Avance Del Trabajo de Gestion de Proyectos
July 22, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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– Kûi mfc hj`fotfokrji mfc ^fr÷7 8>> kûis mf jomfpfomfo`jk— JFP^ JPK PKO]K KOLFCK
Vojmkm mjmë`tj`k7 Lfstjðo mf ^riyf`tis. Mi`fotf7 Cj`.Mkcjomk Xujz `bfri. @krrfrk priafsjiokc7 Kmdjojstrk`jðo mf fdprfsks. ]fdk7 ^riyf`ti mf ofli`ji –HICPKP F@ICÐLJ@KP.— @j`ci7JQ. ]uroi7 Mjuroi. Jotflrkotfs7 Khrkdiotf Forjqufz Giqsko Fafr. Klurti @kstjcci Zioktko Zioktko Dijsês. Ojdk Dkzk Zfafrsio.
Pkcjoks Acirfs Jdfr Fcjzft. Wkpktk zkpktk Gjddy Kcfxkomfr
Äomj`f7
@iotfojmi Jotrimu``jðo7................................................................................................................................0 ^rfsfotk`jðo7...............................................................................................................................= Mfmj`ktirjk7..................................................................................................................................6 Klrkmf`jdjfoti............................................................................................................................1 Jmfks mf ofli`jis7........................................................................................................................2
Ck jmfk fcfljmk7......................................................................................................................;> Pfldfotk`jðo mf dfr`kmi7........................................................................................................;; PFLDFO]K@JÐO MFC DFX@KMI................................................................................................;8 ^rivffmirfs...............................................................................................................................;8 JMFK MF OFLI@JI7 HICPKP F@ICÐLJ@KP...................................................................................;8 DK]FXJK ^XJDK.........................................................................................................................;8 ^XIQFFMIXFP...........................................................................................................................;8 XFPVDFO MF CK FO@VFP]K K^CJ@KMK K CK @IDVOJMKM MF ]KDHILXKOMF ^KXK XF@ICF@]KX JOAIXDK@JÐO PIHXF FC VPI MF HICPKP F@ICÐLJ@KP Z XFKCJWKX FC FP]VMJI MF DFX@KMI.............................................................................................................................;0 Kpcj`kmk k ck pihck`jðo afdfojok y dks`ucjok fotrf ck fmkm mf 8> y 6> kûis mf fmkm.............;0
Jotrimu``jðo7
^rfsfotk`jðo7
Mfmj`ktirjk7 Fstf priyf`ti mf jovfstjlk`jðo jovfstjlk`jðo fstë mfmj`kmi prjdfrkd prjdfrkdfotf fotf k Mjis, pirquf êc bk pfrdjtjmi quf timks cks `isks sfko pisjhcfs pkrk pimfr rfkcjzkrci, k `kmk uoi mf oufstris `idpkûfris pir hrjomkrois su kpiyi mäk k mäk k ci ckrli m mf f oufstri oufs tri kprfomjzkgf, kprfomjzkgf, pir ci `ukc qufrfd qufrfdis is rf`idpfoskrc rf`idpfoskrcis is mfdi mfdistrko strkomi mi y kpcj`k kpc j`komi omi tim timis is oufst oufstris ris `io `ioi` i`jdjf jdjfoti otiss kpr kprfom fomjmi jmiss fo fst fstf f pri priyf` yf`ti, ti, k oufstrk Mkcjomk Xujz @bfri, `ioi`jdjfotis ck `ukc fstjdkdis du`bi `io fsdfri ymi`fotf, mfmj`k`jðo ois bk hrjomkmi k`fr`k mf uopirquf priyf`tis cilrkomi cilrk omi quf fotfo fotfomjfrk mjfrkdis dis mf `jfrtk `jfrtk airdk ci jo jomjspf mjspfoskh oskhcf cf f jdpirtk jdpirtkotf otf quf fs pisffr pisffr y dkotfofr fo uok fdprfsk uok uok hufok tidk m mf f mf`jsjiofs yk quf mf fsk dkofrk dkofrk sf quf lfofrkrë faj`k`jk y faj`jfo`jk f fo o fstk, trkzkomi fc `kdjoi bk`jk fc êxjti. Du`bks hfomj`jiofs k `kmk uoi mf fccis y `ioajkr fo Mjis pkrk quf fo uo au autu turi ri oi du duyy cf cfgk gkoi oi ti timi miss oufs oufstr tris is `idp `idpkû kûfr fris is mf Km Kmdj djoj ojst strk rk`j `jðo ðo mf Fdprfsks cilrfo cilrfo sus sufûis sufûis y kc`ko`fo ssus us dftks.
Klrkmf`jdjfoti Fo prjdf prjdfrr cu culk lkrr mfsf mfsfkd kdis is fxpr fxprfs fskr kr oufs oufstr tri i kl klrk rkmf mf`j `jdj djfo foti ti k Mj Mjis is pir pir bkhfro bkh frois is pfrdjt pfrdjtjmi jmi dko dkotfo tfofro frois is `io skc skcum um mur murkot kotf f fc trk trkos` os`urs ursi i mf fst fstk k jovfstjlk`jðo, fo sfluomi culkr k oufstrk mi`fotf Mkcjomk Xujz @bfri, yk quf sus pkckhrks skhjks, sus `ioi`jdjfotis rjlurisis y prf`jsis, bjzi mf oisitris uoks pfrsioks `kpk`fs mf ccfvkr k `khi fstf priyf`ti, cf mfhfdis oufstris `ioi`jdjfotis qujfrk quf vkykdis, ccfvkrfdis fsis fo oufstri biy y fo fmiomf o oufstri trkosjtkr priafsjiokc. priafsjiokc. Pu sfdjcck mf `ioi`jdjfotis ``ioi`jdjfotis ioi`jdjfotis auf sfdhrkmk fo oufstri sfr jotfcf`tukc y lfrdjoð fo oufstrk kcdk y fspärjtu. Lrk` Lr k`jk jkss pi pirr su pk pk`j `jfo fo`j `jk, k, pi pirr `i `idp dpkr krtjtjrr sus sus `i `ioi oi`j `jdj djfo foti tiss mf dk dkof ofrk rk priafsjiokc f jovkcukhcf, pir su mfmj`k`jðo pfrsfvfrko`jk y ticfrko`jk.
^XIZF@]I MF OFLI@JI –HICPKP F@ICÐLJ@KP—
Jmfks mf ofli`jis7 ;. Vok Vok gulu gulufr fräk äk.. 8. Vo l ljd jdo oks ksji ji.. 0. Fstk Fstkdp dpkm kmi im mf f pic picis is.. =. Qfotk Qfotk m mf f `id `idjmk jmk rrëpj ëpjmk mk sk skcum cumkhc khcf. f. 6. Mftkccfs Mftkccfs p pfrsio frsiokcjzk kcjzkmis. mis. ^ ^krk krk `u `ukcqu kcqujfr jfr i`ksjðo i`ksjðo.. 1. Mjsf Mjsfûi ûi m mf fp pic icis is.. .Qfotk mf `rfdickmks. GV LV FXJ K
LJD FP] OK KO^ PJI KMI MF ^IC IP
QFO ]K MF @I DJM K XK^ JMK PKC VMK HCF
MF]KC CFP ^FXPI OKCJWK MIP
MJ PF ÛI MF ^I CI P
QF O] K MF @I DJ MK XK ^J MK
QFO ]K MF ^XI MV@ ]IP F@I CILJ @IP
^KP ]FCF XJK Z XF^ IP] FXJK
QFO] K MF @XF DIC KMKP
¹[ujfrfs rfkcjzkr fstk jmfk mf ofli`ji9
PJ
PJ
PJ
PJ
PJJ
PJ
PJ
PJ
PJ
PJ
¹Fs pisjhcf primu`jr fstf primu`ti fo tu mjstrjti i rfljðo9
PJ
OI
PJ
PJ
PJ
PJ
PJ
PJ
PJ
PJ
OI
OI
OI
OI
OI OI OI
OI
OI
^rimu``jð o
¹@ufotks OI `io mjspiojhjcjm km mf
ci`kc9 ¹]us OI `idpftjmir fs pufmfo `ipjkr aë`jcdfotf
PJ
PJ
OI
OI
Oi OI OI OI
OI
OI
¹^ufmfs PJ tfofr `ickhirkmi rfs(trkhkgk mirfs) `io skckrji k`fptkhcf9
PJ
PJ
PJ
PJ
Oi P PJJ
PJ
PJ
PJ
PJ
PJ
PJ
PJ
OI
PJ
OI PJ
PJ
OI
PJ ¹^ufmfs `iotkr `io cis fqujpis i dkqujokrjk s pkrk fc primu`ti i sfrvj`ji9
OI
PJ
PJ
PJ
PJ
PJ
PJ
PJ
PJ
¹^ufmfs kmkptkr fc PJ primu`ti i sfrvj`ji k cks of`fsjmkm fs mf tus `cjfotfs pitfo`jkcf s9
PJ
PJ
PJ
PJ
PJ
PJ
PJ
PJ
PJ
Pj(1)
Pj(6)
Pj( 6)
Pj (6)
Pj(1)
Pj(1)
Pj (6)
tu primu`ti i sfrvj`ji9
¹^ufmfs `iotkr `io `ickhirkmi rfs `kpk`jtkmi s9
]itkc
Pj(1) Pj(6) Pj() (pfsi =>) (pfsi 0>) (pfsi-;>)
Jmfk ;7 Gulufräk
;1>
1>
1>
0>
0;>
Jmfk 87 Fstkdpkmi mf picis
;8>
:>
1>
8>
8:>
Jmfk 07 Qfotk mf `idjmk rëpjmk skcumkhcfs.
;8>
;8>
=>
;>
8:>
;=> Jmfk =7 ^rimu`tis f`icðlj`is
;8>
2>
;>
06>
Jmfk 67 ;8> ^kstfcfräk y rfpistfräk.
1>
=>
=>
81>
Ck jmfk fcfljmk7 Pfl÷o fc koëcjsjs mf cks tkhcks bfdis fcfläkdis ck jmfk mf ^rimu`tis f`icðlj`is, fstis primu`tis sfrëo ck vfotk mf hicsks f`icðlj`ks.
Pfldfotk`jðo mf dfr`kmi7
Kspf`tis
^rimu`ti7 hicsks mf tfck f`icðlj`ks.
Lfilrëa`is
Vhj`k`jðo7 ]kdhilrkomf, dfr`kmi @cjdk7 `kcurisi. Xfljðo7 tkdhilrkomf, Xfljðo7 tkdhilrkomf, ^jurk
Mfdilrëa`is
Fmkm7 Dugfrfs fotrf cks fmkmfs mf 8> y dës kûis. Bidhrfs fotrf cks fmkmfs mf mf 0> y dës kûis. Jolrfsis77 ck dkyiräk mf pfrsioks sf mfmj`k k ck klrj`ucturk y uok djoiräk Jolrfsis fof uo trkhkgi gi.
Pfxi7 kdhis Pfxi7 kdhis sfxis. Ojvfc jostru`vi7 jostru`vi7 ck dkyiräk `ufotk `io fstumjis sf`uomkrjis. ]kdkûi mf kdjcjk7 kdjcjk7 fo pridfmji cks akdjcjks sf `iostuyfo pir 6 Pi`ji`ucturkcf s
Fsci mf vjmk. vjmk. @ujmko fc dfmji kdhjfotf. @ujmko su skcum. Jotfrfsf Jotf rfsfs7 s7
@iom @iomu` u`tu tukc kcfs fs
Fc `ujmkmi mfc dfmji kdhjfotf. Ck dimk. @ujmkmi mf cis bjgis. Mfpirtf. ]f`oiciläk.
@i @idp dpir irtk tkdj djfo foti tis7 s7
Hus`ko primu`tis k hkgis prf`jis. Hus`ko oufvis dimfcis.
Airdk fo quf tidko ti dko mf`jsjiofs mf`jsj iofs murkotf murkot f ck `idprk7
Pf gko fo ck `kcjmkm mfc primu`ti. Cis dimfcis quf sfko mf k`ufrmi k su pfrsiokcjmkm y of`fsjmkm. Fo ck prfsfotk`jðo mfc primu`ti. Kprivf`bko cks pridi`jiofs y mfs`ufotis.
PFLDFO]K@JÐO MFC DFX@KMI ^frsioks mf kdhis sfxis fotrf cks fmkmfs mf 8> k 6> kûis, mf ojvfc f`ioðdj`i @ y M, quf `ujmk su skcum y fc dfmji kdhjfotf y fstëo mjspufstis k kmqujrjr primu`tis oivfmisis oivfmisis k`irmf `io ck dimk y su su fsci pfrsiokc k prf`jis `ðdimis fo ck `ujmkm mf ]kdhilrkomf.
^rivffmirfs JMFK MF OFLI@JI7 HICPKP F@ICÐLJ@KP DK]FXJK ^XJDK
]fck mf yutf y kclimðo ^joturk ^jo`fcfs Klugks Bjci
^XIQFFMIXFP
]fxcfräk –DJ CVW— ‐ CVW— ‐ ]fck mf Zutf, Kclimðo Kclimðo,, Bjci Cjhrfräk - hkzkr –FCFOK— –FCFOK— ‐ ‐ ^joturks, ^joturks, ^jo`fcfs, Klugks Jovfrsjiofs –DJ –DJ XIPJ]K— XIPJ]K— ‐ ]fck mf Zutf, Kclimðo, Bjci ‐ ^joturks, ^joturks, ^jo`fcfs, Klugks Fovksfs –DFMJOK— –DFMJOK— F.J.X.C F.J.X.C- ]fck mf Zutf
]jfomk iocjof –DFX@KMI CJHXF— ‐ CJHXF— ‐ ^joturks Kpu, ]fck mf Zutf, Kclimðo, Bjci ‐
^joturks, ^jo`fcfs, Klugks ^joturks,
XFPVDFO MF CK FO@VFP]K K^CJ@KMK K CK @IDVOJMKM MF ]KDHILXKOMF ^KXK XF@ICF@]KX JOAIXDK@JÐO PIHXF FC VPI MF HICPKP F@ICÐLJ@KP Z XFKCJWKX FC FP]VMJI MF DFX@KMI. Kpcj`kmk k ck pihck`jðo fdfojok y dks`ucjok fotrf ck fmkm mf 8> y 6> kûis mf fmkm . MK]IP MF @IO]XIC7 Fmkm Ip`jiof s
Xfspufstk s
^ir`fotkgf
8>-0>
21
21%
0>-=>
1
1%
=>-6>
2
2%
Lrkmi mf jostru``jðo Ip`jiofs
Xfspufstks
^ir`fotkgf
^rjdkrjk `idpcftk
8
8%
Pf`uomkrjk `idpcftk
0;
0;%
Fstumjis supfrjirfs
1<
1
>%
Kdk mf `ksk
1
1%
Itris
;8
;8%
]itkc
;>>
;>>%
Aufotf7Fqujpi mf ]rkhkgi Jotfrprftk`jðo7 Mf k`ufrmi k ck jovfstjlk`jðo pimfdis mftfrdjokr quf =0% mf ck pihck`jðo fo`ufstkmk sio sio fstumjkotfs y uo 1% mf ck pihck`jðo fo` fo`ufstkmk ufstkmk sio kdks m mf f `ksk .
]KHCK O¾8 ;.
¹Fo ttu u ``i iduojmkm vf vfomfo h hi icsks f`icðlj`ks9
Ip`jiofs
Xfspufstks
^ir`fotkgf ((% %)
Pj
0=
0=%
Oi
1=
1=%
Pjo rfspufstk
8
8%
]itkc
;>>
;>>%
Aufotf7Fqujpi mf ]rkhkgi Jotfrprftk`jðo7
Pfl÷o ck jovfstjlk`jðo rfkcjzkmk sf mftfrdjok quf fc 16.0 % mf fo`ufstkmis fo su `iduojmkm oi vfomfo hicsks f`icðlj`ks y uo 0=.
;>%
Fo ck `kcjmkm
6=
6=%
Fo fc prf`ji
<
>
;>>%
Aufotf7 F[VJ^I MF ]XKHKGI.
Jotfrprftk`jðo7 ck mfc jovfstjlk`jðo mftfrdjokmi 6= % (ck dkyiräk) sf ajgk fo ckPfl÷o `kcjmkm primu`ti yrfkcjzkmk uo >
;>>%
Aufotf7 F[VJ^I MF ]XKHKGI.
Jotfrprftk`jðo7 Pfl÷o ck jovfstjlk`jðo rfkcjzkmk sf bk mftfrdjokmi quf k ck dkyiräk cf lustkräk quf vfomjfrko vfomjfrko hicsks f`icðl f`icðlj`ks j`ks `io uo :8% mf k`fptk`jð k`fptk`jðo. o. Z uo =% quf oi cfs lustkräk quf vfomjfrko hicsks f`icðlj`ks.
]KHCK O¾6 ;.
¹@ ¹@uk ukot oti i fstk fstkss mj mjsp spuf ufst sti ikp pkl klkr kr pi pirr fc prim primu` u`ti ti f`icðlj`i9.
Ip`jiofs
Xfspufstks
^ir`fotkgf (%)
P/6
>%
;>>%
Aufotf7 F[VJ^I MF ]XKHKGI.
Jotfrprftk`jðo7 Pfl÷o ck jovfstjlk`jðo rfkcjzkmk sf bk mftfrdjokmi quf fc %
ykpf,pcjd,hcjd. ]krgftk mf mêhjti i `rêmjti
0
0%
Itris
1
1%
]itkc
;>>
;>>%
Aufotf7 F[VJ^I MF ]XKHKGI.
Jotfrprftk`jðo7 Pfl÷o ck jovfstjlk`jðo rfkcjzkmk sf bk mftfrdjokmi quf fc 2;% utjcjzk faf`tjvi pkrk rfkcjzkr sus `idprks y uo 0% utjcjzk cks tkrgftks mf mêhjti y `rêmjti `idi dfmji mf pkli.
]KHCK O¾ < ;.
¹@ioaäks fo cks vfotks iocjof9
Ip`jiofs
Xfspufstks ^ir`fotkgf (%)
PJ
=2
=2%
OI
6;
6;%
Pjo rfspufstk
;
;%
]I]KC
;>>
;>>%
Aufotf7 F[VJ^I MF ]XKHKGI.
Aufotf7 F[VJ^I MF ]XKHKGI.
Jotfrprftk`jðo7 Pfl÷o ck jovfstjlk`jðo fvkcukmk fc =2% sj `ioaäko fo cks vfotks iocjof y fc 6;% oi tjfofo `ioajkozk fo cks vfotks iocjof.
]KHCK O¾ 2 ;.
Pj o ouf ufst strk rkss vf vfot otks ks ssio io ffot otrf rflk lkmk mkss k mid midj` j`jc jcji ji,¹ ,¹fs fstk tkrä räko ko m mjs jspu pufs fsti tiss k pklkr pir fc mfcjvfry9
Ip`jiofs
Xfspufstks
^ir`fotkgf (%)
PJ
28
28%
OI
;1
;1%
Pjo rfspufstk
8
0%
]I]KC
;>>
;>>%
Aufotf7 F[VJ^I MF ]XKHKGI. Jotfrprftk`jðo7 Pfl÷o ck jovfstjlk`jðo rfkcjzkmk sf bk pimjmi mftfrdjokr quf uo 20.>
;>>%
Aufotf7 F[VJ^I MF ]XKHKGI. Jotfrprftk`jðo7
Pfl÷o ck jovfstjlk`jðo rfkcjzkmk fc 12% sj bk `idprkmi primu`tis f`icðlj`is fo kcluok ipirtuojmkm y uo 0;% oi bk `idprkmi primu`tis f`icðlj`i f`icðlj`is. s.
]KHCK O¾ ;> ;.
¹[ ¹[uê uê of of`f `fsj sjmk mkm m `uh `uhrj rjfr frio io ck `id `idpr prkk mf mf ffsi siss p pri rimu mu`t `tis is f`icðlj`is 9
Ip`jiofs
Xfspufstks
^ir`fotkgf (%)
Mf`irk`jðo
;1
;1%
Irlkojzk`jðo
0:
0:%
Fotrftfojdjfoti
8
8%
itris
=0
=0%
]I]KC
;>>%
;>>%
Aufotf7 F[VJ^I MF ]XKHKGI. JO]FX^XF]K@JÐO7 ck jovfstjlk`jðo rfkcjzkmk rfkcjzkmk fo ck fo`ufstk fc ;1% iptko pir ck mf`irk`jðo mf cks hicsks y fc =0% mf`jmfo quf sio pir itrks of`fsjmkmfs kc `idprkr cks hicsks f`icðlj`ks. ]KHCK O¾ ;;
;.
¹X ¹Xff ffdp dpck ckzk zkrj rjks ks ck ckss hic hicsk skss pcë pcëst stj` j`ks ks pi pirr cks cks hi hics csks ks f`icðlj`ks9
Ip`jiofs
Xfspufstks
^ir`fotkgf (%)
Pj
:2
:2%
Oi
8
8%
]itkc
;>>
;>>%
Aufotf7 F[VJ^I MF ]XKHKGI. JO]FX^XF]K@JÐO Pfl÷o ck jovfstjlk`jðo rfkcjzkmk sf mftfrdjok quf fc :2% rffdpckzkräko cks hicsks f`icðlj`ks pir hicsks pcëstj`ks y fc 8% mfsfko cks hicsks pcëstj`ks.
]KHCK O¾ ;8 ;.
¹@ ¹@rf rffs fs q quf uf ck ckss hi hics csks ks f f`i `icð cðlj lj`k `kss fs fstë tëo o rrfm fmu` u`jf jfom omi i ck `iot `iotkd kdjo jok` k`jð jðo o kdhjfotkc9 ¹^ir quê9
Xfspufstk ;
Pä pirquf sio rfutjcjzkhcfs y cks pfrsioks yk oi cks mfsf`bko, sjoi quf cks sjlufo uskomi pkrk sus `idprks mjkrjks y ksä fvjtko `idprkr hicsks pcëstj`ks quf fsks sf mfsf`bko mf dkofrk rëpjmk y aë`jc `iotkdjokomi fc pckoftk.
Xfspufstks 8
Pj pir quf fstks oi `iotkdjoko mfdksjkmi fc kdhjfotf
Xfspufstk 0
Pj ,fstëo mjsdjouyfomi k ck `iotkdjok`jðo kdhjfotkc
Xfspufstk =
^irquf sio rfutjcjzkhcf
Xfspufstk 6
Pj. Bky dfois fspf`jfs dkrjoks durjfomi
Xfspufstk 1
^ir quf oi sf fstkräk uskomi dës pcëstj`i
Xfspufstk <
Pj
Xfspufstk 2
Pä, y fs uok hufok kctfroktjvk fo ck rfmu``jðo mfc dfmji kdhjfotf, yk quf cks hicsks f`icðlj`ks sio rfutjcjzkhcfs y su mflrkmk`jðo fs fo dfoir tjfdpi k mjafrfo`jk mf cks hicsks pcëstj`ks.
Xfspufstk :
Kc `idprkr uok hicsk f`icðlj`k fvjtks `idprkr hicsks pcëstj`ks cks `ukcfs primu`fo du`bi mkûi k oufstri dfmji kdhjfotf
Xfspufstk ;>
Pä ^irquf fstks hicsks `udpcfo `io timi ci quf sf rfqujfrf pkrk rfmu`jr ck `iotkdjok`jðo.
Xfspufstk ;;
Pj pirquf ksä sf lukrmkrëo y yk oi sf vitkrëo cks hicsks.
Xfspufstk ;8
Pj pirquf sio rfutjcjzkhcfs
Xfspufstk ;0
Pä, pirquf mf fsk dkofrk `iotrjhujdis kc rf`j`ckgf y fvjtkdis dkyir `iotkdjok`jðo kc kdhjfotf.
Xfspufstk ;=
Pjj pir quf kyumk k `ujmkr fc dfmji kdhjfotf.
Aufotf7 F[VJ^I MF ]XKHKGI.
]KHCK O¾ ;0 ;. ¹[uê i ih hgfti utjcjzk pk pkrk `k `krlkr su sus `idprks9 Ip`jiofs
Xfspufstks
^ir`fotkgf (%)
Hicsks pcëstj`ks
08
08%
@krrjti mf `idprks
;;
;;%
Hicsiofs
6;
6;%
Itris
1
1%
]itkc.
;>>
;>>%
Aufotf7 F[VJ^I MF ]XKHKGI. JO]FX^XF]K@JÐO Pfl÷o ck jovfstjlk`jðo jovfstjlk`jðo rfkcjzkmk rfkcjzkmk sf bk mftfrdjokm mftfrdjokmi i quf 6; % (ck dkyiräk) utjcjzk hicsiofs y fc 08 % hicsks pcëstj`ks.
]KHCK O¾ ;= ;.
¹[ ¹[uê uê mj mjsf sfûi ûi mfsf mfsfkr kräk äkss quf quf sf rf rfkc kcj` j`fo fo fo cks cks h hic icsk skss ff`i `icð cðlj lj`k `kss 9
Ip`jiofs
Xfspufstks ^ir`fotkgf (%)
Dj mfpirtf akvirjti
:
:%
Kcli rfck`jiokmi rfck`jiokmi `io dj i i`upk`jðo `upk`jðo ck ckhirkc hirkc i priafsjiokc
;6
;6%
Kcli rfck`jiokmi rfck`jiokmi k dj `uc `ucturk turk
6>
6>%
Dimk i tfomfo`jks
80
80%
Itris
0
0%
]I]KC
;>>
;>>%
Aufotf7 F[VJ^I MF ]XKHKGI. Jotfrprftk`jðo7 Pfl÷o ck jovfstjlk`jðo rfkcjzkmk fc 6>% mfsfkräk quf cis mjsfûis mf sus hicsks f`icilj`kss aufsfo rfck`jiokmis `io tfdk mf su `ucturk y uo :% mfsfkräk mjsfûis mf f`icilj`k su mfpirtf akvirjti.
]KHCK O¾ ;6 ;.
¹@ ¹@ðd ðdi i tf lust lustkr kräk äk fotf fotfrk rkrt rtff mf ou oufs fstr tris is ou oufv fvis is primu`tis9
Ip`jiofs
Xfspufstks
^ir`fotkgf (%)
Xfmfs si`jkcfs
%
@irrfi fcf`trðoj`i
<
>
;>>%
Mf
Aufotf7 F[VJ^I MF ]XKHKGI. Jotfrprftk`jðo7 Pfl÷o cis fo`ufstkmis sf mftfrdjok quf fc % utjcjzko
dës cks rfmfs si`jkcfs pkrk joairdkrsf mf cis oufvis primu`tis quf skcfo fo fc dfr`kmi y fc ;2% pir ck puhcj`jmkm.
;. ¹[uê tjpi m mff pridi`ji pridi`jiofs ofs ttff lus lustkrä tkräkk quf tf iarf`jfrkdis9 Ip`jiofs.
Xfspufstks.
^ir`fotkgf (%)
Mfs`ufotis pir tus `idprks
60
60%
Iafrtk 8Ü;
0=
0=%
Vo primu`ti kmj`jiokc.
;8
;8%
Itris
;
;%
]itkc
;>>
Aufotf7 F[VJ^I MF ]XKHKGI.
Jotfrprftk`jðo7 Pfl÷o ck jovfstjlk`jðo rfkcjzkmk sf bk pimjmi mftfrdjokr
quf fc 60% iptko pir cks pridi`jiofs quf sf rfkcjzko kc didfoti mf `idprkr uo primu`ti y fc 0=% mf`jmfo ck iafrtk 8x;. ]KHCK O•;1 ;.
¹[uê dfm fmji jiss mf `iduo duoj` j`kk`j `jð ðo utj tjcj cjzzks dës9
Ip`jiofs
Xfspufstks
^ir`fotkgf (%)
@fcuckrfs
:1
:1%
Xkmji
;
;%
]v
;
;%
Xfvjstks
>
>
^frjðmj`is
;
;%
Itris
;
;%
]itkc
;>>
;>>
Aufotf7 F[VJ^I MF ]XKHKGI. JO]FX^XF]K@JÐO7 Pfl÷o ck jovfstjlk`jðo fc :1% utjcjzko `io dës arf`ufo`jk fc `fcuckr y fc =% iptko pir itris dfmjis mf `iduoj`k`jðo.
Koëcjsjs mf ck mfdkomk, iafrtk y df dfr`kmi r`kmi josktjsaf`bi josktjsaf`bi DFX@KMI IHGF]JQI Pio pfrsioks fotrf cks fmkmfs mf 8> y 0> kûis `io uo lrkmi mf jostru``jðo sf`uomkrjk `idpcftk y fstumjis supfrjirfs mfc mjstrjti mf ]kdhilrkomf. Mf ;>> pfrsioks fo`ufstkmks mfc mjstrjti mf ]KDHILXKOMF ]KDHILXKOMF :8 pfrsioks bko rfspiomjmi quf sj `idprkräko fc primu`ti. @io arf`ufo`jk mf `idprk mf 6 vf`fs kc dfs. ;>> fo`ufstks YYYYYYY ;>>% :8 fo`ufstks YYYYYYYYY x R4:8% Pfl÷o fc JOFJ (Jostjtuti ok`jiokc mf fstkmästj`k f joairdëtj`k) ck pihck`jðo mfc mjstrjti mf ]kdhilrkomf7 8= > mfdkomk mfc 8>8;
Pfl÷o fc JOFJ y mktis mfc ÷ctjdi `fosi Ok`jiokc mf pihck`jðo y vjvjfomk (8>;%
Mfdkomk fstjdkmk pkrk fc kûi 8>88 fs mf 7 @rf`jdjfoti mf ck pihck`jðo7 88 ;=%4 ;.>%4 88;.=
Mfdkomk Fstjdkmk pkrk fc kûi 8>80 fs7 @rf`jdjfoti mf ck pihck`jðo7 88 01: *;.>% 4 880,1: pihck`jðo fstjdkmk pkrk fc 8>807 88 01: +880,1:4 88 6:04? Kprix 88 6:0. Mfdkomk fstjdkmk pkrk 8>807 886:0*64;;8 :16*;84; :16*;84; 066 62>
Fstjdk`jðo mf ck iafrtk Pfl÷o ck fo`ufstk rfkcjzkmk sf bk mftfrdjokmi quf uo 0=% mf ck pihck`jðo fo`ufstkmk bk `idprkmi hicsks f`icðlj`ks fo su `iduojmkm. Pfl÷o fc JOFJ (Jostjtuti ok`jiokc mf fstkmästj`k f joairdëtj`k) ck pihck`jðo mfc mjstrjti mf ]kdhilrkomf7 8= >8;7 Fc 0=% mf cks pfrsioks `idprko hicsks f`icðlj`ks fo su `iduojmkm. 8= >8;7 2 ;26
Iafrtk fstjdkmk pkrk fc kûp8>887 @rf`jdjfoti mf ck pihck`jðo pkrk fc kûi 8>887 2 ;2=,28 * ;.>%4 2;,2=28 Fstjdk`jðo mf ck iafrtk7 2 kûi ;2=,8>88. 28 + 2;, 2=28 4 2 811, 1128 4? 2 81%4 28, 1< Iafrtk fstjdkmk pkrk fc 8>807 2 81< + 28, 1.
DFX@KMI JOPK]JPAF@BI7 Kûis Mfdkomk
Iafrtk
Dfr`kmi
^itfo`jkc
pitfo`jkc
Josktjsaf`bi
8>8; ;' 082 28>
2 ;26
;' 08> 106
8>88 ;' 0=; ;=>
2 81<
;' 008 280 ;' 066 62>
2 06>
;' 0=< 80>
^CKO MF DKXEF]JOL Fo ck jmfk mf ofli`ji HICPKP F@ICÐLJ@KP prfsfotk prfsfotkdis dis fc pcko mf dkreftjol kokcjzkomi cks =^7
^rimu`ti cks hicsks f`icðlj`ks f`icðlj`ks sfrëo fckhirk fckhirkmks mks k hksf mf dktfrjkc `idi fc yutf y fc kclimðo irlëoj`i quf sio `idpufstis `idpufstis quf sf mflrkmko mflrkmko mf dkofrk oktu okturkc, rkc, oufstrks hicsks f`icðlj`ks sf fo`ufotrko `cksjaj`kmks `cksjaj`kmks fo cks `ktfliräks H y @ fo hksf k su dktfrjkc quf fstëo fckhirkmks, sio duy `ðdimks pkrk ccfvkr yk quf sfrëo mjsfûkmks fx`cusjvkdfotf fx`cusjvkdf otf `io uok ksk mf dkoi duy rfsjstfotf, ksä djsdi ck pjoturk quf uskrfdis pkrk fckhirkr cis mjsfûis mf cis fstkdpkmis sfrë k hksf mf kluk `idi pjoturks k`räcj`ks, tfomrë tfomrë ck airdk mf uo uo hicsi oirdkc y ck ckss dfmjmks tf cks prfsfotkdis fo fc kofxi ;, ci ciss mjsfûis mf cis fstkdpkmis sfrë sfrë fckhirkmis k dkoi y fo hksf k ck `ucturk mf ]kdhilrkomf y ck dimk y/i tfomfo`jks, oufstri primu`ti fs duy rfsjstfotf pufmf `krlkr kprixjd kprixjdkmkdfotf kmkdfotf 6 ejci mf pfsi, ckv ckvkhcf, khcf, prë`tj`i pkrk
ccfvkrci k `ukcqujfr culkr. mfc @iodfmji ck `idprk mf oufstri primu`ti fstkräkdis `iotrjhuyfomi kc `ujmkmi kdhjfotf. Ksjdjsdi oufstri primu`ti sfrë fotrflkmi guoti `io uok tkrgftk quf jo`cujrë fc cili mf ck dkr`k(kofxi 8) y uo dfoskgf (kofxi 0) quf tfomrë ck jotfo`jðo mf pridivfr fc `ujmkmi mfc dfmji kdhjfotf kmj`jiokc uo cckvfri `io fc cili mf ck dkr`k.
^rf`ji Fstkdis hrjomkomi cis prf`jis dës `ðdimis , sfl÷o ck fo`ufstk rfkcjzkmk oufstri p÷hcj`i ihgftjvi fstë fstë mjspufsti k pklkr 6 sicfs pir oufstri primu` primu`ti, ti, ksjdjsdi fvkcukdis cis prf`jis mf cis dktfrjkcfs `io cis quf sf fckhirko cks hicsks y cis mjsfûis mf cis fstkdpkmis, ksjdjsdi jo`cujdis cis `istis mfc vkcir kûkmjmi (cckvfri
y tkrgftk mf kfotrflk), pkrk fcci pkrk tfofdis oufstrk cjstk mf privffmirfs ccflkrfdis uok ofli`jk`jðo quf ois privffo dktfrjk prjdkcisy `ukcfs bfrrkdjfotks quf k÷o dfoir `isti pisjhcf sjo kaf`tkr ck `kcjmkm mfc primu`ti.
^ridi`jðo @rfkrfdis oufstrk pëljok wfh pkrk mkr k `ioi`fr cks prjo`jpkcfs `krk`tfrästj`ks mf oufstri primu`ti, ksjdjsdi mkrfdis k `ioi`fr fc ihgftjvi mf oufstri priyf`ti mf ofli`ji quf fs `iotrjhujr `io fc `ujmkmi mfc dfmji kdhjfotf. hrjomkrfdis ktfo`jðo kc `cjfotf y sfrvj`ji mf pist-vfotk `io fc ajo mf `kptkr dës `cjfotfs k lrko fs`kck, y pir `kmk primu`ti primu`ti `idprkmi cfs hrjomkrfdis k oufstris oufstris `cjfotfs uo cckvfri, fc `uk `ukcc ccfvkrë fc cili y mktis jdpirtkotf mf ck fdprfsk. Pfl÷o mktis mf oufstrk fo`ufstk fc dfmji mf `iduoj`k`jðo `iduoj`k`jðo quf dës utjcjzko fs fc tfcêaioi dðvjc (`fcuckr), ksä `rfkrfdis `iotfojmi pkrk cks rfmfs si`jkcfs quf `id÷odfotf sufcfo vjsjtkr oufstris `cjfotfs. Ksjdjsdi iarf`frfdis mfs`ufotis fo
ck `idprk mf 8 primu`tis pkrk kmfckotf, 8 vf`fs kc dfs pkrk ditjvkr ck `idprk mf oufstris `cjfotfs.
^ckzk Oufstris primu`tis primu`tis sfrëo vfomjmis vfomjmis k trkvês mf mis dimkcjmk dimkcjmkmfs mfs , mf dkofrk dkofrk iocjof, Oufstris pir dfmji mf oufstrk oufstrk pël. wfh ppkrk krk oufstris ``cjfotfs cjfotfs `io prfafrf prfafrfo`jk o`jk fo `idprks iocjof, mkrfdis k `ioi`fr `ioi`fr timis cis mjvfrsis dim dimfcis fcis mf HICPKP F@ICÐLJ@KP F@ICÐLJ@KP k trkvês mf uo `ktëcili, bkhrë uok `iduoj`k`jðo mjrf`tk y pfrsiokcjzkmk `io oufstris `cjfotf k trkvês mf oufstris `kokcfs mf ktfo`jðo kc `cjfotf pir dfmji mfc \bktsKpp y Ak`fhiie. Fo oufstrks vfotks prfsfo`jkcfs, fstkrfdis uhj`kmis fo uok ziok fstrktêlj`k y trkosjtkmk mfc mjstrjti, distrkrfdis oufstris primu`tis fo uok vjtrjok mf `rjstkc pkrk quf timis oufstris `cjfotfs quf ccflufo pufmko ihsfrvkr cis dimfcis mf HICPKP F@ICÐLJ@KP quf tfomrfdis fo vfotk.
]kdkûi mf ck primu``jðo7 Pfl÷o fc dfr`kmi josktjsaf`bi pkrk fc kûi 8>88 pimfdis mftfrdjokr fc tkdkûi mf oufstrk primu``jðo7
Kûis Dfr`kmi Josktjsaf`bi 8>8; ;' 08> 106 8>88 ;' 008 280 ;' 0=< 80> Fc dfr`kmi josktjsaf`bi mfc kûi 8>88 fs mf ; 08> 106 bkhjtkotfs.
^krk fc kûi 8>88 Fo uo mäk7 ^riyf`tkdis uok vfotk mf 0> hicsks pir mäk. ^riyf``jðo mf flrfsis pkrk fckhirkr 0> hicsks f`icðlj`ks7 @istis vkrjkhcfs7 Dktfrjkcf s
@kotjmkm
^rf`ji uojtkrji
]itkc
Zutf
;6 dftris 8
0>
^joturks
;>
8.6>
86
Bjcis
6
0.0=
;1.12
28.1>
Klugks
; fstu`bf ;> ]itkc
;> :8.1
]kdkûi mf ck primu``jðo pkrk pkrk fc kûi 8>887 Kc mäk7 0> hicsks Kc dfs7 :>> hicsks. Kc kûi7;>2>> hicsks. hicsks.
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