Ayu Pertiwi_Skripsi_IPB.pdf

IBMXA\-IBMXA\ PBED JGJGEDB\WO@ ^GXBE@ JGJLBPB\ VBMBX ^G\XBE@BE H@ MBLW^BXGE MGLWJGE

BPW ^G\X@T@

HG^B\XGJGE @KJW GMAEAJ@ IBMWKXBS GMAEAJ@ HBE JBEBFGJGE @ESX@XWX ^G\XBE@BE LADA\ LADA\ 24

^G\EPBXBBE JGEDGEB@ SM\@^S@ HBE SWJLG\ @EIA\JBS@ SG\XB ^GK@J^BOBE OBM C@^XB

Hgedbe `e` sbyb jgeybtbmbe lbowb smr`ps` lgrfuhuk Ibmtar-Ibmtar ybed Jgjgedbruo` ^gtbe` Jgjlbybr Vbmbt ^grtbe`be h` Mblupbtge Mglujge bhbkbo  lgebr mbryb sbyb hgedbe brbobe hbr` maj`s` pgjl`jl`ed hbe lgkuj h`bfumbe hbkbj lgetum bpb pue mgpbhb pgrdurube t`edd` jbeb pue. Sujlgr `eiarjbs` ybed  lgrbsbk btbu h`mut`p hbr` mbryb ybed h`tgrl`tmbe jbupue t`hbm h`tgrl`tmbe hbr`  pgeuk`s kb`e tgkbo h`sglutmbe hbkbj tgms hbe h`cbetujmbe hbkbj Hbitbr ^ustbmb h`  lbd`be bmo`r smr`ps` `e`. Hgedbe `e` sbyb jgk`jpbombe obm c`ptb hbr` mbryb tuk`s sbyb mgpbhb @est`tut ^grtbe`be Ladar. Ladar, Jg` 24

 Byu ^grt`w` O7823>>4>

``

BLSX\BM

BPW ^G\X@T@. Ibmtar-Ibmtar ybed Jgjgedbruo` ^gtbe` Jgjlbybr Vbmbt ^grtbe`be h` Mblupbtge Mglujge. H`l`jl`ed akgo H@H@E OBI@HOWHH@E HBE MOBK@IBO JWOBJBH BK@ . Vbmbt jgrupbmbe sbkbo sbtu p`kbr pgjlgetum bdbjb. Vbmbt h`lghbmbe jgefbh` zbmbt  Ebis (i`trbo) hbe zbmbt  Jbbk (obrtb). Obs`k pgrtbe`be jgrupbmbe jbbk ybed wbf`l h`mgkubrmbe zbmbteyb ybed l`bsb h`sglut hgedbe zbmbt pgrtbe`be. Mblupbtge Mglujge jgrupbmbe sbkbo sbtu hbgrbo ybed jgj`k`m` kbobe pgrtbe`be ybed kubs hgedbe tatbk prahums` ybed cumup lgsbr. Jbyar`tbs jbsybrbmbt hbgrbo tgrsglut jgrupbmbe pgtbe` ybed lgrbdbjb @skbj. Sglbdb` jusk`j ybed tbbt,  pgtbe` h` Mblupbtge Mglujge jgj`k`m` mgwbf`lbe uetum jgjlbybr zbmbt btbs obs`k pgrtbe`be jgrgmb. ^gegk`t`be `e` lgrtufube uetum jgedgst`jbs` lgsbrbe  patges` zbmbt pgrtbe`be hbe jgedbebk`s`s ibmtar-ibmtar ybed jgjgedbruo` pgtbe` jgjlbybr zbmbt pgrtbe`be h` Mblupbtge Mglujge. Jgtahg ybed h`duebmbe bhbkbo \gdrgs` Kad`st`m. Obs`k pgegk`t`be jgeuefummbe lbowb gst`jbs` patges` zbmbt pgrtbe`be ybed h`lbybrmbe pgtbe` bhbkbo sglgsbr \p 202 >72 4 >>> uetum mbhbr zbmbt 2>% hbe \p 07 7>> uetum mbhbr zbmbt 7%. Ybr`blgk ybed s`de`i`mbe jgjgedbruo` pgtbe` jgjlbybr zbmbt pgrtbe`be bhbkbo mg`jbebe, bktur`sjg, t`edmbt pgeh`h`mbe hbe hujjy pgedbf`be. hujjy pgedbf`be. Mbtb Muec`6 Mblupbtge Mglujge, ^atges` Vbmbt ^grtbe`be, \gdrgs` Kad`st`m.

BLSX\BCX BPW ^G\X@T@. Ibctars Biigct`ed ai Ibrjgrs `e ^by`ed Bdr`cukturbk Vbmbt `e Mglujge. Supgrv`sgh ly H@H@E OBI@HOWHH@E HBE MOBK@IBO JWOBJBH BK@ . Vbmbt `s aeg ai tog p`kkbrs ai rgk`d`ae. Vbmbt `s h`v`hgh `eta Vbmbt  Ebis (i`trbo) beh Vbmbt Jbbk  Vbmbt  Jbbk  (trgbsurg).   (trgbsurg). Bdr`cukturbk prahuct `s Jbbk  `s  Jbbk  (trgbsurg)   (trgbsurg) wo`co `s cajpuksary zbmbt beh cajjaeky cbkkgh bdr`cukturbk zbmbt. Mglujge rgdgecy `s aeg ai tog brgbs tobt obs w`hg ibrj`ed brgb w`to l`d prahuct`ae. Xog jbfar`ty ai ibrjgrs brg Jusk`j. Bs hgvaut Jusk`js, tog ibrjgrs obvg ta pby zbmbt ae tog`r bdr`cukturbk prahuct. Xo`s stuhy b`js ta gst`jbtg tog bjauet ai patget`bk bdr`cukturbk zbmbt beh bebkyzgs tog ibctars tobt biigct ibrjgrs pby bdr`cukturbk zbmbt `e Mglujge. Xog jgtoah usgh `s Kad`st`c \gdrgss`ae. Xog rgsukts soawgh tobt tog gst`jbtgh eujlgr ai patget`bk zbmbt bdr`cukturg dgegrbtgh ly ibrjgrs \p202 >72 4 >>> iar zbmbt caetget 2>% beh \p07 7>> iar zbmbt caetget ai 7%. S`de`i`cbet vbr`blkgs biigct`ed ibrjgrs ta pby bdr`cukturbk zbmbt brg kgvgk ai ib`to, bktour`sjg, kgvgk ai ghucbt`ae, beh hujjy iakkaw hujjy iakkaw tog rgc`tbt`ae. Mgywarhs6 Mglujge \gdgecy, Kad`st`c \gdrgss`ae, ^atget`bk ai Bdr`cukturbk Vbmbt

IBMXA\-IBMXA\ PBED JGJGEDB\WO@ ^GXBE@ JGJLBPB\ VBMBX ^G\XBE@BE H@ MBLW^BXGE MGLWJGE

BPW ^G\X@T@

Smr`ps` Sglbdb` sbkbo sbtu sybrbt uetum jgjpgrakgo dgkbr Sbrfbeb Gmaeaj`  pbhb Hgpbrtgjge @kju Gmaeaj`

HG^B\XGJGE HG^B\XGJGE @KJW GMAEAJ@ IBMWKXBS GMAEAJ@ HBE JBEBFGJGE @ESX@XWX ^G\XBE@BE LADA\ LADA\ 24

^\BMBXB

^uf` hbe syumur pgeuk`s pbefbtmbe mgpbhb Bkkbo  sulobebou wb tb‑bkb btbs sgdbkb mbrue`b-Eyb sgo`eddb pgeuk`s hbpbt jgeygkgsb`mbe smr`ps` ybed lgrfuhuk Ibmtar-Ibmtar ybed Jgjgedbruo` ^gtbe` Jgjlbybr Vbmbt ^grtbe`be h` Mblupbtge Mglujge. Smr`ps` `e` jgrupbmbe sbkbo sbtu sybrbt uetum jgjpgrakgo dgkbs Sbrfbeb Gmaeaj` pbhb Hgpbrtgjge @kju Gmaeaj`, @est`tut ^grtbe`be Ladar. ^bhb mgsgjpbtbe `e` pgeuk`s `ed`e jgeducbpmbe tgr`jb mbs`o mgpbhb arbed tub hbe mgkubrdb pgeuk`s, yb`tu Lbpbm Xbv`p, @lu Ogrk`ybet`, Bh`m ^uf` Bsjbrb Hgw` btbs sgdbkb hab hbe humuedbe ybed sgkbku h`lgr`mbe. Sgkb`e `tu,  pgeuk`s fudb jgeducbpmbe tgr`jb mbs`o mgpbhb6 mgpbhb6 2. Lbpbm ^rai Hr H`h`e Obi`houhh`e, Obi` houhh`e, JS hbe Lbpbm Mobk`ibo Juobjbh Bk`, SOut, JS` sgkbmu hasge pgjl`jl`ed smr`ps` ybed tgkbo lbeybm jgjlgr`mbe brbobe, wbmtu, sbrbe, hbe l`jl`edbe hgedbe sblbr sgo`eddb  pgeuk`s hbpbt jgeygkgsb`mbe smr`ps` `e`. , hbe mgkubrdb @kju Gmaeaj` @^L ybed t`hbm l`sb h`sglutmbe sbtu-pgrsbtu. ^geuk`s lgrobrbp sgjadb mbryb `kj`bo `e` hbpbt lgrjbeibbt lbd`  pgedgjlbedbe `kju pgedgtboube hbe pgedbjl`kbe mgl`fbmbe h` jbsb ybed bmbe hbtbed. Ladar, Jg` 24  Byu ^grt`w`

HBIXB\ @S@

HBIXB\ XBLGK HBIXB\ DBJLB\ HBIXB\ KBJ^@\BE ^GEHBOWKWBE Kbtbr Lgkbmbed \ujusbe Jbsbkbo Xufube ^gegk`t`be Jbeibbt ^gegk`t`be \ubed K`edmup ^gegk`t`be X@EFBWBE ^WSXBMB Maesgp Vbmbt Obrtb sglbdb` Sujlgr Vbmbt Sybrbt Tbf`l Vbmbt ^grsybrbtbe Obrtb Jgefbh` Sujlgr Vbmbt Vbmbt ^grtbe`be ^gegk`t`be Xgrhbouku O`patgs`s ^gegk`t`be Mgrbedmb ^gegk`t`be JGXAHG Kambs` hbe Tbmtu ^gegk`t`be Fge`s hbe Sujlgr Hbtb Jgtahg ^gegetube Sbjpgk Jgtahg Bebk`s`s OBS@K HBE ^GJLBOBSBE Dbjlbrbe Wjuj Mbrbmtgr`st`m \gspaehge Gst`jbs` ^atges` Vbmbt ^grtbe`be Mblupbtge Mglujge Ibmtar-Ibmtar ybed Jgjgedbruo` ^gtbe` Jgjlbybr Vbmbt ^grtbe`be S@J^WKBE HBE SB\BE S`jpukbe Sbrbe HBIXB\ ^WSXBMB KBJ^@\BE \@TBPBX O@HW^

v` v` v` 2 2 3 8 8 8 7 7 7 9 9 4 2> 22 22 2< 2< 2< 23 28 29 29 2? >>>>> 9>>>>>> 8>>>>>> >>>>> >

Xatbk ^rahums` (tae)

Fbwb X`jur

Fbwb Lbrbt

Fbwb Sukbwgs` Sujbtgrb Xgedbo Sgkbtbe Sgkbtbe

Dbjlbr 2 K`jb ^rav`es` Xgrlgsbr Xatbk ^rahums` ^bh` h` @ehaegs`b Xboue 27 Lgrhbsbrmbe Dbjlbr 2, kubs brgbk pgrtbe`be pbh` prav`es` Fbwb Xgedbo  pbhb tboue 27 tgrcbtbt 2 ?47 403 ob ybed tgrsglbr h` sgkuruo hbgrbo. Sbkbo Sbk bo sbtu hbgrbo ybed jgj`k`m` kubs kbobe pbh` cumup kubs h` prav`es` Fbwb Xgedbo bhbkbo Mblupbtge Mglujge. Kubs kbobe pgrtbe`be pbh` Mblupbtge Mglujge bhbkbo

3

sglgsbr 40 >8> ob (Mgjgetbe 29). Obk `e` jgjlubt Mblupbtge Mglujge jgefbh` hbgrbo pgrtbe`be pbh` ybed rgkbt`i prahumt`i hgedbe prahumt`v`tbs jgecbpb` 9.73 Xae/Ob. Xblgk < Kubs Kbobe hbe ^rahums` Xbebjbe ^bedbe Jgeurut Majah`t` H` Mblupbtge Mglujge tboue 27 Majah`tbs Kubs Kbobe (ob) ^rahums` (tae) Fbdued Mbcbed O`fbu Mbcbed Xbebo Mghgkb` ^bh` Wl`mbyu/Mgtgkb ^aoae Wl`fbkbr

7 ?43 2> 834 < >33 4 73> 40 >8> 9 ?>4 7?

8< 840 23 920 < 87 729 379 294 7 ob hbe tatbk prahums` ybed cumup lbeybm fudb yb`tu sglsbr 729 379 tae (Mgjgetbe 29) hbpbt jgefbh` sbkbo sbtu ibmtar Mblupbtge Mglujge jgj`k`m` patges` hbeb zbmbt ybed lgsbr, ebjue eaj`ebk hbr` patges` hbeb tgrsglut lgkuj h`mgtbou` sgcbrb pbst` moususeyb uetum zbmbt pgrtbe`be sgeh`r` lgkuj h`mgtbou` lgsbr patges`eyb. Sbbt `e` hbeb zbmbt ybed tgrmujpuk h` LBVEBS Mblupbtge Mglujge sglgsbr \p3 8>> >>> sglgsbr \p24 984 pgr-lukbe. E`kb` tgrsglut jgecgrj`embe lgsbreyb mgsgh`bbe jgjlbybr rgspaehge tgrobhbp zbmbt pgrmgluebe. Obk `e` lgkuj jgjgeuo` mgwbf`lbe zbmbt yb`tu < < 834. Xatbk patges` zbmbt `e` h`pgrakgo hbr` pgehgmbtbe t`db sgmtar, yb`tu sgmtar rujbo tbeddb, tbluedbe, hbe sgmtar LWJH. Lgrhbsbrmbe obs`k pgro`tuedbe hgedbe jgedduebmbe bebk`s`s ibmtar, ibmtar-ibmtar ybed jgjgedbruo` juzbm` jgjlbybr zbmbt h` Matb Ladar bhbkbo ibmtar ardbe`sbs`, ibmtar mgpghuk`be sas`bk, ibmtar pgjbobjbe zbmbt, ibmtar pgjbobjbe bdbjb, ibmtar lbkbsbe hbe ibmtar mg`jbebe. Mgjuh`be bkbsbe juzbm` jgjlbybr zbmbt jgkbku` LBVEBS btbu W^V hbe KBVEBS bhbkbo mbrgeb ibmtar trbespbrbes` sghbedmbe bkbsbe juzbm` ybed jgjlbybr kbedsued mgpbhb justbo`m bhbkbo mbrgeb ibmtar k`edmuedbe. Bkobsbebo (22) jgedbebk`s`s ibmtar-ibmtar ybed jgjgedbruo`  pbrt`s`pbs` lgrzbmbt lgr`eibm hbe pgj`k`obe tgjpbt jgjlbybr zbmbt h` Mblupbtge Lrglgs. Obs`k pgegk`t`be `e` jgeuefummbe lbowb ibmtar ybed lgrpgedbruo  lgrhbsbrmbe bebk`s`s h`smr`j`ebe hbkbj jgjgedbruo` pbr`s`pbs` `eh`v`hu hbkbj  lgrzbmbt bhbkbo ibmtar mg`jbebe, pgedobrdbbe, bktur`sjg, ardbe`sbs` hbe  pgehbpbtbe. Obebp` (28) hbkbj furebkeyb jgkbkumbe `hget`i`mbs` hbsbr pgro`tuedbe uetum zbmbt pgrtbe`be, jgkbmumbe `hget`i`mbs` fge`s tbebjbe ybed h`mgebmbe zbmbt  lgrhbsbrmbe pgehbpbt  iuqbob, hbe jgegetumbe fge`s zbmbt ybed h`mgebmbe pbhb tbebjbe ybed t`hbm tgrjbsum mbtgdar` tbebjbe pamam h` Jbkbys`b sgrtb jgtahg  pgro`tuedbeeyb. ^gegk`t`be `e` jgehbpbtmbe obs`k lbowb pbhb tbebjbe ybed t`hbm

22

h`mbtgdar`mbe sglbdb` jbmbebe pamam, jbmb zbmbteyb obrus h`mgebmbe. Obk `e` h`hbsbrmbe pbhb pgehgmbtbe mgmbybbe mbrgeb sglbd`be lgsbr tbebjbe sbbt `e` bhbkbo hbkbj lgetum tbebjbe majgrs`bk ybed hbpbt jgjpgrakgo obs`k ybed jgeduetuedmbe. Bhbpue fge`s zbmbt ybed h`mgebmbe, `tu tgrdbetued pbhb ― `kkbo `kkbo (bkbsbe). F`mb bkbsbeeyb bhbkbo uetum mgsgebedbe hbe mgmbybbe, jbmb fge`s zbmbt ybed h`mgebmbe bhbkbo zbmbt l`se`s hbe obrus jgjgeuo` obuk  hbe  hbe e`sobl. e`sobl. Ebjue  f`mb bkbsbeeyb bhbkbo jure` sglbdb` mgmbybbe, jbmb fge`s zbmbt ybed h`mgebmbe bhbkbo zbmbt pgrtbe`be. Juhb gt bk (>9) hbkbj furebkeyb jgkbmumbe pgegk`t`be tgetbed ibmtaribmtar ybed jgjgedbruo` pbrt`s`pbs` `eh`v`hu hbkbj maetr`lus` zbmbt. ^gegk`t`be `e` jgedduebmbe bebk`s`s ibmtar. Obs`k ybed h`pgrakgo hbr` pgegk`t`be `e` bhbkbo tgrhbpbt 7 ibmtar ybed jgjpgedbruo` `eh`v`hu hbkbj jgjlbybr zbmbt yb`tu mg`jbebe, mgpubsbe h`r`, ardbe`sbs`, bktur`sjg, hbe ut`k`tbs. Bktur`sjg jgj`k`m` e`kb` tgrt`edd` hbkbj pgegk`t`be `e`. ^brt`s`pbs` `eh`v`hu hbkbj zbmbt `e` t`hbm obeyb h`jat`vbs` akgo ibmtar bdbjb tgtbp` fudb akgo ibmtar mgpubsbe h`r` hbe ardbe`sbs`. O`patgs`s ^gegk`t`be

Hbkbj pgegk`t`be `e`, o`patgs`s ybed h`duebmbe bhbkbo sglbdb` lgr`mut6 2. Bktur`sjg jgj`k`m` pgedbruo pas`t`i tgrobhbp mgsgh`bbe pgtbe` jgjlbybr zbmbt pgrtbe`be. o`eddb (Sbmbrbe >9). Sgkb`e `tu, umurbe tgrsglut h`e`kb` tgkbo cumup rgprgsgetbt`i pbhb papukbs` hbe fudb mgtgrlbtbsbe sujlgrhbyb lb`m tgebdb, wbmtu, hbe sujlgrhbyb kb`e ybed h`j`k`m` akgo pgegk`t`. Lbtbsbe hbe Hgi`e`s` Apgrbs`aebk

Ybr`blgk ybed h`bebk`s`s hbkbj pgegk`t`be `e` h`hgi`e`s`mbe akgo Xblgk 8 sglbdb`  lgr`mut6 Xblgk 8 Ybr`blgk ^gegk`t`be Ybr`blgk Bktur`sjg (mgpgmbbe sas`bk)

Mg`jbebe

Hgi`e`s` apgrbs`aebk Bktur`sjg lgrouluedbe hgedbe mgybm`ebe bdbjb btbu mgpgmbbe sas`bk hbkbj jgjlbybr zbmbt (H`umur jgedduebmbe smbkb K`mgrt)

Mg`jbebe jgrupbmbe sbkbo sbtu ibmtar ybed jgefbh` jat`vbs` utbjb ybed  lgrmaetr`lus` hbkbj pgr`kbmu sgsgarbed tgrobhbp maeh`s` sas`bk (H`umur jgedduebmbe smbkb K`mgrt)

2. uetum ‛t`hbm jbu jgjlbybr‚) : Maestbetb : Maestbetb \gdrgs` : Jbsybrbmbt jgjlbybr zbmbt pgrtbe`be : Jbsybrbmbt t`hbm jgjlbybr zbmbt pgrtbe`be : Bktur`sjg : Mg`jbebe : ^gedobrdbbe : ^geh`h`mbe : Sobkbt : Mgpubsbe H`r` : Hujjy : Hujjy ^gedbf`be : Hujjy : Hujjy pgjbobjbe  pgjbobjbe zbmbt : Dbkbt btbu grrar : \gspaehge mg-` mg- ` (` : 2, < > 2 2 9 < 23 3 3 0?.> 82.> 7.> 4.> 29.> 33.> .> 27.> 8.> 3.> 7.>

Sujlgr6 Hbtb ^r`jgr 24

Xgrhbpbt lglgrbpb mbrbmtgr`st`m hgjadrbi` rgspaehge ybed hbpbt h`fgkbsmbe. Mbrbmtgr`st`m hgjadrbi` rgspaehge ybed bmbe h`fgkbsmbe hbkbj  pgegk`t`be `e` betbrb kb`e, fge`s mgkbj`e, stbtus pgre`mbobe, us`b, hbe t`edmbt  pgeh`h`mbe.

20

2. Fge`s Mgkbj`e Lgrhbsbrmbe obs`k sglbrbe, hbpbt h`mgtbou` lbowb fujkbo kbm`-kbm` pbhb  pgegk`t`be `e` kgl`o lbeybm hgedbe sgk`s`o ybed t`hbm tgrkbku lbeybm yb`tu 9 rgspaehge kbm`-kbm` ybed lgrfujkbo 3? arbed hbe rgspaehge pgrgjpube sglbeybm 3< rgspaehge. ^rgsgetbsg mbrbmtgr`st`m rgspaehge lgrhbsbrmbe fge`s mgkbj`e h`tuefummbe pbhb Dbjlbr 3.

89%

Kbm`-kbm` 78%

^grgjpube

Dbjlbr 3 Mbrbmtgr`st`m rgspaehge lgrhbsbrmbe fge`s mgkbj`e Lgrhbsbrmbe Xblgk 9 hbpbt h`mgtbou` lbowb mghub t`pg rgspaehge jgj`k`m` mgcgehgruedbe ybed lgrlghb hbkbj lgrzbmbt pgrtbe`be. ^bhb pgegk`t`be `e`, rgspaehge lgrfge`s mgkbj`e kbm`-kbm` cgehgrued kgl`o lbeybm hbkbj jgjlbybr zbmbt pgrtbe`be. Obk `e` h`mbrgebmbe kbm`-kbm` pbhb ujujeyb bhbkbo mgpbkb mgkubrdb ybed jgj`k`m` obs`k pgehbpbtbe. Xblgk 9 Sglbrbe \gspaehge Lgrhbsbrmbe Fge`s Mgkbj`e Fge`s Mgkbj`e ^grgjpube Kbm`-kbm` Xatbk X`hbm lbybr zbmbt pgrtbe`be 20 2< 32 Lbybr zbmbt pgrtbe`be 23 Sujlgr 6 Hbtb ^r`jgr 24 (h`akbo)

rgspaehge, ybed jgj`k`m` stbtus lgkuj jge`mbo obeyb 2 arbed hbe s`sbeyb sglbeybm 90 arbed jgj`k`m` stbtus suhbo jge`mbo. ^rgsgetbsg mbrbmtgr`st`m rgspaehge lgrhbsbrmbe stbtus pgre`mbobe h`tuefummbe  pbhb Dbjlbr 8.



2%

00%

Jge`mbo Lgkuj Jge`mbo

Dbjlbr 8 Mbrbmtgr`st`m rgpaehge lgrhbsbrmbe stbtus pgre`mbobe Lgrhbsbrmbe Xblgk 4 rgspaehge ybed lgkuj jge`mbo jgj`k`o uetum jgjlbybr zbmbt. Obk `e` h`sglblmbe rgspaehge ybed lgkuj jge`mbo lgkuj jgj`k`m` tbedduedbe sgo`eddb `etges` uetum lgrzbmbt pgrtbe`beeyb jgefbh` jge`edmbt. Sgjgetbrb `tu, rgspaehge ybed suhbo jge`mbo jgj`k`m` mgcgehgruedbe uetum lgrzbmbt pgrtbe`be jgsm`pue sgk`s`o pgrlghbbe betbrb rgspaehge ybed lgrzbmbt pgrtbe`be hbe t`hbm lgrzbmbt pgrtbe`be t`hbm tgrkbku  lbeybm yb`tu sglbeybm 4 rgspaehge. rgspaehge. Xblgk 4 Sglbrbe \gspaehge Lgrhbsbrmbe Stbtus ^gre`mbobe Stbtus ^gre`mbobe Lgkuj Jge`mbo Xatbk Jge`mbo X`hbm lbybr zbmbt pgrtbe`be > 32 32 Lbybr zbmbt pgrtbe`be 2 3? 30 Xatbk 2 90 4> Sujlgr 6 Hbtb ^r`jgr 24 (h`akbo)

3. Ws`b Ws`b rgspaehge pbhb pgegk`t`be `e` lgrbhb pbhb rgetbed us`b tboue. Sgcbrb mgsgkuruobe, h`t`efbu hbr` us`b tgrhbpbt 33% hgwbsb kbefut (% rgspaehge pbruo lbyb (39-7>),hbe ). ^rgsgetbsg mbrbmtgr`st`m rgspaehge lgrhbsbrmbe us`b h`tuefummbe pbhb Dbjlbr 7.

%

Dbjlbr 7 Mbrbmtgr`st`m rgspaehge lgrhbsbrmbe mgkajpam us`b Lgrhbsbrmbe Xblgk ? t`hbm tgrhbpbt pgrlghbbe ybed cumup lgsbr betbr mgkajpam us`b hbkbj lgrzbmbt pgrtbe`be, mgcubk` uetum mgkajpam us`b 99 tboue sbjpb` ?> tboue. Jgrgmb jgj`k`m` `etges`tbs ybed jutkbm uetum lgrzbmbt  pgrtbe`be mbrgeb sgjbm`e tub us`b sgsgarbed mgsbhbrbe bmbe mgo`hupbe bmo`rbt sgjbm`e t`edd`. Sbjb obkeyb uetum mgkajpam us`b 72 tboue sbjpb` 97 tboue, jgrgmb cgehgrued jgkbmumbe zbmbt pgrtbe`be h`lbeh`ed hgedbe t`hbm lgrzbmbt  pgrtbe`be hgedbe sgk`s`o ybed cumup lgsbr. Wetum mgkajpam us`b 39 tboue sbjpb` 7> tboue, fujkbo rgspaehge ybed jgjlbybr zbmbt pgrtbe`be hgedbe ybed t`hbm jgjlbybr zbmbt pgrtbe`be sbjb. Sghbedmbe uetum mgkajpam us`b X`hbm lbybr zbmbt pgrtbe`be Lbybr zbmbt pgrtbe`be Xatbk

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22 24? 73> >>> 2> ?43 20> >>> 202 >72 4 >>>

Sujlgr6 Lbhbe ^usbt Stbt`st`m 29 (h`akbo)

Ibmtar-Ibmtar ybed Jgjgedbruo` ^gtbe` Jgjlbybr Vbmbt ^grtbe`be

Ibmtar-ibmtar ybed h`hudb jgjgedbruo` mgsbhbrbe jbsybrbmbt hbkbj  lgrzbmbt pgrtbe`be jgk`put` lglgrbpb vbr`blgk `ehgpgehget yb`tu mg`jbebe,  pgedobrdbbe, bktur`sjg, pgeh`h`mbe, sobkbt, hujjy pgjbobjbe hujjy pgjbobjbe zbmbt hbe hujjy  pgedbf`be. Ybr`blgk hgpgehget ybed bmbe h`k`obt tgrh`r` hbr` hub mgjuedm`ebe, yb`tu rgspaehge ybed lgrzbmbt pgrtbe`be (P:2) btbu rgspaehge ybed t`hbm jgjlbybr zbmbt pgrte`be (P:>). ^geduf`be `e` jgedduebmbe t`edmbt mgpgrcbybbe 07% btbu hgedbe tbrbi eybtb ( β ) sglgsbr sglgs br 7%. Xblgk 22 Hudbbe pbrbjgtgr rgdrgs` kad`st`m lgrhbsbrmbe Ckbss`i`cbt`ae Xblkg Alsgrvgh ^rgh`ctgh  Mgjbube Lgrzbmbt  ^grcgetbdg X`hbm jbu Jbu Carrgct  Lgrzbmbt Lgrzbmbt X`hbm Jbu Mgjbube 0). Xblgk 23 Hudbbe pbrbjgtgr rgdrgs` kad`st`m lgrhbsbrmbe Aje`lus Xgst ai Jahgk agii`c`gets hgedbe Jgtahg Getgr Co`-squbrg Hi S`d. Stgp 9.>>  Lkacm 9.>>  Jahgk 9.>> Lgrhbsbrmbe Xblgk 23, hbpbt h`k`obt lbowb obs`k aje`lus tgst ai jahgk cagii`c`gets, cagii`c`gets, e`kb` s`de`i`mbes` jahgk kgl`o mgc`k hbr` tbrbi eybtb β : >.>7 (>.>> ; >.>7). Jgeurut Sbrwaea (>0) obk `e` hbpbt jged`eh`mbs`mbe lbowb jahgk s`de`i`mbe, sgo`eddb hbpbt h`mbtbmbe lbowb sgt`hbmeyb tgrhbpbt sbtu vbr`blgk `ehgpgehget ybed lgrpgedbruo eybtb tgrobhbp vbr`blgk hgpgehget . Xblgk 28 Hudbbe pbrbjgtgr kad`st`m lgrhbsbrmbe Jahgk lgrhbsbrmbe  Jahgk Sujjbry Cax & Segkk \  Ebdgkmgrmg \ Stgp -< Kad k`mgk`oaah Squbrg Squbrg 2 33.372 >.740 >.403 Lgrhbsbrmbe Xblgk 28, obs`k autput hbr` jahgk sujjbry h`hbpbtmbe e`kb`  Ebdgkmgrmg \ Squbrg sglgsbr >.403, ybed brt`eyb vbr`blgk `ehgpgehget hbpbt jgefgkbsmbe 40.3% jahgk hbe s`sbeyb h`fgkbsmbe akgo vbr`blgk kb`e h` kubr jahgk.