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Cvcdicæâh ak akskmpkjnh? um kstuah ak bcsh km umc bhhpkrctivc ak bréaith

MHUKIUC, Cjarkic Cpcrkbiac Ridvc P3] MHUKIUC, MHUKIU C, Cjarkic Cpcrkbiac Ridvc. Cvcdicæâh ak akskmpkjnh? akskmpkjnh? um kstuah ak bcsh km umc bhhpkrctivc ak bréaith. Ukvistc Bikjtíffibc Mudtiaisbipdijcr Jÿbdkh ah Bhjnkbimkjth. Cjh 72, Ka. 79, \hd. 5, pp. ;1-. IRRJ?511>-79;9 Bhjtkjts UKR[MH 3. IJQUHA[ÆÂH 5. UKLKUKJBICD QKÒUIBH 5.3 C\CDICÆÂH AK AKRKMWKJNH 5.3.3 BHJBKIQHR 5.3.5 HEOKQI\HR AC C\CDICÆÂH AK AKRKMWKJNH 5.3.2 WUIJBIWCIR MÉQHAHR AK C\CDICÆÂH AK AKRKMWKJNH 5.3.1 UKRWHJRCEIDIACAK WKDC C\CDICÆÂH AK AKRKMWKJNH 5.5 BHHWKUCQI\CR AK BUÉAIQH 2. MKQHAHDHFIC 1. UKR[DQCAHR K AIRB[RRÂH 1.3 S[KRQIHJÃUIH CWDIBCAH CHR L[JBIHJÃUIHR, KRQCFIÃUIHR K MKJHUKR CWUKJAI_KR 1.5 S[KRQIHJÃUIH CWDIBCAH C FKRQÂH AK UKB[URHR N[MCJHR BHJBD[RÂH UKLKUÏJBICR CJK^HR

UKR[MH

C cvcdicæâ cvcdicæâhh ak akskmpkj akskmpkjnh nh é um tkmc ecstcjtk ecstcjtk imphr imphrtcjt tcjtkk ac fkstâh ak pksshcs. pksshcs. Kdc pkrmitk bhjnkbkr cs lkrrcmkjtcs utidizcacs pkdc kmprksc k bhmh sâh cpdibcacs, cjcdiscjah c kffibãbi kffib ãbicc k c mht mhtivc ivcæâh æâh acs mksmcs mksmcs pcrc pcrc hs lujbih lujbihjãr jãrihs ihs,, cpr cprhlu hlujac jacjah jah hs bhj bhjnkbi nkbimkj mkjths ths sherk h akskmpkjnh akskmpkjnh ah lujbihjãrih lujbihjãrih.. H kstuah tkm, bhmh heokti heoktivh, vh, iakjtiffibcr, iakjtiffibcr, bhmprkkjakr bhmprkkjakr,, cjcdiscr cjcdi scr k aisbutir aisbutir cs lkrrcmkjtcs lkrrcmkjtcs ak akskmpkjnh akskmpkjnh k suc cpdibcæâh jhs bhdcehrcahrks bhdcehrcahrks ac Bhhpkrctiv Bhhpk rctivcc ak Bréai Bréaith, th, bhjlrhjtcj bhjlrhjtcjah-cs ah-cs bhm cs rkbhm rkbhmkjacac kjacacss pkdc ditkrcturc ditkrcturc kxistkjtk

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Cvcdicæâh ak akskmpkjnh? um kstuah ak bcsh km umc bhhpkrctivc ak bréaith

sherk h tkm sherk tkmc. c. Bhjsis Bhjsistk tk km um kst kstuah uah ak bcsh, bcsh, phs phssui suijah jah um bcrãtk bcrãtkrr quc qucjti jtitct tctivh ivh k qucditctivh. qucdit ctivh. Râh cjcdiscahs hs rksudtcahs ak um qukstihjãrih qukstihjãrih cpdibcah cpdibcah c 17% ah qucarh ak lujbihjãrihs ac kmprksc, hith kstcfiãrihs k quctrh mkjhrks cprkjai lujbihjãrihs cprkjaizks zks cdém ah fksthr ah UN. Hs rksudtcahs ijaibcm quk c cvcdicæâh ak akskmpkjnh jc Bhhpkrctivc ak Bréaith cijac é lcdnc k prkbisc ak mkdnhrics. Wcdcvrcs bncvk? Cvcdicæâh ak akskmpkjnh, Bhhpkrctivc ak Bréaith, Wksshcs. 3. IJQUHA[ÆÂH

C cv cvcd cdic icæâ æâhh ak aksk akskmp mpkj kjnh nh é um ah ahss tkmc tkmcss quk quk mc mcis is cesh ceshrv rvkk pr prhffi hffiss ssih ihjc jcis is ac ãrkc ãrkc ak Ukburs Ukb urshs hs Numcjh Numcjhss jcs hrfcji hrfcjizcæ zcæûks, ûks, eus eusbcja bcjahh bhj bhjnkbk nkbkrr k mka mkair ir h akskmp akskmpkjnh kjnh ahs lujbihjãrihs jc kmprksc, kstcekdkbkjah umc bhmpcrcæâh kjtrk h akskmpkjnh kspkrcah k h cprkskjtcah pkdhs lujbihjãrihs. Wrimkircmkjtk hs lujbihjãrihs sk cuth cvcdicm k, cpòs, hs fksthrks ak bcac skthr bncmcm h lujbihjãrih ijaiviaucdmkjtk ijaiviaucdmkjtk pcrc quk phssc mhstrã-dhs h rksudtcahs ak sku akskmpkjnh jc kmprksc. Bhm c cvcdicæâh km mâhs, cjcdiscm thahs hs itkjs k cpûkm c phrbkjtcfkm. Bhm issh, issh, h luj lujbih bihjãr jãrih ih pkrbke pkrbkekk km qucd qucd jív jívkd kd sk kjq kjquca ucarc, rc, cssijc cssijc k act actcc h pcp pcpkd kd bhjb bh jbhr hrac acja jah0 h0 km skfu skfuia iac, c, é rkpc rkpcss ssca cacc pcrc pcrc h ai airk rkth thrr rksp rksphj hjsã sãvk vkdd pkdc pkdc ãrkc ãrkc vkri vkriffib ffibcr cr k cssijcr. Whrtcjth, bhm kssk méthah ak cvcdicæâh hs fksthrks phakm cjcdiscr h akskmpkjnh ak bcac lujbihjãrih akssc lhrmc mhtivcjah-hs ç prhmhæâh ak bcrrkirc akjtrh ac kmprksc. Cssim, rkcdizhuCssim, rkcdizhu-sk sk um kstuah kstuah ak bcsh bcsh km umc Bhhpkrcti Bhhpkrctivc vc ak Bréaith Bréaith bhjstituí bhjstituíac ac km 32/76/399> jc biacak Bdãuaih Mijcs Fkrcis. Aksak 5737, lhi cuthrizcac pkdh Ecjbh Bkjtrcd k thrjhu-sk thrjhusk ak divrk camissâh, hu skoc, thacs cs pksshcs lísibcs lísibcs k ouríaibcs ouríaibcs phaicm sk thrjcr bhhpkrcahs. Ruc prijbipcd ffijcdiacak é cp cphi hiccr hs skus kus bhhpkrc krcahs, ct ctrrcvés vés ak tcxcs xcs cbkssívkis, k bhjtrieuijah pcrc h akskjvhdvimkjth shbihbudturcd k kbhjñmibh ac biacak k rkfiâh. rkfi âh. Whssui 371 lujbihjãrihs lujbihjãrihs,, > kstcfiãri kstcfiãrihs hs k 1 mkjhr mkjhrks ks cprkj cprkjaizks aizks quk trcecdncm trcecdncm km lujæâh ak 3 k 5731).

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Cvcdicæâh ak akskmpkjnh? um kstuah ak bcsh km umc bhhpkrctivc ak bréaith

Cpòs h rklkrkjbicd tkòribh, cprkskjtc-sk c ijtkrprktcæâh ahs acahs hetiahs oujth c 17% ahs lujbihjãrihs ac kmprksc, skjah 15 lujbihjãrihs, > kstcfiãrihs k 1 mkjhrks cprkjaizks, cdém ah Fksthr ak Ukburshs Numcjhs. Kjbkrrcjah cprkskjtcm-sk cs rklkrïjbics eiedihfrãffibcs quk skrv skrvir ircm cm ak suph suphrt rtkk tkòr tkòrib ibhh pc pcrc rc h sku sku ak aksk skjvh jvhdv dvim imkj kjth th,, k ph phrr ffim ffim,, hs cjkx cjkxhs hs bi bitca tcahs hs jh akbhrrkr ah trcecdnh. 5. UKLKUKJBICD QKÒUIBH

c cvcdiæâh ak akskmpkjnh pkrmitk bhjnkbkr h bhmphrtcmkjth k c pkrlhrmcjbk ahs lujbihj luj bihjãri ãrihs hs c pcrt pcrtir ir ak lhrm lhrmudãr udãrihs ihs k ijaibca ijaibcahrks hrks.. acjah acjah suesíai suesíaihh chs fksthrks fksthrks pcrc cbhmpcjncr cbhmpcj ncr h akskjvh akskjvhdvimkjt dvimkjthh ijaiviaucd ijaiviaucd k km kquipk. prhphrb prhphrbihjcjah ihjcjah c hrfcjizcæâh hrfcjizcæâh tkr bhddcehr bh cehrca cahr hrks ks kffibi kffibikj kjtk tks, s, trki trkijc jcah ahs, s, mhti mhtivc vcah ahss aks akstc lh lhrrmc fkr fkrcjah cjah mci ciss rksu rksuddtc tcaahs hs.. (bnicvkjcth (bnic vkjcth 399>). 5.3 C\CDICÆÂH AK AKRKMWKJNH

Bnicvkjcth (399>) hlkrkbk umc imphrtcjtk bhjtrieuiæâh ch aksbrkvkr h nistòribh ac cvcdicæâh ak akskmpkjnh aizkjah quk cs hrfcjizcæûks jâh acvcm imphrtåjbic km cvcdicr h skr num umcj cjhh k sim c kffibi kffibiïj ïjbi bicc ac mãqui ãquijc jc bhmh bhmh lh lhrrmc ak cum cumkjtc kjtcrr c pkrl pkrlhr hrmc mcjb jbkk ac prhautiviacak ac kmprksc. Cbrkaitcvc-sk quk h bhdcehrcahr krc mhtivcah cpkjcs phr scdãrihs k ekjklíbihs. Cijac skfujah Bnicvkjcth Bnicvkjcth (399>), bhm h tkmph, cs hrfcjizcæûks hrfcjizcæûks sk akrcm bhjtc quk c mãquijc jâh rkshdvic h prhedkmc ah akskmpkjnh k, bhm c hrifkm ac Ksbhdc ac Cehracfkm Numcjistc ac tkhric ac camijistrcæâh, pcsshu-sk c acr vcdhr ch nhmkm k rkvkr mcjkircs ak cvcdiã-dh ak lhrmc c trczkr rksudtcahs sifjiffibctivhs pcrc c kmprksc k h bhdcehrcahr. Cpòs c skf Cpòs skfuja ujacc fukrrc fukrrc mujaic mujaicd, d, cs cvcd cvcdicæ icæûks ûks ak aks akskmp kmpkjn kjnhh lhrcm lhrcm klktiv klktivcmk cmkjtk jtk ailujaiacs jcs hrfcjizcæûks. (MHQQC cpua BNIC\KJCQH, 399>).

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Cvcdicæâh ak akskmpkjnh? um kstuah ak bcsh km umc bhhpkrctivc ak bréaith

5.3.3 BHJBKIQHR

C cvcdicæ cvcdicæâh âh ak aks akskmp kmpkjn kjnhh mkak mkak h pht phtkjbi kjbicd cd ak akskjv akskjvhdvi hdvimkj mkjth th ah bhd bhdceh cehrca rcahr, hr, prhphrbihjcjah vkriffibcr hs phjths lhrtks k phjths ak mkdnhric, phssieidiacaks ak trkijcmkjths, cbhmpcjncmkjth cdém ak skrvir bhmh ecsk pcrc bcrfhs k scdãrihs, prhmhæûks kjtrk hutrhs. (BNIC\KJCQH 399>). Rkfujah Bnicvkjcth (5731, p. 579), C cvcdicæâh é umc cprkbicæâh cprkbicæâh sistkmãtibc ah akskmpkjnh ak bcac pksshc ‒ hu ak umc kquipk ‒ km lujæâh acs ctiviaca ctiviacaks ks quk akskjvhdvk, acs mktcs k rksudtcahs rksudtcahs c s kr k r km k m c ddbb cj c j ææcc ah a h s, s , a cs c s b hm h m pk p k tï t ï jjbb iicc s q uk u k h lk l k rk r k bk b k k a h p hhtt kkjj bi b i ccdd a k akskjvhdvimkjth. C cvcdicæâh ak akskmpkjnh é um prhbkssh quk skrvk pcrc oudfcr hu kstimcr h vcdhr, c kxbkdïjbic k cs bhmpktïjbics ak umc pksshc hu kquipk k, sherktuah, qucd é c suc bhjtrieuiæâh pcrc h jkfòbih ac hrfcjizcæâh. (BNIC\KJCQH, 5731, W. 579). Ctrcvés akssk bhjbkiths bhjbkiths é phssív phssívkd kd pkrbkekr quk c cvcdicæâh ak akskmpk akskmpkjnh jnh é imphrtcjtk imphrtcjtk jâh sò pc pcrc rc c kmpr kmprks kscc mcs pc pcrc rc h pr pròp òpri rihh pr prhffi hffisssi sihj hjcd cd ch tk tkrr sku ph phtk tkjb jbiicd cv cvcd cdiicah cah k cjcdiscr cjcd iscr bhmh mkdnhrcr hs skus phjths phsiti phsitivhs, vhs, dkvcjah c kmprksc kmprksc c mkdnhrcr mkdnhrcr c suc pkrlhrmcjbk tcjth jh mkrbcah bhmh jc suc camijistrcæâh, —bhdcehrcjah jc aktkrmijcæâh k jh aksk akskjvhd jvhdvimk vimkjth jth ak umc phdítibc phdítibc cakquca cakqucacc ak UN çs jkbkssi jkbkssiacak acakss ac hrfc hrfcjizc jizcæâh” æâh” (BNIC\KJCQH, 5775, p. 25) hs rksphjsãvkis pkdc cvcdicæâh ak akskmpkjnh sâh hs fkrkjtks, h bhdcehrcahr, fkrkjtk k bhdcehrcahr, c kquipk ak trcecdnh, h skthr ak rkburshs numcjhs k umc bhmissâh ak cvcdicæâh. Hs fkrkjtks, skfujah Bnicvkjcth (5775), sâh cphicahs pkdc cssksshric ac ãrkc ak fkstâh ak pksshcs quk ijstitukm hs britérihs ac cvcdicæâh. H bhdcehrcahr sk cuth cvcdic km rkdcæâh —ç suc pkrlhrmcjbk, kffibiïjbic k kffibãbic” (BNIC\ (BN IC\KJC KJCQH, QH, 5775, 5775, p. 25< 25), h Bhhpkrctivismh Bhhpkrctivismh surfiu km 3>11 jc biacak ak Uhbnacdk, qucjah 5> tkbkdûks lujacrcm umc bhhpkrctivc ak bhjsumh. C primkirc bhhpkrctivc ak bréaith jâh akmhrcric c surfir. Qrïs cjhs akphis, km 3>16, Lrikaribn Vidnkdm kdm Uci ci﬇k ﬇kiiskj, kj, jcturcd ac Ukjåjic, brihu jh phvhcah ak Vkykreusbn/Vkstkrwcda c primkirc csshbicæâh ak cphih pcrc c phpudcæâh rurcd, quk, kmehrc jâh lhssk cijac umc bhhpkrctivc, skrviric ak mhakdh pcrc c luturc ctiviacak bhhp bh hpkr krct ctiv ivis istc tc ak Uci﬇ Uci﬇ki kisk skj. j. C prim primki kirc rc bhhp bhhpkr krct ctiv ivc, c, lu luja jaca cacc phr phr kd kdkk km 3>, pãf. 53). Rkfuja Rkfu jahh Wi Wijn jnki kirh rh (5 (577 77>) >) cs Bh Bhhp hpkr krct ctiv ivcs cs bdcs bdcssi siffib ffibcm cm-s -skk km? km? si sijf jfud udcr crks ks,, qucj qucjah ah pr prks kstc tcm m skrviæh skr viæhss airktcm airktcmkjtk kjtk chs bdikjtk bdikjtks0 s0 bhhpkrct bhhpkrctivcs ivcs bkjt bkjtrci rciss k lkakrcæ lkakrcæûks ûks ak bhhpkrct bhhpkrctivcs ivcs,, bhjstituíacs phr bhhpkrctivcs sijfudcrks k quk heoktivcm hrfcjizcr, km bhmum k km mcihr ksbcdc, hs skrviæhs kbhjñmibhs k cssistkjbicis ak ijtkrkssk acs ffidicacs k bhjlkakrcæûks ak bhhpkrctivcs, bhjstituíacs bhjstituíacs phr bkjtrcis k lkakrcæûks ak bhhpkrctivcs k quk tïm phr heoktivh hrikjtcr k bhhrakjcr cs ctiviacaks acs ffidicacs. Cs bhhp bhhpkr krct ctiv ivcs cs ak br bréa éait ithh tïm tïm br brks ksbi biah ah sif ifji jiffib ffibct ctiv ivcm cmkj kjtk tk jhs ÿd ÿdti timh mhss cjhs cjhs,, impdibcjah jc jkbkssiacak ak shduæûks mcis kffibikjtks k kffibczks pcrc hs prhedkmcs

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Cvcdicæâh ak akskmpkjnh? um kstuah ak bcsh km umc bhhpkrctivc ak bréaith

ak fkstâh ak skus rkburshs, visth quk cdfumcs akdcs jâh tïm mcis phrtk ak pkqukjc kmprksc kmpr ksc lcmi lcmidicr dicr,, mcs ak frcjak frcjak kmpr kmprksc ksc bhm aivkr aivkrshs shs ijtkrksscahs ijtkrksscahs jhs skus rksudtcahs? hs bhhpkrcahs. Bhm issh, c cvcdicæâh ah akskmpkjnh sk thrjc ksskjbicd rksudtcahs? pcrc h brksbimk brksbimkjth jth bhjtíjuh bhjtíjuh akssk akssk tiph ak kjti kjtiacak acak,, phakj phakjah ah bhjt bhjtrie rieuir uir pcrc h cpri cp rimh mhrc rcmk mkjt jthh ac kstr kstrcté ctéfi ficc akffiji akffijiac ac k, bh bhjs jskq kqukj ukjtkm tkmkj kjtk tk,, fcrc fcrcjt jtir ir vcjt vcjtcf cfkj kjss bhmpktitivcs. (MCUQIJR, FIUÂH0 RID\C K LIDNH0 CUCßOH 5732, pãf. 2). Cs Bhhpkrctivcs, skfujah Wijnkirh (577>), cpkscr ak hbupcr um pkqukjh kspcæh jh sistkmc ffijcj ffij cjbk bkir irhh jcbi jcbihj hjcd cd,, cprk cprksk skjt jtcm cm um bh bhjs jstc tcjt jtkk br brks ksbi bimk mkjt jthh km vh vhdu dumk mk k pcrt pcrtib ibip ipcæ cæâh âh jc ãrkc ecjbãric. ecjbãric. 2. MKQHAHDHFIC

Wcrc ctijfir ctijfir hs heoktivh heoktivhss prhphsth prhphsthss k rksphjak rksphjakrr h prhe prhedkmc dkmc ksbhdniah? ksbhdniah? —Sucis sâh cs lkrrcmkj lkrr cmkjtcs tcs utidizcac utidizcacss pcrc cvcdicr h akskm akskmpkjnh pkjnh ahs lujbihjã lujbihjãrihs rihs ac Bhhpkrcti Bhhpkrctivc vc ak Bréaith Bréa ith k bhmh é cpdibcac8 cpdibcac8”” lhi rkcdizcah rkcdizcah um kstuah kstuah ak bcsh umc vkz quk kstc tébjibc tébjibc cacptc pkrlkitcmkjtk ch pkrffid. Jcs biïj Jcs biïjbi bics cs,, aurc aurcjt jtkk muit muithh tkmp tkmph, h, h kstu ks tuah ah ak bcsh bcsh lh lhii kjbc kjbcrc rcah ah bhmh bhmh prhbka prh bkaimk imkjth jth phu phubh bh rifhrh rifhrhsh, sh, quk skr skrvir viric ic cpkjcs cpkjcs pcrc pcrc kst kstuah uahss ak mcjkir mcjkircc kxpdhrctòric. Nhok, phrém, é kjbcrcah bhmh h akdijkcmkjth mcis cakqucah pcrc c ijvkstifcæâh ak um lkjñmkjh bhjtkmphråjkh akjtrh ak sku bhjtkxth rkcd, hjak hs dimitks kjtrk h lkjñmkjh k h bhjtkxth jâh sâh bdcrcmkjtk pkrbkeiahs. (YIJ, 5773 cpua FID, 5775, p. ;1). Rkfujah Wkrkirc (3999c), phak cssumir aivkrshs sifjiffibcahs, km lujæâh ah skjtiah bhjlkriah ch tkrmh cvcdicæâh  k ah bhjtkxth rkdctivh ch akskmpkjnh, mhtivh akstc cvcdicæâh cvcdicæâh.. Akssc lhrmc,, akskmpkjnh, lhrmc akskmpkjnh, jh åmeith kmprkscr kmprkscricd, icd, ctrieui vãrics aimkjsûks qucjah pkrtijkjtk pkrtijkjtk ç kmprkscc km suc pdkjituak, kmprks pdkjituak, lujbihjcdia lujbihjcdiacak cak k ctiviacaks ctiviacaks kxkrbiacs, ekm bhmh, hs cspkbths hpkrcb hpk rcbihj ihjcis cis,, kbhjñm kbhjñmibh ibhss k ffijcjbk ffijcjbkirh irhss ahs skr skrviæ viæhs hs pdc pdcjko jkocah cahss k rkcdiz rkcdizcah cahss ctijfi ctijfijah jah um pr prhb hbks kssh sh ak fks fkstâ tâhh bhmh bhmh rkbu rkburs rshh jc jcss th thmc mcac acss ak ak akbi bisû sûks ks.. H mksm mksmhh cuthr cuthr rklk rklkrk-s rk-skk ç cvcdicæâh cvcdicæâh bhmh cth hu klki klkith th ak ctrieuir ctrieuir vcdhr, vcdhr, phakjah phakjah skr kjtkjaiah bhmh qucditctivh (mérith, imphrtåjbic) hu qucjtitctivh (mkjsurcæâh).

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Cvcdicæâh ak akskmpkjnh? um kstuah ak bcsh km umc bhhpkrctivc ak bréaith

Lhrcm aksbriths acahs k ijlhrmcæûks bhm heskrvcæâh ah cmeikjtk ak trcecdnh k cjãdisk ak ahbumkjths, skjah hs mksmhs kxcmijcahs bhm h suphrtk ah rklkrkjbicd tkòribh quk, skfujah \krfcrc (5777, p. 2;), —é umc rkvisâh ac ditkrcturc kxistkjtk, jh quk bhjbkrjk jâh sò ch cbkrvh ak tkhrics k sucs brítibcs, bhmh tcmeém hs trcecdnhs rkcdizcahs quk cs thmcm bhmh rklkrïjbic”. rklkrïjbic”. Whr issh, lhrcm pksquiscahs pksquiscahs divrhs sherk h cssujth, cssujth, cdém ak tksks k aisskrtcæûks ac ijtkrjkt. C pksquisc bcrcbtkrizhu-sk bhmh qucjtitctivc k qucditctivc. Sucjtitctivc, jh skjtiah ak ijtkrprktcr k dkvcjtcr bhjbdusûks, mhstrcjah tcekdcs ak pkrbkjtucis k frãffibhs. K qucditctivc, phis cs ijlhrmcæûks bhdniacs lhrcm cjcdiscacs ak cbhrah bhm h rhtkirh cpdibcah k rkfistrcacs km rkdctòrih, akstcbcjah hpijiûks, bhmkjtãrihs k lrcsks mcis rkdkvcjtks quk surfircm. H ujivkrsh ac pksquisc bhjstituiu-sk km umc Bhhpkrctivc ak Bréaith. C cmhstrc lhi rkprkskjtc rkprk skjtcac ac phr 17% ah qucarh qucarh ak lujbihjãri lujbihjãrihs hs ac kmprk kmprksc, sc, > kstcf kstcfiãrih iãrihss k 1 mkjhrks cprkjaizks. Cdém ah Fksthr ak Ukburshs Numcjhs. C pksquisc tcmeém lhi aksbritivc, phis mhstrhu ctrieuths ac phpudcæâh km kstuah0 hs acahs bhdktcahs phssieiditcrcm phssieiditcrcm aksbrkvkr bhmh é lkitc c cvcdicæâh ak akskmpkjnh ac Bhhpkrctivc k qucis cs lkrrcmkjtcs sâh utidizcacs. Hs acahs lhrcm hetiahs ctrcvés ak qukstihjãrih bhm qukstûks cekrtcs k lkbncacs, h quk prhphrbihjhu umc mcihr ijtkrcæâh bhm hs kjtrkvistcahs phakjah akstc lhrmc, ctijfir hs heoktivhs ac pksquisc. Ch ffij ffijcd cd,, lhrc lhrcm m rk rkcd cdiz izca cacs cs c tc tceu eudc dcæâ æâhh k cjãd cjãdis iskk ahs ahs acah acahss ak lh lhrm rmcc c ct ctij ijfi firr hs he heok okti tivh vhss akstk trcecdnh. 1. UKR[DQCAHR K AIRB[RRÂH

Sucrkjtc phr bkjth Sucrkjtc bkjth (17%) (17%) ahs lujbih lujbihjãri jãrihs, hs, > kstcfiãr kstcfiãrihs ihs k 1 mkjhrks mkjhrks cprkjaizks cprkjaizks ac Bhhpkrctivc ak Bréaith km kstuah rksphjakrcm h qukstihjã qukstihjãrih. rih. Cdém ah Fksthr ak Ukburshs Numcjhs.

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Cvcdicæâh ak akskmpkjnh? um kstuah ak bcsh km umc bhhpkrctivc ak bréaith

1.3 S[KRQIHJÃUIH CWDIBCAH CHR L[JBIHJÃUIHR, KRQCFIÃUIHR K MKJHUKR CWUKJAI_KR

Sucjth ch pkrffid ahs kjtrkvistcahs, lhrcm hetiahs hs skfuijtks rksudtcahs? Sucjth ch skxh? 67% ahs kjtrkvistcahs sâh ah skxh lkmijijh k 27% ah skxh mcsbudijh. Km rkdcæâh c lcixc ktãric, hs lujbihjãr lujbihjãrihs, ihs, km suc mcihric sâh ohvkjs, phis 1;% phssui kjtrk 39 c 52 cjhs ak iacak0 5;% phssui kjtr kjtrkk 51 c 5> cjhs ak iacak0 37% phssui kjtrk 59 c 22 cjhs ak iacak k ;% phssui cté 3> cjhs, thtcdizcjah >;% ak pksshcs ohvkjs trcecdncjah jc Bhhpkrctivc ak Bréaith. K 3;% jc lcixc ktãric kjtrk 19 c ;2 cjhs. É umc fkrcæâh jhvc k, c mcihric oã jcsbku ijskriac km um mujah fdhecdizcah, bhjkbtcahs k uscm hs jhvhs rkburshs tkbjhdòfibhs bhmh lcbiditcahrks ac viac mhakrjc. Jh rkdcbihjcmkjth bhm bdikjtks k jc cvcdicæâh ak akskmpkjnh, c iacak phak skr umc lcthr ak brksbimkjth k ak akskjvhdvi akskj vhdvimkjth mkjth akjtrh ac kmprk kmprksc, sc, skm aksbhjsia aksbhjsiakrcr krcr hs mcis mcaurh mcaurhs. s. C vhjtcak vhjtcak ah  ohvkm akjtrh ac kmprksc, pkrmitk c suc kvhduæâh bhfjitivc k dcehrcd. Km rkdcæâh ch frcu ak ksbhdcriacak, h rksudtcah mhstrc quk kjqucjth 27% ahs lujbihjãrihs  oã phssukm h 2¿ frcu bhmpdkth, bhmpdk th, 1;% kstâh kstâ h kstuacjah, eusbcjah jhvhs bhjnkbimkjths k ;%  oã phssui phs sui Wòs Frcauc Frc aucæâh æâh.. Kstk Kst k pkr pkrbkj bkjtuc tucdd thtcdi tht cdizc zc >7% ahs lujbih luj bihjãr jãrihs ihs,, kjq kjqucj ucjth th 57% phssukm h 5¿ frcu bhmpdkth. Whak-sk bhmprkkjakr kstk jÿmkrh kdkvcah pkdc phssieidiacak phssieidiacak ak mkdnhrks scdãrihs k bcrfhs. C fkstâh ah bhjnkbimkjth é umc kstrctéfic quk trcjslhrmc ekjs ijtkdkbtucis ac hrfcjizcæâh km mcihr prhautiviacak, jhvhs vcdhrks k cumkjth ak bhmpktitiviacak. Akphis Akph is ak dk dkvcj vcjtc tcah ah h pkr pkrffid ffid ahs ahs lujb lujbih ihjã jãri rihs hs,, lh lhii-dn dnks ks cpdi cpdibca bcahh um qu quks ksti tihj hjãr ãrih ih bhm bhm sk skis is quks qu kstû tûks ks cekr cekrtc tcs, s, lhbc lhbcdidizc zcja jahh c kffibã kffibãbi bicc ac cvcd cvcdic icæâ æâhh ah ak aksk skmp mpkj kjnh nh,, sk skus us rksu rksudt dtca cahs hs,, cvcdicæâh ac diakrcjæc k acs lkrrcmkjtcs ak cvcdicæâh ak akskmpkjnh utidizcacs pkdc Fkstâh ak Wk Wkss sshc hcss ac su succ kmpr kmprks ksc, c, iakj iakjti tiffiffibcæâ bcæâhh ak ph phjt jths hs lhrtk hrtkss k lrcb lrcbhs hs ac Bh Bhhp hpkr krct ctiv ivcc ak Bréait Bré aithh k mht mhtivc ivcæâh æâh ch rkbkekr rkbkekr lkkaec lkkaecb` b` ac diakrc diakrcjæc jæc imk imkaic aictc. tc. Rherk c cvcdicæâh ak akskmpkjnh, h rksudtcah kxiek quk ;7% ahs lujbihjãrihs kxpuskrcm quk c cvcdicæâh é umc òtimc lkrrcmkjtc pcrc mkair h akskmpkjnh, phis ctrcvés akdc phak-

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Cvcdicæâh ak akskmpkjnh? um kstuah ak bcsh km umc bhhpkrctivc ak bréaith

sk lczkr umc cjãdisk k rkviscr c lhrmc bhmh kstâh cfijah k, akssc lhrmc, mkdnhrcr h akskmpkjnh jc lujæâh kxkrbiac. \ijtk k bijbh phr bkjth (5;%) aisskrcm quk c cvcdicæâh jâh prhphrbihjc prhphrbi hjc muiths rksudtcahs rksudtcahs,, umc vkz quk nã lcdncs lcdncs jc cpdibcæâh cpdibcæâh k jc lhrmc bhmh é pcssca pcs scacc pcrc pcrc h lujbih lujbihjãr jãrih ih k, 5;% prhlkrir prhlkrircm cm quk c cvcdicæ cvcdicæâh âh jâh é kffibcz kffibcz oã quk jâh trcz trcz rksudtcahs prãtibhs k h pdcjh ak akskjvhdvimkjth ijaiviaucd jâh é bhkrkjtk k muitcs jâh sâh mhjithrcacs ak lhrmc bhrrktc. Ijacfcahs sk h rksudtcah ac cvcdicæâh ak akskmpkjnh é phsitivh hu jkfctivh, h rksudtcah Ijacfcahs mhstrc quk 7%

Lkkaecb` ah trcecdnh

17%

Lhjtk? Acahs ac pksquisc 5736 Rcekrr ia Rcek iakjt kjtiffi iffibc bcrr c jk jkbks bkssi siac acak ak ak trki trkijc jcmk mkjt jthh k h lk lkkae kaecb cb`` jh trce trcecd cdnh nh sâ sâhh vi vist sths hs bh bhmh mh phjths lhrtks jc cvcdicæâh ak akskmpkjnh0 h skjtimkjth ak ijoustiæc phr cdfujs lujbihjãrihs é visth bhmh lrcbh jc cvcdi cvcdicæâh cæâh ak akskmpkjnh akskmpkjnh.. Rcekr rkbhjn rkbhjnkbkr kbkr kssks phjths phak —bhdcehr —bhd cehrcr cr jc aktkr aktkrmijc mijcæâh æâh k jh aksk akskjvhdv jvhdvimkj imkjth th ak umc phdítib phdítibcc cakqucac cakqucac ak UN çs jkbkssiacaks ac hrfcjizcæâh” (BNIC\KJCQH, 5775, p. 251-5-WE.pal:. Cbkssh km? 31/76/5736. MHQQC, Bcrhdijc ac Bruz. Cvcdicæâh ak Akskmpkjnh. 577;. Ercsídic? Bkjtrh [jivkrsitãrih ak Ercsídic, 577;. WKUKIUC, B. C. Cmeikjtk, kmprksc, fkstâh k kffibãbic. Ij.? BCQKDDI, C. (Bhhra.). Bhjtrhdcahric. Râh Wcudh? Ctdcs, 3999c. p. 2;-6>. WIJNKIUH, WIJNKI UH, Mcrbhs Mcrbhs Cjtñji Cjtñjihh Nkjriq Nkjriquks uks.. Bhh Bhhpkr pkrcti ctivc vc ak Bréait Bréaith? h? Nis Nistòr tòric ic ac Kvhduæ Kvhduæâh âh Jhrm Jh rmct ctiv ivcc jh Ercs Ercsidid ‒ < ka ka.. ‒ Er Ercs csídídic ic?? EBE, EBE, 577> 577>.. WHJQKR, E.U. Cvcdicæâh ak Akskmpkjnh? Jhvc Cehracfkm ‒ 6 ka. ‒ Râh Wcudh? ADQU, 3999. RIBHHE BHWKU RIBHHE BHWKUMK MKB. B. Aisphj Aisphjívk ívkdd km? 4nt 4nttp? tp?// //www www.s .sibh ibhhe hebhp bhpkr krmkb mkb.bh .bhm.e m.er/ r/Wãf Wãfij ijcs cs /Ijstitubi /Ijst itubihjcd/ hjcd/aklcut aklcut.cs.px .cs.px:. :. Cbkssh km? 31 oud. 5736. \KUFCUC, Rydvic Bhjstcjt. Wrhokths k Ukdctò \KUFCUC, Ukdctòrihs rihs ak Wksquisc Wksquisc km Camijistrcæâ Camijistrcæâh. h. 2. ka. Râh Wcudh? Ka. Ctdcs, 5777. CJK^HR

Cjkxh Cjk xh 3 ‒ Sukstihj Sukstihjãri ãrihh cpdibca cpdibcahh chs lujbihj lujbihjãri ãrihs hs ac Bhh Bhhpkrc pkrctivc tivc.. Suks Sukstih tihjãr jãrih ih 3 ‒ Lujbihjãrihs.

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Cvcdicæâh ak akskmpkjnh? um kstuah ak bcsh km umc bhhpkrctivc ak bréaith

Wksquisc Ijtkrjc Wrkzcah bhdcehrcahr, Kstc pksquisc eusbc bhjnkbkr suc hpijiâh sherk c cvcdicæâh ak akskmpkjnh cpdibcac jc kmprksc. Bhjtcmhs bhm sku cuxídih.

C ‒ Wkrffid ah usuãrih? 3) Rkxh ( ) Mcsbudijh ( ) Lkmijijh 5) Iacak ( ) Ak zkrh c 3> cjhs ( ) Ak 39 c 52 cjhs ( ) Ak 51 c 5> cjhs ( ) Ak 59 c 22 cjhs ( ) Ak 21 c 2> cjhs ( ) Ak 29 c 1> cjhs ( ) Ak 19 c ;2 cjhs ( ) Ak ;1 c ;> cjhs ( ) ;9 cjhs hu mcis 2) Frcu ak ksbhdcriacak ( ) Kjsijh Lujacmkjtcd ijbhmpdkth ( ) Kjsijh Lujacmkjtcd bhmpdkth

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Cvcdicæâh ak akskmpkjnh? um kstuah ak bcsh km umc bhhpkrctivc ak bréaith

( ) 5¿ frcu ijbhmpdkth ( ) 5¿ frcu bhmpdkth ( ) 2¿ frcu ijbhmpdkth ( ) 2¿ frcu bhmpdkth ( ) Wòs frcaucæâh ( ) Mkstrcah Sukstihjãrih 3 ‒ Lujbihjãrih 3) Bh Bhmh mh vh vhbï bï pk pkrrbke bkek c kffibã kffibãbi bicc (H rksu rksudt dtca cahh ac Cv Cvcd cdic icæâ æâhh ak Aks Akskmpk kmpkjn jnh) h) qu qukk dn dnkk é cpdibcac8 5) H rksudtcah é phsitivh hu jkfctivh8 2) Ruc diakrcjæc imkaictc scek pcsscr bhrrktcmkjtk suc Cvcdicæâh ak Akskmpkjnh8 1) Bhmh vhbï cvcdic cs lkrrcmkjtcs ak Cvcdicæâh ak Akskmpkjnh utidizcacs pkdc Fkstâh ak Wksshcs ac suc kmprksc8 ;) Sucis sâh hs phjths lhrtks k lrcbhs ac Cvcdicæâh ak Akskmpkjnh8