice.

Climate Change is Moving the Start of Seasons

El

Early spring changes

S3 animals’ lives. ED plants’ lives. E9

Spring arrives when m

the movements of the planet speed up.

S B the Earth moves in the direction of the Sun. Spring has been coming earlier for m

about half a century.

SB eight years.

1 ©

7. G L O B A L I S S U E S

m

The problem with early springs is that the temperature

13 becomes too high. SB changes too fast. I B ! Shorter winters are

13

m El

I D problematic for the ecosystem. W ith the change of the pattern of seasons m

animals and plants become more expensive to buy.

m

certain species may fail to survive.

Animals realise it is spring if m

m m

seemingly better for us.

the temperature rises.

E3 daytime gets longer. Those animals are less lucky which

■3 leave their breeding grounds. E3 react to temperature change. Spring is becoming more challenging

ES for the whole world. E ] for some animals and plants.

0 A B

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

8. EN V IR O N M E N T A L ISSUES

8. Environmental Issues Any intelligent fool can make things big­ ger, more complex and more violent. It takes a touch of genius - and a lot of cour­ age - to move in the opposite direction. (E. F. Schumacher)

Check how much you know about the environment. Choose the correct answer.

Hi^

m

W

S

W hat do we call a tree that loses its leaves in winter?

■El Evergreen I I

Deciduous

I t S Falling

m E3

Sometimesgreen

W hich is the odd-word-out? m

Hail

n

Glacier

m

Snowflake

m m

Snowdrop

Ifc i W hich animal is the symbol of the W W F (World Wildlife Fund)? Elephant

S 3 Panda

III Tiger 8S*i Eagle C l W hich of the following is NOT part of a tree?

m IQ m m

Leaf Branch Bark Skin

r

8. E N V I R O N M E N T A L I SSUES

m

W hich of the following seasons is American English? S 3 Spring

CD Summer I I S Fall I D Winter S I

W hat do we call someone who protests against proposed damage to the environment?

m

Eco-fighter

E

Eco-soldier

m

Eco-protester

M») Eco -warrior

~

~

HH W hy is it important to be aware of environmental problems?

m m m m m m

What do you personally do to live an environmentally-friendly way of life? How green is your home? W hat is compost, how is it made and what do people use it for? How do people learn about the importance of environmental protection?

iB3f Why do you think people throw litter in the streets? W hat are the traditional ways of getting rid of litter? W hat is selective waste management?

BEH Do you have it in your residential area? B 3 How can you safely dispose of dangerous chemicals? H I W hat is recycling?

m m m m m m

m

in

Do you recycle anything? W hat are fossil fuels? What problems are caused by the dependence on fossil fuels? W hat do we mean by alternative energy resources? W hat are their advantages? Is nuclear power a possible solution? Why are certain people opposed to nuclear power plants? W hich is better: tap water or bottled water?

H I Can you imagine a greener future?

8. E N V I R O N M E N T A L I SS UE S

m Why is it important to be aware of environmental problems? Environmental problems such as climate change, the energy crisis, land degradation, different types of pollution, ozone and resource depletion, toxin and waste accumulation are all issues which have and will have a serious impact on people’s lives for generations. Diagnosing the problems is just the first step towards what scientists call sustainable development. W hat we really need is a collective change of view, and not just for average people but also for those in power to be able to act together as quickly as possible before it’s too late.

m What do you personally do to live an environmentally-friendly way of life? First of all we try to save our environment by choosing less polluting forms of moving about. We use our bikes whenever we can, especially when the weather is nice. Since air travel is one of the major pollutants we rarely fly abroad, and if we go we opt for the coach or car. In order to save water we always have our dripping taps repaired and have bought a water-saving toilet cistern. We never heat our homes above 20 degrees, if we are cold we put on a sweater and have a hot cup of tea. Finally we regularly donate clothes and unnecessary items to charity.

¡¡U How green is your home? I believe I might consider myself environmentally sensitive therefore in my home I attempt to save energy by using fluorescent bulbs instead of the traditional incandescent ones, avoiding the standby mode on any household gadgets, I try to save water by taking short showers instead of baths, having the dishes done in the dishwasher on the economy cycle, and last but not least separating my household waste to be recycled.

m What is com post, how is it made and what do people use it for? Kitchen, garden, and other green waste can be recycled into useful material for composting. This process allows natural aerobic bacteria to break down the waste into fertile topsoil. Much composting is done on a household scale, but municipal green-waste collection programmes also exist. In a daily routine it means that you collect banana skins, potato peel, apple cores and even used coffee filters separately and place them on the compost heap in your garden. After a time compost can be used as a natural fertilizer for improving the quality of the soil.

m

How do people learn about the im portance of environmental protection? Education begins at home at an early age, which means that parents set the most important and straightforward examples for their kids. If these immediate role-models are environmen­ tally conscious, their kids are likely to adopt similar views. Raising awareness continues in school where students hear about important facts and figures, problems and possible solutions. For adults mass media can serve as an information source with advertisements and notices.

B

8. E N V I R O N M E N T A L I SS UE S

1 J

m Why do you think people throw Utter in the streets? I believe there are many reasons for that. The most obvious one can be the fact that perhaps there aren’t enough litterbins in the streets and there is simply no place for pedestrians to get rid of their wastepaper, cigarette ends etc. But it is also possible that many people are lazy, careless and ignorant of the environmental problems that throwing litter around causes. Parents again have a big responsibility here as raising awareness to such hygienic issues in the early years definitely begins in the family.

m What are the traditional ways of getting rid of litter? Traditional ways to collection means emptying household garbage into the container of a garbage truck to be taken to either a landfill where it is dumped or to be incinerated. Traditional waste collection containers present many problems in public areas - they are unsightly to look at, often causing obstruction, smelling unpleasant in warmer weather and attracting vermin. The more waste we generate, the more we have to dispose of. Some methods of waste disposal release air pollutants and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. As landfill waste decomposes, methane is released in considerable quantities. Furthermore, the fluids formed from decomposing waste can pollute groundwater which may be used for drinking water supplies. W hen burning waste, however, large amounts of heat, carbon dioxide and other potentially hazardous air pollutants are given off.

83 What is selective waste m anagem ent? Selective waste collection means collecting household waste like plastic and glass items, cardboard and paper and aluminium cans separately with the purpose of recycling them. Selective collection and recycling save scarce resources as well as the energy needed to manufacture products from raw materials. The key to selective waste collection is the selection that residents and businesses make of recoverable products which the authorities later take responsibility for managing.

E l Do you have it in your residential area? In the field of recycling Hungary is far from the international standard. Owing to the regulations of the European Union in the past few years more and more selective collection programs have been set up and blue and yellow containers placed in streets in residential areas. Where I live there are several places where you can find these containers, one for glass items, another one for plastic and a third one for paper. The problem is that most people do not collect their household waste selectively in different bins in their homes, but mix everything together.

IS]

8. E N V I R O N M E N T A L I SS UE S 0 3 How can you safely dispose of dangerous chemicals? Over time, many old, out-of-date and seldom-used chemicals pile up in basements, garages and cupboards. W ith age, containers begin to deteriorate and labels fade. I f products are not being used, pass them on to someone who will use them, or dispose of them legally and safely. Small quanities of detergents can be diluted with water and safely flushed down the drain. The contents of aerosol cans are under pressure and can explode. Aerosols should only be thrown away when they are completely empty. Garden poisons all qualify as hazardous wastes and pose a threat to the environment. They should never be poured down the drain or onto the ground. Use the chemicals up, or take them to a hazardous waste facility. Paint can be disposed of in household garbage but it must be solidified first. Medicine past the expiry date should be returned to the chemist’s and never be thrown in your bin.

EH What is recycling? Recycling involves processing used materials into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy usage, reduce air pollution (from incineration) and water pollution (from landfilling) by reducing the need for “conventional” waste disposal, and lower greenhouse gas emissions as compared to virgin production. Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is the third component of the “Reduce, Reuse, Recycle” waste hierarchy. Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles, and electronics. Although similar in effect, the composting or other reuse of biodegradable waste - such as food or garden waste - is not typically considered recycling. Materials to be recycled are either brought to a collection centre or picked up from the pavement, then sorted, cleaned, and reprocessed into new materials. m

Do you recycle anything? In our household we recycle a few things to protect the environment, for example we take all our plastic bottles to a bottlebank nearby, glass bottles with deposit on them are returned to the shop, but we also collect newspapers and magazines to be recycled. Furthermore, we use and reuse the shopping bags that we get at the checkout of hypermarkets, and very often use them as litterbin liners.

I l l What are fossil fuels? They are coal, mineral oil and gas. Coal is a solid fuel formed over millions of years by the decay of land vegetation. Over time, successive layers become buried, compacted and heated, a process through which the deposits are turned into coal. Coal is widely used in the generation of electricity because it is a highly concentrated energy source. However, it is not a particularly “clean” fuel, releasing more acidic and greenhouse gas pollution than either oil or gas. Oil is formed from the remains of marine micro-organisms (which are microscopic animals and plants) deposited on the sea floor. Oil reserves can be extracted through large drilling platforms. Natural gas is formed in the same way as oil, from the remains of marine micro-

§HJ

8. EN V IR O N M E N T A L ISSUES

*

organisms. The present global use of natural gas is approximately 20% of all fossil fuel use, and this figure is predicted to rise in the future. Natural gas provides an alternative to oil or coal in the provision of energy, and in terms of acidic and greenhouse gas pollution it is a cleaner fuel. Some estimates indicate that the reserves of natural gas may be available for up to 400 years.

m

What problems are caused by the dependence on fossil fuels? Conventional power stations burn coal, oil or gas to produce electricity. Coal, oil and gas are called fossil fuels because they form over millions of years through the decay, burial and compaction of rotting vegetation on land (for coal), and marine organisms on the sea floor (for oil and gas). Burning fossil fuels in this way releases large quantities of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide which can contribute to acid rain and global warming.

m

What do we m ean by alternative energy resources? Alternative energy resources are renewable energy resources that we should all be using to replace non-renewable resources, that is, fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas. Solar energy for heating water, generating electricity and concentrating solar energy to create fuel for our vehicles. Biomass energy that is generated using corn, corn stalks, wheat, pine cones, twigs or bark to generate fuel to heat our homes or power our vehicles. Wind energy is another of the more popular alternative energy resources. Though not a reliable resource for every household, it is a viable option for many people depending on their location. Some homes can even utilize hydropower energy. Geothermal energy is gained by trapping the heat generated from the earth’s core.

m What are their advantages? Alternative energy sources hold the key towards the future, without them, our planet will eventually head into a blackout, or back to the Middle Ages. The advantages of alternative energy are numerous, both to the environment and local populations. One of them is that these energy sources are renewable. The energy source will not be depleted, causing an energy shortage and worldwide crisis. There will always be an abundant supply of these energy sources as they do not rely on fossil fuels which will run out. There will always be wind, solar rays, ocean waves and tides, and other natural elements, and these are the sources of renewable energy. One of the biggest alternative energy advantages is the fact that these energy sources are significantly more environmentally friendly than fossil fuels and other energy sources

which are non-renewable. Renewable energy sources do not have high carbon emissions, and their recovery does not cause serious environmental damage. Alternative energy solutions can be the answer to slowing down global warming, and possibly reverse some of the damage that has been done to the planet from fossil fuel use. This will make the earth a better place for generations in the future, leaving them a clean and healthy world to grow up and live in. If changes are not made soon to prevent global warming and switch completely to renewable alternative energy sources, there may not be much of a planet left a few generations from now.

m Is nuclear power a possible solution? Nuclear power has a significant part to play in maintaining a balanced energy policy. Nuclear power generation does not contribute to air pollution and can therefore help to reduce acid rain and global warming. Nuclear power generation uses the fuel uranium to produce electricity. Uranium is available throughout the world in large quantities and 1 tonne of it can produce as much electricity as 2000 tonnes of coal. Unfortunately, waste generated by the nuclear industry is radioactive and must therefore be disposed of with extreme care. The waste must be managed to present no hazard to humans or the environment. The radioactivity of waste however, will decay over time.

1 IJ Why are certain people opposed to nuclear power plants? Many people consider nuclear power to be unsafe. According to them it produces radiological risks and can easily turn into catastrophe both for the population and the environment. Furthermore, there is still no safe technology for nuclear waste disposal. These may be the reasons why opponents of nuclear energy believe that safer forms of alternative energy generation should replace nuclear power plants. m

Which is better: tap water or bottled water? I read in a recently published report that people’s thirst for bottled water is producing unnecessary garbage and consuming vast quantities of energy, even in areas where perfectly good drinking water is available on tap. Bottled water is often no healthier than tap water, but it can be 10,000 times more expensive. As far as I know doctors warn against drinking mineral water exclusively because of the high content of minerals that can accumulate in your body over time. For me a much better solution seems to be tap water filtered with a special jar that is able to purify regular water and make it tastier, visibly cleaner and free of chemicals and other unwanted materials. In our family we use it for making coffee and tea, for cooking and, of course, quenching thirst.

¡¡¡J Can you imagine a greener future? a) The phrase “going green” is becoming less of a marketing tool and more of a reality. All around the world, architects and designers are starting to incorporate sustainable living into everyday structures. Cities from Copenhagen to San Francisco are already exploring

8. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

1 i

the possibilities for a cleaner, healthier world with everything from water harvesting roofs to wind turbines. According to some experts in 2030, homes will use much less energy and water. They will be better protected against heavy rain and hot summers - some of the expected effects of climate change. New homes will be built to strict environmental standards and older homes will be “retro-fitted” to be more sustainable. In the next 20 years it will become easier to buy “green”. From food to furniture to electrical goods, there will be more environmentally-friendly choices available and much less packaging and waste. In fact, by 2030 almost no waste may be sent to landfills. Instead, more products will be repaired or passed on to someone else, not just thrown away. Emissions from cars and planes are some of the main factors that contribute to climate change and poor air quality. But while new technologies like electric cars can cut those emissions, the biggest change will need to be in the travel choices people make. It depends on us what sort of environment we want to live in. Government legislation, public support and international agreements mean that by 2030 the global environment could be much healthier along with people’s quality of life and personal health. Pollution will have been reduced, wildlife will be better protected and there should be reliable and affordable supplies of water, food and energy.

b) I am a pessimist when I read about environmental problems facing us. I turn into a moderate optimist when I discover the many emerging solutions. But how about being realistic? To recognize the huge trouble, the downward spiral we are in, and at the same time to act determinedly in order to create a future we will be proud of. Thinking and acting so that tomorrow will be better than today is not optimism, it is the essence of enduring life. I can only hope that any effort we make today is not too late to stop ultimate deterioration.

8. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

f Wordlist abundant accessible accum ulation acidic aerobic bacteria affordable apple core approximately bark be opposed to sth biodegradable blackout

1 abAndant

b ő ség es

ak'sesabl

hozzáférhető

akju:mju'leijn

felhalm ozódás

a'sidik

savas

ea'raubik bask'tiaria

oxigén jelenlétét igénylő (aerob) baktérium ok

a'foidabl

anyagilag m eg en g e d h e tő

'aspl ko:

alm acsutka

a'proksimatli

körülbelül

ba:k

fakéreg

bi: e'peuzd to

ellenez vmit

baiedi'greidebl

biológiai ú ton lebom ló

'btek au t

áram szünet

bottlebank

'bot!bser]k

palackgyűjtő konténer, üvegvisszaváltó

break down checkout com pact consum ption contem porary contribute to sth conventional corn stalk decay decom pose deposit detergent deteriorate determinedly dilute

breik ,daon

lebont

'tjekaut

kassza (boltban)

kam'paskt

ö sszetöm örü l

ken'sAmpJn

fogyasztás

kan'temparari

kortárs, velünk élő

kan’tribjuit to

hozzájárul vm ihez

kan'venjanl

h agyom án yos

kom sto:k

kukoricacsutka

'diikei

pusztulás

dnkam'pauz

lebomlik

di'pozit

üvegbetéti díj

di'taidjent

m osószer, tisztítószer

di'tiariareit

tönkrem egy, m egrom lik

di'taimindli

eltökélten, h atározottan

dai'luit

felhígít

donate to charity

dau'neit ta 'tjasriti

jótékonysági célokra felajánl

downward spiral drinking water supplies dump earth's core

'daonwad 'spairel

zuhanás

'drirjkit] 'wo:ta Ja'plaiz

ivóvíztartalék

dAmp

lerak (szem etet)

'a:9s ko:

a Föld belső m agja

K|18

8. E N V I R O N M E N T A L ISSUES

econom y cycle

i'konami saikl

takarékos m osási/ m o so g atási program

emerging energy shortage exclusively expiry date explode extract fade fertile fertilizer flow fluorescent bulb flush down the drain

i'ms:d3it]

növekvő, fejlődő

'ened 3 i 'Jb:tid3

energiahiány

ik'skluisivli

kizárólagosan

ik'spaisri deit

lejárati idő

ik'splsud

felrobban

ik'streekt

kinyer

feid

kifakul

'feitail

term ékeny

'faitilaiza

m űtrágya

fleo

áram lás

flua'resnt bAlb

kom pakt fénycső

AaJ ,daun őa 'drein

leönt a csatorn áb a

fossil fuels

fosl fjoalz

szerves tü zelő/ ü zem anyagok

garbage truck get rid of sth groundwater hazardous hazardous waste

'ga:bid 3 trAk

kukásautó

get 'rid av

m egszabadu l vmitől

'graundwoita

talajvíz

'haezadas

veszélyes

'hsezades weist

veszélyes hulladék

hierarchy

'hairaiki

hierarchia, alá-fölé rendeltség

hygienic issue ignorant impose a fine

hai'd3i:nik 'iju:

a higiéniát érintő kérdések

'ignarant

figyelm en kívül hagy(ó)

im'pauz a fain

büntetést kiszab

incandescent bulb

inkaen'desnt bAlb

h agy o m án y o s W olframszálas, n em esgázzal töltött izzó

incinerate label land degradation land vegetation landfill litterbin lining maintain marine marketing tool m oderate

in'sinareit

eléget

leibl

cím ke

ten d degra'deijn

talajpusztulás

ten d ved3i'teijn

n övényzet

'tendfil

szem éttelep

'litabin 'lainiQ

szem eteszsák

mein'tein

fenntart

ma'riin

tengeri

'maikitirj tu:l

m arketingfogás

'moderet

m érsékelt

8. E N V I R O N M E N T A L I SSUES

municipal obstruction oil reserve packaging pedestrian pile up pine cone pollutant pose a serious threat

HP

mjui'nisipl

városi

sb'strAkJn

akadály

oïl ri'zaiv

olajm ező

'pækid3it]

cso m ag o ló an y ag

pi'destrian

gyalogos, járókelő

'pail Ap

halm okban gyűlik

'pain keun

fenyőtoboz

pe'luitant

szen n yező anyag

pauz a 'siarias Gret

kom oly veszélyt jelent

potentially

pa'tenj©!!

potenciálisan, leh etség esen

promote provision of energy purchase purify qualify quenching thirst raising awareness raw material recoverable regulation release renewable replace reprocessed residential area

pre'msut

elősegít, tám o g at

pr0'vi3n ov 'enad3i

energiaellátás

'peitjis

vásárol

'pjuorifai

tisztít (vegyileg)

'kwolifai

m inősül

'kwentjii] Ge:st

szom joltás

'reiziQ e'weams

figyelemfelkeltés

ro: ma'tieriol

n yersanyag

ri'kAverebl

visszaszerezhető

regju'leijn

szabályozás

n'Ius

kibocsát

ri'njuiebl

m egújuló

ripleis

kicserél, behelyettesít

m 'praosest

újrafeldolgozott

rezi'denjl 'esria

lakott terület

resource depletion

ri'zoïs di'plujn

term észeti erőforrások kim erítése

reuse reverse rotting run out scarce scatter selective waste m anagem ent solidified sort

'rnjuiz

újrafelhasznál

n'vais

visszafordít

'rotirj

rothadó

'rAn aot

elfogy

sk eas

ritka

'skæta

szétszór, szétdobál

si'lektiv weist 'mænid3m0nt

szelektív hulladékgyűjtés

sa'lidifaid

m egszilárdult

soit

szétválogat

8. EN V IR O N M E N T A L ISSUES

*

standby mode

'stændbai meud

készenléti ü zem m ó d

successive

ssk'sesiv

eg y m ást követő, egym ásra rakódó

sulphur dioxide sustainabledevelopment tap water those in power tide toilet cistern topsoil trap iwiy ultimate unsightly utilize vermin

'sAlfe dai'oksaid

kén-dioxid

ses'teinebl di'velepmant

fenntartható fejlődés

,tæp 'wo:te

csapvíz

'Ő9UZ in ,paue

a h atalm on lévők

taid

vízszintváltozás

‘toilit ‘sisten

W C-öblítőtartály

'topsoil

a talaj felső rétege

træp

csap d áb a ejt, felfog

iwiy 'Altimát An'saitli 'juitalaiz ‘vaimin

yciuy, dy

viable water harvesting roof

vaisbl 'worts 'haivistiQ ruif

végső ron d a látvány felhasznál, hasznosít kártevő m űködőképes, életképes esővíz-hasznosító tető

You are going to read an article about passive houses. After the article you can find some statements (1-9). Decide whether they are true (T), false (F) or we do not know (DK) because the text does not say. Write the letters in the boxes below. There is an example (0) for you.

Passive Houses The Passive House concept represents today’s highest energy standard with the promise of slashing the heating energy consumption of buildings by an amazing 90%. Widespread application of the Passive House design would have a dramatic impact on energy conservation. Data from the US Energy Information Administration shows that buildings are responsible for 48% of greenhouse gas emissions annually and 76% of all electricity generated by US power plants goes to supply the Building Sector. It has been abundantly clear for some time that the Building Sector is a primary contributor of climate-changing pollutants,

■

8. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

K A

L

and the question is asked: How do we best square our building energy needs with those of our environment and of our pocketbook? In the realm of super energy efficiency, the Passive House presents an intriguing option for new and retrofit construction; in residential, commercial, and institutional projects. A Passive House is a very well-insulated, virtually air-tight building that is primarily heated by passive solar gain and by internal gains from people, electrical equipment, etc. Energy losses are minimized. Any remaining heat demand is provided by an extremely small source. Avoidance of heat gain through shading and window orientation also helps to limit any cooling load, which is similarly minimized. An energy recovery ventilator provides a constant, balanced fresh air supply. The result is an impressive system that not only saves up to 90% of space heating costs, but also provides a uniquely terrific indoor air quality. A Passive House is a comprehensive system. “Passive” describes well this system’s underlying receptivity and retention capacity. Working with natural resources, free solar energy is captured and applied efficiently, instead of relying predominantly on “active” systems to bring a building to “zero” energy. High performance triple-glazed windows, super-insulation, an airtight building shell, limitation of thermal bridging and balanced energy recovery ventilation make possible extraordinary reductions in energy use and carbon emission. Today, many in the building sector have applied this concept to design, and build towards a carbon-neutral future. Over the last 10 years more than 15,000 buildings in Europe - from single and multifamily residences, to schools, factories and office buildings - have been designed and built or remodeled to the passive house standard. A great many of these have been extensively monitored by the Passiv Haus Institut in Darmstadt, analyzing and verifying their performance. Even governmental agencies have adopted passive house standards in their policy-making. (www.passivehouse.us)

13

A Passive House is designed to use only 10% of the energy needs of a traditional house.

1 1 About half of the harmful gases causing global warming are produced by ordinary houses.

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Passive Houses utilize a lot of outdoor air. The energy needed for a Passive House comes from outdoor alternative energy resources only. Cooling is done by air-conditioners. People living in Passive Houses are healthier. ■'“Passive” means the ability to capture and store renewable energy. Windows are of very good quality in a passive house.

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A Passive House emits about 50% less atmosphere polluting gases.

IB

Passive buildings can serve different purposes.

1 8. E N V I R O N M E N T A L I S S U E S ........

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In this section you will hear about a special day's celebration. Your task is to give short answers to the questions below. First, you will have some time to study the task, and then we will play the whole recording in one piece. Then, after a short pause, listen to the recording again. At the end, you will have some m ore time to check your answers. The first question (0) has been done for you as an example.

Earth Day

m When was Earth Day first celebrated? m How often is it observed? ___ 0*. 4prie Z Z >1970.

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W hat was the original purpose of Earth Day?

m

Who take part in the Earth Day Rally?

_

m What does the US Environmental Protection Agency want to achieve? m How many people took part in the 2000 celebration? m

W hat did Earth Day 2000 use to organize participants?

M

Who are going to entertain people at the next celebration of the day?

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9. S C H O O L

i

Warmer The words and phrases below refer to different "types" of students. Match the phrases (1-10) with their definitions (a-j). "Types" of students

Definitions

1. a real know-all

a) som eone w ho has an unusually high-level of intelligence, m ental skill or ability

2. an odd-ball

b) som eone w ho is too proud of himself/herself

3. the teacher's pet

c) a very lazy person

4. a nerd

d) som eone w ho behaves as if he/she knew everything

5. a lazy-bones

e) som eone w ho behaves in a strange or unusual way

6. a genius

f) som eone w ho is too keen and works harder than he/she should

7. an eager-beaver

g) som eone w ho seem s to be only interested in com puters

8. a big-head

h) the best, m ost successful student in a class

9. a geek

i) a student w ho is thought to be the teacher's favourite and therefore disliked by the others

10. the top of the class

j) an unpopular person w ho doesn't know how to behave in social situations

9. S C H O O L

I f? ( Questions m

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What do you think the purpose of education is?

m W hat types of school do you know? IB Are the memories of your school years pleasant ones? Why? Why not? m Which secondary school do/did you go to? m W hat does/did your school look like? W hat facilities are/were available there? IBB W hat do/did you like most about your school? 8 B If you could change the school curriculum what changes would you make? HR! Do you think that wearing a school uniform should be compulsory? Why? Why not? Hill W hat important events are/were there in your school?

m Can you think of an event that happened at school which you will never forget? m

Did you have a favourite teacher? Describe him/her.

m

W hat makes a good teacher?

m What is your ideal school like? m s How different is higher education from secondary education in Hungary?

m How do you prepare for an exam? m Why are there a lot of foreign students in Hungary? I S What are the advantages and disadvantages of distance learning? m What is your opinion about life-long learning? EH What is the English education system like? S 3 W hat do you know about the American educational system?

v ' T Answers

S I What do you think the purpose of education is? There are several theories about education. Each historical period created its own guidelines, as the process of imparting education is as old as the human race itself. According to Aristotle, for example, “Education is the creation of a sound mind in a sound body.” This definition puts emphasis on the individual, but nowadays the aim of education seems to be two-fold. Schools aim to promote the spiritual, moral, cultural, mental and physical development of their pupils by transmitting the values and accumulated knowledge of a society. Their other goal is to prepare the students for adulthood so that they will be able to become useful, responsible and satisfied citizens.

m What types of school do you know? In most societies educational institutions operate at three levels: elementary, secondary and higher. In elementary or primary schools in Hungary there are two sections: junior and

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9. S C H O O L senior classes. Secondary education occurs in several types of schools: grammar schools, secondary vocational schools, vocational schools and there are training courses as well. In higher education we can mention colleges and universities.

B

Are the memories of your school years pleasant ones? Why? Why not? a) Yes, absolutely. I started school in a small village. My first teacher was a kind, middle-aged woman, who loved me very much. Then in secondary school we had a fantastic class, it was a real community. We understood each other very well from the first days and my best friends are my former classmates. Our class trips were unforgettable. Although we live in different towns and have different professions we keep in touch and meet regularly. I always look forward to our class reunions organized every five years. I wouldn’t miss out on any of these occasions to recall our memorable teenage years.

b) No, not really. In the elementary school our class was “overcrowded”, there were 36 children. I was the smallest, and the only one who had to wear glasses. In addition, I was extremely shy and reserved, therefore I felt painfully insecure. Everyone teased me and called me names. I remember being bullied by not only the naughtiest guys of the school. My secondary school was chosen by my parents, and I couldn’t live up to their expectations either with my behaviour or with my results. However hard I tried I never succeeded. I was really relieved when I took my final exams and left school.

m Which secondary school do/did you go to? a) I went to a secondary grammar school which had the best reputation and the highest success rate in our county. It was in a nearby town, which meant I was separated from my parents at a very early age. I lived in a students’ hostel, which I enjoyed a lot. The school had several classes; each of them specialized in different subjects. My class was extremely good at mathematics, and we had ten maths lessons a week. We were the “brain” or the “grey matter” of the school.

b) I attended a secondary vocational school specializing in computer studies. We had a wellbalanced curriculum, which comprised general education and practical training. When I left school I had double qualifications, with which I was able to go on to university but many of my classmates immediately entered the world of work. In addition I had an ECDL (European Computer Driving Licence) Certificate, which helped me to find a part-time job to finance my university studies.

m What does/did your school look like? What facilities are/were available there? a) My school was situated in the centre of our town. It was an old brick building in a very bad condition: the stairs, the walls in the corridor and the toilets were all run down. However, it was outstandingly high-tech. We had biology, chemistry and physics laboratories which had state-of-the-art furniture and equipment. We enjoyed experimenting and a kind of scientific atmosphere surrounded us. My other favourite place was the library. Although it

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9. S C H O O L was small, it had all the compulsory literature, and we were allowed to study there. The gym was as big or as small as a basketball court, but it had a gallery from where the key matches in the school championships were followed by emotional supporters. In the yard there were several other sporting facilities.

b) Our school looks like an American campus. There are 4 separate buildings between which we also have to “wander” in the breaks. In the main building you can find classrooms, science and language labs and staffrooms. Humanities have got a whole building with classrooms for literature, history, art and music. The school library is also there, and there are computers with Internet access that everybody can use. We also have a huge sports hall which was designed not only for educational purposes but for hosting international competitions as well. But the top attraction of the school is the garden with its nice benches, hundred-year old chestnut trees and continuously chirping blackbirds. We have a nice “Grove of Memory” with 5 different types of trees. They were planted in the honour of the teachers who have died since we moved to this new place.

m What do/did you like most about your school? a) I like seeing my mates every day and I enjoy learning new things. Our teachers are supporting and encouraging. We have a lot of sports facilities, and there are several extra-curricular activities. I am a member of the drama club, and we have one or two performances each year. It’s a fantastic feeling when you can show your talent in front of the whole school.

b) I went to a Spanish bilingual class. The head of the Spanish department was a very energetic, enthusiastic teacher, who spent all her life in the school. We had three native speakers, who taught us history, geography, maths and Spanish. I became infected with the Spanish­ speaking world and culture forever. m

If you could change the school curriculum what changes would you make? a) I would like to have more language lessons, at least one every day. We would also need more PE lessons, or more spare time to do sport: learning to swim, skate and ski could be part of the sports curriculum. We are overburdened, as we still have to cram a lot of information: dates, names and definitions. In the era of the Internet this kind of factual knowledge is easily accessible, and what we learn for a test we soon forget. Being able to communicate, to solve problems or to take part in debates would be more useful in our future life. Visual culture: mainly film as art should also be taught.

b) I’d like to learn some practical skills; cooking, sewing, knitting, woodwork, pottery or gardening would be interesting to do. I’ve heard that in England they have a subject called

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9. S C H O O L citizenship. In the lessons students have a chance to experience what it is like to be a citizen, and understand why it is important to vote. I would also incorporate a sort of psychology lesson or session, where we could get to know ourselves, a kind of self-analysis or drama group. We really would need help with studying. We could be taught how to memorise things, solve problems, and lengthen our concentration span, in one word, how to study more effectively. m

Do you think that wearing a school uniform should be compulsory? Why? Why not? a) No, it is old-fashioned and in Hungary few schools have one. If they have it is mainly for celebrations. In our school we have a dress code for celebrations. We wear white blouses or shirts with dark skirts or trousers. The girls have scarves and the boys ties with the logo of the school.

b) It would be really good if we had a uniform. It is convenient, cheap for the parents and everybody is equal in appearance. My parents told me that they had to wear gowns. I think it is a good idea. It is true that you can t express or show your personality in clothes if you have to wear a uniform, but there wouldn’t be any rivalry or competition for who is more fashionable, or whose parents are wealthier. m

What important events are/were there in your school? The opening and closing ceremonies of the school year. Freshmen’s Week during which the new classes compete for the Best Class Award. To popularise our school we have a day of “Open Doors”, when primary school students come to our school, visit lessons, have the opportunity to feel the atmosphere. We have celebrations on national holidays, but the most important and exciting event is the school-leavers’ ball or the Ribbon Ceremony. Another memorable day towards the end of the school year is the school-leavers’ Farewell Ceremony. After that they start their final exams, and during the written exams other classes go on class excursions or trips.

EESCan you think of an event that happened at school which you will never for­ get? a) Our Ribbon Ceremony was the best ever ball in my life. The preparation for this event made our class a real community. We enjoyed the dance rehearsals, and during the ceremony our waltz was the biggest success. At the beginning of the ceremony I felt awfully nervous. I was wearing high-heeled shoes and was afraid of falling over while going up to the headmaster to get my ribbon. Luckily, nothing happened, and as a matter of fact the whole ceremony was not as embarrassing as I thought it would be. After the official ceremony we, I mean our class and our form teacher, went to a restaurant. The teacher proposed a toast wishing us success and happiness in the final year. After dinner we went to a dance club and spent the whole night on the dance floor. It was the party of a lifetime.

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9. S C H O O L b) Our class trips were hilarious. From the very moment we sat on the bus we couldn’t help laughing. We had a classmate who entertained us all day long. He was able to tell jokes, imitate our teachers and famous people. We always stayed at a place where there were cooking facilities or at least an open-air fireplace and in the evening we made a big fire, sat around it. Our class teacher was quite understanding and as long as we obeyed her rules she let us do many things.

OS Did you have a favourite teacher? Describe him/her. a) My Maths teacher had the biggest impact on me. He explained everything with great enthusiasm and was brilliant and inspiring. Not just because he had all sorts of techni­ cal expertise and was good at passing it on, but because he encouraged us to think. He never humiliated anyone, stayed calm and patient, and lost his temper only once. He was everything a good teacher should be: stern at times, but good natured, clever, creative and funny.

b) I will never forget my English teacher and her lessons. She never ran out of new ideas and interesting topics. Although she was highly academic, she treated us as mates, understood us extremely well and played with us. We read newspaper articles, poems, novels, watched films. She lit in me a fire for English literature, which I hope will never go out. m

What makes a good teacher? Good teachers love their subjects and are highly qualified. In addition they are brilliant at communicating their knowledge and their enthusiasm. They can motivate students to work hard, and assess them regularly. They are strict but fair. They are creative, encouraging and supportive. They have a good sense of humour, and students feel they have fun even when they work hard. They treat their pupils equally, have no pets or favourites.

m What is your ideal school like? a) In my ideal school the teachers do not teach, but help the students to discover things for themselves. They let them experiment and experience scientific, social and academic phenomena. Students are allowed and even encouraged to work in pairs or groups, and they have to carry out tasks or do projects every term. Assessment is based on the activity of the students during the lessons and on their project work. There is no traditional testing.

b) My ideal school is situated in a big park on the outskirts of a big town. It is a modern building with a big Assembly Hall, all kinds of labs, sporting and entertainment facilities. The teachers are young, cheerful and well-paid. We don’t have to cram before an exam as the Internet can be used while writing a test. However, assessment is based on the progress of our skills, such as creative writing, problem solving and communication.

IS

i 9. S C H O O L

mHow different is higher education from secondary education in Hungary? In secondary schools there are lessons which are held in the morning and students have to do their homework and prepare for the next day in the afternoon. Students study in classes and have a fixed timetable. Assessment is continuous, students are tested orally and they regularly do tests. There is a school-leaving or final exam at the end of the 12th or 13th grade. In higher education students/undergraduates have lectures, seminars and practical courses. Each student has his/her own timetable, an individual work schedule. Assessment takes place at two levels. In the seminars they normally take two tests, in the middle and at the end of the term. The results of these tests, class participation and an essay are the basis for the grades. The knowledge of lecture materials is checked in the form of written or oral examinations. At the end of higher education students are required to write a thesis, and take a final, so-called “State exam”.

I S How do you prepare for an exam? a) The most effective method for me is the following: I attend lectures regularly and take notes. I always try to read the required literature and use a course book if there is one. In the books I highlight the main points, then I write a brief summary of each topic or exam question. When I have finished this I study with one of my groupmates and we discuss all the key questions. I never forget to save the day before th affects the liver. If you take this substance in iaMeA fc-H-e-r _________________ ______ it will help you get rid of without changing your diet.

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During the study whose results are available in ______________ researchers fed two groups of mice. Their diet was almost m _____________ ______. The only difference was that the food which was given to of one of the groups m __ naringenin. The naringenin-mice _______________ any symptoms of metabolic syndromes, while the

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non-naringenin mice . This result _____________ researchers, as naringenin-mice ate E 3 ____________________ as non-naringenin mice.

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If this substance is developed into a drug there will be hope for dieters to lose weight without reducing fftl ____ ___ .

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14. ILLNESSES S nListening Comprehension In this section you are going to hear a news report about a salt cave. Your task will be to circle the letter or letters of the correct answer or answers in the boxes below. Please note that in this task both answers may be correct. However, there is always at least one correct answer. This m eans that you have to circle one or two letters. First, you will have some time to study the task, and then you will hear the recording. Then, after a short pause, listen to the recording again. There is an example (0) that has been done for you. Salt Cave Offers Saline Solution to Sinus Problems m

Hie salt cave in London______________ m

is located in a former church.

Util! looks like a Polish salt mine. 13

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Halotherapy can help people with ______________ m

allergy.

ID

asthma.

The place gives the impression of a snow beach because the guests m

hear the sound of waves.

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step on salt that feels like sand.

In the room the guests w ear______________ m

a baseball cap.

E3 a pair of shoes. C l The therapy was discovered_______________

m in the 19th century. 1 3 in Siberia.

m rIhe owner of the cave is ______________ m Hungarian. m

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arrived in England three years ago.

The salt used in the cave m

is pure. is transported from Siberia.

■ 2 The ideal treatment lasts fo r______________

m two weeks.

■ D one to two hours daily.

14. ILLNESSES 11

The therapy______________

m shows positive effects.

m has been recognised by the UK’s NHS. m

Doctors advise people with asthm a______

m to stop medication during cave therapy.

m to use halotherapy as a complementary treatment. 1

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1 5 , L E I S U R E T I ME A C T I V I T I E S

15. Leisure Time Activities Dream as if you'll live forever, live as if you'll die tomorrow. (James Dean)

Odd w ord out. Find the w ord th at does n ot fit in the line. m

weekend, day off, payday, red-letter day, bank holiday

10

collect stamps, watch TV, go to the cinema, prepare for an exam, listen to music

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quiz show, news, novel, chat show, sports programmes

13

board game, chess, cards, barbecue, jigsaw puzzle

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fishing, DIY, gardening, folk dance, cartoon collection, rare item, auction, collect, collage, swap

1*3 hamster, budgerigar, pig, gold fish, dog, guinea pig E 2 rock-n-roll, heavy metal, reggae, classical, rap, techno

I Questions 11

How important is it for us to have leisure activities in our lives?

m

How much free time do you have? How do you spend it?

S 3 W hat do Hungarians do in the evenings? C l W hat are the most popular games people play nowadays?

m

W hat are the most popular outdoor activities in Hungary?

El

Where do you usually go on a night out with your friends?

m

Why do people collect things?

C l What do children, young people and adults collect?

E3

What hobbies can you list?

f P l Which of them do you and the members of your family do?

G3 Why do people keep pets? m

What animals do people keep as pets in Hungary?

1 5 . L E I S U R E T I ME A C T I V I T I E S E l What are the advantages and disadvantages of having a pet? m

Do you prefer going to concerts or listening to music at home?

m

Why are music festivals so popular with young people? W hat are the dangers of such festivals?

B

What are “disco accidents”? What are their common causes?

m How can they be avoided?

H 3 Why is there so much violence at football matches? Football hooliganism is a serious problem nowadays. Do you agree? Why? Why not?

8 1 How important is it for us to have leisure activities in our lives? It is very important because after work or school everybody needs to relax, switch off, and forget about the problems that cannot be solved easily. We have to work to earn money and provide for our family, we need to sleep to give our body time to have a rest and regain energy, but we also need some sort of activity that makes us happy and gives joy.

How much free time do you have? How do you spend it? a) I think I have enough free time. Every day after school I have a rest for about one or two hours. I listen to music, watch a bit of TV or chat with my friends on the net. In the evening before falling asleep I always read for at least half an hour. And the weekends are free. I don’t have to do anything, just have to rest. I sleep a lot, and hang out with friends or have a sleepover party on Saturday night.

b) I only have free time at weekends. I work long hours on weekdays but I finish on Friday afternoon. I always spend my weekend with my friends or family. We often gather at someone’s place and have parties. If the weather is good we go on outings, and spend our time doing sport, having a picnic or playing together in the open air. m

What do Hungarians do in the evenings? In the evenings most people watch TV, talk on the phone or chat on the Net with their friends or relatives. Some other people read, listen to music or watch video or DVD films in their homes. Few people go out on weekdays. From spring to autumn those who have a garden work there: weed and water the plants, mow the lawn or just enjoy the beauty of nature.

1 3 Do people like playing games? What are the most popular games people play nowadays? a) I don’t know. My family and friends like board games, chess and all sorts of card games. We have several types of board games: commercial (like Monopoly), educational (like

1 5 . L E I S U R E T I ME A C T I V I T I E S

m

“Ask! I’ll answer!”, “Risk” and “Katan”) and psychological (like “Ungame”). We also have a lot of jigsaw puzzles. The biggest one consists of 1000 pieces, which takes several hours or sometimes days to solve. There is no Christmas without a new board game under the tree. It’s really amazing when the whole family plays together.

b) In each of us there lives the Homo Ludens (“The player”), however nowadays we play very rarely. If we do, we play cards. My father plays bridge with his friends every Friday. I learnt to play "kanaszta” at a very early age, when I was 4 or 5. My grandparents used to play cards every Monday, and as they were playing I followed their game and picked up the rules. A real recreation and total relaxation for me is when I play cards with my children or friends. m

What are the most popular outdoor activities in Hungary? Outdoor activities depend on the weather and differ according to the four seasons. In spring people walk in the woods and admire reviving nature, go for outings or excursions. In summer they go on one or two-day trips, invite their friends to have a barbecue or do some sport (like cycling, swimming or roller skating). In autumn families help each other with harvesting and wine-making. They pick mushrooms, collect plums, apples, grapes and walnuts. Winter weekends and holidays are often spent outdoors. Skiing in the Northern Mountains or abroad or skating on frozen lakes in a snow-covered environment is pure pleasure for many families. City dwellers simply go for a walk in the evenings, or have a stroll in the main street enjoying and admiring the finely-decorated and festively-illuminated Christmas displays.

Where do you usually go on a night out with your friends? a) There are a lot of places: clubs, bars, tea-houses and discos to go to. Each place has its unique atmosphere and a special type of music. “Hangfogó” is my favourite music club, where there are local bands. If we fancy dancing we go to a nightclub, where there is a huge dance floor and the music is mixed by excellent DJs. But most of the time we go to a calm place, gather round a big table to drink and talk. I have a lot of friends, and almost every weekend someone has a birthday or nameday, so we regularly celebrate something.

b) I am a folk dancer, and my favourite place is our dance club, where a so-called “Dance House” is organised every Saturday. We have live music, a folk orchestra plays traditional Hungarian folk music to which we dance till dawn. Everything is traditional there. We eat “zsíroskenyér” (which is a typical Hungarian “sandwich” of a slice of bread with fat) or fried sausages with mustard and horse-radish. We drink wine, and in winter mulled wine is served, which is wine boiled with sugar and spices (like cinnamon and cloves).

Why do people collect things? We are historically compelled to collect as we used to be hunters and gatherers. People collect things for many different reasons. Some people collect to create their own identities, some do it as an investment, and some others for pure enjoyment - it’s fun. There are people who

I

1 5 , L E I S U R E T I ME A C T I V I T I E S

collect tilings from the past which has some relevance to them. Things from the past help us understand where we come from and where we belong. Moreover collections furnish a home. They are physical, touchable, tangible things. It can be a way of creating value in things. Some people collect for profit, and if the collection is increasing in value, they sell certain pieces or swap rare items. Moreover, if you are a collector you can expand your social life, attend swap meets and get in touch with collectors on the Internet.

E l What do children, young people and adults collect? Children collect all kinds of things: basketball cards, marbles, stamps, teddy bears, postcards, calendars, napkins, shells or beach stones. Young people are interested in music and certain youth culture, and they collect CDs, posters of their favourite bands and sports teams, and all kinds of memorabilia. Everybody likes recalling memories of pleasant experiences, a journey or a music festival. Youngsters save flight or train tickets, boarding passes, luggage tags, concert or festival tickets, festival wristbands, leaflets etc. If someone continues collecting things in adulthood it means he/she has become a serious collector who regularly arranges his/her collection, swaps items and hunts for new and rare pieces. These people collect coins, antique books, clocks, paintings or even more valuable things, like old cars or motor-cycles.

E S What hobbies can you list? Hobbies can be active or passive, outdoor or indoor, team or individual, free or expensive past time activities. Doing any kind of sport, collecting anything, playing a musical instrument or singing in a choir, building models, cooking, gardening, fishing, wall or rock climbing, acting or dancing can give happiness to the doer. M

Which of them do you and the members of your family do? I am fond of visual arts. I have a huge collection of DVDs and books on the history of Hungarian films. I watch films every Friday night and often invite friends to a sleepover party. In addition, I attend an evening class where I study photography. Every weekend I grab my camera and off I go to a park, a flea market or just walk in the street and take snapshots of people, nature and whatever I find worth taking a picture of. I am also interested in computer graphics, and make photos with the help of Photoshop. It’s a real hobby, or as my friend says an obsession. My father likes repair work, he has highly developed practical skills, he fixes everything that breaks down in our house. His other hobby is fishing. He can sit by the water staring at the

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1 5 . L E I S U R E T I ME A C T I V I T I E S

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float of his fishing rod without saying a word. He says he enjoys nature, total silence and can clear his mind from all sorts of thoughts. My mum likes knitting. There is always something being made on her needles. She follows the latest knitting trends and I always have something fashionable. She simply can’t sit with her hands clasped in her lap. My sister is totally absorbed in folk arts. She is a member of a folk dance group, does pottery under the supervision of a potter who has gained the title of “Master of Folk Arts”. Moreover, she regularly travels to Transylvania to study the traditional rural life and old Hungarian customs. She also collects old plates and jugs.

EE! Why do people keep pets? There are many reasons. Pets can provide company for lonely or elderly people. Children are curious and interested in animals and like observing them and playing with them. We are historically bound to live with animals and mankind has domesticated several types of them. Dogs are a good example of that. Their primary role even today is to be a guard and watch the house and the garden. m

What animals do people keep as pets in Hungary? Dogs, cats, guinea pigs, hamsters, mice, turtles or tortoises, birds, budgerigars, fish or rabbits. Exotic pets like snakes, spiders, iguanas or some insects are rare, but can be found in some homes.

m

What are the advantages and disadvantages of having a pet? Advantages: Pets can provide company and guard the house. A big aquarium with beautiful fish and flourishing plants can be an aesthetic phenomenon. Children enjoy their company and learn certain things. If we accept a stray dog or cat we really save a tiny part of the animal kingdom. Disadvantages: Pets need constant attention, they cause quite a lot of work and take up part of our free time, we must feed them, take them for walks and clean their homes. They cost money - food, medical treatment - and some breeds can be expensive. If you go on holiday you have to ask someone to look after your pet or take them to special homes or local kennels. Pets soon become emotionally attached to you and if they die it can be a real trauma for a child or an adult person to lose their loved ones.

m

Do you prefer going to concerts or listening to music at home? a) I like both. I can’t imagine my life without music. My MP3 player is the most valuable thing I have. I always try to shut out everyday life, so my ears are continuously plugged in and my favourite band entertains me all the time. Concerts are not part of my everyday life, as I can rarely afford a ticket, but if my favourite band plays a gig in my town I save up for months to be there.

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1 5 . L E I S U R E T I ME A C T I V I T I E S b) Concerts are special events, as they are rather about being together, inhaling a sort of fantastic atmosphere. They are unique, and you can have the experience of a lifetime. However, good bands rarely come to Hungary and the ticket prices have rocketed in the last decade, so they are not always affordable.

m Why are music festivals so popular with young people? Rock festivals have become the most important summer events in youngsters’ lives. Young people spend their summer holiday wandering from one festival to another. These festivals are big socio-cultural events, large-scale outdoor rock music concerts that last for several days. Festivals are mainly about togetherness; besides experiencing live music and the performance of your favourite band you meet people who share your interests. You chat with the folks sitting or camping next to you, so you expand your social circle. In addition, festivals offer side shows ranging from the theatre, cinema, dance, stand-up comedy, art exhibitions, to on-site record shops, tattooing, Internet access and sports facilities. There are also activity booths promoting health, anti­ drug campaigns and green initiatives, so you can learn about new things as well.

US What are the dangers of such festivals? Unfortunately music culture and drug culture overlap, especially in a live music setting, so alcohol and drug abuse are the highest risks of a music festival. Despite the strict security checks and search for drugs and bottles of alcohol at the gates, festival experiences may come to an early end because of drug and alcohol abuse. If the weather is rainy you may get soaked to the skin, and might catch a cold; moreover all your clothes might get ruined because of the mud. As there are many people, and most of them sleep in tents (which are easy to open), you may get your valuables and documents stolen. It is a common rule in each festival that bottles and alcoholic drinks and even food cannot be taken in to the territory, so you have to buy everything on the spot, which means you will spend a lot of money. I am totally con­ vinced that the costs of a festival seriously stretch the financial means of an average Hungar­ ian youngster.

KB What are "disco accidents"? What are their common causes? They are accidents that are connected with driving to or from a disco. These accidents normally happen at the weekend, on Friday or Saturday nights. The passengers and the driver are all teenagers or people in their twenties. The causes of these accidents in many cases are high speed or drunk driving. Even if the driver has not drunk, the drunken passengers tease

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1 5 . L E I S U R E T I ME A C T I V I T I E S the driver, force him/her to show off and drive as fast as possible. Road conditions or bad weather are not a factor that is taken into consideration.

BH How can they be avoided? In most cases the cars are the property of the parents, so if parents didn’t lend their cars to their teenage kids many accidents could be avoided. Moreover, young people should take more responsibility for each other. Local councils and the police should also take action. Policemen should patrol in front of big discos and stricter traffic supervision ought to be provided. In Poland there is a major “Road safety” campaign. There are shocking posters stuck to the mirrors in the toilets of discos whose aim is to raise awareness of disco accidents’ consequences. They show through shocking images how irreversible and fatal such consequences can be. In Austria disco-buses are run in rural areas during weekends at night time. They offer youngsters the possibility to be mobile without a car. Similar measures would be really useful in Hungary.

H I Why is there so much violence at football matches? Football hooliganism originated in England in the early 60s and then spread throughout Europe. Its causes should be considered in the context of the general rise in juvenile crime and delinquency and the emergence of new deviant sub-cultures. However, several other factors can be mentioned, such as the role of the media, the emergence of overt racism and the alleged influence of alcohol consumption on violent behaviour.

112 Football hooliganism is a serious problem nowadays. Do you agree? Why? Why not? a) Yes, I do. Some years ago there was just sporadic violence which was directed at referees and players. Then it was followed by violence between opposing groups of fans and against police and security officers inside the stadium. Nowadays, unfortunately all the fans’ anger ends up in violent encounters between opposing groups outside the stadium and often turns into vandalism and uncontrollable fights.

b) No, I don’t think so. Football clubs and stadia apply strict security measures at the entrance searching for bottles and all kinds of “weapons”. Moreover, special security guards are employed and police squads secure the matches. In addition, the supporters have their own clubs and leaders and they take responsibility for their fans. Troublemakers just take advantage of the opportunity and in most cases have nothing to do with football.

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deviant direct discipline do-it-yourself domesticate drunken driving elderly people

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eimerui, t:ir í ituyeu, leijtber i leköt mértéktelen fogyasztás anyagilag megengedhető aukció elkerül szeret, kedvel társasjáték bódé faj törpepapagáj kórus gyűjtemény kereskedelmi közös ok következmény kíváncsi szokás Táncház vétség, bűncselekmény, bűnözés deviáns, normáktól eltérő irányít fegyelem barkácsolás háziasít ittas vezetés idős emberek valami felmerülése, jelentkezése összecsapás, megmérkőzés élvezet, gyönyör kirándulás halálos etet ünnepélyesen kivilágított anyagi lehetőségek horgászbot

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1 5 . L E I S U R E T I ME A C T I V I T I E S take action take advantage of tangible tease technological advancement togetherness tortoise touchable Transylvania trauma trim troublemaker turtle uncontrollable unique value victory violence violent behaviour wallpaper wander weapon wine-making woods wristband youngster

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1 5 . L E I S U R E T I ME A C T I V I T I E S

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Tasks Reading Comprehension You are going to read an article about Sziget Festival in Budapest. After reading the article look at the sentences following it. Your task is to choose the sentences that best summarize the idea(s) expressed in each paragraph. Choose the phrase (A-D) which is nearest in m eaning to w hat the article says. Write the letters in the boxes below. There is an example (0) at the beginning. The Music Takes Second Place to Everything Else at Sziget (Sziget 2008, Review by Greg Forbes) W hat are you looking for in a festival? If music and bands are your number one priorities stick to some of the bigger ones in the UK. If you want to try something different why not jump on a plane or train and head to Budapest in Hungary next August. Sziget on Obuda Island in the middle of the Danube River, between Buda and Pest is truly an amazing festival. From the river, the trees on the island are so dense that you would not even know that there was a festival on.

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H i ,ocated approximately 3 miles outside the city centre with excellent public transport links by train (HEV), tram, and water taxi, Sziget festival is easy to get to. No weekender here but seven full days of bands and fun in 90-degree heat. At £100 for a week’s festival including camping it’s pretty good value. Once inside, the first thing I pick up is a free detailed festival guide that’s available in every European language I can think of. It’s jammed full of info and lets me plan my non music part of the week. The centre of the festival site is called the city centre. Here you can go to the post office, buy groceries at a small supermarket, visit a local bank, leave your luggage, visit a pharmacist, get your photos developed, get married (not joking there was a marriage tent and people did get married) or have laundry done via a laundrette service.

m

E l W ithin the central area you can choose from a larger variety of food than you get in most British city centres. From Chinese, Latin to Serbian, Transylvanian, Hungarian, Spanish, American, it was all here in abundance. Most of the food is between 3 and 7 quid, but for the top end price you get a full quality meal that will really fill you up. W ith stomach full I ventured to the beer stall. It was pretty good from the taps at a maximum of £1.50 a pint - really good value compared to what I am used to. i l l also got to in the spirit of reviewing the local Hungarian wine. It was a bit sweet for my liking and the annoying thing was that out of the six times I purchased wine over the week for my wife

1^ 1

1 5 , L E I S U R E T I ME A C T I V I T I E S i

or myself, I got charged six different prices for similar amounts. This just goes to show that you have to be careful.

El I’ve purposely not even mentioned the music yet. So what apart from music can you do at Sziget? Some of the activities I will mention are for kids but adults can enjoy them also. Take pottery for example. Where at a UK festival could you make a pot under the guidance of a potter using a wheel? On a previous visit to Hungary I found out they were as a nation obsessed by logic puzzles. So it should come as no surprise that there was a puzzles tent where you could sit and engage your mind in everything from complex relations of the Rubik’s cube to tangled wheel puzzles that I would not solve in a lifetime.

El After enduring two hours of my wife and kids glued to the puzzles I dragged them away to the Latin village where we danced the morning away to a salsa class and watched in awe as a Brazilian martial arts/dance group led approximately 50 festival goers through moves. Apart from that, you could visit Moroccan tea rooms or join in an African coifee-making ceremony. There was a travelling circus area, a massive water puppet theatre from Vietnam, public art displays, and giant play parks for the kids. One other thing worth mentioning, just because I’ve never seen anything like it in the UK, was the Sports Terrace. From a tent offering free 20-minute massages to 40-foot climbing walls, massive trampolines, beach volleyball, beach football, table tennis, arm wrestling machines, basketball, and a large mechanised kayak machine it was all going on and without you having to put your hand in your pocket once.

m

So to sum up I found Sziget to be a great experience as did my wife and two kids (aged 7 and 5). The music at this festival is definitely secondary to everything else that’s going on. Compared to British festivals the line up is comparatively weak, however if you look at the experience as a whole it’s well worth the trip. (source: http://www.efestivals.co.uk/festivals/sziget/2008/review-overview.shtml)

13

El If you are looking for excellent music groups in a festival you shouldn’t stay in the UK.

m Sziget is an amazing festival because of its environment. m A festival fan should come to Sziget if he is eager to experience something unique. m Sziget festival is not as big as festivals in Europe. El m Although it’s easy to get to Sziget Festival it’s too long and the weather is too hot. m At Sziget everything seems to be perfect: the accessibility, the weather, the prices and the information.

IE! The ticket for this festival is reasonable as it includes accommodation.

■s The festival guide book is very informative but it is available only in the main European languages.

m

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1 5 . L E I S U R E T I ME A C T I V I T I E S

m m , ES

ES The most amazing thing about the festival is that people can get married there and surprisingly they did.

m The festival site is far from the city centre. 13

The so-called city centre provides the guests with all kinds of services.

1 3 You can have your clothes washed during the festival. m

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ES There is a wide range of international cuisines; however there is only Hungarian beer. H d The author thinks that the food is more varied and the beer is more expensive than in England. 1 3 After having a top quality meal for £5 the author tasted the beer.

■3

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The author is satisfied with the choice and price of food and beer.

ES The writer of the article thinks that Hungarian wine is too sweet and too expensive. 1 3 Whenever the author bought wine he paid a different price, which annoyed him.

13 ■3 m I

m

The author was careful with his money because he didn’t want to spend it only on wine. Both the author and his kids tasted several types of Hungarian wine.

m Activities offered at Sziget provide entertainment for people of all ages. m

The Hungarians like logic puzzles more than the English.

13

While the author was making a pot his kids were playing with Rubik’s cube.

■ 3 It wasn’t surprising that the puzzles tent was the most popular place.

ES Greg Forbes, the author, danced salsa and learnt the basic elements of Brazilian martial arts. E 3 Forbes’s family had a wonderful time as they activated their minds, bodies and senses.

13 13

There were so many activities that it was impossible to try them all.

m

The Sports Terrace reminded the author of his previous experiences in the UK.

m

There was such a wide range of activities that you could get an insight into different cultures.

IBs'i On the Sports Terrace you could do many different things - play ballgames, climb and jump, fight - everything except paddling.

13

People were so busy on the Sports Terrace that they had no time to put their hands into their pockets.

W*1 Whatever you did on the Sports Terrace was free of charge.

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1 5 . L E I S U R E T I ME A C T I V I T I E S

m m

:5\ Listening Comprehension In this section you are going to hear a news report about an interesting collection. Your task is to decide w hether the statem ents (1-8) are true (A), false (B) or the text does not say (C). Write the correct letter in the boxes below. There is an example (0) that has been done for you. First, you will have some time to study the task, and then you will hear the recording. Then, after a short pause, listen to the recording again. = TRUE 1 0 = FALSE 1 3 = THE TEXT DOES NOT SAY

m

From Bamboo to Chocolate

El

Val Kolpakov’s collection is one of the Guinness World Records.

B 9 His patients can see the whole collection in his waiting room.

K3 He got in touch with Carsten Gutzeit, a German collector. El Each item is catalogued. E 3 Toothpowders appeared earlier than toothpastes.

El

The most expensive item is an English gold toothpowder box. He has recently tried out chocolate-flavoured toothpaste.

m

He has pieces that were used during World War I.

El

During World War II radioactive toothpastes were produced.

16. CULTURAL EVENTS

16. Cultural Events Love of beauty is taste. The creation of beauty is art. (Ralph Waldo Emerson)

Warmer All the phrases below are in connection with different forms of arts. Put the words in the column with which we associate the phrase the most. There are phrases that fit more than one place, though. Sound-track, dance, singer, ceramics, script, drama, poet, subtitles, musical, sculpture, shooting, orchestra, cast, painting, theatre, novel, musician, live statue, screen, canvas, ballet, CD, photography, concert, architecture, poem, rehearsal, volume, sculptor, opera, rhyme, busker, painter, short story

Film/cinema

Literature

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Music

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H i Questions El

W hat is your favourite form of entertainment?

m

W hat sort of cultural events take place in your town/village?

El

Do you attend them? Why? Why not?

m Why are cultural festivals popular?

How often do you go to the theatre? H

Have you seen a good performance recently? W hat did you like about it?

m

People prefer films and TV to theatre nowadays. Do you agree?

ES W hat kind of films do you like?

j

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16, CULTURAL EVENTS m

List some types of films.

tTTj W hat films are you put off by? Why?

EH

Film stars are greatly overrated. Do you agree?

OS W hat types of books do you like reading? Why? m

Where do you get your books from?

ES

W hat do you think of e-books?

m

W hat kind of music do you like? How do famous musicians influence young people? Are you an art lover? What makes a work of art valuable?

fd

What kind of street performance do you know? Which one would you like to try? Why? Is graffiti a sign of vandalism or is it art?

E S W hat kind of exhibitions can be seen in your neighbourhood? W hat was the most interesting exhibition you have ever seen?

El What is your favourite form of entertainment? a) I like all kinds of entertainment, from traditional live entertainment to the presentday mass media. I am really keen on modern ballet; however, I can only see first class performances on Mezzo Channel and live for high-price tickets. Film, music, radio and TV are part of my everyday life. I often go to the cinema, as in my opinion a real film is only enjoyable on a big screen with Dolby surround.

b) My favourite forms of entertainment are music, theatre and art exhibitions. I like all kinds of music, and choose the type I listen to according to my mood. I regularly attend classical music concerts and do not miss any new performance in the local theatre. There is no opening of a new exhibition in my town without me.

What sort of cultural events take place in your town/village? a) My town is famous for its vibrant cultural life, and we have a high standard of programmes all year round. There are several festivals held annually, such as Jazz Days, International Choir Competition, Military Band festival and Children and Youth Folkdance Days. As part of Spring and Autumn Festivals organised in all major cities in Hungary there are concerts of classical and pop music, theatrical performances with troupes from other cities and abroad, and a series of exhibitions. The choice is so great that sometimes it is too difficult to select the best programme.

b) We do not have too many events, but there are some that are worth visiting. These programmes are mainly offered in summertime because of the tourist season. We have a

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16. CULTURAL EVENTS

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multi-functional park which can be used as an open air theatre, cinema or concert hall. There are concerts each weekend, talk shows, theatrical and dance performances.

m

Why are cultural festivals popular? Cultural festivals are popular because they offer a wide range of entertainment to people of all ages. They are well-advertised, as the host town or village can benefit a lot from such an event. Modern festivals last for several days, during which people can have a rest, see the sights of the region, get an insight into the local customs, gastronomy and trade, and in the evenings they can have a thrilling experience of high culture.

El Do you attend them? Why? Why not? a) I attend the Jazz Days and several summer rock festivals each year. My parents are great festival fans, they always combine their holidays with some cultural events. They have already spent days in Szeged and Gyula enjoying the summer theatre evenings, and have taken part in several programmes of Art Festivals in Sárospatak and Kapolcs. This year they are planning to go to Debrecen to the Flower Carnival, which has grown into a weeklong festival with events focusing on music, dance and flowers.

b) I don’t like festivals. They are overcrowded, commercialised events, which offer too many programmes in a short period of time at a very high price. You have to spend at least two days there, which, taking the cost of accommodation and food into consideration, may cost a fortune if you have a family of four. We’d rather stay at home, and enjoy culture all year round not just for two days.

E3 How often do you go to the theatre? a) I often go to the theatre, but I prefer small-stages, the so-called alternative, studio and fringe theatres. In their performances the cast is smaller, the sets and other technical elements are very simple, but they are rich in original ideas both in directing and acting. The plays are written by foreign or Hungarian contemporary playwrights. I am a regular visitor of theatrical festivals held all over the country.

b) Not often. Although I have a season ticket, seven or eight performances are included in the price. I can’t afford to travel to a different town to watch a performance. I like classical, serious plays and performances where acting and the moral message of the play is important. Nowadays spectacular shows, like musicals are on the programme, and these performances are rather technical than theatrical. They are too weak to entertain and too easy to forget.

16. CULTURAL EVENTS

3»

1 3 Have you seen a good performance recently? What did you like about it? a) Yes, it was The Phantom o f the Opera by Andrew Lloyd Webber. I’m interested in grandscale musicals, as these performances are very spectacular with amazing lighting and sound effects, haunting tunes, excellent performances, sophisticated sets and costumes. This was a magnificent performance which was a thrill to the blood and a sensual feast for the eye. It was the most spectacular show I’ve ever seen. It contained all the necessary magic ingredients of theatricality: exciting plot, careful, astute direction, eye-popping sets, spectacular costumes, sensational stage effects and an amazingly good cast.

b) I saw The Rite o f Spring, a dance-theatre piece set to Stravinsky’s music. The set was simple. At the centre was a couple - a man and woman. The woman wore a deep red dress. Her dancing seemed pagan - she seemed to dance for her life. The performance stirred up conflicting feelings: horror, admiration and a sense of beauty. I felt this could be about a contemporary couple; it could be Adam and Eve; or a portrait of someone isolated from society. It was metaphorical and emotional. I was unable to resist being drawn in. m

People prefer films and TV to theatre nowadays. Do you agree? a) Yes, I do. The main difference between a film and a theatrical performance is in the intensity of visual images. The former offers more elaborated vision, it’s full of motion, picturesque landscape, the scenes change fast and you can see incredible action. Meanwhile on a theatre stage there are some people moving and talking. The words of the characters, their dialogues or monologues play the greatest role, which seems to be boring to a lot of people. People of the 21st century are extremely visual. Moreover, you can watch films, I mean DVDs at home, and TV is at hand; so it’s very convenient to have fun sitting in a comfortable armchair. W hat’s more it’s much cheaper than a theatre ticket.

b) No, I don’t, although I know that the number of theatre-goers is decreasing, but still there is an audience for the theatre. I know a lot of people who are into reality; they like to see the actors face to face. It’s so nice to hear them breathing, smiling or crying. Films seem to be remote, a theatrical performance is much more convincing, a real experience, a sort of personal touch.

E S What kind of films do you like? a) I like romantic films, classical novel adaptations, films that deal with great human feelings, like love, loyalty/faithfulness, revenge or forgiveness. I like being moved and touched by an excitingly twisting plot and convincingly genuine acting. However, when I want to relax I watch detective films or comedies. There’s nothing better than having a good laugh with my family.

b) I am into action, horror and science-fiction films. Action-packed movies with car chase scenes and sophisticated martial arts fights, spine chilling scary movies with sinister music and revolting acts of the characters give my soul a thrill. I am always amazed by computer technology and admire engineers and designers for creating strange but lovely creatures, just like in Star Wars.

B

List some types of films. There are action, adventure, animated, detective, disaster, historical, horror, science-fiction (sci-fi) and war films; television and feature films; film series (have the same characters but different story each time like in the “X-files”) and serials (the story is shown in several parts like in “Dallas”); cartoons, comedies, documentaries, fantasies, musicals, thrillers, tragedies and westerns. Any film can be a blockbuster or a box-office hit.

IBMWhat films are you put off by? Why? a) I don’t like soppy, Hollywood style movies in which the main characters are not complex personalities; they are either black or white, good guys or villains. Life and human character are very complicated, a mixture of dark and bright. Happy endings and victorious finales always disappoint me.

b) Stupid comedies, without any twists in the plot, violent scenes, too much blood and frightening, sinister music. I can’t stand films about European history or oriental martial arts and their philosophy made by Americans in a Hollywood style.

U j Film stars are greatly overrated. Do you agree? a) Yes, they earn millions and they appear everywhere: on the cover pages of magazines, in TV shows, in advertisements endorsing certain items. They just act in one or two films a year and make more money than any of us in a lifetime. They are not only overpaid but also overrated. Some of them have become popular just because they are considered attractive, and it doesn’t actually make them good actors. To me good actors as personalities are unrecognisable, and when you see them on the screen, you don’t actually see them, you see the character they are playing.

b) No, they work hard and deserve their money. They sometimes spend months on film shooting, working all day long far from their family and home. Then they appear on talk shows and at film premieres promoting the film. They entertain millions bringing them joy, happiness and excitement. As for their media appearance, the demand for gossip about stars is great, it’s people’s curiosity that fuels and supports celebrities.

fHI What types of books do you like reading? Why? a) I enjoy a wide mix of books, including biographies, historical novels, science-fiction, mysteries, true crime stories and even a good romance. Some entertain, some educate but all help me to understand the world better.

b) I read at least one book a week. I like a lot of types of books - fiction, non fiction, romance, fantasy, biographies, autobiographies, short stories and poetry. But my absolute favourite are mysteries - new and old. I have read books by Agatha Christie over and over again. Mysteries and fantasies take me into another world; I often feel the need to break away from reality.

16 . CULTURAL EVENTS c) I used to love adventure stories; my love for them started when I read Treasure Island and Robinson Crusoe. But nowadays I am hooked on true crime books, as they are gripping

and it’s really exciting to go along the path of finding out the truth. No fiction can outshine reality. Life is the greatest story teller. m

Where do you get your books from? a) I regularly go to the school library. It has a great collection of compulsory literature and there are dictionaries, encyclopaedias, reference books for all the subjects we learn. If I can’t find a book I’ll go to the city or the county libraries. I often get books from my grandparents and parents. By the time I finish my studies I’d like to have a big library in my home.

b) I often buy books, mainly second-hand ones. There are several second-hand bookshops, and I like spending my time there searching for sci-fi novels, books on history and some cheap art publications. I can find a real bargain almost every week. The majority of the books are in good condition and they are much cheaper than new ones. From spring to autumn there is a flea market with several bookstalls. I always buy a lot of books there. My friends also like reading, and we not only recommend books to each other but also lend them. m

What do you think of e-books? a) I love e-books! I travel a lot and I love the feeling of taking literally the whole library wi;~ me. E-books are the future in education, and they are very useful for research when you can’t get hold of a printed copy. Moreover, they are free, or fairly cheap as you can get th e n through subscription.

b) I prefer real books. I wouldn’t want to read a novel in electronic form... too imperson-_ and sterile. Computer files just don’t give the same feel and scent as old books. I like the idea of having the books actually in my hand, flipping through the pages, I love the tactile experience. I don’t feel the same reading from a screen, and besides I spend enough time staring at a computer.

I S What kind of music do you like? a) I just can’t see myself only listening to one genre. If you limit yourself and you stick: c : ae or a few genres of music, you cheat yourself out of the beautiful works of our time and r~rc gone by. How could you not love classic rock stars, the singers and bands of our cirri :: Beethoven and Mozart; there are just too many to mention.

b) I like almost everything except heavy metal. I love jazz music as they play it here inEasieim Europe; and classics by Mozart and Bartók have had a high ranking with me.

c) I like hard rock and heavy metal, hard rhythms, thick, massive sound, extended gnazr solos and their overall loudness. Their lyrics and performance styles are very mascnime and macho. Rock is simply fantastic.

m

How do famous musicians influence young people? Famous musicians influence young people both in positive and negative ways. As they serve as role models, some of them have become iconic in their lifetime, teenagers and fans imitate them. They follow their looks (piercings, tattoos and hairstyle), wear similar clothes and start behaving like them. If a teenage idol leads a decent life (works hard for success, has steady relationships, doesn’t waste money on stupid luxurious things, donates money to charity, campaigns for people in need and the environment) he/she serves as a good example. On the other hand, among musicians there are a lot of outcasts, deviant people, media-created celebrities, who drink, take drugs and behave aggressively. They influence young people in a very bad way, as fans think this is trendy and they should behave like their idols.

m

Are you an art lover? a) Yes, I think I am. I like paintings by Dali and Miro. If we travel abroad we always visit the museum the place is famous for. It’s very fascinating to see a work of art you learnt about at school and know from books with your own eyes. I also like sculptures in public places, and recently we’ve visited the Statue Park in Budapest. It was most educational and entertaining. If there’s an interesting exhibition in my town I go and see it. If it is in another town or Budapest I visit it with my parents or my class.

b) No, not really. Works of art are too high-brow, too sophisticated, I don’t understand what the artist wants to say. Photography is a bit more interesting and theatre and film posters are OK. m

What makes a work of art valuable? Value can mean a real amount of money, but in connection with art we rather speak about aesthetic or theoretical value. There are many works of art (paintings, sculptures, statues, photos etc.) that are invaluable or priceless, as they never appear on the market, no one has ever tried to sell or buy them. Pictures by famous painters are exhibited in museums and galleries, or owned by wealthy collectors. The real market value of an artist or picture or sculpture can sometimes be revealed in an auction. The fame and notoriety of an artist have a great influence on public opinion. Age is another factor; pieces from ancient times (Greek, Roman, Egyptian or Renaissance periods) may also be highly valued just because of their age. Rarity is another point we can take into consideration. Nowadays, some works of contemporary art can gain high appreciation - despite their low artistic value - due to successful media promotion.

m What kind of street performance do you know? Which one would you like to try? Why?

a) There are buskers (street musicians), drama groups, live statues, pavement artists, graffiti artists, portrait painters, clowns, acrobats, jugglers and/or salamanders (fire-eaters).

b) I would like to be a busker. I’ve been learning to play the flute for 10 years, so I think

1 6 . CULTURAL EVENTS

1

I would be quite able to play well. I would entertain people, they would admire and value me and my performance. In addition, I’d earn some money by doing a pleasant job.

c) I’ve always wanted to be a clown. It must be a fantastic feeling when you make people laugh. Bringing some light or joy in others’ lives is soul-lifting. Children would have a rest sitting around me, falling about laughing after a long, boring, tiring walk in the town. Adults also would forget about their problems at least for some minutes. d) I’d like to be a live statue. It seems to be boring, but it isn’t. It is really hard to stand in a posture motionless for hours. That would be a real challenge for me. I’d like to try it. Maybe some time in the future in Budapest or abroad I’ll have a try.

S 3 Is graffiti a sign of vandalism or is it art? a) I think graffiti as it appears in Hungary in public places is vandalism. All over the town lines are sprayed and eyesore images are scribbled on walls, which are done illegally, mostly at night. As soon as a building has been renovated or repainted new unsightly scrawls appear on the clean surface the next day. It’s a crime, antisocial behaviour. However, I’ve already seen some quite interesting, well/ designed graffiti on train carriages. They w fl were spectacular, colourful - a nice sort of decoration on a grey vehicle. I’ve also read ■ about exhibitions, where works of graffiti artists were displayed in the museums of New York and Amsterdam. There are websites, or even clothes designed in this style. This is a question of taste.

b) If graffiti is done with great care, and you can make out the letters, it’s on a wall as decoration, that’s OK. My friend, who is good at making graffiti, was allowed to decorate the wall of his room in this style. It looks really great. m

What kind of exhibitions can be seen in your neighbourhood? a) We have a Modern and Contemporary Art Centre, where there are permanent and periodical exhibitions of Hungarian and foreign artists of the 20th and 21st centuries. In the town museum visitors can see the local historical collection and a rich fine art collection. In the so-called Tanner’s House the exhibitions present the works of art of the craftsmen of the region.

b) We have some Memorial Museums, which were created in honour of the sculptors and painters born here. The exhibition material encompasses the entire oeuvre of these artists, along with some documents of their lives, and their everyday objects and pieces of furniture. The art gallery hosts exciting, experimental exhibitions, which give talented young artists an opportunity to display their latest works.

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16. CULTURAL EVENTS

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E ü What was the most interesting exhibition you have ever seen? a) It was a so called oeuvre exhibition of József Rippl-Rónai, a fantastic Hungarian painter who lived from 1861-1927.1 saw it in Budapest, in the National Gallery in the Buda Castle. There were drawings, paintings in oil and watercolour, pastels and canvases of different sizes. The exhibition was organised with great care and taste. I could see paintings from all of his periods. His “pastel period” impressed me the most. It consists of portraits of women and famous Hungarian writers. A poster of his last picture, a self-portrait is hung on the wall of my room.

b) When I first heard about the “Body Worlds” exhibition I was scared but interestingly enough when I saw it I didn’t feel any fear. I started to understand death, and when you understand it, you will live a healthier life and you will worship your life. Seeing for the first time what doctors see on a regular basis - the human body beneath skin - left a lasting impression on me. Upon leaving there was a brain specimen that everybody was allowed to touch. Curiosity nearly killed the cat, because I almost fainted as soon as I picked up the specimen. It was waxy and totally weird. The woman said the reason why it felt waxy was because of the stuff they used to preserve the specimens. All in all, I did find the exhibition highly informative and extremely interesting.

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16. CULTURAL EVENTS

be keen on

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be hooked on be moved blockbuster box-office hit busker (street musician) canvas

'bn 'hokt 9n

cast

kaist

choice choir cleansing commercialised compulsory literature conflicting feelings contemporary cost a fortune costume county craftsman curiosity

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decent

'dnsant

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'feiGfalnas 'foil a'baut 'laifiQ feim 'feimas fo:

fan

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nagyon szeret, odáig van vmiért rabja vminek meghatódik, elérzékenyül bestseller kasszasiker utcazenész vászon szereposztás, stáb, a színészek összessége választék, választás kórus megtisztulás, megtisztítás elüzletesedett kötelező irodalom ellentétes, ellentmondó kortárs egy vagyonba kerül jelmez megyei kézműves kíváncsiság valamire való, jó, megfelelő, igazi kiállít, bemutat elektronikus könyv nevel, oktat gondosan kidolgozott körülfog, körbevesz lexikon szórakoztat esemény kiállítás szemet gyönyörködtető szemet sértő szemtől szembe hűség hahotázik hírnév híres fanatikusan szerető, kedvelő

^^^^UÜTURA^VEN TS fascinating feature films film shooting fine art folkdance forgiveness former fringe theatre fuel gain high appreciation genre genuine gossip

'faesineitiQ 'futja ,filmz 'film 'JuitiQ 'fain ,a:t 'fsukdains fa'givnas 'forms 'frind3 'Giete fjOQl 'gain hai e.pruji'eijen '3onre 'd3enjuin 'gosip

grand-scale

'graind skeil

gripping

'gnpirj

haunting tunes hold, held, held high ranking high standard

'hointiQ 'tju:nz heuld, held, held hai rsenkir) 'hai 'stsendsd

high-brow

'haibrau

host

heust

in honour of invaluable juggler last, lasted, lasted lighting live statue local long for loyalty lyrics make out market value Memorial Museum Military Band miss motion motionless

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elbűvölő, elragadó játékfilm, nagyfilm filmforgatás szépművészet néptánc megbocsátás előbbi kísérleti színház táplál nagy elismerést ér el műfaj eredeti pletyka nagy formátumú, nagy volumenű izgalmas, megkapó, megragadó fülbemászó dallamok tart, megrendez nagyraértékelés magas színvonalú magasröptű, kifinomult ízlésű a rendezvénynek otthont adó hely valakinek a tiszteletére felbecsülhetetlen értékű zsonglőr tart valamennyi ideig megvilágítás, világosítás élő szobor helyi, helybeli vágyik valamire hűség, lojalitás dalszöveg kivesz, meglát piaci érték emlékműzeum katonazenekar hiányol, hiányzik vkinek mozgás mozdulatlan

16. CULTURAL EVENTS non-fiction notoriety oeuvre open air theatre

'non 'fikjan .nauta'raieti a:vr 'aupan 'ea 'Giata

outcast

'autkci:st

outshine

aot'Jain

overrate

,auva'reit

pavement artist

'peivmant 'artist

performance periodical exhibition permanent personal touch playwright plot poetry posture

pa'foimans .piari'odikal .eksi'bijan 'permanent 'parsanal ,t/\tj 'pleirait plot 'pauatri 'postja

priceless

'praislas

purify put off rarity real bargain recommend reference book remote resist restore revenge revolting rhythm salamander (fire-eater) scent scrawl scribble sculpture

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second-hand bookshop

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sensual feast

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16. CULTURAL EVENTS serial; series set short story sinister sophisticated soppy soul-lifting specimen spectacular spine chilling spray stick to story teller subscription tactile take place take part in Tanner's House

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16. CULTURAL EVENTS

□Reading Comprehension Read the following text about a new Irish m useum , Mark each statem ent (1-8) A if it says the same as the te x t B if it says something different from the text, C if the text does not give enough information for you to choose A or B. Write the letters in the boxes. There is an example (0) at the beginning.

Ireland's New Museum for Leprechauns “Now, you’re not going to see anyone dressed as little people,” warns Tom O’Rahilly as he leads a group into Dublin’s new National Leprechaun Museum. “In fact, you are highly unlikely to see any actual leprechauns at all.” Slightly disappointed that there won’t be any live specimens prancing about, the visitors follow O’Rahilly down a long, tapered tunnel meant to shrink the visitor - psychologically, at least - to leprechaun size. The first room is a re-creation of the Giant’s Causeway, the legendary hexagonal rock formation in County Antrim that in Irish folklore is prime hunting ground for leprechauns. Then we reach the museum’s inner sanctum: the Rainbow Room, where the pristine arc of a rainbow has been fashioned out of soft multicoloured ropes. At the end of the rainbow, naturally, is where the leprechaun’s crock (clay pot) of gold will be. “We’re going to have a quarter of a million Euros of real gold. Who is going to come to a museum to see a pile of gold-painted pebbles? And anyway, leprechauns don’t deal in anything else,” says O’Rahilly. The lure of actual bullion is just one of the tactics the $6.8 million museum, which opened Wednesday, is using to try to change the way people view the leprechaun. A character in Irish folklore dating back to the 8th century — a cunning shoemaking sprite (fairy) who enticed people with untold wealth and then cunningly snatched it away at the last moment —the leprechaun was transformed by advertisers and Hollywood producers in the 1950s and ‘60s into something altogether different: a gaudy, top-hat-wearing, pipe-smoking creature. O’Rahilly, a well-known Irish furniture designer, says he didn’t set out with the goal of rehabilitating the image of the leprechaun. The idea for the museum simply came to him in a moment of inspiration one morning in 2003. “I can’t say it was a fairy visitation,” he says with a laugh. “I was just drawn to them, or maybe they were drawn to me.” With the Celtic Tiger economy booming at the time, he didn’t have much difficulty finding investors to put up the money to fund the venture. Then the Irish economy collapsed in the global downturn, and people’s attitudes toward the museum quickly changed. Analysts feel the timing of the museum opening is unfortunate. However, O’Rahilly hopes the museum will stir up pride in Irish folklore rather than provoke

M

16. CULTURAL EVENTS anger at the price tag. W hat he’s created, after all, is not a conventional museum but an evocative sculptural installation based on themes from leprechaun mythology. In addition to the Fort Knox crock, the museum has a rain room, where sound effects and lighting make it feel as if Ireland’s most abundant natural resource is splattering down around visitors, and there’s a leprechaun well that appears to be infinitely deep, thanks to the help of multimedia screens and video cameras. The poetry and lyricism of the exhibits, O’Rahilly believes, will captivate locals and tourists alike. “If it goes well, we may finally be able to welcome the leprechaun back to respectability,” he says. “And if it goes wrong, I will be the biggest fool in Christendom.” (www.time.com/time/world/article)

m Visitors may meet real leprechauns or at least someone imitating them in the museum. El

The territory of the Giant’s Causeway used to be the place where leprechauns had their regular meetings.

m

The gold-painted pebbles displayed in the museum are worth € 250,000.

m

A leprechaun is a tiny creature that deceives people.

m The museum uses several ideas in order to alter the image of leprechauns.

m There are several advertisements depicting top-hat-wearing leprechauns on display. H In 2003 it was not easy to collect the money needed for the museum. m The museum opened at the best possible time. m The museum uses state-of-the-art technology to attract people from Ireland as well as abroad.

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________

Listening Comprehension In this section you are going to hear a news report about an exhibition. Your task is to write the letter of the correct answ er in the boxes below. First, you will have som e time to study the task, and then you will hear the recording. Then, after a short pause, listen to the recording again. There is an example (0) that has been done for you. Picasso's Largest Work Finally Goes on Show

m Picasso’s work was bought m by the British Museum. m almost 50 years ago. m after a show.

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16. CULTURAL EVENTS m

Serge Diaghilev______________

ES had a great influence on ballet.

m was a notorious ballet-dancer. 13 took part in a riot in 1913. Picasso______________

ES started work with Diaghilev before World War I. E3 designed sets for 9 ballets.

13 didn’t know Coco Chanel. El

The ballet Le Train B leu ______________

ES was first staged in Paris in 1924.

m was choreographed by Diaghilev. 13 was Picasso’s most famous work.

El

The huge cu rtain ______________

ES depicts 2 fat women standing on the beach. E3 wasn’t painted by Picasso.

K3 wasn’t signed by Picasso. The huge canvas______________

ES was brought to England in 1969. was bought for £ 69,000.

m

■3 was displayed for a short period in 1987. El

The ex h ib itio n ______________ will feature the whole collection of Ballet’s Russes costumes.

m

E3 will display even a bigger canvas than the curtain by Picasso, will open in January 2011.

0 B

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17. S P O R T S

17. Sports If winning isn't everything, why do they keep score? (Vince Lombardi)

Warmer Each of the following anagram s is an Olympic sport. Can you find out which one is which?

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E S TMONNDBAI -

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______________________ ,___________ __________________________________ __________________________________

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SES MYCANISSTG O S INCLYCG -

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___________________ ______________ __________________________________

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7?P I Questions

m Do you pursue any sports? E l Why is it important to keep fit? m W hat kind of equipment do you have at home for doing exercise? El

What sports facilities are there in your school/workplace?

m How many PE lessons do you have a week? Do you find that enough?

pr

17. S P O R T S

m What do you do in the PE lessons? m

W hat categories can sports be divided into?

El

Give some examples in each category.

m

W hat do you know about the Summer Olympic Games?

KTfl W hen were the first Winter Olympics held and what events are included now? m

W hat are the Paralympics?

m

W hat’s the difference between amateur and professional sport?

m What are the most popular amateur sports with your friends and acquaintances? ESI

What sports are Hungarians especially good at?

m

W hat are the traditional British and American sports?

m

W hat is doping?

m

W hat sports are usually referred to as extreme sports?

m m

Why do you think certain people enjoy doing extreme sports? W hat are the advantages of team sports?

E H Do you support a team?

■ s Do you pursue any sports? a) Yes, I do, and to be honest I couldn’t do without my regular 60-minute workout session that I do three times a week. Actually it is for working women, there are 20 of us in the group and besides the physical exercise which helps us let off steam after a day’s work it is nice to meet and talk to other people who you know well in the changing room before and after the session. These occasions really boost my energy levels as well as take my mind off everyday problems.

b) Unfortunately I don’t really do anything physical. After a hard day at work/school I simply can’t get down to any kind of exercise. I know it’s bad and that it shouldn’t be that way because it’s unhealthy, still somehow I never manage to do it. Perhaps I’m too lazy or as I feel healthy I don’t worry enough about the consequences as yet. m

Why is it important to keep fit? Society’s attitude towards health and fitness has changed over the past few years and we are all much more aware of the need to be positive than ever before about our health and recognize the importance of physical fitness. Remaining physically fit is important for the following reasons: maintaining a good level of physical fitness will give you a feeling of better health through increased energy and vitality, making you feel better about yourself and about your life. Being fit makes the activities in your life easier to manage; it keeps your body in shape and keeps you looking good, which in turn provides “the feel-good

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17. S P O R T S

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factor” making you work more efficiently and effectively. Keeping fit can help improve your quality of life and help m aintain a good standard of health, preventing or delaying heartrelated diseases. Furthermore, keeping physically fit through exercise helps reduce stress and control your weight and body shape. Team sports such as football or rugby can even improve your social life. m

What kind of equipment do you have at home for doing exercise? a) I’ve got a few things but, of course, I don’t own a private gym. My favourites are my skipping rope that can be used in various different ways, I keep a pair of handweights called dumb­ bells under my bed and I also have a fitness bike that the whole family can use. I would really like to have a machine to help me with my abdominal exercises but for the time being I cannot afford one, I’m afraid.

b) I don’t really have anything as I don’t suppose you need anything other than comfortable clothes to exercise. Whichever part of your body you wish to strengthen, you can do it without any machines or other equipment. You only need to carry out the exercise appropriately and you don’t need to wait long to see results, whether or not you use any equipment. m

What sports facilities are there in your school/workplace? a) At my school we have a well-equipped gym as well as a smaller fitness room with machines at our disposal and an outdoor football field with running tracks around it. As far as I know, our school is unique in having an artificial skislope where pupils can learn the very basics of skiing and an outdoor chess board. It would be nice to have an indoor swimming-pool like some other schools, but I’m afraid that would be too much to ask for.

b) Unfortunately my workplace is a place that is defined by its name: work. We have absolutely no facilities at all to do any sports activities there. The only good thing is that halfway home there is a gym where we can obtain a season ticket at a reduced price. m

How many PE lessons do you have a week? Do you find that enough? a) We have three PE lessons a week but I don’t think that’s enough. Ideally we should have one lesson every day, which would mean five lessons per week. 45 minutes is not much but at least everybody in the class would have the opportunity to move a bit.

b) The three lessons we have are more than enough, I guess. Anyway, if you like sports, you also do them in your free time and practice sessions usually take longer than 45 minutes. There is nothing more annoying than having to get changed in ten minutes in the middle of the schoolday and go to the next lesson tired, sweaty and smelly as there is no time to take a decent shower.

13 What do you do in the PE lessons? Every lesson begins with warm-up exercises, which are usually jogging and some gymnastics focusing on stretching. Then we either start playing ballgames or do some jumps or throw balls for grades or run certain distances. In winter we most often have the lessons in the gym while from spring till early autumn - weather permitting - we usually go outdoors to have a bit of fresh air.

mWhat categories can sports be divided into? Sports can be divided into various categories, but very often there are overlaps between them, that is a particular sport can be placed in two or more different categories. These categories can be set up according to how many people do a sport together, or depending on the medium, typical season and place of the sport, the special equipment it requires or whether it involves animals, just to mention a few aspects.

ES Give some examples in each category. Individual sports include gymnastics, shooting and skiing, while team sports are generally all the ballgames such as football, basketball, volleyball, waterpolo and ice hockey. Winter sports are, for example, skating, sledging, cross-country skiing and curling, water sports or aquatics involve all kinds of swimming, diving, boating, surfing and sailing as well as jetskiing. Hanggliding, paragliding and parachuting are examples of avian sports, that is, those done in the air. Combat sports is the umbrella term for martial arts such as judo, karate, jiu-jitsu, kickboxing and kung-fu as well as wrestling. Extreme sports are exemplified by bungee jumping, white-water rafting, rock and ice climbing, base jumping and free running. There are mental sports as well, such as chess and different card games, while equestrian sports are the ones done with horses like harness racing and show-jumping as well as the pentathlon. A relatively new category is dance sports including ballroom dances, formation dances, hip-hop, aerobics and acrobatic rock-and-roll.

E l What do you know about the Summer Olympic Games? The Summer Olympic Games or the Games of the Olympiad are an international multi­ sport event, occurring every four years, organized by the International Olympic Committee. Medals are awarded in each event, with gold medals for the first place, silver for the second and bronze for the third, a tradition that started in 1904. The Winter Olympics were also created due to the success of the Summer Olympics.

GU When were the first Winter Olympics held and what events are included now? The W inter Olympic Games are a winter multi-sport event held every four years. They feature winter sports held on snow or ice, such as alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, figure-skating, and ice-hockey. These sports along with Nordic walking combined, skijumping, and speed-skating have been included in every W inter Olympics since 1924. Other games have been added as the Games have progressed, and some of them, such as short-track speed-skating, and freestyle skiing have earned a perm anent spot on the Olympic programme. Others, like speed-skiing, and bandy were demonstration sports but never incorporated officially as an Olympic sport. Fewer countries participate in the W inter Olympics as compared to the Summer Olympics. The first W inter Olympics were held in Chamonix, France in 1924.

H i What are the Paralympics? The Paralympic Games are a major international multi-sport event for athletes with physical and visual disabilities. This includes athletes with mobility disabilities, amputations, blindness, and cerebral palsy The Paralympic Games are held every four years, following the Olympic Games, and are governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). The Paralympic Games are sometimes confused with the Special Olympics World Games, which are only for people with intellectual disabilities.

US What's the difference between amateur and professional sport? In the modern age, this is a messy question because “amateurs” in the Olympics get room and board and coaches supplied to them and the basketball team is made up of professionals who play full time for pay Many other sports have sponsorships and appearance payments where people get money for participating but are not rewarded for winning. The word “amateur” has as its root the latin word for “love” so an amateur plays for the love of the game. If there are any prizes involved, they are usually plated trophies, not chunks of gold. Most amateurs have a job that earns them a living. A professional should be able to make a living doing the sport with income from prizes and sponsorships which are openly displayed.

B l What are the most popular amateur sports with your friends and acquaint­ ances? A lot of friends of mine, both boys and girls, are seriously involved in basketball. It is a very popular ballgame with youngsters, probably due to some American influence, where basketball is a game with world-famous names. As I see it it is cool to do this kind of sport. Some other people I know play waterpolo and there are also some volleyball players among my classmates.

17 . S P O R T S

SB What sports are Hungarians especially good at? Hungary can be proud of some really excellent and worldfamous athletes, despite the fact that we are a small country. Great names can be found in the national waterpolo team, but we are also good at swimming, pentathlon, wrestling, table-tennis, handball, harness horse racing and last but not least chess. However, we also have our weak points such as football, athletics and volleyball, where there is still a lot to do to enhance our reputation. m

What are the traditional British and American sports? Sport is a popular pastime and people seem to enjoy nothing better than running around a field chasing a ball. There are hundreds of different activities, all carried out in the name of sport, but there are two sports in particular that are traditional in England. They are football and cricket. These sports have been played for hundreds of years and are very popular, especially with men. Unlike American football and basketball, (the other two major American team sports), baseball is not governed by the clock and it amazes many foreigners that it is the “national sport” in the fast-paced United States. A very popular team sport, also in Latin America, the Caribbean and East Asia as well as in North America, baseball is a bat-and-ball game in which a pitcher throws a fist-sized hard ball past the hitting area of a batter who belongs to the other team. Then the batter tries to hit the ball with a smooth, cylindrical bat made of wood or metal.

m

What is doping? Doping is the use of drugs to improve athletic performance. Indeed, due to their scope and sophistication, doping practices are a threat to more than just the world of sport. Though first considered to be no more than a cheating problem, the doping issue has reached such proportions that it now concerns society as a whole. As the stakes involved in sport grow higher and the phenomenon more widespread, the moral values attached to sport are increasingly called into question and the health of athletes is increasingly at risk. Unfortunately as it is far from being limited to the world of high-ranking athletes, doping has become an important public health issue.

IS What sports are usually referred to as extreme sports? This can be a difficult term to define and many of the outdoor sports activities certainly have an extreme element to them. A relatively good definition for “true” extreme sports can be the following: they are leisure or recreation activities where the most likely outcome of a mismanaged accident or mistake is death.

EOS Why do you think certain people enjoy doing extreme sports? There are many different things that make people stimulated to do extreme sports, both mentally and physically. According to research, it takes a certain kind of person to do extreme sports. People pick up extreme sports when they get tired of the usual, un-dangerous things that they do a lot. The danger has become a new thing to conquer. People who do extreme sports find the risk of being injured very exciting. They get rid of any bad thoughts they have in their mind, researchers say. The chemicals released in the body during the sports activity make you feel good. Unfortunately there is addiction that goes with extreme sports. But it’s an addiction to adrenaline, not to the sport. It has been shown that “addicts” can show symptoms of withdrawal if they don’t get the rush. m

What are the advantages of team sports? Today’s generation of children is fighting the worst obesity epidemic in history which makes it reasonable enough to consider enrolling them in team sports. But besides burning calories, team sports have other benefits to kids - social, emotional, and physical ones. Any parent knows that a child can be extremely egocentric. But that “my way or the highway” attitude will have to stay in check on a team sport. When a kid sees that everyone gets to play, they hopefully start to think about the group as a whole, and not just themselves. Even better, they learn to be happy for another player’s success because they see how it benefits the greater team. Secondly, a dedicated, thoughtful, and skilled coach can have an amazingly positive impact on children. In fact, sometimes children will respond better to an objective coach than they will to their own parents. Last but not least many team sports are done outdoors which is an additional health benefit.

BB Do you support a team? a) Yes, I do, I’m a devoted fan of the English Football team called Arsenal. On TV I always watch the Barclay Premier League at the weekend, during the week I try to see the UEFA Champions’ League. While having breakfast I usually catch up with the news on Eurosport and if I can’t see a match then at least I watch the highlights. For me the internet is also a good source of information about my favourite team as well as the newspapers I regularly read. If they win I feel over the moon and we generally talk about the match in detail with my friends the day after.

b) Not at all, though I like sports. However, I’m more interested in individual sports such as figure skating and gymnastics, where individual achievements are measured. Furthermore, I don’t really have a favourite athlete, I just watch these sports for the beauty in them.

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Tasks Reading Comprehension In this section you are going to read about alternative fitness routines. Your task is to fill in the gaps (1-9 ) in the sentences following the article with one word only. The first question (0 ) has been done for you as an example. Keeping in Shape with Housework Most of us tend to run in the opposite direction when we hear the word “exercise.” How many times have you paid for a gym membership and only ever went a couple of times? You are not the only one; most of us are guilty of doing something like that at some time or the other. There could be several reasons for that. Perhaps you enjoy exercising but do not have the time to make it to the gym. It is also a possibility that you love being fit but hate the effort it takes to exercise. The simple fact is, it is not essential to

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17. S P O R T S

hit the gym to get in shape. All you have to do is keep your house spick-and-span. Surprised? Why does modern civilization leave the simple things in life and run after something that takes extra effort? Our ancestors were not like us. Housework, the most neglected form of exercise, is one of the best ways to keep in shape. Instead of watching TV sitting on the couch whenever you find a little time, if you get up and move around a little bit, it helps a great deal. You don’t have to exert yourself or break into a sweat, all you need to do is take care of your home. This is the best way of burning some calories without having to go through any formal exercise routine. What is the work that you can do around the home to keep you in shape? There are several things you can do! Washing dishes, dusting, washing your car and vacuuming are just some of the things that can be done. You must remember that all these chores are sedentary and it is advisable to do some deep cleaning as well to enjoy the benefits of a perfect exercise routine. The reason being, when we deep clean, we lift heavy boxes, bend or stoop to reach areas that are not usually touched. Doing housework regularly helps burn calories as well as giving you time to relax at home. Imagine the comfort of keeping fit and healthy and having a clean and sparkling house. A clutterfree house helps you de-stress as well. This is how keeping a clean home for you and your family can keep you in perfect shape. (www.fitnessandhealthstore.com/Housework-Fitness.php) ¡¡HI A lot of people seem to 11

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