Avaliacao Escolar e Taxonomia D - Edson Fialho

 

 

Dvdjodãí` Bsm`jdr b [dx`h`nod kb Gj``n  

Bks`h Fodje`

 

 

M`pyrocet © 7145, Bks`h Fodje`

 

 

D nbu qubrok` Nbstrb, Kdosdlu Olbkd Á ]uzdhd, d` Ndtebus b á Ndrodhd

 

 

]unäro`

Qrbfämo` Mdpîtuj` 4 - Dvdjodr9 pdrd qué, p`r qué0 Mdpîtuj` 7 - Wbfjbtohk` s`grb ` pdpbj kd dvdjodãí` b ` sumbss` bsm`jdr Mdpîtuj` = - Ohstrunbht`s kb Dvdjodãí` b [op`s kb Dvdjodãí` Mdpîtuj` ; - D [dx`h`nod kb Gj``n Wbvosdkd b d Dvdjodãí` Mdpîtuj` 2 - Djcuhs bxbnpj`s kb dpjomdãí` kd [dx`h`nod kb Gj``n Mdpîtuj` 6 - Vdj`rdãí` ]bcuhk` d [dx`h`nod kb Gj``n Wbfbréhmods Gogjo`cräfomds  

 

Qrbfämo`

Rnd kds p`ssîvbos rdzòbs k` ndu kbsbnpbhe` bsm`jdr ï ` vbrkdkbor` tbrr`r qub d dvdjodãí` ohmutb h`s bstukdhtbs. @gvodnbhtb d dvdjodãí` hí` ï ` ùhom` fdt`r bhv`jvok`, nds hbstb trdgdje` h`s dtbrbn`s á dvdjodãí`. H`ss` kbsbi` ï n`strdr djcuhs p`ht`s kb vostd d rbspbot` kd dvdjodãí` bn cbrdj, b dprbsbhtdr d [dx`h`nod kb Gj``n, un sostbnd kb mjdssofomdãí` k`s otbhs kd dvdjodãí` bsm`jdr.  

Qr`p`sotdjnbhtb bsmrbvbn`s un jovr` m`n mdpîtuj`s murt`s, pdrd sbr jok` rdpokdnbhtb b usdhk` ` idrcí` pbkdcýcom` m`n pdrmonûhod.  

@ sbcuhk` mdpîtuj`, Dvdjodr9 pdrd qué, p`r qué0, n`strd djcunds okbods cbrdos s`grb d dvdjodãí`. @ mdpîtuj` = ”  Wbfjbtohk` s`grb ` pdpbj kd dvdjodãí` b ` sumbss` bsm`jdr  ” tbhtd rbdjozdr dquoj` qub sb pr`pòb bn sbu tîtuj`9 pr`p`r un n`nbht` pdrd pbhsdr hds rbjdãòbs bhtrb d dvdjodãí` b ` sumbss` bsm`jdr.  

@ qudrt` mdpîtuj` -  Ohstrunbht`s kb Dvdjodãí` b [op`s kb Dvdjodãí`  jostd djcuhs ohstrunbht`s kb dvdjodãí`, suds qudjokdkbs b p`ht`s frdm`s, djïn kb top`s kb dvdjodãí` b suds ïp`mds kb dpjomdãí`. Iä ` quoht` mdpîtuj` -  D [dx`h`nod kb Gj``n Wbvosdkd b d Dvdjodãí`   - dprbsbhtd d [dx`h`nod kb Gj``n b sud rbjdãí` m`n d dvdjodãí` bsm`jdr.  

@ sbxt` mdpîtuj` -  Djcuhs bxbnpj`s kb dpjomdãí` kd [dx`h`nod kb Gj``n - m`n` ` prýpro` h`nb ohkomd, n`strd

bxbnpj`s kb värods kosmopjohds kb dpjomdãí` kd [dx`h`nod kb Gj``n. Iä ` sïton` mdpîtuj` - Vdj`rdãí` ]bcuhk` d [dx`h`nod kb Gj``n  - n`strd un bxbnpj` kb m`n` kostroguor `s p`ht`s bn und dvdjodãí` kb Ndtbnätomd k` H`h` Dh`, usdhk` `s mrotïro`s kd [dx`h`nod kb Gj``n.  

Djcuhs dcrdkbmonbht`s sí` hbmbssäro`s, `u nbje`r, `grocdtýro`s.  

Dcrdkbã` d`s qubrok`s m`jbcds kb `htbn b kb e`ib pbj` m`npdheborosn` b koäj`c`s pr`fîmu`s< á nohed fdnîjod b dnoc`s, sonpjbsnbhtb p`r bxostorbn< d`s nbus kb `htbn b kbrbjdxbn, e`ib, p`rv`més tbrbnhí` fbot` ` qub bub s`u e`ib \b sbbstukdhtbs hí` s`u dohkd nbje`r, sí`kb`snon mujpdk`s^< d`s

 

m`npdhebor`s kd Dss`modãí` Grdsoj ]CO pbjd ohfohotd pdmoéhmod. Q`r ùjton`, nds hí` nbh`s onp`rtdhtb, dcrdkbã` á nohed qubrokd bsp`sd, ]uzdhd, p`r sbr und bxmbjbhtb m`npdheod b nohed btbrhd (ohs)pordãí`, b á nohed fojed, Ndrodhd, ` s`jzohe` kd mdsd. Tubrod nuot` qub v`mé b ` Ndtebus tovbssbn un nuhk` nbje`r á kosp`soãí`, nds sý tohed bssb, kbsmujpbn.  

]oht`-nb `grocdk` d motdr h`nohdjnbhtb ` pr`fbss`r Dhkrï Juoz W. Medvbs, m`n qubn tovb d e`hrd kb sbr m`htbnp`rçhb` h` MBFB[-WI. ]ud pdjbstrd pdrd `s pr`fbss`rbs kb Ndtbnätomd k` ]ostbnd FOWIDH bn iuje` kb 7147 f`rhbmbu djcuhs ohsocets fuhkdnbhtdos pdrd bstb trdgdje`. Crdt`!  

Nbus m`npdhebor`s kb trdgdje` hd B. N. Bvdhcbjohd Kudrtb Gdtostd tbrí` sbnprb un jucdr bspbmodj bn nbu m`rdãí` p`r tbrbn nb dm`jeok` tí` gbn b p`r sbrbn un crup` rbdjnbhtb fdhtästom`. V`més sí` `s nbje`rbs!  

@ dut`r sb rbsp`hsdgojozd ohtbordnbhtb pbj`s p`ht`s kb vostd dquo bnotok`s b pòb d mujpd p`r djcun bvbhtudj brr` `rt`cräfom`, crdndtomdj `u kb qudjqubr `utr` top` h` h`tbg``l `hkb bjb gdtumd bstds joheds, hun vîrus kb m`nputdk`r `u bn qudjqubr m`osd ohdhondkd.  

 

Mdpîtuj` 4 - Dvdjodr9 pdrd qué, p`r qué0

 

Qbrcuhtds dpdrbhtbnbhtb ýgvods tén un crdhkb pr`gjbnd9 suds rbsp`stds hí` sí` hdkd ýgvods. @u nbje`r, d rbsp`std ýgvod qudsb sbnprb ï ohdkbqudkd (p`rqub orrbfjbtokd). D pbrcuhtd ―pdrd qué dvdjodr0‟ tbn värods rbsp`stds ýgvods, kds qudos d ndos frbqubhtb ï qub sb dvdjod pdrd kdr h`td. Vdn`s m`hstruor, d` j`hc` k` tbxt`, un m`hmbot` mdkd vbz ndos m`npjbt` d rbspbot` kd dvdjodãí`, gdsbdk` hds rbfjbxòbs dquo dprbsbhtdkds.   4

@ trbme` d sbcuor bstä m`htok` h` jovr` Ndtbnätomd b Kokätomd , b d mjdrbzd k` rdmo`mîho` p`kb bstbhké-j` d qudjqubr kosmopjohd sbn pbrkd kb cbhbrdjokdkb9   Rn sostbnd kb dvdjodãí` ï ` m`hiuht` kb prohmîpo`s, pr`mbkonbht`s b kb ohstrunbht`s qub `pdrd pr`fbss`r fuhmo`hdr ohf`rndãòbs b qub, dtudhk` bhtrb sopdrd kb dvdjodr f`rnd `rkbhdkd, m`htroguo m`jbtdr fdz b sostbndtozdr hbmbssärods d dprbhkozdcbn k`s djuh`s. Dvdjodr gbn ` kbsbnpbhe` kb un djuh` ï tí` onp`rtdhtb qudht` bhsohdr, p`os sbn d dvdjodãí` t`rhd-sb kofîmoj m`nprbbhkbr sbu pr`mbss` kb dprbhkozdcbn b `s bfbot`s p`sotov`s kd prätomd k`mb k`mbhhtb.   Koss` kbm`rrb qub un djuh` ndj dvdjodk` hí` pbrnotb d` pr`fbss`r dfbror d qudjokdkb kb sbu trdgdje` b kb sbu bnpbhe` b hbn nbsn` sucbror bvbhtudos nukdhãds kb run` h` pr`mbss` kb bhsoh`, sb hbmbssäro`.  

Bhtí`, fomd mjdr` qub d dvdjodãí` tbn värods fuhãòbs, sbhk` ds prohmopdos9 rbfjbxí` d rbspbot` k` pr`mbss` kb bhsoh`< nbhsurdãí` k` bnpbhe` b pr`crbss` k` bkumdhk`< pdrd ` bkumdhk` fdnîjod, kb djcund f`rnd \usudjnbhtb, h`tds^,sohdjozdãí` k` pr`crbss` k` dprbhkozdk`.  

Qdrbmb hdturdj qub d dvdjodãí` sbid, p`r dsson kozbr, un rbfjbx` k` bhsoh`9 hí` p`ss` m`grdr k`s nbus bstukdhtbs ` qub hí` bhsohbo< tdngïn hí` p`ss` bxocor un crdu kb pr`fuhkokdkb kb rbsp`stds ohdkbqudk` á fdoxd btärod kbjbs \bssb dssuht` sbrä rbt`ndk` ndos tdrkb^. Nds b qudhk` `s bstukdhtbs dprbhkbn nbh`s k` qub sbrod ` bspbrdk`0 Mdgb dî und rbfjbxí` tropjd, d rbspbot` k` qub bstä sbhk` bhsohdk`, ` qudht` bstä sbhk` dprbhkok` b ` qub \b m`n`^ bstä sbhk` dprbhkok`.  

]b nuot`s bstukdhtbs brrdn d nbsnd qubstí` oss` p`kb sbr un

 

ohkomdtov` kb qub tdjvbz dqubjb tbnd pukbssb sbr nbje`r trdgdjedk` bn sdjd kb dujd, `u pbj` nbh`s kb un n`k` kofbrbhtb. Hun nuhk` okbdj, ` pr`fbss`r tbrod tbnp` pdrd rbfjbtor s`grb bssbs dssuht`s qudhk` bstovbssb m`rrocohk` pr`vds, kb n`k` d `robhtdr ` pjdhbidnbht` kds futurds dujds b/`u ohtbrvor h` pr`mbss` kb bhsoh`-dprbhkozdcbn. Ndos á frbhtb bssb dssuht` (brr`s bn qubstòbs) sbrä rbt`ndk`.   Qbhsdn`s hd bkumdãí` bsm`jdr m`n` un crdhkb pr`mbss` kodjýcom` b kb m`nuhomdãí` bhtrb sbus väro`s dt`rbs9 ` bkumdhk`, d fdnîjod, ` m`rp` k`mbhtb, ` m`rp` pbkdcýcom` b d korbãí` kd bsm`jd. Okbdjnbhtb, d dvdjodãí` bsm`jdr ï pdrtb kbssb crdhkb koäj`c`9 ï un nït`k` kb ` pr`fbss`r pbrmbgbr ` bnpbhe` b ` pr`crbss` k` bkumdhk`, b `rocohd un fbbkgdml hd f`rnd kb h`tds b/`u m`nuhomdãòbs `rdos/bsmrotds.  

Bssb fbbkgdml ï pron`rkodj pdrd d bfomoéhmod k` pr`mbss` bkumdmo`hdj< d duséhmod `ubhv`jvokds. d duséhmod ]bkb`rbt`rh` kdsb/`u m`nuhomdãòbs prbiukomodjkbd m`nuhomdãí` t`kds ds pdrtbs pr`fbss`r d bsm`jd hí`ï m`nuhomdn d` bstukdhtb/fdnîjod ` rbsujtdk` kb suds dvdjodãòbs, bjb(s) sb sbhtb(n) kbs`robhtdk`(s)< sb d fdnîjod/bstukdhtb hí` m`nuhomdn á bsm`jd suds pbrmbpãòbs d rbspbot` k` pr`mbss` bkumdtov`, t`k`s pbrkbn und `p`rtuhokdkb kb nbje`rod.  

Dc`rd p`kbn`s kdr und rbsp`std dmbotävbj pdrd d qubstí` qub kä h`nb d` mdpîtuj`9 dvdjod-sb pdrd `gtbr un ohstdhtçhb` k` pr`mbss` kb bhsoh`dprbhkozdcbn, b bssb ohstdhtçhb` sbrä ` cuod pdrd t`ndkds kb kbmosí` rbfbrbhtbs d` n`k` kb bhsohdr b dprbhkbr dpýs sud Q`r qub dvdjodr0 Qrohmîpo`s h`rtbdk`rbs kddpjomdãí`. dvdjodãí` ]bcuhk` ` (ýton`) trdgdje` kb DJNBOKD (7147), eä sbos prohmîpo`s h`rtbdk`rbs kd dvdjodãí`9  

Qrohmîpo` kd M`bréhmod9 d dvdjodãí` kbvb sbr m`brbhtb m`n ` qub m`hstd h` murrîmuj` \o.b., m`n `s `gibtov`s, ds nbt`k`j`cods b `s m`htbùk`s^. @u sbid, hí` p`ss` s`jomotdr bn und dvdjodãí` un top` kb rdmo`mîho` dgstrdt` qub dndos tbhed dpdrbmok` dhtbs bn dujd, `u, kocdn`s, und cbhbrdjozdãí` sugibtovd d qubn dohkd bstä hd fdsb `gibtovd.  

 

Qrohmîpo` kd Ohtbcrdãí`9 m`hsokbrd d dvdjodãí` m`n` pdrtb ohtbcrdhtb kd dprbhkozdcbn. [bn kuds ohtbrprbtdãòbs kofbrbhtbs< hd pronbord, d dvdjodãí` bstä ohmjuîkd d` j`hc` kd dprbhkozdcbn< ` pr`fbss`r kbvb usdr `s rbsujtdk`s kd dprbhkozdcbn hd rbfjbxí` k` pr`mbss` kb bhsoh`-dprbhkozdcbn b hí` hun n`nbht` p`stbro`r. D sbcuhkd ohtbrprbtdãí` pbhsd qub ds f`rnds kb dvdjodãí` bsm`jeokds tdngïn sí`, bn so, sotudãòbs kb dprbhkozdcbn 7. @s k`os p`ht`s kb vostd sí` m`npjbnbhtdrbs b hí`-bxmjukbhtbs.  

Qrohmîpo` k` Mdrätbr Q`sotov`9 d dvdjodãí` kbvb bstdr v`jtdkd pdrd ` qub ` bstukdhtb sdgb fdzbr, d` ohvïs kb bstdr korbmo`hdkd pdrd ` qub dohkd hí` sdgb fdzbr. Dtï p`rqub, mds` ` kbsbi` f`ssb kbsm`gror ` qub ` bkumdhk` hí` sdgb, sbrod und dvdjodãí` puhotovd, ` qub hí` ï m`hvbhobhtb, pbkdc`comdnbhtb fdjdhk`.  

Qrohmîpo` kd Cbhbrdjokdkb9 bstb prohmîpo` prbm`hozd qub ` bstukdhtb kbvb sbr vost` m`n` ‚un t`k`„, b qub d dvdjodãí` kbvb dk`tdr und vosí` e`jîstomd kd Ndtbnätomd b kd dprbhkozdcbn.  

Qrohmîpo` kd Kovbrsokdkb9 ` pr`fbss`r kbvb dpjomdr f`rnds kovbrsofomdkds kb dvdjodãí`, kb n`k` d m`hsbcuor dtbhkbr ás kofbrbhtbs mdrdmtbrîstomds k`s bstukdhtbs.  

Qrohmîpo` kd Q`sturd9 d dvdjodãí` kbvb dm`htbmbr hun dngobhtb kb m`hfodhãd b mjdrbzd. @ bstukdhtb kbvb sdgbr, prbfbrbhmodjnbhtb m`n d hbmbssärod dhtbmbkéhmod, ` qub jeb sbrä bxocok` hd dvdjodãí`, b m`n`. Tudht` ndos Q`kb-sb kbtdjebs,kozbr, nbje`r, nds sbnqudhtds bxmbss`s. kocdn`s, sbrí` ds qubstòbs kd dvdjodãí`, qudj sbrä sud f`rnd, sb kb nùjtopjd bsm`jed `u kosmursovds, b qudos sbrí` `s dssuht`s s`grb `s qudos ds qubstòbs vbrsdrí`. Kurdhtb d crdkudãí`, un pr`fbss`r p`um` `rt`k`x` kbstb qub v`s bsmrbvb fdzod ` sbcuohtb9 dpjomdvd und pr`vd kb 4= qubstòbs bn qub ` bstukdhtb prbmosdvd bsm`jebr ds kbz qub orod fdzbr.  

@u sbid9 ï prbmos` dvdjodr kb n`k` m`brbhtb< d dvdjodãí` kbvb sbr m`hsokbrdkd m`n` pdrtb k` dprbhkozdk`< kbvb tbhtdr nbhsurdr ` qub ` bstukdhtb sdgb, d` ohvïs kb ohvbstocdr ` qub bjb hí` sdgb< kbvb dvdjodr `

 

bstukdhtb m`n` un ohkovîku`, b bstdr ohtbcrdkd m`n ` dprbhkozdk` kb `utrds kosmopjohds< kbvb bstdr gdsbdkd bn f`rnds kovbrsofomdkds kb dvdjodãí`< b, m`n` sb tuk` qub f`o nbhmo`hdk` dhtbro`rnbhtb hí` f`ssb sufomobhtb, kbvb sbr fbotd bn un dngobhtb kb m`hfodhãd nùtud. Hohcuïn kossb qub sbrod fämoj!  

Bstb jovr` rbjdãí` f`rnds okbods kovbrsofomdkds dvdjodãí`, m`n` vdo sbrä diukä-j`s vost` ndosm`n á frbhtb, b kdrás djcunds rbfbrbhtbskbá [dx`h`nod kb Gj``n. Vdn`s dkodhtb!

 

Mdpîtuj` 7 - Wbfjb Wbfjbtohk` s`grb ` pdpbj kd dvdjodãí` b ` sumbss` bsm`jdr

 

Qdrbmb bstrdhe`, d`s h`ss`s `je`s, qub d rbpr`vdãí` sbid un fbhûnbh` m`hsokbrdk` D bjotosn`, rbpr`vdãí` ï ` äpomb k` qub ` sostbnd bkumdmo`hdj p`kb pr`kuzorh`rndj. kb po`r9 bxmjusí`, bvdsí`, qubkd hd dut`bstond k`s bkumdhk`s, btm.  

[dngïn pdrbmb bstrdhe` ` `utr` bxtrbn`, kd dsson medndkd dpr`vdãí` dut`nätomd, hd vbrkdkb und okbod m`hmbgokd bn sostbnds bkumdmo`hdos t`tdjnbhtb kofbrbhtbs k` h`ss`, b nuot` ndj dpjomdkd p`r bstds gdhkds. Bhtí`, ` qub tbn`s bn nbhtb ï un sostbnd qub hí` sbid bxmjukbhtb, rbpr`vdhk` bn ndssd, nds tdngïn hí` sbid bstonujdk`r kd fdjtd kb qudjokdkb, qub hí` rbpr`vd kbvok` d kbmosòbs p`jotom`-gur`mrätomds, qudhk` ` okbdj sbrod qub ds rbpr`vdãòbs hí` dm`htbmbssbn bn vortukb k` ohmrbnbht` kd qudjokdkb.   Hbstb mdpîtuj`, pr`p`rbn`s und rdkomdj rbfjbxí` d rbspbot` k` pdpbj qub d dvdjodãí` bxbrmb m`n rbjdãí` d` sumbss` bsm`jdr. @s pojdrbs kd h`ssd drcunbhtdãí` sí` `s sbcuohtbs9 sb d dvdjodãí` f`r dpron`rdkd, t`rhdhk`-sb, kocdn`s, ndos prbmosd, `s rbsujtdk`s \m`n rbjdãí` ás rbpr`vdãòbs b dpr`vdãòbs^ t`rhdn-sb kofbrbhtbs< sb m`hsbcuorn`s mrodr dvdjodãòbs qub \m`n ` pbrkí` k` pjb`hdsn` pr`p`sotdj^ dvdjobn nbje`r, `u sbid, nbãdn nbje`r ` dprbhkozdk`, p`kbrbn`s tbr ndo`r éxot`.  

Vdn`s,H`dc`rd, bxpjomdr h`ss` vostd, kbsbhv`jvbhk` rdmo`mîho`. mdpîtuj` 2,  D nbje`r [dx`h`nod kbp`ht` Gj``nkbWbvosdkd b d Dvdjodãí``, n`strdrbn`s `s hîvbos b `s k`nîho`s kd tdx`h`nod kb Gj``n, b m`n` bssds okbods p`kbn onpdmtdr d bjdg`rdãí` kds dvdjodãòbs. Dhtbs koss`, vdn`s bsmjdrbmbr ` qub tbn`s bn nbhtb qudhk` fdjdn`s bn dpron`rdr d dvdjodãí`.  

Qbkon`s jombhãd d` jbot`r pdrd motdr un trbme` kb un drtoc` kb Medrjbs = Edkio , bxtrdîk` kd rbvostd H`vd Bsm`jd9   (...) ` frdmdss` ï un drtbfdt` rbdj, pr`kuzok` pbj` bxbrmîmo` kd dvdjodãí` bn so, qub fdz und mjdssofomdãí` prbkbtbrnohdkd b hdkd ndos ï qub d dhtbmçndrd kd bjonohdãí`. @ qub p`kbn`s pbhsdr kb un nïkom` qub sbnprb sb m`htbhtd bn vbr 72% kb sbus pdmobhtbs n`rrbrbn0 Rn bkumdk`r tdnp`um` ï tïmhom` kb un tonb kb

 

futbg`j. Bjb hí` kbvb sonpjbsnbhtb m`hv`mdr `s 44 nbje`rbs, nds `gtbr 411% kb dpr`vdãí` kdqubjbs qub jeb sí` m`hfodk`s. Ï bxdtdnbhtb bssb ` prohmîpo` gäsom` kd pbkdc`cod v`jtdkd d` g`n kbsbnpbhe`9 s`g ds m`hkoãòbs dpr`prodkds, qudsb t`k`s `s djuh`s m`hsbcubn k`nohdr `s m`htbùk`s kdk`s.  

Rsdhk` ` cdhme` k` trbme` motdk` dmond, ï m`rrbt` m`hmjuor qub, d` m`hträro` un tïmhom` kd sbjbãí` kb futbg`j, qub ï `s pdc` pdrd bsm`jebr `s `s nbje`rbs kb i`cdk`rbs, ` pdpbj k` pr`fbss`r ï t`rhdr sbus bstukdhtbs nbje`rbs, `u sbid, bstonujä-j`s d kbsbhv`jvbrbn-sb d` näxon`. B `hkb bhtrd d dvdjodãí` hbssd eostýrod0 Hí` dtrdpdjedhk`! ]otudãí` okbdj9 d dvdjodãí` hí` bstä prbsd d pdkròbs bstdhqubs pdrdk`s h` tbnp`, usdhk` sbnprb `s nbsn`s vbje`s rbmurs`s \pr`vds bsmrotds b trdgdje`s bxp`sotov`s^. Tudhk` bstdn`s bhsohdhk`, ` okbdj ï qub tbhedn`s á kosp`soãí` und qudhtokdkb kb rbmurs`s kofbrbhtbs, kb n`k` d m`htbnpjdr `s kofbrbhtbs top`s kb ohtbjocéhmods k`s bstukdhtbs. ]b, d` bhsohdr, p`kbn`s usdr väro`s rbmurs`s, p`r qub hí` usdr väro`s rbmurs`s d` dvdjodr, tdngïn0 Dfohdj, sb h`ssd dvdjodãí` f`r dgrdhcbhtb, p`kbrbn`s dsson m`htbnpjdr nbje`r `s top`s kb ohtbjocéhmods, b m`hsbqubhtbnbhtb vdj`rozdr ` qub p`kbrod pdssdr kbspbrmbgok` sb usässbn`s un ùhom` top` kb dvdjodãí` \bssb dssuht` sbrä rbt`ndk` h` mdpîtuj` ;^.  

@ ―rotn`‟ okbdj k` pr`mbss` kb bhsoh`-dprbhkozdcbn kbvbrod sbr ` sbcuohtb9 Qjdhbidnbht` 8 Bxbmuãí` 8 Wbfjbxí` qub rbdjonbhtdrod ` Qjdhbidnbht`, hun mîrmuj` vortu`s`. Kbtdjedhk` nbje`r9  

@  Qjdhbidnbht`   ï tuk` qubpjdhbidnbht` prbmbkb ds dujds b dvdjodãòbs9 kb dujd, - bjdg`rdãí` kb dvdjodãòbs, kb trdgdje`s, btm..pjdh`s Bn un nuhk` okbdj, sý sbrod dpjomdk` ` qub tovbssb sok` prbvodnbhtb pjdhbidk`. H`  Qjdhbidnbht`  ï qub sb kbtbrnohdn `s `gibtov`s pbkdcýcom`s d sbrbn dtohcok`s, `u, prd sbr dohkd ndos bxdt`, dî sb kbfohbn ―` qué‟, ―m`n`‟, ―qudhk`‟, ―p`r qub‟.  

- D  Bxbmuãí`  ï d m`j`mdãí` bn prätomd k` qub f`o pjdhbidk` dhtbro`rnbhtb. Ï ` ―n`nbht` bspbmodj‟ k` pr`mbss` bkumdmo`hdj.  

- D  Wbfjbxí`  ï ` qub fdrä m`n qub ` pr`fbss`r pbhsb d rbspbot` k`s `gibtov`s dtohcok`s \`u hí`^, b kb qub f`rnd sbrod p`ssîvbj dtohco-j`s kb f`rnd

 

ndos bfbtovd.  

Bhtí`, qudj ï ` pdpbj kd dvdjodãí` hoss` tuk`0  

D dvdjodãí`, hbssb rotn` okbdj, ï d ―f`t`crdfod ohstdhtçhbd‟ k` pr`mbss` t`k`. M`n bjd p`kb-sb nbkor ` qub f`o fbot` b ` qub fom`u p`r fdzbr< `u, nbje`r kozbhk`, p`kb-sb nbkor m`n` f`o fbot` ` qub sb fbz. J`c`, hbssb pr`mbss`, d dvdjodãí` sbrvb ` bhsoh` (`u nbje`r, bstä sug`rkohdkd d bjb), b hí` ` m`hträro`.  

Rsdhk` d dvdjodãí` kbssd f`rnd, sbrä p`ssîvbj ohfjubhmodr p`sotovdnbhtb `s îhkombs kb rbtbhãí` kb djuh`s, onpdmtdhk` dsson h` sumbss` bsm`jdr.  

Bhsoh` b dprbhkozdcbn, orní`s sodnbsbs grocdk`s  

Bhsoh` b dprbhkozdcbn, ohfbjoznbhtb, hí` sí` d nbsnd m`osd. Bn und bsm`jd okbdj, ds kuds m`osds sbrodn d nbsnd m`osd, `u nbje`r, tuk` qub f`ssb bhsohdk` sbrod dprbhkok`.  

D dvdjodãí` sý bxostb p`rqub, h` nuhk` rbdj, bhsoh` hí` onpjomd hbmbssdrodnbhtb bn dprbhkozdcbn. Tudos ds rdzòbs qub jbvdn ` bhsoh` d hí` onpdmtdr bn dprbhkozdcbn0 Gbn, sb dqubjb qub v`s bsmrbvb s`ugbssb tdos rbsp`stds m`n dgs`jutd mbrtbzd, bsmrbvbrod un jovr` b fomdrod gojo`häro`. Jdnbhtdvbjnbhtb hí` tbn`s bssd mbrtbzd, bhtí` kboxdn`s djcunds grbvbs kocrbssòbs d rbspbot`9  

- Ohm`nprbbhsí`, pdrtb Ndtbnätomd k`s bstukdhtbs, `gibtov`s bkumdmo`hdos D frdsb ndos `uvokd d`p`r bhsohdr (`uk`s qudjqubr `utrd kosmopjohd) ”  ï ‚Qr`fbss`r, prd qub sbrvb oss`0„. D nbsnd rbmjdndãí` (m`n djcunds vdrodhtbs) ï `uvokd, p`r bxbnpj`, pbj`s pr`fbss`rbs kb oko`nds. D rbiboãí` d` m`htbùk` qub ï bhsohdk`, `u d` n`k` m`n` tdj m`htbùk` bstä sbhk` bhsohdk`, kofomujtd ` koäj`c` bhtrb pr`fbss`r b bstukdhtbs b m`hsbqubhtbnbhtb ` dprbhkozdk`.  

- Johcudcbn ohdkbqudkd `u ohm`nprbbhkokd ” sb ` pr`fbss`r hí` bhtbhkb ` qub `s bstukdhtbs qubrbn kozbr, `u sb `s bstukdhtbs hí` djmdhãdn ` v`mdgujäro` k` pr`fbss`r, tbn-sb un pr`gjbnd kb dprbhkozdk`.  

 

- Ohkosmopjohd ” un dut`r dforn`u mbrtd vbz qub ` bstukdhtb sb sbhtb tdpbdk` qudhk` hí` dprbhkb. Bhtí`, und vbz qub sb bhsohd b bjb hí` dprbhkb, bjb sb ohsbrb h` m`htbxt` kd ohkosmopjohd. ]`nb-sb d oss` sdjds kb dujd supbrj`tdkds b bstä fbotd d trdcïkod.  

- Fdt`rbs bn`mo`hdos ” ` prohmopdj \nds hí` onpdmtd h` dprbhkozdk` k`s bstukdhtbs, sbnfdt`r kùvokd, ï d` ùhom`^ gdoxd qub dut`bstond. Jdnbhtdvbjnbhtb, sbus onpdmt`s sí` pbrsostbhtbs b kurdk`ur`s, b sý un pr`crdnd kb j`hc` prdz` mdpotdhbdk` p`r pr`fosso`hdos mdpdmotdk`s kbskb `s pronbor`s dh`s kb bsm`jdrokdkb p`kbrod diukdr d bvotdr sbus bfbot`s.  

- Kbsn`tovdãí` - ï un fdt`r kbsdcrdkävbj qub p`kb dfbtdr tdht` pr`fbss`rbs qudht` bstukdhtbs, b sbus bfbot`s p`kbn sbr j`hc`s. Rnd p`ssîvbj s`juãí` ï d nbsnd nbhmo`hdkd h` otbn dhtbro`r.  

- Dmùnuj` kb m`htbùk`s kb sïrobs dhtbro`rbs qub sí` prï-rbquosot` pdrd m`htbùk`s kb und sïrob p`stbro`r - bhtbhkbr, kocdn`s, m`n` `pbrdr m`n hùnbr`s ohtbor`s b m`n frdãòbs ï onp`rtdhtb pdrd rbs`jvbr bqudãòbs k` sbcuhk` crdu. ]b ` bstukdhtb hí` dprbhkbu bssb m`htbùk` bn dh`s dhtbro`rbs, tuk` fomd ndos kofîmoj. Iuhtdr oss` d un crdu ndos djt` kb dgstrdãí` bxocok`, kocdn`s, h` bhsoh` supbro`r dtrdpdjed crdhkbnbhtb d vokd dmdkénomd.  

[`k`s `s fdt`rbs nbhmo`hdk`s p`kbn sbr dnbhozdk`s \b bn djcuhs mds`s rbs`jvok`s^ m`n koäj`c` b g`d m`nuhomdãí` bhtrb t`k`s `s dt`rbs bhv`jvok`s. Hí` h`s dpr`fuhkdn`s hbssb dssuht` pr`p`sotdjnbhtb, p`os f`cb un p`um` kb h`ss` `gibtov`.  

Qbhsdhk` p`sotov`, vdn`s v`jtdr d` tbnd prohmopdj kb h`ss` jovr` h` prýxon` mdpîtuj`.

 

Mdpîtuj` = - Ohstrunbht`s kb Dvdjodãí` b [op`s kb Dvdjodãí`

 

Nùjtopj`s ohstrunbht`s kb dvdjodãí` sí` onp`rtdhtbs tdht` pdrd ` bkumdhk` qudht` pdrd d bsm`jd. @ bkumdhk` sb gbhbfomod p`r hí` sbr dvdjodk` m`n gdsb bn un ùhom` ohstrunbht` kb dvdjodãí` \qudsb sbnprb, d pr`vd^< b d ohstotuoãí` sb gbhbfomod p`r tbr ndos sbcurdhãd qudhk` k` vbrbkot` kd dvdjodãí` s`ndtovd (qub vbrbn`s ndos á frbhtb), b/`u qudhk` bnotb m`nuhomdãòbs k` kbsbnpbhe` k`s bstukdhtbs á fdnîjod b d`s prýpro`s bstukdhtbs.   ;

D pr`pýsot`, dquo bstä un trbme` k`s QMH‟s   qub trdtdn k` dssuht` dvdjodãí`9 Ï fuhkdnbhtdj d utojozdãí` kb kofbrbhtbs mýkoc`s, m`n` ` vbrgdj, ` `rdj, ` bsmrot`, ` cräfom`, ` hunïrom`, ` pomtýrom`, kb f`rnd d sb m`hsokbrdr ds kofbrbhtbs dptokòbs k`s djuh`s. Q`r bxbnpj`, nuotds vbzbs ` djuh` hí`m`n` k`nohd d bsmrotd sufomobhtbnbhtb pdrd bxp`r un rdmo`mîho` ndos m`npjbx` s`grb m`nprbbhkb un fdt` eostýrom`, nds p`kb fdzé-j` pbrfbotdnbhtb gbn bn und sotudãí` kb ohtbrmçngo` `rdj, m`n` bn koäj`c`s, bhtrbvos bhtrbvostds `u kbgdtbs. (GWD]OJ, 4??3)  

@u sbid, `s QMH‟s h`s bx`rtdn (bng`rd, ï vbrkdkb, hí` kb n`k` nuot` bxpjîmot` hbssb trbme`) d usdr nùjtopjds f`rnds kb dvdjodãí`, kb n`k` d m`hsbcuor rdko`crdfdr prbmosdnbhtb ` bstdk` dtudj k` dprbhkozdk` k` bstukdhtb.  

Bn `utr` trbme`, k`s QMH‟s kb Ndtbnätomd pdrd ` Bhsoh` Fuhkdnbhtdj, m`hstd ` trbme` ndosDjcuhs korbt`9pr`fbss`rbs

tén pr`murdk` bjdg`rdr ohstrunbht`s pdrd rbcostrdr `gsbrvdãòbs s`grb `s djuh`s. Rn bxbnpj` sí` ds fomeds pdrd ` ndpbdnbht` k` kbsbhv`jvonbht` kb dtotukbs, qub ohmjubn qubstòbs m`n`9 Qr`murd rbs`jvbr pr`gjbnds p`r sbus prýpro`s nbo`s0 Fdz pbrcuhtds0 Rsd bstrdtïcods mrodtovds `u dpbhds ds m`hvbhmo`hdos0 Iustofomd ds rbsp`stds `gtokds0 M`nuhomd suds rbsp`stds m`n mjdrbzd0 Qdrtomopd k`s trdgdje`s bn crup`0 Diukd `s `utr`s hd rbs`juãí` kb pr`gjbnds0 M`htbstd p`ht`s qub hí` m`nprbbhkb `u m`n `s qudos hí` m`hm`rkd0 (Okbn)  

Bhtí`, d prýprod `gsbrvdãí`, purd b sonpjbs, dm`npdhedkd kb un rbcostr` kbtdjedk`, tdngïn ï un ohstrunbht` kb dvdjodãí`, sbcuhk` `s QMH‟s.  

 

]b d ùhomd fbrrdnbhtd kb qub bu kosp`he` ï un ndrtbj`, t`k` pdrdfus` vord prbc`  

Kb dm`rk` m`n d tb`rod kds nùjtopjds ohtbjocéhmods kb 2 Cdrkhbr , eä djcuhs top`s kb ohtbjocéhmod, b hí` un ùhom` top`< j`c`, okbdjnbhtb kbvbrîdn`s tbr nùjtopj`s ohstrunbht`s kb dvdjodãí`, b hí` vdrodãòbs hund h`td sý \usdhk` dpbhds tbstbs kb nùjtopjd bsm`jed b pr`vds^. Djïn k` ndos, tbr dpbhds un ohstrunbht` kb dvdjodãí` fdz m`n qub bjd sbid fdmojnbhtb qubsto`hävbj. Dgdox`, bstí` rbjdmo`hdk`s djcuhs ohstrunbht`s kb dvdjodãí`< sí` motdkds suds mdrdmtbrîstomds, sbus kbfbot`s b sucbstòbs pdrd m`ht`rhdr bssbs kbfbot`s.  

[bstbs kb prbbhmeonbht` `u m`rrbjdãòbs9 sí` tbstbs m`n jdmuhds d

prbbhmebr pbj` bstukdhtb `u bn qub ` bstukdhtb prbmosd rbjdmo`hdr m`hmbot`s m`n suds kbfohoãòbs. Bv`md dpbhds d nbnýrod, b hí` bxpj`rd `s sdgbrbs/edgojokdkbs. Q`ht`s Frdm`s9 sb ` ohstrunbht` kb dvdjodãí` sý m`hsostb hoss`, p`kb pdrbmbr supbrfomodj< djcunds qubstòbs p`kbn, dtï nbsn` p`r bhcdh` hd m`hfbmãí`, p`ssuor ndos kb und rbsp`std m`rrbtd, `u hbheund. ]ucbstí`9 d dvdjodãí` hí` p`kb sb gdsbdr dpbhds hbssds kuds f`rnds \tbstbs kb prbbhmeonbht` b kb m`rrbjdãòbs^ s`g pbhd kb sbr rbdjnbhtb supbrfomodj.  

[bstbs kb nùjtopjd bsm`jed9 sí` fämbos b räpok`s kb bjdg`rdr b kb m`rrocor.

Q`ht`s Frdm`s9 p`kbn sbr gdstdhtb supbrfomodos b pr`pîmo`s d` meutb ” ` bstukdhtb p`kb dmbrtdr d rbsp`std d` dmds`, `gtbhk` dsson un rbsujtdk` qub hí` hbmbssdrodnbhtb trdkuz ` sbu bnpbhe` \`u fdjtd kb^. ]ucbstí`9 hí` kostroguor d ndo`r pdrtb k` vdj`r kd h`td fohdj kd dvdjodãí` bn tbstbs kb nùjtopjd bsm`jed.  

 Qr`vds kosmursovds9  bxocbn un grbvb tbxt` bsmrot`, b hbmbssdrodnbhtb

tén un m`ndhk` vbrgdj h` bhuhmodk` \motb, rbjdmo`hb, bhunbrb, mdjmujb, bxpjomotb...^. [én p`r `gibtov` dvdjodr d dquosoãí` kb un sdgbr `u edgojokdkb bspbmîfomd. Qronbor` Q`ht` Frdm`9 mds` ` bstukdhtb ohtbrprbtb ` bhuhmodk` kb f`rnd ohm`rrbtd p`kbrí` surcor rbsp`stds ohbspbrdkds, bn t`tdj kbsdm`rk` m`n d

 

pr`p`std `rocohdj. Kí` gbn ndos trdgdje` pdrd d bjdg`rdãí`, mds` sb kbsbib fdzbr korbot`. ]bcuhk` Q`ht` Frdm`9 mds` hí` sb tbhed un mbrt` muokdk` hd bjdg`rdãí` k` bhuhmodk`, ds rbsp`stds dgsurkds surcorí` sbn fdjed. ]bid ndos kbsmrotov` b hí` bm`h`nozb pdjdvrds, sb oss` t`rhdr sud qubstí` ndos m`nprbbhsîvbj. ]ucbstí`9 M`hvïn mrodr bhuhmodk`s fdmojnbhtb m`nprbbhsîvbos, `gibtov`s, pdrd qub hí` `m`rrd kb ` bstukdhtb sdgbr d rbsp`std b hí` d bsmrbvbr p`r hí` tbr m`nprbbhkok` ` bhuhmodk`.  

 Q`rtfýjo`9 m`jbãí` \fîsomd, nbsn`^ kb trdgdje`s fbot`s pbj`s bstukdhtbs,

kb n`k` d sbr un rbcostr` k` dvdhã` k` dprbhkozdk` k`s bstukdhtbs. Q`ht` Frdm` (ýgvo`)9 mds` sb trdtb kb pr`fbss`rbs k` pronbor` sbcnbht` k` bhsoh` fuhkdnbhtdj, fdzbr p`rtfýjo`s pdrd mdkd und kb suds turnds cbrdrä und qudhtokdkb ohfohotd kb pdpbj d sbr cudrkdk`. @ nbsn` kbfbot` (p`rïn m`n ndchotukb nbh`r) `m`rrbrod, kocdn`s, h` Bhsoh` Nïko`, m`n pr`fbss`rbs kb Q`rtucués b/`u Wbkdãí`. ]ucbstí` (ohm`npjbtd, ï vbrkdkb)9 sbjbmo`hdr trdgdje`s bn qudtr` n`nbht`s9 ohîmo` b mujnohçhmod k` pronbor` sbnbstrb< ohîmo` b fon k` sbcuhk` sbnbstrb.  

[rdgdje` bsmrot`9  trdgdje`, vbrsdhk` s`grb un kbtbrnohdk` tbnd, m`n

pdrçnbtr`s kb bstoj` \ndrcbn korbotd b bsqubrkd, f`htb, btm...^ b kb m`htbùk` nîhon` bspbmofomdk`s prbvodnbhtb pbj` pr`fbss`r. Q`ht` Frdm`9 qudjqubr un qub tbhed mursdk` und fdmujkdkb sdgb qub eä `s qub fdzbn `s trdgdje`s, `s qub `s onpronbn, `s qub fdzbn d mdpd, `s qub pdrtomopdn kd dprbsbhtdãí`... b `s qub pbkbn h` ùjton` n`nbht` pdrd ohmjuor sbus h`nbs. Dtorb ` pronbor` pbhkrovb qubn huhmd fbz oss`. ]ucbstí`9 hí` bstdgbjbãd crup`s crdhkbs. Edvbrä ndos trdgdje`s pdrd m`rrocor, nds fdz pdrtb. Qdmoéhmod. ]bcuhk` Q`ht` Frdm`9 eä un crdhko`s` nbrmdk` h` Qdîs pdrd trdgdje`s fbot`s s`g bhm`nbhkd. ]b eä qubn m`nprb und n`h`crdfod, und kossbrtdãí` `u und tbsb, ` qub onpbkb djcuïn kb m`nprdr un trdgdje` bsm`jdr, `u kb pbkor d `utrbn qub ` fdãd (m`n `u sbn bhv`jvonbht` fohdhmbor`)0 ]bcuhkd ]ucbstí`9 sb bssd eopýtbsb jeb dhcustod, ï sonpjbs9 hí` ké trdgdje`s. Nbje`r dsson. @u, mds` dmeb qub `s trdgdje`s sí` onp`rtdhtbs9 mrob

 

nbo`s kb `s bstukdhtbs bsmrbvbrbn `s trdgdje`s kurdhtb ds dujds (b dpbhds kurdhtb ds dujds). [brmbord sucbstí`9 mds` v`mé rbdjnbhtb dmeb onp`rtdhtb qub `s bstukdhtbs fdãdn trdgdje`s, bhsohb-`s d fdzé-j`s. Nuot`s kbjbs hí` sdgbn fdzbr p`rqub hohcuïn bhsoh`u (b idndos dprbhkbrí` sb hohcuïn bhsohdr).  

]bnohäro`9  dquo hí` ï sufomobhtb bsmrbvbr ` trdgdje`< `s bstukdhtbs

kbvbn dohkd dprbsbhtä-j` á turnd. @s pr`fbss`rbs tok`s m`n` ndos roc`r`s`s pbrnotbn dtï qub `s bstukdhtbs dtrogudn h`tds d` trdgdje` k`s `utr`s crup`s. Q`ht` Frdm`9 h`vdnbhtb, p`kb sbr fbot` p`r `utrbn b dpbhds dprbsbhtdk` pbj`s bstukdhtbs. Tudhk` kd dtroguoãí` kb h`tds, p`r ‚vohcdhãd„, bstukdhtbs qub hí` sb kí` m`n ohtbcrdhtbs k`s `utr`s crup`s p`kbn puxdr ds h`tds pdrd gdox`. ]ucbstòbs9 mds` dpjoqub bssd ndhbord kb dvdjodãí`, och`rb qub ` trdgdje` p`kb sbr bsmrot` p`r `utrds pbss`ds. Mds` d turnd bn qubstí` tbhed värods dhbjoheds  dkvbrsärods, dvdjob `s trdgdje`s s`zohe` d` ohvïs kb pdrtojedr d

dvdjodãí` m`n d turnd. @utrd okbod sbrod m`htrdgdjdhãdr d h`td dtroguîkd pbj`s bstukdhtbs m`n d k` pr`fbss`r.  

SbgTubst 9 m`n` ` prýpro` h`nb ohkomd, SbgTubst ï

und gusmd hd Ohtbrhbt. @ pr`fbss`r ohkomd qubstòbs qub kbvbrí` sbr rbsp`hkokds, b h`rndjnbhtb ï m`np`std kb  Ohtr`kuãí` (`hkb ` pr`fbss`r kbtbrnohd ` dssuht` b kä und n`tovdãí` ohomodj)< [drbfd (kbsmrbvb ` pbrmurs` qub `s djuh`s ví` fdzbr dtï ` fon kd SbgTubst)<  Qr`mbss`  (ohmjuo t`kds ds btdpds kd SbgTubst)<  Wbmurs`s (gogjo`crdfod ohomodj b rbmurs`s d qub sb p`kb rbm`rrbr)< M`hmjusí`  (fohdjozdãí` kd tdrbfd9 qudhk` ` trdgdje` bstä pr`ht`0 Tudos sí` `s pdrçnbtr`s nîhon`s qub kbvbn sbr dtohcok`s0) b  Dvdjodãí` (Tudos sí` `s mrotïro`s usdk`s pbj` pr`fbss`r pdrd dvdjodr `s trdgdje`s fohdos). Q`ht`s Frdm`s9 `s nbsn`s k`s trdgdje`s bsmrot`s. ]ucbstòbs9 pbsquosb gdstdhtb dhtbs kb dpjomdr d SbgTubst m`n` dvdjodãí`. Vdo vdjbr d pbhd.  

 Kbgdtb9 ` dut`r, bhqudht` bkumdhk`, bstuk`u m`n un

pr`fbss`r qub dpjomdvd kbgdtbs m`n` ohstrunbht` kb dvdjodãí`. Hbssb mds`, sí` bsm`jeok`s k`os jdk`s \h`rndjnbhtb d fdv`r `u m`htrd kbtbrnohdk` tbnd^, b `s bstukdhtbs prbmosdn kbfbhkbr `s p`ht`s kb vostd, s`g

 

` iujcdnbht` k`s `utr`s djuh`s (qub hí` bstí` t`ndhk` pdrtb hd drcunbhtdãí` k` kbgdtb). Jä h` j`hcîhqu` dh` kb 4?56, ` grdv` pr`fbss`r kdqubjb qub v`s bsmrbvb fbz un kbgdtb s`grb bhbrcod humjbdr. Djcuhs bstukdhtbs kbvbrodn fdjdr m`htrd d bhbrcod humjbdr, b `utr`s bstukdhtbs, qub hí` brdn kd nbsnd bsm`jd k`s pronbor`s, kbvbrodn usdr drcunbht`s d fdv`r kd bhbrcod humjbdr. Bng`rd `s pdrtomopdhtbs tovbssbn h` näxon` 42 dh`s, ` kbgdtb kbox`u und g`d onprbssí` hbstbs fdtocdk`s hburûho`s. Qr`gjbnd9 turnds qub grocdn nuot` dmdgdrí` grocdhk` tdngïn d` dpjomdr bstb ohstrunbht` kb dvdjodãí`. [bnds bn qub p`ssd edvbr un drcunbht` rbjoco`s` p`kbn sb t`rhdr kbsdcrdkävbos pdrd `s kbgdtbk`rbs hí`rbjoco`s`s - hí` kä prd cdhedr kb Kbus hun kbgdtb... ]ucbstòbs9 bstdgbjbmbr rbcrds mjdrds pdrd ` kbgdtb b pdrd m`ogor ds p`ssîvbos pr`v`mdãòbs bhtrb `s pdrtomopdhtbs.   6

M`htr`vïrsod m`htr`jdkd M[]9 kb dm`rk` m`n MEWO]QOH@ , motdk` p`r

MEDVB], d m`htr`vïrsod m`htr`jdkd ï

‚un nït`k` kokätom` kb m`hstruãí` kb m`hsbhs` (pbj` nbh`s h` pr`mbss` kb kbgdtb) nohumo`sdnbhtb prbpdrdk` d pdrtor kb rbcrds prbvodnbhtb kbfohokds vosdhk` ` bxbrmîmo` kb (4) okbhtofomdãí` kb pr`gjbnds m`nuhs pdrd f`nbhtdr d m`htr`vïrsod< (7) ` bxbrmîmo` kb bstdgbjbmbr pdkròbs nutudnbhtb dmbotävbos pdrd sustbhtdr un kbgdtb< (=) d gusmd `rcdhozdkd kb ohf`rndãòbs pbrtohbhtbs d` tbnd kbfohok`< (;) d prbpdrdãí` kd bxp`soãí` bn kbfbsd kd p`soãí`< (2) d mdpdmokdkb kb bsmutdr d p`soãí` m`htr`vbrsd dprbsbhtdkd rdmo`hdjnbhtb pbj`s kbndos pdrtomopdhtbs< (6) ` bxbrmîmo` kb m`htrddrcunbhtdr d pdrtor k` m`hebmonbht` k`s drcunbht`s utojozdk`s pbj`s kbndos kbgdtbk`rbs b (3) rbdvdjodr ds p`soãòbs ” d sud b ds kbndos ” d pdrtor kb h`vds ohf`rndãòbs.„  

@u sbid, un tbnd< kostroguor tdrbfdsbn un crup` qub kb n`k` qubï prbmos` t`k`s `sbsm`jebr bstukdhtbs bstbidn bhcdidk`s pbsquosb un kbtbrnohdk` p`ht` kb vostd< pbhsdr ` n`k` kb dprbsbhtdãí` k`s drcunbht`s< bstdgbjbmbr `s tbnp`s pdrd fdjdãòbs b rïpjomds< b kbtbrnohdr d m`hmjusí` kd m`htr`vïrsod, bn qub `s bstukdhtbs fdjdn s`grb ` qub dprbhkbrdn k`s prýpro`s p`ht`s kb vostd b k`s p`ht`s kb vostd m`hträro`s d`s sbus. Ï gbn ndos dgrdhcbhtb k` qub ` sonpjbs kbgdtb, p`rqub hbjd t`k`s kbvbn bstdr bhv`jvok`s. Ï gdstdhtb bhroqubmbk`r, nds... Kbfbot`9 ” @ ùhom` kbfbot`9 ï trdgdje`s`. ]ucbstòbs9 Jbod ` trdgdje` kb MEDVB] b pr`murb djcuhs drtoc`s kb MEWO]QOH@ dhtbs kb dpjomdr d okbod kd m`htr`vïrsod M[]. Vdjb d pbhd

 

dprbhkbr un p`um` ndos, iä qub bstb jovr` sbrod gbn ndo`r mds` kïssbn`s ndos kbtdjebs s`grb d m`htr`vïrsod. Qr`p`sotdjnbhtb hí` nbhmo`hdn`s ` qub ï M[]. @ prdzbr kd kbsm`gbrtd ï djc` qub hí` kbvbrod sbr rbtordk` kds pbss`ds, b kbsbidn`s qub ` jbot`r rbdjozb bssd kbsm`gbrtd p`r so sý.  Qbsquosd kb mdnp`9 ï hbmbssäro` bstdgbjbmbr un `gibtov` mjdr` b pbkor

d`s bstukdhtbs qub pbsquosbn s`grb un kbtbrnohdk` tbnd, b kbp`os n`strbn `s rbsujtdk`s kb sud pbsquosd. Bxbnpj`9 m`npdrdãí` kb prbã`s bn kovbrs`s jucdrbs< bhtrbvostds m`n pbss`ds bxtbrhds á bsm`jd< vosotds d j`mdos bxtbrh`s á bsm`jd m`n rbjdtýro` p`stbro`r, btm. Q`ht` Frdm`9 mds` `s `gibtov`s hí` tbhedn sok` nuot` gbn bxpjomdk`s p`kbrí` dpdrbmbr rbsujtdk`s bskrùxuj`s. ]ucbstòbs9 sbid muokdk`s` b bxpjoqub gbn ` qub v`mé kbsbid. Bn t`k`s `s mds`s, sbid qudj f`r ` ohstrunbht` dk`tdk`, kbvb-sb jbngrdr kb und rbcrd väjokd btbrhdnbhtb9 ` qub qubr qub sbid pr`p`st`, kbvb p`kbr sbr bxbmutdk` h` tbnp` kosp`hîvbj pdrd tdj (rbcrd kd bxbquogojokdkb). @utrds komds fuhkdnbhtdos9 usdr johcudcbn mjdrd, korbtd b dkbqudkd d` hîvbj kb bhsoh`< hí` mrodr qubstòbs qub sbidn rbsp`hkokds m`n `utrds qubstòbs dhtbro`rbs `u p`stbro`rbs d bjd< mds` usb tdgbjds `u cräfom`s, tbhed ` sbcuohtb muokdk`9 bssds ohf`rndãòbs fomdrí` jbcîvbos0 Mds` edid kùvokd, m`ht`rhb-ds b dg`rrbãd-sb nbh`s. @ prohmîpo` fuhkdnbhtdj d` dvdjodr kbvb sbr ` sbcuohtb9 nuot` ndos onp`rtdhtb qub qudjqubr m`osd ï rbsp`hkbr á sbcuohtb pbrcuhtd9 qudht` nbu bstukdhtb dprbhkbu m`n bssb trdgdje`0 D h`td `u m`hmbot` kbvb bstdr dss`modk` d bssd rbsp`std.  

[op`s kb dvdjodãí`  

Dvdjodãí` kodchýstomd9 m`n` ` prýpro` h`nb sucbrb, sbrvb pdrd kodch`stomdr ` qub `s bstukdhtbs sdgbn k`s rbquosot`s pdrd d sïrob dtudj. Kdhk` un bxbnpj`, qudhk` sb vdo m`nbãdr d pronbord sïrob k` bhsoh` nïko`, un k`s m`htbùk`s kb Ndtbnätomd ï [roc`h`nbtrod< j`c`, ` trdgdje` k` pr`fbss`r fomdrä ndos fämoj sb bjb iä s`ugbr dhtbmopdkdnbhtb qudos sí` `s m`htbùk`s ” prï-rbquosot`s - qub `s bstukdhtbs k`nohdn b `s qub prbmosdrí` sbr rbvost`s. Bstb top` kb dvdjodãí` hí` m`htd pdrd d dvdjodãí` s`ndtovd, p`os

 

hí` ï rbm`nbhkdk` m`n` puhor `u rbm`npbhsdr djcuïn pbj`s m`htbùk`s qub d pbss`d k`nohd (`u hí`) kb dh`s dhtbro`rbs. D fuhãí` kbssd dvdjodãí` ï dpbhds `robhtdr ` pjdhbidnbht` kds dujds b kbndos dtovokdkbs k` pr`fbss`r. M`n` bstä dforndk` h`s QMH‟s9 @ dm`npdhednbht` b d rb`rcdhozdãí` k` pr`mbss` kb bhsoh` b d dprbhkozdcbn hd bsm`jd ohmjuo, hbmbssdrodnbhtb, und dvdjodãí` ohomodj pdrd ` pjdhbidnbht` k` pr`fbss`r b und dvdjodãí` d` fohdj kb und btdpd kb trdgdje`. D dvdjodãí` ohvbstocdtovd ohomodj ohstrunbhtdjozdrä ` pr`fbss`r pdrd qub p`ssd pûr bn prätomd sbu pjdhbidnbht` kb f`rnd dkbqudkd ás mdrdmtbrîstomds kb sbus djuh`s. Bssb ï ` n`nbht` bn qub ` pr`fbss`r vdo sb ohf`rndr s`grb ` qub ` djuh`  iä sdgb s`grb kbtbrnohdk` m`htbùk` pdrd, d pdrtor kdî, bstruturdr sud pr`crdndãí`, kbfohohk` `s m`htbùk`s b ` hîvbj kb pr`fuhkokdkb bn qub kbvb sbr dg`rkdk`s. D dvdjodãí` ohomodj sbrvb pdrd ` pr`fbss`r `gtbr ohf`rndãòbs hbmbssärods pdrd pr`p`r dtovokdkbs b cbrdr h`v`s m`hebmonbht`s, dsson m`n` pdrd ` djuh` t`ndr m`hsmoéhmod k` qub iä sdgb b k` qub p`kb dohkd dprbhkbr s`grb un kbtbrnohdk` m`hiuht` kb m`htbùk`s. Ï onp`rtdhtb qub `m`rrd und dvdjodãí` h` ohîmo` k` dh`, p`os ` fdt` k` djuh` bstdr ohomodhk` und sïrob hí` ï ohf`rndãí` sufomobhtb pdrd qub ` pr`fbss`r sdogd s`grb suds hbmbssokdkbs kb dprbhkozdcbhs. Nbsn` qub ` pr`fbss`r dm`npdheb d mjdssb kb un dh` pdrd ` `utr`, b tbhed rbcostr`s kbtdjedk`s s`grb ` kbsbnpbhe` k`s djuh`s h` dh` dhtbro`r, hí` sb bxmjuo bssd ohvbstocdãí` ohomodj, p`os `s djuh`s hí` kboxdn kb dprbhkbr kurdhtb ds fïrods b nuotd m`osd p`kb sbr djtbrdkd h` ohtbrvdj` k`s pbrî`k`s jbtov`s. Nds bssds dvdjodãòbs hí` kbvbn sbr dpjomdkds bxmjusovdnbhtb h`s ohîmo`s kb dh` b kb sbnbstrb< sí` pbrtohbhtbs sbnprb qub ` pr`fbss`r pr`pòb h`v`s m`htbùk`s `u h`vds sbquéhmods kb sotudãòbs kokätomds. Ï onp`rtdhtb tbr mjdr` qub d dvdjodãí` ohomodj hí` onpjomd d ohstdurdãí` kb un j`hc` pbrî`k` kodchýstom`, qub dmdgb p`r sb kbstdmdr k` pr`mbss` kb dprbhkozdcbn qub bstä bn murs`, h` qudj ` pr`fbss`r hí` dvdhãd bn suds pr`p`stds pbrkbhk` bsmdss` b prbmo`s` tbnp` bsm`jdr kb qub kospòb. Bjd p`kb sbr rbdjozdkd h` ohtbro`r nbsn` kb un pr`mbss` kb bhsoh` dprbhkozdcbn, iä qub `s djuh`s pòbn ohbvotdvbjnbhtb bn i`c` sbus m`hebmonbht`s prïvo`s d` bhfrbhtdr qudjqubr sotudãí` kokätomd. @ pr`mbss` m`htbnpjd, tdngïn, d `gsbrvdãí` k`s dvdhã`s b kd qudjokdkb kd dprbhkozdcbn djmdhãdkd pbj`s djuh`s d` fohdj kb un pbrî`k` kb trdgdje`, sbid bstb kbtbrnohdk` pbj` fon kb un gonbstrb `u kb un dh`, sbid pbj` bhmbrrdnbht` kb un pr`ibt` `u sbquéhmod kokätomd. (Ogokbn)  

Dsson fom`u mjdr`, mbrt`0 D dvdjodãí` kodchýstomd ï djc` dpdrbhtbnbhtb orrbjbvdhtb, nds p`kb sbr gdstdhtb vdjo`sd pdrd ` pjdhbidnbht` k` dh` jbtov` sb gbn usdkd. ]bus rbsujtdk`s p`kbn bvotdr pbrkd kb tbnp` m`n rbpbtoãòbs kb dssuht`s qub `s bstukdhtbs k`nohdn< `u, po`r dohkd, fdjdr dssuht`s sbn qub `s bstukdhtbs k`nohbn sbus prï-rbquosot`s \` qub sbrä un crdhko`s` kbspbrkîmo` kb tbnp`, p`rqub ohbvotdvbjnbhtb sbrä hbmbssäro` pdrdr b bhsohdr `s prï-rbquosot`s. . . ^.  

Dvdjodãí` f`rndtovd9 ï d dvdjodãí` kurdhtb ` pr`mbss`

 

bkumdtov`. ]bus rbsujtdk`s sí` m`nuhomdk`s á fdnîjod (b p`r bxtbhsí` á s`mobkdkb) dtrdvïs kb m`hmbot`s, h`tds b rbsujtdk`s pdrmodos.  

Dvdjodãí` s`ndtovd `u qudjotdtovd9 ï ` vbrbkot` fohdj k` dh` jbtov`, `u sbid, ` rbsujtdk` fohdj. Bn und sotudãí` okbdj, idndos edvbrod und surprbsd hbssb n`nbht`< dohkd bn und-”dhäjosbs sotudãí` s`grb okbdj, un d éhfdsb kd bsm`jd sbrod hds dvdjodãòbs pdrmodos (>goýpsods pr`mbss` bn dhkdnbht`), b hí` hd dvdjodãí` s`ndtovd (>dutýpsod ”dhäjosb s`grb un pr`mbss` tbrnohdk`). M`rrbt`0

 

Mdpîtuj` ; - D [dx`h`nod kb Gj``n Wbvosdkd b d Dvdjodãí`

 

Bstd okbod (kd tdx`h`nod) hí` ï h`vd9 iä bxostb kbskb 4?;5, b f`o pr`p`std p`r un crup` kb bkumdk`rbs, qub mrodrdn un sostbnd kb mjdssofomdãí` pdrd trés k`nîho`s9 ` m`chotov`, ` dfbtov` b ` psom`n`t`r. D pdjdvrd tdx`h`nod, `u tdxo`h`nod, sochofomd `rcdhozdãí` bn mjdssbs, qub ï ` qub vbrbn`s j`c` d sbcuor. D okbod mbhtrdj \kb qudhk` d tdx`h`nod kb Gj``n f`o pr`p`std^ ï kb qub `s `gibtov`s bkumdmo`hdos p`kbn sbr `rcdhozdk`s eobrdrquomdnbhtb, k` hîvbj ndos sonpjbs ‛ M`hebmonbht`  ‛ dtï ` ndos m`npjbx` ‛ Dvdjodãí` (h` sbhtok` kb iuîz` kb vdj`r).  

@s hîvbos kd tdx`h`nod kb Gj``n sí`, pbjd `rkbn9 M`hebmonbht`, M`nprbbhsí`, Dpjomdãí`, Dhäjosb, ]îhtbsb b Dvdjodãí`. Hí` eä m`hsbhs` m`n rbjdãí` ás p`soãòbs kd ]îhtbsb  b kd  Dvdjodãí`, p`rïn dngds sí` hbmbssdrodnbhtb p`stbro`rbs á Dhäjosb. Mdkd hîvbj tbn, dss`modk` d so, und sïrob kb vbrg`s, m`n` bxbnpjofomdn`s dgdox`. Dprbsbhtdn`s, dohkd, bxbnpj`s sonpjbs kb dpjomdãí` k`s hîvbos. Vdn`s d bjbs9 4 ” M`hebmonbht`  ” jbngrdr fdt`s, kdtds, h`nbs, mdrdmtbrîstomds, btm. prbvodnbhtb m`hebmok`s. Vbrg`s9 kbsmrbvbr, `rkbhdr, jostdr, bhunbrdr, rbjdmo`hdr, r`tujdr, nbn`rozdr, okbhtofomdr b motdr. - Tudht`s b qudos sí` `s pjdhbtds k` sostbnd s`jdr0 - Tudos sí` `s ro`s kd ndrcbn korbotd k` Dndz`hds0  

7 ” M`nprbbhsí`  ‛ m`nprbbhkbr b kdr sochofomdk` d` m`htbùk`. Dpjomdr und okbod bn m`htbxt`s kofbrbhtbs. Vbrg`s9 kbsmrbvbr, okbhtofomdr, ohtbrprbtdr, rbm`hebmbr, bxpjomdr, kostohcuor, sbjbmo`hdr, bxbnpjofomdr, mjdssofomdr b sotudr. - Kbsmrbvd pbj` nbh`s kuds mdrdmtbrîstomds k`s pjdhbtds k` sostbnd s`jdr. - D Jud ï medndkd kb sdtïjotb k` pjdhbtd [brrd. Bxpjoqub d kofbrbhãd bhtrb un pjdhbtd b un sdtïjotb.  

= ” Dpjomdãí`  ‛ usdr okbods/ m`hmbot`s/ pr`mbkonbht`s dprbhkok`s dhtbro`rnbhtb bn h`vds sotudãòbs m`hmrbtds. Vbrg`s9 dpjomdr, mrodr, fdzbr, m`hstruor, n`kbjdr, prbvbr, prbpdrdr, kbsmrbvbr, bxpjomdr m`n gdsb bn

 

m`hebmonbht`s prïvo`s, ohtbrprbtdr. - Bxpjoqub p`r qub d vokd sbrod onp`ssîvbj bn qudjqubr pjdhbtd pbrtbhmbhtb d` sostbnd s`jdr, bxmbt` d [brrd. - ]b tovïssbn`s tbmh`j`cod b rbmurs`s qub t`rhdssbn p`ssîvbj bstdgbjbmbr und m`jûhod tbrräqubd bn Ndrtb, motb djcunds kofomujkdkbs kd p`ssîvbj onpjdhtdãí` kbssd m`jûhod.   ; ” Dhäjosb  ‛ kovokor ` m`hebmonbht` bn pdrtbs vosdhk` ` bhtbhkonbht` kd bstruturd m`npjbtd. Vbrg`s9 m`npdrdr, bspbmofomdr, kovokor, kostohcuor, mjdssofomdr, m`npdrdr, okbhtofomdr, sbjbmo`hdr, bxdnohdr b dhdjosdr. - Dhdjosb ds kofbrbhãds bhtrb ` prbsokbhmodjosn` b ` pdrjdnbhtdrosn`. Dp`htb vdhtdcbhs b kbsvdhtdcbhs bhtrb `s sostbnds. - Tudj ï d kofbrbhãd bhtrb `s pjdhbtds ndos prýxon`s b `s ndos kostdhtbs k` ]`j0 Bspbmofoqub pbj` nbh`s kuds kofbrbhãds.  

2 ” ]îhtbsb  ‛ m`ngohdr/dcrbcdr pdrtbs pdrd f`rndr un ―t`k`‟ d pdrtor kb bjbnbht`s m`n kofbrbhtbs mdrdmtbrîstomds. Vbrg`s9 mdtbc`rozdr, m`ngohdr, cbhbrdjozdr, m`npojdr, rbm`hstruor, m`np`r, rbbsmrbvbr, sohtbtozdr, pr`ibtdr, n`kofomdr. - Kbsmrbvd m`n` v`mé pr`ibtdrod un n`kbj` k` sostbnd s`jdr. Bxpjoqub ` qub kbvb sbr fbot` pdrd qub bjb hí` foqub ohm`rrbt`. Mdjnd9 dpbhds kbsmrbvd, hí` sbrä hbmbssäro` fdzé-j` kb fdt`.  

6 ” Dvdjodãí`  ‛ drcunbhtdr b fdzbr iujcdnbht`s `gibtov`s s`grb ` vdj`r/qudjokdkbs kb djc` pdrd un pr`pýsot` bspbmîfom`. Iujcdr d onp`rtçhmod `u ` vdj`r kb djc`. Vbrg`s9 dvdjodr, iujcdr, dvbrocudr, ohtbrprbtdr, rbsunor, rbjdtdr, m`npdrdr, rbs`jvbr, drcunbhtdr, iustofomdr. - @ Grdsoj ï und rbpùgjomd prbsokbhmodjostd. Nuot`s pdîsbs (prohmopdjnbhtb hd Bur`pd) sí` n`hdrquods. M`npdrb `s k`os n`kbj`s (rbpùgjomd b n`hdrquod) b kocd qudj kbjbs pdrbmb ndos dkbqudk`, b p`r qué. - Vdn`s fdzbr djcunds eopýtbsbs. Dquo h` pjdhbtd [brrd, d` jdhãdr un rbjýco` kd djturd kb 21 nbtr`s, d` hîvbj k` ndr, ï hbmbssäro` un mbrt` tbnp` pdrd qub ` rbjýco` dtohid ` meí`. Mds` ` nbsn` rbjýco` f`ssb jdhãdk` kd djturd kb 21 nbtr`s bn rbjdãí` d` meí` h` pjdhbtd Nbrmùro`, ` tbnp` kb qubkd sbrod ocudj `u kofbrbhtb bn rbjdãí` d` tbnp` hd tbrrd0 Mds` v`mé dmeb qub `  tbnp` ï kofbrbhtb, bxpjoqub `s fdt`rbs qub dfbtdn ` tbnp` kb qubkd.

 

B m`n` oss` (d tdxo`h`nod kb Gj``n) ohfjubhmod d nohed dvdjodãí`0  

Tubn m`hsbcub fdzbr und dvdjodãí`, nbsn` qub sbid und ‚sonpjbs„ pr`vd, gdsbdk` hd tdxo`h`nod kb Gj``n, vdo vbr qub ï ndos fämoj \bn rbjdãí` d` trdgdje` hbmbssäro` pdrd m`hfbmmo`hä-jd^ k` qub pdrbmb, b d tdj dvdjodãí` ï nbh`s   mdhsdtovd pdrd ` bstukdhtb. Vbidn`s9 ` okbdj ï nosturdr qubstòbs m`n hîvbos kofbrbhtbs, kb n`k` d hí` provojbcodr kbndos un ùhom` hîvbj kd tdxo`h`nod kb Gj``n. Bssd dtotukb fdrä m`n qub d dvdjodãí` hí` sb t`rhb kbsdcrdkävbj. ]b ” kocdn`s ” ` pr`fbss`r sb bnp`jcdssb b dtordssb dpbhds qubstòbs k`s hîvbos 2 b 6 bn und pr`vd, mbrtdnbhtb e`rkds kb bstukdhtbs furoguhk`s rbmjdndrodn m`n d korbãí`.  

]up`hk`, p`r dgsurk`, qub ds qubstòbs f`ssbn dpbhds k`s hîvbos 4 b 7, `s bstukdhtbs hí` jebs kdrodn d nîhond onp`rtçhmod (tdjvbz p`r hí` sb sbhtorbn bstonujdk`s ohtbjbmtudjnbhtb). J`c`, ` ndos rbm`nbhkdk` ï und nbsmjd k`s hîvbos kds qubstòbs.  

[`k` pr`fbss`r fomd ordk` d` jbr rbsp`stds dgsurkds, sbn m`hbxí` m`n ` qub sb bspbrdvd qub ` bstukdhtb rbsp`hkbssb. Q`rïn, d pr`gdgojokdkb kb dpdrbmonbht` kbssb top` kb rbsp`std ï nohonozdkd \dsson bspbrdn`s^ qudhk` ds pbrcuhtds sí` ndos bspbmîfomds. Djcuhs bxbnpj`s k` qub bstdn`s tbhtdhk` kozbr9   Q ” @hkb fomd ` sostbnd bxmrbt`r k` mdndrí`0 W   ” H` m`rp` k` mdndrí`. Q ” Bsmrbvd tuk` ` qub v`mé sdgb s`grb d ]bndhd kb 77. W ” \@ bstukdhtb hí` bsmrbvbu hdkd, b qubrod p`rqub qubrod d p`htudãí` rbfbrbhtb á qubstí`. Djbcdãí`9 bjb hí` sdgod hdkd s`grb d ]bndhd kb 77, p`rtdht` bsmrbvbu tuk` qub sdgod (hdkd).^  

Djcunds okbods9 - Bvotb d t`k` must` d bxprbssí` ―kocd ` qub v`mé sdgb‟ b m`osds kbssb céhbr`. - Dhtbs kb dpjomdr d dvdjodãí`, rbvbid mdkd qubstí`, b pbhsb sb djcund kbjds p`kbrod sbr usdkd m`n` djv` pdrd rbsp`stds orrbjbvdhtbs b/`u orrbvbrbhtbs. Qbhsb, dohkd, m`n` djcun bstukdhtb ohtbjbmtudjnbhtb

 

bhcrdãdkohe` p`kbrod fdzbr m`n qub ` `gibtov` kb kbtbrnohdkds qubstòbs sb pbrkbssb. - ]bid prbmos`, m`n` h`s bxbnpj`s dhtbro`rbs rbbsmrot`s9 Bn sdjd kb dujd hýs bstukdn`s ds mdrdmtbrîstomds k`s drtrýp`kbs. Rn rbprbsbhtdhtb kbssb foj` kb sbrbs vov`s ï ` mdndrí`. M`n gdsb h` qub kosmuton`s bn dujd, bxpjoqub bn qub pdrtb k` m`rp` k` mdndrí` fomd ` sbu sostbnd bxmrbt`r.   D ]bndhd kb Drtb N`kbrhd kb 4?77, tdngïn rbfbrokd sonpjbsnbhtb m`n` ]bndhd kb 77, `m`rrbu bn fbvbrbor` kb 4?77, bn ]í` Qduj`. Motb djcuhs bsmrot`rbs qub pdrtomopdrdn kd ]bndhd kb 77 b djcunds rbdãòbs hbcdtovds.  

Rnd dvdjodãí` ohtbrbssdhtb ï und dvdjodãí` qub nbsmjd qubstòbs m`n väro`s k`s hîvbos kd [dx`h`nod kb Gj``n. [urnds m`n djuh`s ndos h`v`s, qub dohkd hí` sdgbn drcunbhtdr gbn, kbvbrodn sbr bxp`stds crdkdtovdnbhtb ás qubstòbs m`n gdsb h`s hîvbos 2 b 6 \]îhtbsb b Dvdjodãí`, rbspbmtovdnbhtb^ kd tdx`h`nod. Iä h` bhsoh` nïko`, p`kb-sb usdr tdos hîvbos un p`um` ndos.  

Dkodhtb h` tbxt` edvbrä djcunds qubstòbs qub p`kbrodn sbr usdkd m`n` rbfbréhmod< bhtrbtdht`, h`ss` kbsbi` ï qub mdkd pr`fbss`r fdãd sud prýprod rbfjbxí` b dkdptb-sb á rbdjokdkb bkumdmo`hdj kb sud turnd.

 

Mdpîtuj` 2 - Djcuhs bxbnpj`s kb dpjomdãí` kd [dx`h`nod kb Gj``n

 

Dquo, tbrbn`s djcuhs bxbnpj`s kb dpjomdãí` kd tdx`h`nod kb Gj``n, bn värods kosmopjohds.  

Ndtbnätomd, M`hmurs` pdrd Qr`fbss`rbs k` Bstdk` k` Wo` kb Idhbor`,

7144   M`hsokbrdhk` x ≡ y, d bxprbssí` m`s(x - y) + m`s(x + y) ï bquovdjbhtb d9 d) 4 g) m`s7x ” sbh7x m) 7 m`s x m`s y k) m`s(x7 ” y7) b) m`s (xy)  

Bssd- M`hebmonbht` qubstí`, qub bhv`jvb dpbhdskb` pronbor` hîvbj kb kd pr`fbss`rbs [dx`h`nod kb kb Gj``n - fbz pdrtb und sbjbãí` Ndtbnätomd k` Bstdk` k` Wo` kb Idhbor` kb 7144. D mrîtomd ýgvod ï qub hí` ï p`ssîvbj nbhsurdr sb djcuïn bhsohdrä gbn Ndtbnätomd m`n bssb top` kb qubstí` - sbrod p`ssîvbj qub d pbss`d tbhed kbm`rdk` d okbod nds hí` tbhed h`ãí` kd utojokdkb kbssd fýrnujd. D pr`pýsot`, ` cdgdrot` kd qubstí` ï d jbtrd M.  

Cb`crdfod, BHBN, 7146 @ Wo` kb Idhbor` tbn pr`ibãí` onbkodtd h` prýpro` bstdk` b h` Bspîrot` ]dht`, bn pdrmbjd k` suj k` bstdk` kd Gdeod, b hd Y`hd kd Ndtd, bn Nohds Cbrdos, `hkb tbn ohfjuéhmod kovokokd m`n Gbj` E`roz`htb. M`npòbn d rbkb urgdhd k` Wo` kb Idhbor`, bhtrb `utrds mokdkbs9 Votýrod, Iuoz kb F`rd, Mdme`bor` kb Otdpbnoron, Mdnp`s k`s C`ytdmdzbs, V`jtd Wbk`hkd - Gdrrd Ndhsd, [boxbord kb Frbotds, Dhcrd k`s Wbos b [brbsýp`jos.   @ m`hmbot` qub bxprbssd d rbjdãí` bhtrb ` bspdã` dprbsbhtdk` b d mokdkb k` Wo` kb Idhbor` ï9 (D) Frbhtb po`hbord. (G) Y`hd kb trdhsoãí`. (M) Wbcoí` p`jdrozdkd. (K) Ärbd kb m`hurgdãí`. (B) Qbrofbrod nbtr`p`jotdhd.  

 

@utrd vbz, ` m`htbxt` `grocd ` bstukdhtb d rbm`hebmbr un m`hmbot`, b hdkd ndos. [rdtd-sb kb und qubstí` kb M`hebmonbht`. Cdgdrot`9 jbtrd M.  

Fîsomd, RFWI, vbstogujdr 7144  

Rn dvoí` vdo kbm`jdr bn und postd rbtojîhbd. Bjb ohomod sbu n`vonbht` hd mdgbmbord kd postd m`n vbj`mokdkb hujd b m`rrb p`r bjd m`n dmbjbrdãí` nïkod kb 7,1 n/s 7 dtï ` ohstdhtb bn qub jbvdhtd v``, m`n und vbj`mokdkb kb 51 n/s, dhtbs kb tbrnohdr d postd. d) Mdjmujb qudht` tbnp` ` dvoí` pbrndhbmb hd postd kbskb ` ohîmo` k` n`vonbht` dtï ` ohstdhtb bn qub jbvdhtd v``. g) Kbtbrnohb ` nbh`r m`npronbht` p`ssîvbj kbssd postd.

 

Qdrd mdjmujdr ` tbnp` bn qub ` dvoí` fomd hd postd dtï kbm`jdr d 51 n/s, 3 ï hbmbssäro` dpjomdr und fýrnujd . Fbot` ost`, ` tbnp` bhm`htrdk` ï ` tbnp` 5   sbr usdkd qub f`o cdst` pbrm`rrbhk` d postd< pbrm`rrokd. b `utrd fýrnujd kbtbrnohdr qudj f`o d kostçhmod Bssd p`kb kostçhmod (∆s) ïpdrd` m`npronbht` nîhon` kd postd. J`c`, d qubstí` bhv`jvb `s hîvbos M`nprbbhsí` b Dpjomdãí`.  

Go`j`cod, RFWI, vbstogujdr 7144   [`k`s `s sbrbs vov`s p`kbn sbr mjdssofomdk`s bn bspïmobs b mdkd bspïmob pbrtbhmb d un ùhom` rboh` (N`hbrd, Qr`tostd, Fuhco, Qjdhtdb b Dhondjod). @s tdx`h`nostds iä kbsmrbvbrdn ndos kb 41.111 bspïmobs kb jîqubhs, sbcuohk` ds h`rnds kb h`nbhmjdturd k`s sbrbs vov`s, bng`rd `s jîqubhs dprbsbhtbn und mdrdmtbrîstomd qub `s kofbrbhmod kds kbndos bspïmobs. Bxpjoqub p`r qub `s jîqubhs hí` p`kbn sbr m`hsokbrdk`s vbrkdkbords bspïmobs.

 

D qubstí` s`jomotd qub ` rbsp`hkbhtb bxpjomotb d rdzí` pbjd qudj `s jîqubhs hí` p`kbn sbr m`hsokbrdk`s vbrkdkbords bspïmobs. @u sbid, ï hbmbssäro` sdgbr ` qub mdrdmtbrozd und bspïmob, b hí` bstä prbsbhtb h`s jîqubhs. @u sbid, trdtd-sb k` tbrmbor` hîvbj ( Dpjomdãí`  Dpjomdãí`) kd tdx`h`nod kb Gj``n.  

Jovr` kokätom` kd ]bxtd ]ïrob kb Moéhmods

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  Bstbeämdpîtuj` n`str`u dkbv`mé ` m`hmbot` kbdhondos. dkdptdãí`. tbxt`kbjds. s`grb n`rmbc`s nuot`s bxbnpj`s dkdptdãòbs kbssbs FdãdHbssb und jostd

 

 

@ dut`r s`jomotd d` bstukdhtb und qubstí` mjdrdnbhtb kb  Dhäjosb, kb dm`rk` m`n d [dx`h`nod kb Gj``n.  

Foj`s`fod, RFWI, Vbstogujdr 7115 ‚Foj`s`fod„ ï und pdjdvrd kb `rocbn crbcd. Bjd ï m`hstotuîkd pbjd rbuhoí` kb kuds `utrds pdjdvrds crbcds9 ‚peojod„ b ‚s`peod„. @ tbrn` crbc` ‚peojod„ p`kb sbr trdkuzok` p`r ‚dnozdkb„, ‚dfboãí`„, ‚dn`r„. Iä ` tbrn` ‚s`peod„ m`stund sbr trdkuzok` p`r ‚sdgbk`rod„. D pdrtor kbssds m`hsokbrdãòbs9 d) ohkoqub ` sochofomdk` kd pdjdvrd ‚foj`s`fod„< g) m`nbhtb ` sbhtok` kd dtovokdkb qub bjd kbsochd.  

D pronbord pdrtb kd qubstí` sb rbfbrb d` hîvbj ]îhtbsb kd [dx`h`nod kb Gj``n9 rbuhor (sohtbtozdr) `s sochofomdk`s kb kuds pdjdvrds kofbrbhtbs f`rndhk` un h`v` sochofomdk`.  

7144Ndtbnätomd, M`hmurs` pdrd Qr`fbss`rbs k` Bstdk` k` Wo` kb Idhbor`, @ pr`fbss`r Cojs`h, kb Ndtbnätomd, pbkou d sbus djuh`s pdrd kbtbrnohdrbn d s`juãí` kd ohbqudãí` x7  ” ; 8 1, bn :. Bjb kbstdm`u d s`juãí` kb = djuh`s9 Drnîho`, Gbhbkot` b Mdrjd, n`strdhk` `s pdss`s utojozdk`s p`r bjbs hd rbs`juãí` kd ohbqudãí`. Drnîho`9 Qdss` 4D9 x7 8 ; Qdss` 7D9 x 8 7 Qdss` =D9 ] >^7< ∘\   Gbhbkot`9 Qdss` 4G9 x7 x7 8 ; Qdss` 7G9 x 8 7 `u x 8 ”7 Qdss` =G9 ] >^ ”7< ∘ \   Mdrjd9 Qdss` 4M9 x7 8 ; Qdss` 7M9 x 8 7 `u x : ”7 Qdss` =M9 ] >^-∘, -7\ R ^7< ∘ \ M`n rbjdãí` ás rbsp`stds k`s djuh`s, m`hsokbrb ds dforndtovds dgdox`. O- @ pdss` 7D bstä brrdk`, p`os hí` sb p`kb kozbr qub d rdoz qudkrdkd kb qudjqubr qudkrdk` kb un hùnbr` x rbdj ï ocudj d x. OO- @ pdss` 7G bstä m`rrbt`. OOO- @ pdss` 7M bstä m`rrbt`. OV- @ pdss` =M bstä brrdk`.  

 

Bstí` m`rrbtds s`nbhtb ds dforndtovds9 D) O b OO G) O b OOO M) O b OV K) OO b OOO B) OOO b OV  

Hbmbssdrodnbhtb, pdrd rbs`jvbr d qubstí`, ï prbmos` dpjomdr m`hebmonbht`s prïvo`s, dhdjosdr `s otbhs dprbsbhtdk`s b fohdjnbhtb dvdjodr (h` sbhtok` kb iujcdr ) qudj ï ` ndos m`rrbt`. Bhtí`, bng`rd pukïssbn`s mjdssofomdr d qubstí` usdhk` `s hîvbos kd  pjomdãí` b kd Dhäjosb, ` `gibtov` kd qubstí` ï d  Dvdjodãí`.  

 

Mdpîtuj` 6 - Vdj`rdãí` ]bcuhk` d [dx`h`nod kb Gj``n

 

Qdrbmb hdturdj qub, und vbz qub d [dx`h`nod kb Gj``n bstdgbjbmb qub eä mjdssofomdãòbs kofbrbhtbs pdrd `s otbhs kb dvdjodãí`, bstbs otbhs tbhedn un vdj`r kofbrbhtb tdngïn. D vdj`rdãí`, hdturdjnbhtb, ï sugibtovd, `u sbid, kbpbhkb k`s mrotïro`s k` pr`fbss`r. Dhdjosdrbn`s und dvdjodãí` k` H`h` Dh` k` Bhsoh` Fuhkdnbhtdj, kb Ndtbnätomd, bn qub m`hstdrí` `s sbcuohtbs týpom`s9 - Okbhtofomdr b dpjomdr h`ãòbs kb iur`s sonpjbs b m`np`st`s (sbn ` us` kb fýrnujd b m`n duxîjo` kb tdgbjds). - Wbm`hebmbr b dpjomdr rdzòbs troc`h`nïtromds bn troçhcuj`s rbtçhcuj`s. - Mdjmujdr `s zbr`s kb und fuhãí` qudkrätomd. - Mdjmujdr ` p`ht` vïrtomb kd pdräg`jd qub rbprbsbhtd und fuhãí` qudkrätomd. - M`hstruor ` cräfom` kb und fuhãí`, d pdrtor kb pdrbs kb s`juãòbs kb und fuhãí`. Bstd ï d dvdjodãí` pdrd bssbs kbsmrot`rbs9  

Tubstí` 4 - Rnd pbss`d fbz und kîvokd h` mdrtí` kb mrïkot` bn un mbrt` pdîs bn qub bssb top` kb kîvokd mrbsmb h` rbconb kb iur`s m`np`st`s, b d tdxd ï kb 71% d` nés. (7 p`ht`s) d) ]b d kîvokd kbjd brd kb $ 7.111,11, qudht` d pbss`d bstdrä kbvbhk` kbp`os kb un nés0 g) ]b d pbss`d hí` fbz hbheun pdcdnbht`, qudht` bstdrä kbvbhk` dpýs k`os nbsbs0  

Tubstí` 7 - Rn troçhcuj` rbtçhcuj` DGM tbn un çhcuj` M kb =1¹ b d nbkokd k` jdk` GM ï kb 71 mn. Kbtbrnohb t`kds ds nbkokds dohkd hí` m`hebmokds kbssb troçhcuj` (`u sbid, `s jdk`s DM b DG, b ` çhcuj` G). (4,2 p`ht`)  

Tubstí` = - ]`grb d fuhãí` f(x) > x7  ” 5x + 42, tbn`s djcunds dforndãòbs9 (4,2 p`ht`) O - D fuhãí` tbn kuds rdîzbs ocudos. OO - @ vïrtomb kd fuhãí` ï ` p`ht` (;< -4).

 

OOO - D m`hmdvokdkb kbssd fuhãí` ï vordkd pdrd mond. Tudhtds kbssds dforndãòbs sí` vbrkdkbords0 d) Hbheund g) Rnd m) Kuds k) [rés. Tubstí` ; - Bsmrbvd und fuhãí` k` sbcuhk` crdu mui` m`bfomobhtb kb x7 sbid hbcdtov` b qub tbhed rdîzbs ; b 2. (4,2 p`ht`)   Tubstí` 2 - Kbtbrnohb bn qudj kds djtbrhdtovds bsmrotds dgdox` eä und dforndãí` ohm`rrbtd. (4,2 p`ht`) d) D m`hmdvokdkb kb und bqudãí` k` sbcuhk` crdu ï kbtbrnohdkd pbj` m`bfomobhtb kb x7. g) Rnd bqudãí` k` sbcuhk` crdu tbn kuds rdîzbs sb ∆ : 1. m) ]b und fuhãí` k` sbcuhk` crdu tbn m`hmdvokdkb pdrd mond, bhtí` sbu vïrtomb ï un p`ht` kb nîhon`. k) Nujtopjomdr t`k`s `s tbrn`s kb und fuhãí` k` sbcuhk` crdu p`r = hí` djtbrd  suds rdîzbs. Tubstí` 6 - Bn un i`c` kb vûjbo, und g`jd ï sdmdkd bn korbãí` á qudkrd dkvbrsärod b sud trdibtýrod p`kb sbr dpr`xondkd p`r und fuhãí` f(x) > -x7 - ;x, bn qub x ï ` tbnp` kbm`rrok` b ` vdj`r kb y ï d djturd dtohcokd pbjd g`jd. d) Tudj ï d djturd näxond dtohcokd pbjd g`jd0 bn qub n`nbht` d g`jd dtohcb bssd djturd0 (1,2) g) ]up`hk` qub d g`jd hí` sbid ohtbrmbptdkd dpýs ` sdqub, bn qub n`nbht` sud djturd sbrä ocudj d zbr` (`u sbid, bn qub n`nbht` kbp`os kb sdmdkd (1,2) m) dtohcorä M`hstrud` `meí`)0 cräfom` kbssd fuhãí` h` bspdã` dgdox`. (4,1)

 

 

M`nbhtäro`s9  

D pronbord qubstí` ï, hotokdnbhtb, kb M`nprbbhsí`. Hí` gdstdrä, dquo, m`hebmbr d fýrnujd pdrd iur`s m`np`st`s< ï hbmbssäro` m`hebmbr d fýrnujd, sdgbr qub bstd ï d fýrnujd qub kbvb sbr utojozdkd (b hí` d kb iur`s sonpjbs), b mdjmujdr m`rrbtdnbhtb ` vdj`r kd kîvokd. D sbcuhkd qubstí`, bng`rd tdngïn sbid kb M`nprbbhsí`, ï kb un crdu kb kofomujkdkb un p`um` nbh`r qub d pronbord< `s mäjmuj`s sí` m`n hùnbr`s nbh`rbs b ` rbsujtdk` p`kb sbr `gtok` ndos rdpokdnbhtb. Qdrd sdgbr d nbkokd k` tbrmbor` çhcuj` sý ï hbmbssäro` m`hebmbr d Jbo Dhcujdr kb [djbs (d s`nd k`s çhcuj`s ohtbrh`s kb qudjqubr troçhcuj` ï 451¹). D tbrmbord qubstí` ï pdrtb kb M`hebmonbht`, pdrtb kb M`nprbbhsí`9 d pdrtb s`grb d m`hmdvokdkb sbr vordkd pdrd mond ï kb M`hebmonbht`  (hí` ï hbmbssäro` fdzbr hbheun mäjmuj`< sý ï hbmbssäro` sdgbr qub sb ` vdj`r k` m`bfomobhtb kb x7 ï p`sotov`, bhtí` d m`hmdvokdkb ï vordkd pdrd mond). @ nbsn` hí` ï väjok` pdrd `s `utr`s k`os otbhs9 dpbhds ` M`hebmonbht` hí` h`s pbrnotorä kbmokor sb `s otbhs sí` vbrkdkbor`s `u fdjs`s. ]brä hbmbssäro` m`nprbbhkbr d qub ` bhuhmodk` sb rbfbrb b dpjomdr d fýrnujd pdrd kbmokor sb d fuhãí` tbn kuds rdîzbs ocudos, `u qudj ï ` vïrtomb kbssd fuhãí`. D qubstí` ; ï sutoj9 pbkb und fuhãí` m`n rdîzbs ; b 2 b m`bfomobhtb 7

hbcdtov` pdrdd :x 1. . @u sbid, bxostbn ohfohotdskb s`juãòbs< gdstd bsmrbvbr d.(x - ;). (x - 2), m`n Q`rtdht`, ï und qubstí` M`nprbbhsí` .

 

D qubstí` 2 ï `utrd bn qub hí` ï hbmbssäro` fdzbr hbheun mäjmuj`9 dpbhds sdgbr ds kbfohoãòbs ï sufomobhtb pdrd kdr mdg` kbjd. J`c`, ï hotokdnbhtb und qubstí` kb M`hebmonbht`. D qubstí` 6 pbkb und dpjomdãí` k`s m`hmbot`s ndtbnätom`s bn un m`htbxt` djïn kd ndtbnätomd< j`c`, ï und qubstí` kb  Dpjomdãí`. Rnd mrîtomd m`hsostbhtb qub p`kbrod sbr fbotd d bstd dvdjodãí` ï d kb qub bjd tbn p`umds qubstòbs b bstä f`mdkd bn hîvbos ndos gdox`s kd [dx`h`nod kb Gj``n, b djïn koss` hí` utojozd `s hîvbos ndos bjbvdk`s ( Dvdjodãí`, ]îhtbsb b Dhäjosb)< p`rtdht`, sbrod und dvdjodãí`, kocdn`s dsson, ndj k`sdkd. Rnd p`ssogojokdkb kb nbje`rod sbrod fdzbr ndos qubstòbs b diustä-jds kb n`k` qub 21% kd h`td näxond bstovbssb dss`modk` d qubstòbs k`s trés pronbor`s hîvbos kd [dx`h`nod kb Gj``n, b `s `utr`s 21%, d`s `utr`s trés hîvbos. M`n` qubstòbs kbstbs hîvbos, p`r sbrbn ndos kofîmbos, vdjbn ndos p`ht`s, ï prbmos` dunbhtdr d qudhtokdkb kb qubstòbs k`s trés pronbor`s hîvbos. Q`r bxbnpj`, bn und dvdjodãí` m`n kbz qubstòbs, trés p`kbrodn sbr rbfbrbhtbs d`s trés ùjton`s hîvbos ( Dhäjosb  Dhäjosb, ]îhtbsb b  Dvdjodãí`), bhqudht` ds `utrds sbtb p`kbrodn trdtdr k`s trés pronbor`s hîvbos (M`hebmonbht`, M`nprbbhsí` b Dpjomdãí`). @gvodnbhtb, eä mds`s bn qub sbrä hbmbssäro` bvotdr usdr un `u `utr` hîvbj kbvok` á hdturbzd kds turnds d sbrbn dvdjodkds. [urnds nuot` i`vbhs p`kbn tbr pr`gjbnds m`n `s hîvbos ndos bjbvdk`s kd [dx`h`nod, bhtí` tdos qubstòbs p`kbn sbr usdkds, nds m`n n`kbrdãí`. Bhmbrrdn`s dsson bstb trdgdje`, kbsbidhk` qub ` jbot`r m`hsocd dpr`vbotdr bstds okbods bn sbu trdgdje` k`mbhtb m`n éxot`. @grocdk`!  

 

Wbfbréhmods Gogjo`cräfomds

 

DJNBOKD, Dk`sohkd Q. Q.. D utojozdãí` kb ohstrunbht`s kovbrsofomdk`s kb dvdjodãí` kds dprbhkozdcbhs bn Ndtbnätomd, und ohvbstocdãí` s`grb d prätomd. 7147. 4=4f. Wbjdtýro` kb Nbstrdk` (Nbstrdk` bn Bkumdãí` b

[bmh`j`cod bn Ndtbnätomd). Bsm`jd ]upbro`r kb Bkumdãí` b Moéhmods ]`modos, Ohstotut` Q`jotïmhom` kb Jborod, Jborod, Q`rt Q`rtucdj. ucdj. Kosp`hîvbj bn9 ettps9//om`hjohb.opjborod.pt/edhkjb/41;11.5/373 . Dmbss` bn9 73 Dgr. 7143 ettps9//om`hjohb.opjborod.pt/edhkjb/41;11.5/373 .  

GWD]OJ, Qdrçnbtr`s murromujdrbs hdmo`hdos9 ndtbnätomd. Grdsîjod, KF9 NBM/]BF, 4??3.  

MEDVB], Dhkrï J. W. Rnd bxpbroéhmod kb M[] bn sdjd kb dujd9 d ohtbrhdmo`hdjozdãí` kd kb Dndzûhod ??f. Kossbrtdãí` Qr`fosso`hdj bn Bhsoh` Moéhmods. 7141. b Ndtbnätomd). Qr`crdnd(Nbstrdk` kb Qýs-

Crdkudãí` bn Bhsoh` kb Moéhmods b Ndtbnätomd, Mbhtr` Fbkbrdj kb Bkumdãí` [bmh`jýcomd Mbjs` ]uml`w kd F`hsbmd, Wo` kb Idhbor`.  

MEWO]QOH@, Djvdr`. @ us` k` bhf`qub M[] b m`htr`vïrsods tbmh`mobhtîfomds p`r pr`fbss`rbs k` bhsoh` nïko`9 un bxbnpj` kd mdpdmotdãí` bn sbrvoã` bn crdhkb bsmdjd, oh9 OU M`hcrbs` Ohtbrhdmo`hdj

]`grb Ohvbstocdmoýh bh Kokämtomd kb jds Mobhmods. Kosp`hîvbj bn9 ettp9//www.rdm`.mdt/ohkbx.pep/Bhsbhdhzd/drtomjb/vobw/7?624?  . Dmbss` bn9 ettp9//www.rdm`.mdt/ohkbx.pep/Bhsbhdhzd/drtomjb/vobw/7?624?   14

Ndo. 7143 FBWWDY, Dhd Qdujd k` M. N.< GBJE@[, Wbhdt` V.. [dx`h`nod kb Gj``n9 rbvosí` tbýromd b dprbsbhtdãí` kds dkbqudãòbs k` ohstrunbht` pdrd kbfohoãí` kb `gibtov`s ohstrumo`hdos. oh9 Cbst. Qr`k., ]í` Mdrj`s, v. 43,

h. 7, p. ;74-;=4, 7141. Kosp`hîvbj bn9 ettp9//www.smobj`.gr/pkf/cp/v43h7/d42v43h7.pkf Dmbss` bn9 7= Fbv. 7143  

CDJEDWKO, Dht`ho` M< DYBVBK@, Ndrîjod N. kb. Dvdjodãòbs kb dprbhkozdcbn9 ` us` kd tdx`h`nod kb Gj``n. oh9 VOOO S`rlse`p kb QýsCrdkudãí` b Qbsquosd k` Mbhtr` Qdujd ]`uzd. Kosp`hîvbj bn9

 

ettp9//www.mps.sp.c`v.gr/p`s-crdkudmd`/w`rlse`pkb-p`s-crdkudmd`-bpbsquosd/115-w`rlse`p714=/trdgdje`s/bkumdmd`Pm`rp`rdtovd/474375P7=3P7;3PFOHDJ.pkf   . Dmbss` 714=/trdgdje`s/bkumdmd`Pm`rp`rdtovd/474375P7=3P7;3PFOHDJ.pkf bn9 14 Ndo. 7143

 

H`tds \↑4^ ]BJGDME, ].(`rc) Ndtbnätomd b Kokätomd, Qbtrýp`jos, WI, Bk.V`zbs, 7141

 

\↑7^ Djoäs, eä un jovr` kb dut`rod kb Vdsm` N`rbtt` medndk` "Qr`vd9 Rn N`nbht` Qrovojbcodk` kb Bstuk`, hí` un Dmbrt` kb M`htds", Jdnpdrohd, 7141.

 

\↑=^ EDKIO, Medrjbs. D dvdjodãí` b ` frdmdss` bsm`jdr. ettps9//h`vdbsm`j ettps9//h`vdbsm`jd.`rc.gr/m`htbuk` d.`rc.gr/m`htbuk`/267/d-dvdjodmd`-b/267/d-dvdjodmd`-b-`-frdmdss`bsm `-frdmdss`bsm`jdr `jdr

Kosp`hîvbj

bn

 

\↑;^ GWD]OJ, 4??3. ]bmrbtdrod kb Bkumdãí` Fuhkdnbhtdj. Qdrçnbtr`s murromujdrbs hdmo`hdos9 ohtr`kuãí` d`s pdrçnbtr`s murromujdrbs hdmo`hdos / ]bmrbtdrod kb Bkumdãí` Fuhkdnbhtdj. ”  Grdsîjod9 NBM/]BF

 

\↑2^ Tub dpdrbhtbnbhtb f`cb un p`um` k` `gibtov` kbstb jovr`, nds vdjb d pbhd jbr

 

\↑6^ MEWO]QOH@, D. Qr`ogoãí` k` fun`9 kbmosí` kbmosí` pbss`dj `u s` s`modj0 modj0 Rnd dg`rkdcbn dg`rkdcbn kb bhsoh` M[]  pdrd ` tbnd tdgdcosn` d pdrtor pdrtor kd sotudãí` sotudãí` kb m`htr`vïrsod m`htr`vïrsod m`htr`jdkd m`htr`jdkd. Kosp`hîvbj bn9 ettp9//www.`bo.bs/sdjdmtso/djvdr`.pkf

 

\↑3^ Qdrd `s muro`s`s, VF > V1 +dt

 

\↑5^ Qdrd `s nuot` muro`s`s, V > V17 + 7d∆s

 

\↑?^ MDH[@, Bkudrk` J.9 Moéhmods Hdturdos9 Dprbhkbhk` m`n ` M`tokodh` . ]í` Qduj`9 Bkot`rd N`kbrhd, 4???.

 

[dgjb `f M`htbhts Qrbfämo` Mdpîtuj` 4 - Dvdjodr9 pdrd qué, p`r qué0 Mdpîtuj` 7 - Wbfjbtohk` s`grb ` pdpbj kd dvdjodãí` b ` sumbss` bsm`jdr Mdpîtuj` = - Ohstrunbht`s kb Dvdjodãí` b [op`s kb Dvdjodãí` Mdpîtuj` ; - D [dx`h`nod kb Gj``n Wbvosdkd b d Dvdjodãí` Mdpîtuj` 2 - Djcuhs bxbnpj`s kb dpjomdãí` kd [dx`h`nod kb Gj``n Mdpîtuj` 6 - Vdj`rdãí` ]bcuhk` d [dx`h`nod kb Gj``n Wbfbréhmods Gogjo`cräfomds