Egiuctgd dm A`km`amrìg A`tmkrgdor A Ijoiocgtms G`da`os - Gvg`im dm Vroymito 4 A`tmkrg`tms> Kutaárrmz Uaccmkgs, Kmrgcda`m G`drmg ]71269665 Lorgcms Qpg`gqum, Courdms Ytmpjg`am ]7:96:7=1 Vorrgs Irastùbgc, Ng`mtj Brakkattm ]712721:5 Vumrtg Ugccgdocad, Nmg` Vamro ]7:27;67; Ygcgs Gqua`o, Yjg`tgcc Dçlgras ]71271764 Ymiiaù`> 97117 Vroemsor> Robmrt Umkg Bmrrg`tms
2622
Ì@DAIM 7.
Rmsulm`
9
2.
Gbstrgit
9
9.
G`çcasas dmc igso
4
4.
Obnmtavos Km`mrgcms y Mspmiìeaios
=
g.
Obnmtavos Km`mrgcms
=
b.
Obnmtavos Mspmiìeaios
=
=.
Lgrio tmùraio
G`tmimdm`tms
g. 5.
Vroduito por mcgborgr
Igrgitmrìstaigs
g.
5 5 ; ;
Ijoiocgtm Battmr o `mkro
;
Ijoiocgtm bcg`io
;
Ijoiocgtms rmccm`os
:
Ijoiocgtm io` cmijm
:
Ijoiocgtm io` lg`ì, pgsgs y gclm`drgs
:
•
•
•
•
•
Vropamdgdms dmc produito mstudagdo
b.
:
Bm`meaiaos
:
Dmsvm`tgngs
:
;.
Lgtmrags pralgs
1
:.
Vroduitos sustatutos y iolpcmlm`tgraos
77
1.
A`sulos Rmqumrados
72
•
•
76.
Mquapos y lgqua`grags
79
77. 72.
Opmrgiao`ms dmc Vroimso dm Vroduiiaù` Dagkrglg dm opmrgiao`ms dmc proimso (DOV)
7= 7:
79.
Eu`iao`ms dm cos mlpgqums
29
74.
@orlgtavadgd dm cos mlpgqums
24
7=.
Lgtmragcms usgdos m` mlpgqums y mlbgcgnm
25
75.
Io`sadmrgiao`ms pgrg mc dasm÷o dm u` produito
2;
7;.
G`çcasas g io`sadmrgr m` mc dasm÷o dm u` produito
97
7:.
G`çcasas dm cg lmtodocokìg pgrg dasm÷gr mc produito
92
71.
Vroimso dm Vroduiiaù`
9=
26.
Babcaokrgeìg
9;
Ijoiocgtms G`da`os 7
Rmsulm` Mc prmsm`tm doiulm`to trgtg sobrm u`g mlprmsg pmrug`g, Ijoiocgtms G`da`os qum produim
ijoiocgtms dm gctg igcadgd. Mstg mlprmsg oermim sus produitos gc mxtmraor dmc pgìs, pra`iapgclm`tm m` Mstgdos ]`ados y dmsmg a`krmsgr gc lmrigdo muropmo m` u` pmraodo g iorto pcgzo pgrg obtm`mr lçs kg`g`iags, do`dm cg iolmriagcazgiaù` dm mstm produito ms luy iotazgdo y vgcorgdo. Vgrg msto, dmiadamro` rmubaigr mstrgtákaiglm`tm su pcg`tg dm produiiaù` m` Iuzio, cg iugc todgvìg mstç m` egsm dm dasm÷o y `mimsatg` dm smrvaiaos dm u`g io`suctorg pgrg iulpcar mstm obnmtavo. Tglbaá`, lmdag`tm u` proimso dm a`vmstakgiaù` y g`çcasas, sm dasm÷grç gclgim`ms pgrg cgs lgtmrags pralgs y cos produitos tmrla`gdos, y `umvos proimsos pgrg cg produiiaù` dm oijo tapos dm ijoiocgtms, smkþ` co proymitgdo por mc çrmg dm Lgrhmta`k. 2
Gbstrgit
Tjas doiulm`t as gbout g Vmruvag` iolpg`y, Ijoiocgtms G`da`os, tjgt produims jakj qugcaty ijoiocgtms. Tjas iolpg`y oeemrs ats produits gbrogd, lga`cy a` tjm ]`atmd Ytgtms, g`d wasjms to m`tmr tjm Muropmg` lgrhmt a` g sjort-tmrl pmraod to obtga` lorm proeats, wjmrm tjm iollmriagcazgtao` oe tjas produit as jakjcy vgcumd g`d vgcumd. Eor tjas, tjmy dmiadmd to strgtmkaigccy rmcoigtm tjmar produitao` pcg`t a` Iuzio, w wjaij jaij as stacc a` tjm dmsak` pjgsm g`d tjmy `mmd tjm smrvaims oe g io`suctg`t to lmmt tjas obnmitavm. Gcso, tjroukj g rmsmgrij g`d g`gcysas proimss, wgrmjousms wacc bm dmsak`md eor rgw lgtmragcs g`d ea`asjmd produits, g`d `mw proimssms to produim makjt typms oe ijoiocgtms, gs pronmitmd by tjm Lgrhmta`k grmg.
9
G`çcasas dmc igso
]`o dm cos obnmtavos dm cg mlprmsg ms mc a`krmso g cos lmrigdos mxtrg`nmros io` lgyor prmsm`iag, m` cos iugcms dmstgig` cos pgìsms muropmos, cokrç`doco m` u` pmraodo dm iorto pcgzo, por co qum su gtm`iaù` pra`iapgc sm vm rmecmngdg m` cg mcgborgiaù` dm : tapos dm ijoiocgtms ijoi ocgtms (Ijoiocgtm bcg`io, ijoiocgtm Battmr, ijoiocgtm io` cmijm, ijoiocgtm pgrg tgzg, ijoiocgtm io` lg`ì, ijoiocgtm io` pgsgs, ijoiocgtm io` gclm`drgs y mc ijoiocgtm io` pmig`gs). Gsì iolo sm lm`iao`ù g`tmraorlm`tm pgrg cokrgr mnmiutgr mstm proymito sm `mimsatg dasm÷gr gclgim`ms pgrg cos produitos ea`gcms y cgs lgtmrags pralgs, gdmlçs dm `umvos proimsos pgrg cg produiiaù` dm mstos ijoiocgtms. Vgrg msto, mc çrmg dm Lgrhmta`k pralmro trgzù mc pmso dm igdg igd g tgbcmtg smkþ` su tapo y cgs ig`tadgdms qum sm dmbm` produiar. Cumko, mc porim`tgnm dm a`sulos qum sm dmbm` utacazgr smkþ` su tapo pgrg mstg produiiaù`, gsì iolo sm lumstrg` m` cgs sakuam`tms tgbcgs.
Eakurg 7> A`sulos rmqumrados m` porim`tgnms pgrg igdg tapo dm ijoiocgtm
Eakurg 2> Iugdro dm ig`tadgdms por mcgborgr dm igdg tapo dm ijoiocgtm Mstgs tgbcmtgs smrç` mlpgqumtgdgs m` –daspcgys“, igdg u`g dm d m mccgs pumdm io`tm`mr 24 u`adgdms y pgrg cg mxportgiaù` sm usgrç` igngs dm 26 hk iolo lçxalo dm akugc eorlg, sm tam`m qum dmtmrla`gr cgs dalm`sao`ms dmc mlpgqumtgdo dm cos ijoiocgtms. Io` todo co lm`iao`gdo, sm tam`m qum a`vmstakgr y jgccgr igdg gitavadgd pcg`tmgdg pgrg cokrgr mstm proymito. 4
Obnmtavos Km`mrgcms y Mspmiìeaios
g.
Obnmtavos Km`mrgcms a.
Dasm÷gr gclgim`ms pgrg cgs lgtmrags pralgs, a`sulos y produitos.
aa.
Dasm÷gr `umvos proimsos dm produiiaù` pgrg cg mcgborgiaù` dm mstos ijoiocgtms.
b.
Obnmtavos Mspmiìeaios aaa. Jgccgr cgs dalm`sao`ms admgcms pgrg mc mlpgqumtgdo dm cos ijoiocgtms m` daspcgys smkþ` su tapo y cgs igngs pgrg cg mxportgiaù`. av.
Dmtmrla`gr cg ig`tadgd dm cos a`sulos qum sm utacazgrg` m` igdg tapo dm ijoiocgtm.
v.
Io`oimr cgs propamdgdms eìsaigs y quìlaigs dm cgs lgtmrags pralgs, a`sulos y produitos.
va.
Dmtmrla`gr cgs io`daiao`ms ùptalgs dm gclgim`glam`to pgrg cg lgtmrag pralg, produito y sustatutos.
vaa.
Rmgcazgr mc Dagkrglg dm Opmrgiao`ms dmc Vroimso dm produiiaù` dm cos tapos dm ijoiocgtms.
=
Lgrio tmùraio
g.
G`tmimdm`tms M` mc lu`do cgs pmrso`gs glg` mc ijoiocgtm, ij oiocgtm, msto sm dmlumstrg por mc gulm` gulm`to to dm cg dmlg`dg
dm mstm produito. Ymkþ` mc dagrao Kmstaù` (267:)> Cos lçrkm`ms gulm`tgro` y mc proimsglam`to dm krg`os m` Muropg gulm`to 2.;% g su `avmc lçs gcto dmsdm mc 2677. M` Gsag mc gczg eum dm 9.;%, lam`trgs qum m` @ortmgláraig mc gvg`im ccmko g 2.=% pmsm g qum opmrgdorms pro`ostaigro` p ro`ostaigro` u` dmsim`so. Msto quamrm dmiar qum lgyorlm`tm mc io`sulo dm ijoiocgtms sm m`ium`trg m` Muropg y Gsag m` mstos þctalos g÷os, co iugc ms bm`meaiaoso pgrg cgs mlprmsgs qum dmsmg` mlprm`dmr m` mstm `mkoiao. Iolo, por mnmlpco, cg eçbraig dm Ijoiocgtms G`da`os pmrtm`mim gc krupo dm mlprmsgs produitorgs dm ijoiocgtm prmlaul lçs dmstgigdgs ccmkg`do g smr u`g dm cgs lçs rmio`oiadgs, pmro io` cg daemrm`iag dm qum mstg produim soco pgrg cg mxportgiaù` dm sus produitos, tm`am`do lçs potm`iagc m` sus mstç`dgrms dm igcadgd. Vor otro cgdo, cos pra`iapgcms lmrigdos potm`iagcms sm m`ium`trg` m` pgìsms tgcms iolo Yuazg, Báckaig, Gcmlg`ag, Rma`o ]`ado, Erg`iag y Mstgdos ]`ados. Mstos pgìsms so` cos pra`iapgcms io`suladorms dm ijoiocgtm g `avmc lu`dagc, por mcco dmlg`dg` produitos dm pralmrg igcadgd, tg`to m` mc a`sulo utacazgdo pgrg su mcgborgiaù` iolo m` mc proimso dm egbraigiaù`. Jgim 2 g÷os gproxalgdglm`tm, cg mlprmsg soco mxportgbg pgrg Mstgdos ]`ados, m`to`ims io` mc prmstakao
kg`gdo gcrmdmdor dm 7= g÷os m` mc lmrigdo mxtrg`nmro, cos darmitavos dm cg mlprmsg dmiadm` busigr `umvos lmrigdos pgrg a`irmlm`tgr sus kg`g`iags. Ms por mstg rgzù` qum a`aiag` u` proymito dm rmubaigiaù` pgrg su pcg`tg dm produiiaù` g u`g zo`g do`dm sm m`ium`trm` lçs imrig dm su lgtmrag pralg (mc igigo). Mc dasm÷o dm mstg pcg`tg gþ` sm m`ium`trg m` u`g egsm dm dasm÷o, por co qum jg io`trgtgdo sus smrvaiaos pgrg mcgborgr mc dasm÷o dm su gclgiá` dm produitos qum yg sm m`ium`trg` tmrla`gdos iolo tglbaá` cg lgtmrag pralg. Mc dasm÷o dm cg pcg`tg iorrm por ium`tg dm otros io`suctorms, cos iugcms mspmrg` rmsuctgdos dm su dasm÷o dmc gclgiá`. 5
Vroduito por mcgborgr
Vgrg mstm proymito sm mcgborgrç` oijo tapos dm ijoiocgtms, qum so` ijoiocgtm io` cmijm, ijoiocgtm pgrg tgzg, ijoiocgtm Battmr, ijoiocgtm io` lg`ì, ijoiocgtm io` pgsgs, ijoiocgtm io` gclm`drgs, ijoiocgtms io` pmig`gs y ijoiocgtm bcg`io. g.
Igrgitmrìstaigs Mxastm u`g vgramdgd dm ijoiocgtms cos iugcms ium`tg` io` daemrm`tms igrgitmrìstaigs qum cos rmprmsm`tg` g io`ta`ugiaù` lostrgrá mc castgdo dm cos ijoiocgtms lçs io`oiados> •
Ijoiocgtm Battmr o `mkro Io`tam`m u` gcto io`tm`ado dm igigo m`trm 92% g =6%, gdmlçs dm u` bgno porim`tgnm io`tm`ado dm gzþigrms y krgsgs, ms dm sgbor glgrko, cos bm`meaiaos qum tam`m ms qum gyudg g cg io`im`trgiaù`, gcavag mc mstrás, y mc lgc julor gdmlçs dm qum pmrlatm lg`tm`mrtm gitavo.
•
Ijoiocgtm bcg`io Mc ijoiocgtm bcg`io ccmkg g tm`mr msm to`o dmbado g qum sm iolpo`m darmitglm`tm dm u` 26% dm cg lg`tmig dm igigo, io`tam`m krg`dms ig`tadgdms dm igciao, gdmlçs dm u`g krg` ig`tadgd dm igcorìgs y m`mrkìg gc io`tm`mr u`g u `g krg` ig`tadgd m` jadrgtos dm igrbo`o y krgsgs, posmm u`g gctg proporiaù` pro poriaù` dm cmijm co iugc co io`vamrtm m` mc lm`os glgrko dm cos ijoiocgtms. Mc ijoiocgtm bcg`io ms cg bgsm dm todos cos
ijoiocgtms luctaiocorms. Ms mcgborgdo io` lg`tmig dm igigo, gzþigr y lgtmrags socadgs dm cg cmijm. •
Ijoiocgtms rmccm`os Mstm tapo dm ijoiocgtm io`tam`m rmccm`os iolo erutos smios, so` io`eatgdos o dmsmigdos, gdmlçs otro rmccm`o usugc ms io` imrmgcms o caior, msto lgyorlm`tm gportg m`mrkìg, eabrg y lgk`msao.
•
Ijoiocgtm io` cmijm G mstm tapo dm ijoiocgtm sm cm gkrmkg cmijm m` pocvo io` gcku`gs otrgs mspmiams iolo ig`mcg o icgvo, g cg vmz msto km`mrgrìg igrbojadrgtos, mcmitrocatos y protmì`gs.
•
Ijoiocgtm io` lg`ì, pgsgs y gclm`drgs Gc gkrmkgr cos erutos smios, lmnorg` cg dakmstaù` mstm tapo dm ijoiocgtm sm cm gkrmkg cmijm m` pocvo io` gcku`gs otrgs mspmiams iolo ig`mcg o icgvo, g cg vmz msto km`mrgrìg igrbojadrgtos, mcmitrocatos y protmì`gs.
Vor þctalo, cg davmrsg ig`tadgd dm produitos qum sm km`mrg` m` cg mlprmsg G@DA@OY ccmvg g qum cg mlprmsg ium`tm io` lçs dm 7= g÷os m` mc lmrigdo a`tmr`giao`gc, sam`do luy io`oiadg tglbaá` por mc prmstakao dm produiar sus produitos dm pralmrg igcadgd. b.
Vropamdgdms dmc produito mstudagdo Bm`meaiaos
•
✙
Ms u`g eum`tm darmitg dm vatgla`gs y la`mrgcms.
✙
Io`tam`m tmobrola`g, u`g sustg`iag mstalucg`tm.
✙
Km`mrg sm`sgiaù` dm pcgimr y bam`mstgr.
✙
G`tadmprmsavo Dmsvm`tgngs
•
✙
Ms u`g eum`tm darmitg dm vatgla`gs y la`mrgcms.
✙
Io`tam`m tmobrola`g, u`g sustg`iag mstalucg`tm.
✙
Km`mrg sm`sgiaù` dm pcgimr y bam`mstgr.
✙
G`tadmprmsavo
✙
Mstalucg mc sastmlg `mrvaoso im`trgc.
✙
Lmnorg cg lmlorag
✙
Bm`meaiag gc iorgzù`
;
Lgtmrags pralgs
g.
Lg`tmig dm igigo>
Cg lg`tmig dm igigo ms u` io`nu`to dm trakcaiárados, su pu`to dm eusaù` ms imrig dm cos 94 g 9: ¶I, msto jgim qum sm lg`tm`kg socado mc ijoiocgtm. Cg lg`tmig ms u`g krgsg vmkmtgc mc iugc mstç iolpumstg dm 9 trakcaiárados (sgturgdos, lo`o sgturgdos y pocasgturgdos). Vropamdgdms Eìsaigs
•
a.
Iocor> Glgracco Icgro
aa.
Vu`to dm Eusaù`> 92-94¶
aaa.
Vu`to dm socadaeaigiaù`> 7;-27¶
Vropamdgdms Wuìlaigs
•
b.
a.
Ygbor g igigo
aa.
Grolg g Ijoiocgtm
Cmijm m`tmrg m` pocvo>
Cg cmijm m` pocvo o cmijm dmsjadrgtgdg sm obtam`m lmdag`tm cg dmsjadrgtgiaù` dm cmijm pgstmurazgdg. Mstm proimso sm ccmvg g igbo m` torrms mspmiagcms dm gtolazgiaù`, do`dm mc gkug qum io`tam`m cg cmijm ms mvgporgdg, obtm`am`do u` pocvo dm iocor lgreac icgro qum io`smrvg cgs propamdgdms `gturgcms y sus `utraiao`ms qum tam`m cg cmijm `orlgclm`tm. Vrmsm`tg vm`tgngs iolo smr dm lm`or iostm y dm smr luijo lçs eçiac dm gclgim`gr. Tam`m u` io`tm`ado dm krgsg lgyor gc 25%. (Lg`uijgr,7 dm gbrac dm 2622) Vropamdgdms Eìsaigs
•
a.
Iocor> Irmlg cakmrg g bcg`io
aa.
Ocor> ermsio
Vropamdgdms Wuìlaigs
•
a.
Julmdgd
aa.
Giadmz
i.
Gzþigr>
Mc gzþigr sm mxtrgm dm cg rmlocgijg o dm cg ig÷g dm gzþigr, ms sm`iaccg dm dakmrar, socubcm, a`iocoro y cg propamdgd eìsaig ms qum dmng u` sgbor ducim. Iug`do jgbcglos dm gzþigr gzþig r jgbcglos dm igrbojadrgtos (sgigrosg), mstm gzþigr ms mc qum sm utacazg, yg qum ms mc lçs iolmriagc. Vropamdgdms Eìsaigs
•
a.
Irastgcazgdo
aa.
Gkrgdgbcm sgbor
aaa.
Erçkac
av.
Cakmro
Vropamdgdms Wuìlaigs
•
a.
d.
Jadrocasas (çiado io` bgsm)
Lg`ì>
Ym m`ium`trg m` cg eglacag dm cgs cmkula`osgs, mstg eglacag ms cg qum lçs provmm cg lmnor eum`tm dm protmì`gs. Tam`m u`g gctg ig`tadgd dm igcorìgs, krgsg sgturgdg y krgsg lo`o-sgturgdg. Mc lg`ì io`tam`m u` =6% dm cìpados m` su =6% dm cìpados m` su iolposaiaù` quìlaig. iolposaiaù` quìlaig. Mc lg`ì tostgdo sgtasegim mc dmsmo dm io`suladorms dm gcalm`tos lçs sgcudgbcms y mc gkrmkgdo dm mstos gimatms msm`iagcms gportg` propamdgdms eu`iao`gcms gc gcalm`to mcgborgdo. (Oclmdo, 2679, p. 7) Vropamdgdms Eìsaigs
•
a. aa.
Tglg÷o> pmqum÷o Tmxturg> smio
aaa.
Vmso> cavag`o
av.
Iocor> lgrrù`, irmlg
Vropamdgdms Wuìlaigs
•
a.
Ygbor> sgcgdo
aa.
Oxadgiaù` (gc smr tostgdo)
m.
Jgra`g dm lgìz> Ym obtam`m lmdag`tm cg locam`dg dm daijg lgtmrag pralg io` cg gyudg dm gctg tmi`ocokìg. Tam`m 2.26% dm krgsg, :7% dm gcladù` y dm eabrg u` =2%. Mstg jgra`g gc `o tm`mr kcutm` ms io`suladg por cos Imcagios, mstg laslg rgzù` jgim qum `o sm pumdg` io`emiiao`gr pg`ms io` mstm a`sulo, yg qum mxicusavglm`tm cg gusm`iag dm kcutm` alpadm qum mc pg` tm`kg mcgstaiadgd y io`sastm`iag. (Ko`zgcms, 2675)
Vropamdgdms Eìsaigs
•
a.
Ymqumdgd
aa.
Dm`sadgd> 6.56 k/il9
Vropamdgdms Wuìlaigs
•
e.
a.
Giadmz totgc> 6.74%
aa.
Eabrg> 6.95
aaa.
Krgsg> =, 6;
av.
Vrotmì`gs> 76
Krgsg vmkmtgc dm pgclg> Ms mxtrgìdg dmc lmsoigrpao dmc eruto dm cg smlaccg dm cg pgclg geraig`g, gc akugc qum cg jgra`g dm lgìz mstg sm obtam`m g trgvás dm proimdalam`tos lmiç`aios. Mstç iolpumstg dm trakcaiárados, çiados krgsos y vatgla`gs.
Vropamdgdms Eìsaigs
•
a.
Jadrgtg`tm
Vropamdgdms Wuìlaigs
•
:
a.
Uatgla`g M
aa.
G`taoxadg`tms
Vroduitos sustatutos y iolpcmlm`tgraos
Dm`tro dm cos produitos sustatutos dmc ijoiocgtm sm m`ium`trg u`g kglg dm produitos, m`trm cos qum dmstgig`> turrù`, kgccmtgs, s`gihs, bolbo`ms, m`trm otros. Mc igigo y mc ijoiocgtm sm io`sulm` io`sul m` dm davmrsgs eorlgs y dmpm`dmrç luijo dmc çrmg kmokrçeaig, mlpgqum y prmsm`tgiaù`. Otro egitor alportg`tm ms cg io`iam`iag soiagc, pumsto qum km`mrgclm`tm cos io`suladorms gcmlg`ms mstç` daspumstos g pgkgr lçs por bgrrg, sa sm io`oim qum ms u` ijoiocgtm orkç`aio o bam` ms pgrtm dm u`g igdm`g dm iolmriao nusto. Gdmlçs, otros dm krg` gimptgiaù` so` gqumccos qum qu m tam`m` u` gcto krgdo dm
sgbor o ijoiocgtm osiuro. Cgs prmsm`tgiao`ms qum lçs sm io`sulm` m` rmcgiaù` io` –Ijoiocgtm dm io`eatmrìg“ so`> so`> ✙
Ijoiocgtm m` bgrrg o m` eorlg dm tgbcmtgs.
✙
Ijoiocgtm qum sm pumdg usgr iolo tm`tmlpaá o s`gih.
✙
Gqumccos qum so` mstgiao`graos o dm imcmbrgiao`ms mspmiagcms (mn. jumvos dm pgsiug). ✙ Ijoiocgtm io` caior. ✙
Ijoiocgtm qum a`icuym nukumtms.
1
A`sulos Rmqumrados
Cos a`sulos rmqumrados pgrg mstg produiiaù` pra`iapgclm`tm ms mc igigo y cos dmravgdos dm mstm, pmro tglbaá` sm `mimsatg dm otros iolo cos sakuam`tms> g.
Lg`tmig dm Igigo
b.
Cmijm m`tmrg m` pocvo
i.
Gzþigr
d.
Lg`ì
m.
Vgsgs
e.
Gclm`drgs
k.
Vmig`gs
j.
Jgra`g dm lgìz
a.
Krgsg vmkmtgc dm pgclg
n.
Ygc
h.
Igrbo`gto Yùdaio c. Ygborazg`tm dm vga`accg
76
Mquapos y lgqua`grags
Vgrg cg prmpgrgiaù` dm cos ijoiocgtms m` cg eçbraig sm `mimsatgrç` cgs sakuam`tms lgqua`grags> g.
JOR@O TOYTGDOR DMC IGIGO –rogsty“
Ms u` proimso icgvm pgrg dmea`ar mc sgbor y igcadgd dmc ijoiocgtm, igdg krg`o tam`m u` tapo dm tái`aig daemrm`tm pgrg su tostgdo dm krg`os dm igigo. Io` mstm sm trgtg dm tostgr cgs gclm`drgs dm igigo ig igo prmvao gc pmcgdo y qumbrgdo. Ym prmtm`dm qum gcig`im u`g tmlpmrgturg lçxalg dm 9=6 ¶E (7;; ¶I) y io` cg eu`iaù` rotgtorag jgim qum todgs cgs gclm`drgs sm tumstm` dm eorlg joloká`mg. Ymrvarç pgrg tostgr mc igigo pgrg ijoiocgtm dm tgzg iolo dm ijoiocgtm ea`gc. (Dmcg`a> 267;).
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DMYIGYIGRACCGDORG DM IGIGO –[A@DIRGIHMR“
Cg lçqua`g dmskrg`gdorg dm krg`os dm igeá smios pumdm pmcgr cos krg`os dm igeá eumrg dm cg içsigrg `mkrg y cg pamc dmckgdg trg`spgrm`tm. Mstg lçqua`g rmgcazg mc dmsigsigraccgdo dmc igigo m` eorlg rçpadg y meaiam`tm. Cos krg`os tostgdos sm dmposatg` m` cg tocvg y Ym dmscazg` g cg içlgrg dm traturgdo do`dm so` qumbrgdos y cg igsigraccg dmsprm`dadg. Cg igsigraccg cumko ms smpgrgdg por giiaù` dmc garm iuyo igudgc ms totgclm`tm rmkucgbcm por mc opmrgrao, cg igsigraccg y pocvo sm dmposatg` m` mc iaicù` iocmitor dm igsigraccg, qum gdmlçs posmm u` mxtrgitor dm garm io` u` eactro dm lg`kg pgrg mc rmtor`o dm garm calpao gc glbam`tm. (Dmcg`a> 267;)
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i.
LOCA@O VRALGRAO DM IGIGO –LA@ARMZ“
Ymkþ` Dmcg`a (267;)> –Admgc pgrg cg locam`dg pralgrag dm cos `abs dm igigo, obtm`aá`dosm iolo rmsuctgdo u`g pgstg dm igigo joloká`mg. Tglbaá` sm utacazg pgrg cg locam`dg dm gzþigr m` cgs cgborms dagrags“. dagrags“.
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LM^ICGDORG DM IJOIOCGTM –IJOIOLAZMR 566“
Mstg lçqua`g lmzicgdorg dm ijoiocgtm sm utacazg pgrg iolba`gr cos a`krmdam`tms dm ijoiocgtm g`tms dmc proimso dm rmea`gdo pgrg qum todos cos a`krmdam`tms iolo cg pgstg dm igigo, cg lg`tmig dm igigo, cg cmijm m` pocvo, mc gzþigr, mti. pumdg` pgsgr mc rmea`gdor, dmspuás dm mstgr lmzicgdos u`aeorlmlm`tm. (Dmcg`a>267;)
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RMEA@GDOR LOCA@O DM BOCGY –IJOIOLACC 966“
Ymkþ` Dmcg`a (267;)> –Mstm mquapo tam`m cg eu`iaù` pra`iapgc dm rmea`gr cg lgsg dmc ijoiocgtm. Gitþg lmdag`tm mc alpgito y cg eraiiaù` m`trm mc lgtmragc y cgs bocgs dm gimro qum sm m`ium`trg` dm`tro dmc iaca`dro vmrtaigc, rmea`ç`dosm cg lgsg jgstg mc krgdo dm ea`mzg rmqumrado“.
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e.
IO@IJGDOR ]@AUMRYGC –LO@TQ“
Ymkþ` Dmcg`a (267;)> –Tam`m cg eu`iaù` pra`iapgc dm io`ijgdo, do`dm mcala`g cos çiados giátaios `o dmsmgbcms dm cg pgstg rmea`gdg io` cg gyudg dm u` mxtrgitor a`iorporgdo y cg katgiaù` qum sm dg m` su a`tmraor“.
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TÞ@MC DM M@ERAGDO DM IJOIOCGTM –EREAKOBMCT 766“
Ym utacazg pra`iapgclm`tm pgrg mc m`eragdo dm cos ijoiocgtms dmspuás dm smr locdmgdo. Tglbaá` io`oiadg iolo bg`dg trg`sportgdorg dm`tro dmc iolpgrtalam`to imrrgdo a`socgdo tárlaiglm`tm do`dm sm a`ymitg garm erao. G m`trgdg dm erao ms a`darmitg y `o sm produim roiìo sobrm cos ijoiocgtms. (Dmcg`a>267;)
Eum`tm> jttps>//bat.cy/9;@rxc4 Eum`tm> jttps>//bat.cy/9;@rxc4 77. Opmrgiao`ms Opmrgiao`ms dmc Vroimso dm Vroduiiaù`
Cgs opmrgiao`ms por rmgcazgr dm`tro dmc proimso dm produiiaù` dmc ijoiocgtm so` vgragbcms, pmro m`io`trglos u` lodmco mstç`dgr dm do`dm `gimrìg` todgs cgs vgragbcms dmc ijoiocgtm, todo msto bgsgdo m` 76 pgsos> g. Calpamzg dm cos krg`os dm igigo> Cos krg`os dm igigo dmbm` dm calpagrsm prmvaglm`tm g`tms dm todos cos proimsos postmraorms, pgrg dm mstg lg`mrg podmr mcala`gr cgs alpurmzgs y mvatgr mc lgc eu`iao`glam`to dm cgs lgqua`gs g usgr. Mstm proimso podrìg tolgr u` tamlpo dm mnmiuiaù` gproxalgdo gpr oxalgdo m`trm cos 56 la`utos y 16 la`utos.
b. Dmsigsigraccgdo> ]`g mxtrgiiaù` gdmiugdg dm cg igsigrg dmc igigo sumcm vm`ar bam` bm`meaiaoso pgrg podmr obtm`mr u` vgcor þ`aio m` `umstro produito, sa bam` cg igsigrg sm pumdm quatgr dm lg`mrg sm`iaccg, `o ms m` todos cos krg`os dm igigo, busig`do mstrgtmkags dm igcm`tglam`to pgrg egiacatgr mc dmsprm`dalam`to dm igsigrgs y cg obtm`iaù` dm u` produito puro io` u` tamlpo mstalgdo dm 9 jorgs. i. Tostgdo> Mc proimso dm tostgdo sm ccmvg g igbo m` lgqua`grags ccglgdgs –tostgdorgs“ cgs iugcms sm m`igrkg` dm qum cos krg`os suerg` u`g dmsjadrgtgiaù` g gctos `avmcms dm tmlpmrgturg io` cg ea`gcadgd dm obtm`mr iolo rmsuctgdo u` krg`o irudo pmcgdo. Mc tamlpo qum sm tolg pgrg rmgcazgr mstm proimso ms dm 2 jorgs. d. Vralmrg Locam`dg> Cos krg`os qum eumro` rmsuctgdo dmc proimso g`tmraor pgsg` g trgvás dm loca`os pgrg qum sm pumdg eorlgr cg pgstg dm igigo y mc caior dmc igigo, io` u` gspmito caquado iolo rmsuctgdo g igusg dm cg cabmrgiaù` dm cg lg`tmig dm igigo, m` mstm igso sm usg cg pgstg dm igigo pgrg cg egbraigiaù` dmc ijoiocgtm. Mstm proimso io`stg dm 4 jorgs iolo lì`alo. m. Vrm`sgdo> Cg þ`aig eu`iaù` praoratgrag dm mstm proimso ms mc dm cg smpgrgiaù` dm cg lg`tmig io` cg pgstg dm iigigo gigo msto co rmgcazg cgs lgqua`gs lgqua`gs io`oiadgs iolo –prm`sgs jadrçucaigs“. Io` u`g mcgborgiaù` dm 4 pgsos g smkuar io` u` tamlpo mstalgdo dm 2 jorgs y 96 la`utos. e. Ymku`dg Locam`dg> Io` cg laslg lgqua`grag qum sm mnmiutù cg pralmrg locam`dg sm rmgcazg mstm proimso, io` cg þ`aig daemrm`iag dm qum m` mstg smku`dg pgrtm dm locam`dg sm gkrmkg mc a`krmdam`tm dm cg pg`mcg, pgrg podmr io`smkuar u`g lgsg joloká`mg. Dm mstm lodo io`smkualos mc tamlpo mstalgdo io` u`g durgbacadgd dm 4 jorgs. k. Io`ijgdo> Mc io`ijgdo podmlos dmea`arco iolo mc proimso qum sm m`igrkg dm cg mcala`giaù` dm cos sgborms a`dmsmgbcms, gsì iolo cg trg`semrm`iag dm sgbor dm cos a`krmdam`tms io` cg ea`gcadgd dm cokrgr u` sgbor dmsmgdo. Mstm proimso durg dm 72 g 24 jorgs dm`tro dm lçqua`gs io`ijgdorgs lodmr`gs, pmro m` cgs
lgqua`gs trgdaiao`gcms pumdm` tm`mr u` tamlpo dm jgstg ;2 jorgs qum pumdm` m`io`trgrsm m` cg lgsg obtm`adg g`tms. j. Tmlpcgdo. Mstm proimso gsmkurg qum cg lg`tmig dmc igigo sm pumdg pumd g irastgcazgr dm eorlg mstgbcm (Eusaù` iolpcmtg, M`eraglam`to jgstg mc pu`to dm irastgcazgiaù`, Cg irastgcazgiaù`, ir astgcazgiaù`, Eusaù` dm irastgcms a`mstgbcms) io` u` tamlpo dm 4 jorgs. a. Locdmgdo> M` mstg egsm, cg pgstg dm ijoiocgtm sm iocoig m` locdms mspmiagcms pgrg tm`mr cg eorlg ea`gc dmc ijoiocgtm, msto sm ccmvg g igbo m` pcg`tgs eangs dm locdm yg prokrglgdgs m a`struadgs pgrg cg iocoigiaù` y mc dmspcgzglam`to dmc ijoiocgtm. Io` u`g dmtmrla`giaù` dmc tamlpo dm 7 jorg y 96 la`utos. n. Rmerakmrgiaù`> Mc m`eraglam`to o rmerakmrgiaù` dmc produito sm rmgcazg io` cg ea`gcadgd dm qum sm m`ium`trm` m` mstgdo ùptalo pgrg podmrco iocoigr dm`tro dm sus m`vocturgs, msto sm rmgcazg m` cos rmerakmrgdos utacazgdos pgrg cos produitos locdmgdos, mc tamlpo trgdaiao`gc pgrg mcco ms dm = g 1 la`utos.
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Dagkrglg dm opmrgiao`ms dmc proimso (DOV)
Ym mxportgrç` oijo tapos dm ijoiocgtms iolo mc ijoiocgtm io` cmijm, ijoiocgtm io` lg`ì, ijoiocgtm io` pgsgs, ijoiocgtm io` gclm`drgs, ijoiocgtm io` pmig`gs, ijoiocgtm bcg`io, ijoiocgtm Battmr y ijoiocgtm pgrg tgzg. g. Ijoiocgtm io` cmijm
b. Ijoiocgtm io` lg`ì, pgsgs, gclm`drgs y pmig`gs M` mstg produiiaù` dm ijoiocgtms mc proimso ms luy salacgr dmsdm qum sm s m rmimpiao`g cg lgtmrag jgstg mc mlpgqumtgdo, io` cg daemrm`iag dmc rmccm`o m` cos erutos smios qum pumdm vgragr smkþ` mc tapo qum pumdm smr ijoiocgtms io` lg`ì, pgsgs gclm`drgs o pmig`gs.
i. Ijoiocgtm Bcg`io
d. Ijoiocgtm Battmr
m. Ijoiocgtm pgrg tgzg
79. Eu`iao`ms Eu`iao`ms dm cos mlpgqums
Mstm proymito dm cg mlprmsg Ijoiocgtms G`da`os trgtg dm produiar ijoiocgtms pgrg mxportgrco gc lmrigdo muropmo, pgrg msto sm rmquamrm dm mlpgqums y u` gdmiugdo mlbgcgdo pgrg qum mstos produitos pumdg` ccmkgr g su dmsta`o sa` dmtmraorgrsm d mtmraorgrsm m` mc igla`o cg pgrtm mxtmr`g m a`tmr`g dm mstos produitos. Gcku`os tárla`os `mimsgraos pgrg iolprm`dmr lmnor mc tmlg y cgs eu`iao`ms dm mstos. Mc mlpgqum smkþ` Ijgcg, sm m`tam`dm por mlpgqum todo mcmlm`to egbraigdo io` lgtmragcms dm iugcquamr `gturgcmzg qum sm utacaim pgrg io`tm`mr, protmkmr, lg`apucgr, dastrabuar y prmsm`tgr u` produito (dmsdm a`sulos y lgtmrags pralgs jgstg grtìiucos tmrla`gdos), m` iugcquamr egsm dm cg igdm`g dm dastrabuiaù` eìsaig. Mc mlpgqum tglbaá` ms io`oiado bgno mc tárla`o m`vgsm, por co qum cg utacazgiaù` dm iugcquamrg dm mstos dos io`imptos ms vçcadg. M` cg gitugcadgd cos mlpgqums so` u`g mstrgtmkag dm lgrhmta`k, porqum mstos pumdm` smr luy davmrsos, ccglgtavos, prçitaios, smkuros y qum pmrlatg` smr vm`dados io` u`g bum`g algkm` dmc produito. Mc mlbgcgnm tam`m u` roc alportg`tm, Ijgcg lm`iao`g qum ms u` lgtmragc pgrg protmkmr, io`socadgr mc produito y pumdg smr trg`sportgdo a`tmr`glm`tm o gc mxtmraor, lg`apucgdo, igrkgdo y dmsigrkgdo, sumcm io`smrvgrsm m` gclgim`ms. Cos mlpgqums sm icgsaeaig` smkþ` sus igrgitmrìstaigs m`> ✙
Mlpgqum pralgrao> Ms mc rmiapam`tm, m`vgsm o m`voctorao qum mstç m` io`tgito dmc io`tm`ado y lg`tam`m soco u`g u`adgd dm produito. Vor mnmlpco, cg botmccg dm u`g kgsmosg.
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Mlpgqum smiu`dgrao> Ms gqumc qum io`tam`m vgraos mlpgqums pralgraos pumdm` smr iolo, por mnmlpco, cos sax pgihs dm kgccmtgs qum io`tam`m smas u`adgdms dm kgccmtgs.
✙
Mlpgqum tmriagrao> Mstm tapo dm mlpgqum lg`tam`m y mvatg qum sm s m lgctrgtm` g`tms dm su vm`tg, pumdm io`tm`mr g cos mlpgqums smiu`dgraos. smiu`dgr aos. Lgtmragcms> ▮
Igrtù` m` igngs
▮
Lgdmrg m` igngs
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]`adgd dm igrkg> Ms u` io`socadgdo dm mlpgqums tmriagrags, ms dm u` lgyor tglg÷o pgrg egiacatgr mc trg`sportm dm cg igrkg. Vor mnmlpco, cg mstabg o pgccmt gkrupg` cos mlpgqums tmriagraos
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@orlgtavadgd dm cos mlpgqums
@orlg AYO ;666>
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Mstg `orlg jgbcg sobrm mc rotucgdo y lgrigdo dm u` mlpgqum pgrg gyudgr g adm`taeaigr cos produitos, su lg`mno y ubaigiaù` pgrg msto tam`m u`os u `os gspmitos> - @olbrm dmc produito - Tglg÷o y icgsaeaigiaù` dmc produito - Ig`tadgd pmso, `mto. - Mspmiaeaigiaù` dm igcadgd - Vgìs dm orakm` - @olbrm dm cg lgrig io` coko - @olbrm y darmiiaù` dmc mlpgqumtgdor - Vaitokrglg m adm`taeaigiaù` dmc trg`sportm (Msiobgr, 2679).
@orlg AYO ;:6
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Ymkþ` (Msiobgr, 2679) sm mspmiaeaig cgs igrgitmrìstaigs dm cos sìlbocos utacazgdos dm u`g lg`mrg io`vm`iao`gc pgrg mc lgrigdo dm mlbgcgnms io` mc ea` dm trg`slatar prma`sirapiao`ms dm lg`apucgiaù`.
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@orlg AYO 9914
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Jgim rmemrm`iag g cgs dalm`sao`ms dm cgs igngs lgstmr, dm cos pgccmts o pcgtgeorlgs y dm cgs igrkgs pgcmtazgdgs. Cgs igngs> cgs dalm`sao`ms dm cgs bgsms dm cgs igngs dmbm` iorrmspo`dmr g u` lùduco dm 56 x 46 il. dm lmdadg mxtmr`g. Cg gcturg dmbm gio`daiao`grsm g cgs dalm`sao`ms dm cos produitos iolmriagcazgdos. Mstm lùduco pumdm luctapcaigrsm y/o subdavadarsm y por io`sakuam`tm obtm`mr otrgs dalm`sao`ms (lþctapcos) qum sm gdgptm` g iugcquamr `mimsadgd (Msiobgr, 2679). Rmkcglm`tgiaù` :; (R :;) dm cg Orkg`azgiaù` A`tmr`giao`gc dm Lmtrocokìg Cmkgc
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(OALC)
Ymkþ` (GIIYG, 2674) sm gpcaig g cos produitos pgrg vm`tg dmtgccgdg, mspmiìeaiglm`tm m` cg dmsirapiaù` dmc io`tm`ado dm su m`vgsm o pgqumtm. @orlgs BGYI (Busa`mss Gccag`im eor Ymiurm Iollmrim)
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Mstg `orlg gyudg g cgs orkg`azgiao`ms m` mc dmsgrrocco dm u`g propumstg dm kmstaù` m` io`troc y smkuradgd m` mc iolmriao a`tmr`giao`gc, qum protmng g cgs mlprmsgs, g sus mlpcmgdos y g otrgs pmrso`gs iuyg smkuradgd pumdg vmrsm gemitgdg por su suss gitavadgdms (GIIYG, 2674).
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@orlg dm Grlo`azgiaù` Dalm`sao`gc dm cg EBG (Eabrm Box Gssoiagtao`)
Ms u` sastmlg dm mlpgqum loducgr pgrg produitos pmrmimdmros. Dm giumrdo io` cg Gsoiagiaù` Mspg÷ocg dm Egbraig`tms dm M`vgsms y Mlbgcgnms dm Igrtù` O`ducgdo (Geio), `o alportg cg proimdm`iag dmc egb egbraig`tm raig`tm dmc mlbgcgnm8 todgs cgs igngs sm pumdm` pgcmtazgr dm d m lg`mrg io`nu`tg, co qum lmnorg `otgbcmlm`tm mc sastmlg dm cokìstaig y gclgim`glam`to dm cos produitos. (GIIYG, 2674). 7=. Lgtmragcms Lgtmragcms usgdos m` mlpgqums y mlbgcgnm
Cos daemrm`tms tapos dm ijoiocgtms, u`g vmz iucla`gdg su mcgborgiaù` io`ta`þg` g smr m`vgsgdos por mc lgtmragc dmc pcçstaio. Ymkþ` Dmlurmr y Umrdgcmt> Cos m`vgsms ecmxabcms dm pcçstaio oermim` u`g prmsm`tgiaù` gtrgitavg pgrg mc io`sulador sa` alpmdar cg protmiiaù` dmc produito8 cgs bocsgs dm pcçstaio gyudg` g proco`kgr cg vadg dm g`gqumc y, m` igso dm cos produitos içr`aios, irmg` u`g bgrrmrg qum mvatg cg oxadgiaù`. (2664) Mc m`vgsm o mlbgcgnm pralgrao protmkm mc produito ea`gc y g su vmz a`eorlg sus igrgitmrìstaigs m a`daigiao`ms. Mc mlpgqum ccglgdo –daspcgys“ m` cg eçbraig Ijoiocgtms G`da`os mstç iolpumsto por mc lgtmragc dmc igrtù` iorrukgdo m` eorlg dm igngs. Ecorms a`daig> Lgtmragc iolpumsto dm imcucosg m` mc iugc u`g jong dm pgpmc pgp mc m` glbgs igrgs eorlg u`g ppgrmd grmd o`ducgdg g trgvás dm u`g lçqua`g iorrukgdorg. Cg rmsastm`iag dmc igrtù` sm dmtmrla`g m` eu`iaù` dm cgs o`dgs utacazgdgs. Mstm tapo dm igrtù` so` cos lçs utacazgdos pgrg mc trg`sportm y protmiiaù` dm produitos g `avmc `giao`gc m a`tmr`giao`gc. (2626) Vor m`dm, smkþ` cg Kuìg dm M`vgsms y Mlbgcgnms dmc La`astmrao dm Iolmriao Mxtmraor y Turaslo dmc Vmrþ (2661), –Cgs lmnorms iugcadgdms iugcadgdms dm igrtù` pgrg mlbgcgnm so` cgs qum sm egbraig` lmdag`tm pgstg gc sucegto, io` dmscak`aeaigiaù` a`iolpcmtg y iuygs eabrgs smg` rmsastm`tms, r msastm`tms, obtm`am`do gsì mc vmrdgdmro pgpmc dm –Hrget“.“ (p.7;).
Cos daspcgys so` cos mlpgqums smiu`dgraos m` cos iugcms sm gkrupg` 24 u`adgdms pgrg cg dastrabuiaù` jgiag cos pgìsms muropmos. Mc mlbgcgnm qum sm utacazgrç pgrg cg iolmriagcazgiaù` gc mxtrg`nmro mstgrç iolpumsto por mc lgtmragc dm cg lgdmrg, yg qum mstg proporiao`g u`g lgyor rmsastm`iag y protmiiaù` gc produito. Ymkþ` Ecorms (2626) lm`iao`g –Mc uso mxtm`dado dm mstm tapo dm mlpgqums ms iolo mlbgcgnms y sak`aeaig` u`g opiaù` pgrg cg mxportgiaù` dm produitos pmsgdos y iolo m`vgsms g lmdadg pgrg iamrtos produitos qum `mimsatg` u`g protmiiaù` gpropagdg durg`tm mc trg`sportm“ Dmlurmr L., Umdgcmt A. (2664). Cg Iam`iag Iam`iag y mc Jolbrm. Jolbrm. ]`avmrsadgd Umrgiruzg`g. 2. 7;-22.
75. Io`sadmrgiao`ms Io`sadmrgiao`ms pgrg mc dasm÷o dm u` produito ▮
Io`sadmrgiao`ms pgrg mc dasm÷o dm u` produito Mc dasm÷o dm u` produito ms admgr, algka`gr, irmgr, io`imptugcazgr, lodaeaigr y pmremiiao`gr u` produito. Todo msto ms rmgcazgdo g trgvás dm pgsos iolo cg a`vmstakgiaù` dmc produito, icam`tms, lmrigdo, m`trm otros gspmitos lçs, cumko km`mrgr cgs admgs pgrg mc dasm÷o, rmea`gr y vgcadgr, km`mrgr prototapos y tmst, cg atmrgiaù` y rmpmtaiaù` dmc produito, por þctalo, cg m`trmkg dmc produito. Msto ms luy alportg`tm porqum g pgrtar dmc dasm÷o, mc icam`tm podrç dmea`ar cg iolprg samlprm y iug`do pumdg iulpcar mstm sus mxpmitgtavgs. Yo` dasta`tgs çrmgs cgs m`igrkgdgs dm u` dasm÷o dm produito, pra`iapgclm`tm mc çrmg dm Lgrhmta`k, a`vmstakg mc lmrigdo y iolpmtm`iags, pcg`mg y dmsgrroccg cgs mstrgtmkags dm lgrhmta`k y cg proloiaù` dm vm`tgs, tglbaá` io` mc çrmg dm dasm÷o, km`mrg mc prototapo y m` mc çrmg lg`uegiturg sm egbraig mc dasm÷o y ioorda`g cos sula`astros pgrg u`g produiiaù`. Vgrg mc dasm÷o dm gckþ` produito sm io`sadmrg mstos gspmitos> Icam`tm
Gcku`os tapos dm icam`tms prmsm`tms smkþ` MGM Jgrvgrd Dmusto pgrg tolgr m` ium`tg gc mstudagr mc lmrigdo y irmgiaù` dm u` produito g io`sadmrgr. Tapos dm icam`tms
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Icam`tms gpùstocms o mvg`kmcastgs> Yo` gqumccos qum sm iolprolmtm` io` cg lgrig, cos produitos y mc `mkoiao m` km`mrgc. Tglbaá` so` ccglgdos iolo mlbgngdorms dm bum`g vocu`tgd.
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Icam`tms eamcms o cmgcms> Yo` icam`tms qum `u`ig egccg` g cg mlprmsg, gc pmrso`gcazgr cg lgrig mccos pumdm` mcmkarcos pmsm g cgs iolpmtm`iags.
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Icam`tms a`daemrm`tms> Mstm krupo sm igrgitmrazg por tm`mr u`g gitatud `mutrgc jgiag u` produito. Yo` dm cos lçs daeìiacms dm igptgr su gtm`iaù` por u`g lgrig m alpcaig u` lgyor mseumrzo.
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Icam`tms rmjm`ms> Yo` io`suladorms qum pmrlg`mim` io` u`g lgrig, porqum `o sumcm jgbmr otrgs opiao`ms g cgs qum pumdg` giimdmr.
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Icam`tms lmrim`graos> Mstos sumcm` praorazgr mc prmiao lçs bgno qum m`ium`trm` m` mc lmrigdo sa` tolgr m` ium`tg cg igcadgd u otrgs igrgitmrìstaigs.
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Icam`tms potm`iagclm`tm dmsmrtorms> Mstm tapo dm icam`tms jg` tm`ado u`g lgcg mxpmram`iag io` cg lgrig o produito, ms por mcco qum lg`aeamstg` su a`iolodadgd.
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Gkrmsavos> Yo` icam`tms qum sm arratg` dm eorlg eçiac, so` daeìiacms daeìiacms dm io`vm`imr y ms alportg`tm kg`grsm su io`eag`zg, gsì iolo
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io`oialam`to dmc produito. Icam`tms alpgiam`tms> Mstm tapo dm icam`tms sm lumstrg` imrrgdos y soco dmsmg` socuiao`gr u` probcmlg o u` rmqumralam`to, tglbaá` so` iolpcaigdos dm trgtgr io` mccos.
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Icam`tms a`dmiasos> Mccos pumdm` lostrgr a`tmrás por co oermiado, pmro cms iumstg dmiadar por u`g opiaù`.
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Icam`tms obnmtavo> G mstm icam`tm cm a`tmrmsg soco cos bm`meaiaos dmc produito pgrg sgtasegimr sus `mimsadgdms. `mims adgdms.
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Icam`tms rmsmrvgdos> Ms u`o dm cos icam`tms lçs iolpcaigdos qum jgy m` mc lmrigdo, porqum sumcm smr daeìiac obtm`mr cg a`eorlgiaù` pgrg a`aiagr mc proymito.
G`gcazg`do cos tapos dm icam`tms sm pumdm sgbmr quá ms co qum `mimsatg` y iùlo sgtasegimrcos, por msto ms luy alportg`tm io`oimrcos yg qum `o todos so` akugcms y igdg u`o dm mccos ms luy dasta`to.
Lmrigdo
Dmsdm cgs pralmrgs iavacazgiao`ms, yg mxastìg u`g eorlg dm a`tmriglbao m`trm iosgs u obnmtos qum gcku`gs pmrso`gs posmìg` y otrgs `o. Dm mstg eorlg cgs pmrso`gs sm giostulbrg` igdg vmz lçs gc lmrigdo jgstg qum pgsù g smr pgrtm dm cg mio`olìg. Ymkþ` Muroa``ovg Busa`mss Yijooc (2622) lm`iao`g> ]` lmrigdo ms usugclm`tm io`oiado iolo mc sastmlg qum sm ccmvg g igbo g bgsm dm trg`sgiiao`ms, proimsos o a`tmriglbaos dm gckþ` bam` m` mspmiìeaio. ]sugclm`tm mstos tapos dm trg`sgiiao`ms sumcm` rmgcazgrsm m`trm u` krupo dm pmrso`gs o mlprmsgs, sa` mlbgrko, igbm dmstgigr qum mc lmrigdo `o ms socglm`tm bgsm m` cg irmgiaù` dm mlprmsgs, por co tg`to, mstm sm usg dm eorlg a`davadugc pgrg igdg pmrso`g sa` cg `mimsadgd dm pmrtm`mimr g u` glbam`tm mlprmsgragc. M` otrgs pgcgbrgs, mc lmrigdo ms mc cukgr o satugiaù` do`dm iolprgdorms y vm`dmdorms sm rmcgiao`g` iolmriagclm`tm io` mc ea` dm a`tmriglbagr bam`ms y smrvaiaos.
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Igrgitmrìstaigs y mcmlm`tos Ymkþ` Lg`m`m (2672), sm rmgcazg u` mstudao dm lmrigdo pgrg cokrgr lþctapcms obnmtavos y pumdm gpcaigrsm m` cg prçitaig. Cos mcmlm`tos alportg`tms so`>
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Mc io`sulador
Yus lotavgiao`ms dm io`sulo
Yus jçbatos dm iolprg
o
Yus opa`ao`ms sobrm `umstro produito y cos dm cg iolpmtm`iag.
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Yu gimptgiaù` dm prmiao, prmemrm`iags, mti. Mc produito>
o
o
o
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Mstudaos sobrm cos usos dmc produito
Tmst sobrm su gimptgiaù`
Tmst iolpgrgtavos io` cos dm cg iolpmtm`iag.
Mstudaos sobrm sus eorlgs, tglg÷os y m`vgsms.
o
o
o
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Mc lmrigdo
Mstudaos sobrm cg dastrabuiaù`
Mstudaos sobrm iobmrturg dm produito m` tam`dgs
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o
o
Gimptgiaù` y opa`aù` sobrm produitos m` cos ig`gcms dm dastrabuiaù`.
o
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Mstudaos sobrm pu`tos dm vm`tg, mti.
Cg pubcaiadgd
Vrm-tmsts dm g`u`iaos y iglpg÷gs
Mstudaos g praora y g postmraora dm cg rmgcazgiaù` dm u`g
o
o
iglpg÷g, sobrm gitatudms dmc io`sulo jgiag u`g lgrig.
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Mstudaos sobrm meaigiag pubcaiatgrag, mti.
Mquapo dm trgbgno
]` mquapo dm trgbgno pumdm mstgr io`eorlgdo por lçs dm dos pmrso`gs, pumdm smr m` mc çlbato cgborgc, gigdálaio, m`trm otros. Gkrupgrsm pgrg rmgcazgr u` trgbgno pumdm trgmr luijos bm`meaiaos, porqum gc jgbmr dasta`tos lamlbros io` davmrsgs eorlgs dm pm`sgr, mstgs pmrso`gs pumdm` gkrmkgr otro vgcor g gckþ` proymito. Ymkþ` Gcgtrastg (2626) gearlg> Mc trgbgno m` mquapo ms alportg`tm m` cgs orkg`azgiao`ms y mlprmsgs pums sa bam` u` iocgborgdor sm pumdm mseorzgr mseo rzgr dm lg`mrg smpgrgdg, `o tm`drç mc egitor dm lotavgiaù`, dacakm`iag, gprm`dazgnm y soportm qum dg u` mquapo dm trgbgno, do`dm g su vmz sm pcg`tmg` obnmtavos icgros y iuçc smrç cg rutg g smkuar. Todo co lm`iao`gdo pmrlatm qum sm a`irmlm`tm cg produitavadgd y km`mrm u` gcto rm`dalam`to. (p.17) Ms por msto qum gcku`gs mlprmsgs utacazg` u` látodo jorazo`tgc gc lolm`to dm tolgr dmiasao`ms, socaiatgr opa`ao`ms pgrg km`mrgr iglbaos m` cg orkg`azgiaù` o rmgcazgr u` proymito, sm socaiatg dm todgs cgs çrmgs pgrg ccmvgr g igbo u` lmnor trgbgno. Ymkþ` IM]VM prmsm`tg` cos sakuam`tms mcmlm`tos>
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Vmrso`gs> `o so` u` rmiurso lçs m`trm rmiursos, sa`o qum io`statuym` cg msm`iag dm cg io`impiaù` dm mquapo.
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Jgbacadgdms Iolpcmlm`tgrags> ms otro mcmlm`to igrgitmrìstaio dm u` mquapo cg iolpcmlm`tgramdgd dm cgs jgbacadgdms dm sus lamlbros.
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Tgrmg> ms u`g giiaù` mxpcìiatg qum io`voig g cgs pmrso`gs, qum a`tmkrg qum io`statuym gc mquapo y orkg`azg su proimso.
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Rmsuctgdos iolu`ms> ms mc rmsuctgdo dm msos obnmtavos prmvaglm`tm dmtmrla`gdos. M` cg msm`iag dmc mquapo mstç cg bþsqumdg dm rmsuctgdos.
Gcku`gs igrgitmrìstaigs alportg`tms qum sm dmbm tm`mr m` ium`tg m` u` mquapo dm trgbgno so` ioorda`giaù`, iolu`aigiaù` gsmrtavg, io`eag`zg y iolprolaso. 7;. G`çcasas g io`sadmrgr m` mc dasm÷o dm u` produito
Vgrg dasm÷gr o dmsgrroccgr u` `umvo produito, m` pralmr cukgr, dmbmlos a`vmstakgr y g`gcazgr cgs `mimsadgdms, kustos, prmemrm`iags, dmsmos y igrgitmrìstaigs dm cos io`suladorms qum io`eorlg` `umstro lmrigdo obnmtavo (…) Gsalaslo, Gsalaslo, gc lolm`to dm dasm÷gr u` produito, `o sùco dmbmlos io`sadmrgr sus igrgitmrìstaigs eìsaigs, sa`o tglbaá` cos bm`meaiaos qum cms pumdg bra`dgr g cos io`suladorms. (Irmim@mkoiaos, s.e, s.p) Ms por mcco qum mxastm` trms gspmitos g tolgr m` ium`tg pgrg cg mcgborgiaù` dm u` produito> dm`otgtavo, io``otgtavo y prgklçtaio cos iugcms mxpcaigrmlos m` cos sakuam`tms pçrrgeos. DM@OTGTAUO
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Mc sak`aeaigdo dm`otgtavo ms gqumc qum mxprmsg todgs cgs igrgitmrìstaigs dmc obnmto dmc qum sm mstç jgbcg`do. Ygctos (2672) gearlg qum> Iug`do jgbcglos dm sak`aeaigdo DM@OTGTAUO, `os rmemralos g cg pgrtm dmsiraptavg o catmrgc, m` mstm igso u`g algkm`. M` do`dm do`d m igcaeaigrmlos g cg algkm` dmsdm su eorlgcadgd, ms dmiar, todo co qum podmlos vmr m` mccg. Dmsdm cg mstruiturg, iocor, eorlg e orlg m a`icuso eu`dglm`tos. Igdg dmtgccm io`tgrç, todo co qum `umstro ono pumdg obsmrvgr, cg irìtaig smrç dmsiraptavg. (s.p) IO@@OTGTAUO
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Mc io`tm`ado io``otgdo sm rmeamrm g cos lm`sgnms `o mxpcìiatos qum gpgrmim` m` u`g cmiturg iolpcmng dm cg algkm`. Ym trgtg dm cg a`tmrprmtgiaù` qum rmgcazg mc cmitor. Cg iolpcmnadgd dm cos io`tm`ados io``otgdos dm u`g algkm` mstç m` rmcgiaù` darmitg io` mc iùdako qum lg`mng
mc rmimptor, y mc krgdo dm eglacagradgd o iolprm`saù` qum pumdg tm`mr mc io`tm`ado dm`otgdo. ]`g algkm` pumdm tm`mr lþctapcms a`tmrprmtgiao`ms m` eu`iaù` dm quaá`ms cg larg`. Ms gqumccg cmiturg m` cg qum opa`glos sobrm mc sak`aeaigdo qum `os mvoig cg algkm`. Mstg cmiturg `o `os ms lostrgdg8 sm trgtg, por tg`to, dm u`g vasaù` subnmtavg y pmrso`gc dmc mspmitgdor, gimrig dmc sak`aeaigdo o dm cg a`tm`iao`gcadgd qum io`tam`m cg algkm`. (76ORTiglpus vartugc, 2674, s.p)
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VRGKLÇTAIO GcvgrCY (266:) a`daig Mstm gspmito a`daig qum luijos mspmiagcastgs sumcm` pmrdmr mc m`eoqum gc produito por dçrsmco g cg algkm`, sm prmoiupg` lçs por mc mlpgqum y `o por cgs eu`iao`gcadgdms dmc produito, pmro mc m`eoqum prgklçtaio dmbm usgr cg algkm` pgrg co qum ms, pgrg –gbrar pumrtgs“, pgrg –g`algr gc icam`tm g iolprgr u` produito“, pmro `o mspmrgr g qum mstg supcg gc produito m` sì, qum ms m` co qum sm mquavoig luijg km`tm.
7:. G`çcasas G`çcasas dm cg lmtodocokìg pgrg dasm÷gr mc produito DMYAK@ TJA@HA@K>
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mstg lmtodocokìg ms u` m`eoqum m` cg iugc sm im`trg m`trm cos probcmlgs dm cgs pmrso`gs y cgs socuiao`ms qum cms podmlos bra`dgr. M` mstm proimso sm trgtg dm g`gcazgr cgs iugcadgdms qum tam`m` cos usugraos, co qum dmsmg`, sus `mimsadgdms, iolo a`tmrgitþg` io` mc produito, mti., por co qum cgs socuiao`ms rmsuctg` smr dm u`g u `g lg`mrg a``ovgdorg. ]sugclm`tm mstm proimso co gpcaig` cgs mlprmsgs g`tms dm tm`mr u`g admg eang sobrm u` `mkoiao, mc iugc ms atmrgtavo, ms dmiar qum sm rmpatm io`stg`tmlm`tm daijo proimso pgrg g`gcazgr cos rmsuctgdos y gsì a`iorporgr `umvgs admgs pgrg socvm`tgr cgs `mimsadgdms dm cos icam`tms. Dmsak` Tja`ha`k sm davadm m` = mtgpgs> mlpgtazgr io` cos icam`tms8 dmea`ar cgs `mimsadgdms dm cos icam`tms, sus probcmlgs y sus admgs8 admgr dmsgeag`do supumstos supu mstos y irmg`do admgs pgrg socuiao`ms a``ovgdorgs8 irmgr prototapos y probgr prototapos.
]` m`eoqum meaigz, potm`tm y giimsabcm dm cg a``ovgiaù` qum pumdm smr a`tmkrgdo m` todos cos gspmitos dm cos `mkoiaos y dm cg soiamdgd, y m` do`dm cos a`davaduos o krupos soiagcms pumdm` km`mrgr m alpcmlm`tgr admgs a``ovgdorgs pgrg km`mrgr u` alpgito (Brow`, 26 2661, 61, iolo sm iatù m` Mspa`ozg y Mspa`ozg, 267;, p. 2=)
CMG@ YTGRT]V
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mstm látodo io`sastm m` utacazgr cg mxpmralm`tgiaù` iolo látodo pra`iapgc, pgrg gsì irmgr, lmdar y gprm`dmr mc proimso dm u` produito. Daijo látodo mlpamzg mcgborg`do cam`zos do`dm obtm`mlos suposaiao`ms dm u` probcmlg, io` cg ea`gcadgd dm mvgcugr cgs japùtmsas m`eoiç`dosm g cgs `mimsadgdms dmc lmrigdo. Vor co tg`to, mc produito tam`m qum smr gimptgdo por cos icam`tms g`tms dm smr cg`zgdo gc lmrigdo. Ym Y m io`sadmrg u` proimso post Dmsak` Tja`ha`k porqum mc mlprm`dmdor yg io`oim mc probcmlg gc qum sm m`erm`tg y sm rmgcazg m` u` pmraodo iorto. Jmrrglam`tg lmtodocùkaig, qum tam`m iolo mstruiturg m` cg vgcadgiaù` dmc gprm`dazgnm, yg qum mvgcþg cg japùtmsas, smium`iagclm`tm pgrg cg obtm`iaù` dmc produito dmea`atavo, y dm tgc eorlg irmimr m` mc lmrigdo. lm rigdo. Cg dmea`aiaù` y rmduiiaù` dm cgs egsms, sm dg` lmdag`tm davmrsgs mtgpgs dm propumstgs m` mspgiaos dm tamlpo, y lmdag`tm mc emmdbgih, obtm`drmlos cos dgtos dm io`suladorms potm`iagcms, m` cg optalazgiaù` dmc produito ea`gc. (Lg`zg`accg y Lmda`g, 2626, p. 7=)
Cos pgsos qum rmgcazg Cmg` Ytgrtup so` mc pcg`tmo dm japùtmsas, vgcadgiaù` dm cg japùtmsas (atmrgdglm`tm jgstg io`smkuar mc lmnor rmsuctgdo, ms dmiar su gimptgiaù` m` mc lmrigdo), lmdaiaù` dm japùtmsas (lmdaiaù` dm obnmtavos y vgcadgiaù` dm produito), rmgcazgiaù` dm emmdbgih (optalazg`do cg eu`iao`gcadgd dmc produito) y rmpmtaiaù` dm smium`iag. Mstos pgsos pmrlatm` mc cg`zglam`to dm u` Vroduito Lì`alo Uagbcm (LUV). •
GKACM Ms u` m`eoqum atmrgtavo pgrg cg tolg dm dmiasao`ms dm proymitos. Mstm proimso sm bgsg m` gkacg cg tolg dm dmiasao`ms, mc trgbgno y mc dmsgrrocco dm produitos. Daijg lmtodocokìg `os daim qum sa` alportgr m` qum pgrtm dmc proimso `os m`io`trmlos, `o jgbrç probcmlgs g cos iglbaos qum pumdg` oiurrar porqum mstm `os pmrlatm gdgptgr`os rçpadglm`tm. Igbm lm`iao`gr qum mstg lmtodocokìg `o alpcaig jgimr cgs iosgs gprmsurgdglm`tm, sa`o jgimrcgs io` optalazgiaù` y gsì gulm`tgr su igcadgd ea`gc m` mc produito.
71. Vroimso Vroimso dm Vroduiiaù` DAGKRGLG DM EC]NO DMC VROIMYO
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g. Dasm÷o
Ymrvarç` iolo rmemrm`iag cos sakuam`tms pu`tos> Vubcaiadgd, lgrig, soportms krçeaios, pgihgka`k, io`troc dm igcadgd, grlgdo, pubcaio, posaiao`glam`to, pu`to pu` to dm vm`tg y cg dastrabuiaù`. Mstos pu`tos `os gyudgrg` g irmgr u`g algkm` lçs sùcadg y g trg`slatar
iorrmitglm`tm mc lm`sgnm jgiag gc pþbcaio obnmtavo, samlprm pgrtam`do y m`eoigdo gc çrmg dmc dasm÷o krçeaio. b. Rmemrm`iag>
M`eoigdo g cg prmsm`tgiaù` dmc ijoiocgtm g`da`o io` mxportgiaù` gc mxtrg`nmro. i. Dasm÷o dmc produito> Mc produito ea`gc qum sm vg g rmgcazgr ms u` rmdasm÷o dm algkm` iorporgtavg utacazg`do
mc sastmlg produito iolo bgsm m` cg prmsm`tgiaù` dmc ijoiocgtm g`da`o pgrg cos io`suladorms dmc mxtrg`nmro. d. Lgrig>
Ym km`mrù u`g lgrig dasta`tavg qum pumdg jgimr rmemrm`iag gc ijoiocgtm g`da`o, lostrg`do su igcadgd m` todo mc sm`tado dmc produito, tm`am`do gsì mcmlm`tos sak`aeaigtavos iolo ms cg mstacazgiaù` dm cg lgtmrag pralg qum ms mc igigo lostrg`do u`g sm`sgiaù` dm u` produito `gturgc. Cg prmsm`tm lgrig mstç proymitgdg pgrg io`suladorms dmc mxtrg`nmro lg`tm`am`do su lmrigdo gc a`tmraor dmc pgìs y irmg`do otro io` lçs proymiiaù` m` vm`tgs.
26. Babcaokrgeìg Babcaokrgeìg
Boiia D., Igsgs L. (2679). Vroduiiaù` dm Cmijm m` Vocvo M`tmrg, Vgriagclm`tm Dmsirmlgdg y Dmsirmlgdg. Dmsirml gdg.
]`avmrsadgd @giao`gc
dm Iuyo. Lm`dozg,
Grkm`ta`g.
Rmiupmrgdo
dm>
jttps>//bdakatgc.u`iu.mdu.gr/obnmtos_dakatgcms/;:;:/produiiao`dmcmijmm`pocvo.pde Ijgvgrrag C. (2676). Igigo y ijoiocgtm. @o.5, Lmrigdo> ]`aù` Muropmg (7¶ mdaiaù`, pçk.75). Rmiupmrgdo
dm>
jttp>//igdm`gigigoig.a`eo/IDOI-Dmpcoylm`t/doiulm`tos/5-
igigo_y_ijoiocgtm.pde Io`sulo lu`dagc dm ijoiocgtm lotavg gulm`to dm dmlg`dg dm ioiog (267:, oitubrm 22). Kmstaù`. Rmiupmrgdo dm dm jttps>//kmstao`.pm/mio`olag/lmrigdos/io`sulo-lu`dagc-ijoiocgtm-lotavg-gulm`todmlg`dg-ioiog-24;;;7-`otaiag/ Dg`tm Kumrrmro, Igtjmra` Karù`, G`kjmccg Lgdrad, Icgudag Lokoccù`, Icgudag Wuaroz y Djgadg Uaccm`g (2672). Dasm÷o dm cg cì`mg dm produiiaù` dm ijoiocgtm orkç`aio. Çrmg Dmpgrtglm`tgc dm A`km`amrìg A`dustragc y dm Yastmlgs. ]`avmrsadgd dm Vaurg. (54 ’ ;7). Rmiupmrgdo dm> jttps>//parjug.udmp.mdu.pm/batstrmgl/jg`dcm/77642/7==5/VQT_A`eorlm_Ea`gc_IJOIOCGTM_ORK
[email protected]?smqum`im dm> jttp>//babcaotmig.usgi.mdu.kt/tmsas/6:/6:_76;:_W.pde Yg`kua`mta A. Iolasaù` dm Vroloiaù` dmc Vmrþ pgrg cg Mxportgiaù` y mc Turaslo. Tura slo. (2675, 76 dm gkosto). Tmlg> M`vgsms y mlbgcgnms pgrg cg mxportgiaù`.
jttps>//rmposatorao.prolpmru.kob.pm/batstrmgl/jg`dcm/7294=5;:1/7=9=/m`vgsms_mlbgcgnms_mxportgi ao`_2675_hmyword_pra`iapgc.pde?smqum`imtmxt 7 dm nucao dm 267;. Daspo`abcm m`> m` > jttps>//prmza.iol/kjs4guhungto/`orlgs-aso-;666-y-;:6/ RMUAYTG
OEAIAGC
DM
GIIIYG
(2674).
Daspo`abcm
m`>
jttp>//www.iorrukg`do.iol/a`dmx.pjp?optao`//rmposatorao.up`.mdu.pm/batstrmgl/jg`dcm/77=9;/2592;/Ecorms%26Igcdgs%26Hgrcg%26Erg` iasig.pde?smqum`im 26 dm gbrac dmc 2622) 2622) jttps>//rmtosdmc-lmrigdo-arakgrgy/#Tapos_dm_icam`tms_ dmc-lmrigdo-arakgrgy/#T apos_dm_icam`tms_m`_mc_lmrigdo_y_io m`_mc_lmrigdo_y_iolo_trgtgrcos_c lo_trgtgrcos_cg_alportg`iag_dm_ g_alportg`iag_dm_cg_mlpgtag cg_mlpgtag
jttps>//www.imupm.iol/bco .imupm.iol/bcok/qum-ms-u`-mquapok/qum-ms-u`-mquapo¿Wuá ms u` mquapo m quapo dm trgbgno? (2622). IM]VM Lgkgza`m. jttps>//www dm-trgbgno.jtlc Gcgtrastg K. (2626). Alportg`iag dmc cadmrgzko m` cos mquapos dm trgbgno. Kmstaù` m` Tmrimr Lacm`ao,29(45),17. Rmiupmrgdo dm
jttps>//rmvastgsa`vmstakgiao`.u`lsl.mdu.pm/a`dmx.pjp/gdla`astrgtavgs/grtaicm/vamw/717=;/756;9
Io`oimr quá ms lmrigdo y sus igrgitmrìstaigs (2622). Muroa``ovg Busa`mss Yijooc. jttps>//www.muroa``ovg.mi/bcok/qum-ms-lmrigdo-y-sus-igrgitmrastaigs#aqumstqumgiutm-ms-mclmrigdo Cuas Lakumc Lg`m`m (2672) Dmea`aiaù` dm lmrigdo. (io`suctgdo> 27 dm gbrac dmc 2622) jttp>//www.cuaslakumclg`m`m.iol/2672/64/64/mc-lmrigdo-io`impto-taposmstrgtmkagsgtrgitavo-ysmklm`tgiao`/
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