Automatización Líneas de Producción

 

]GBSMZ^BFOF GONBIGOA FM BG@MGBMZÅO CON]AVOF FM BG@MGBMZÅO BGF]^VZBOA R FM ^B^VMEO^

XZINM^I^ BGF]^VZBOAM^ BB (VX ::6-]) Outieozonbþg< Aågmos fm Xrifunnbþg @rupi ?:

 

Mstufbogtms< ◉

  Ognoaam Bg`o, Ldonk Mgfmr ◉   Fov ovbbf Zmg`bci, ci, Oajmrt mrt Fmgb gbaasig

:8?3:826M :8?38 388 8>3D

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:8?3??3:@

  Luano @ornbo, Lima Mfsig

Xricmsir ...> ?.?. ?.?. Aågm Aågmos os fm pr prif ifun unnb nbþg þg eo eogu guoa oams ms.............. ............................ ............................. .............................. ............................. ................................... ..................... > ?.?. ?.?.?. ?. ?.?. ?.?.:. :.

Xrif Xrifun untbtbvb vbfo fof f aåaågm gmos os e eog oguo uoam amss fm prif prifun unnb nbþg þg............... .............................. ............................. ................................6 ..................6 Ms Msto tonb nbig igms ms f fm m tr troj ojol oli i mg u ugo go aaåg ågmo mo f fm m mg mgso soej ejam am e eog oguo uoaa...........................................6

?.?. ?.?.>. >. Ma sbst sbstme meo of fm m ttro rogs gspi pirt rton onbþ bþg gf fm m ttro rojo joli li............. ........................... ............................. .............................. ...............................= ................= ?.:. ?.:. EI EIFM FMAI AI^ ^ OAV OAVMZ MZGO GOVB VBSI SI^ ^ FM EO EOG] G]CO CONV NV]Z ]ZO O EOG]O EOG]OA A...........................................4 ?.:. ?.:.?. ?. ?.:. ?.:.:. :.

Nm Nmaf afos os f fm m mg mgso soej ejam am e eog oguo uoam amss fm m mst ston onbþ bþg g sb sbep epam am.....................................................4 Mg Mgso soej ejam am p pir ir m mqu qubp bpis is f fm m tr troj ojol olof ofir irms ms.........................................................................2

?.:. ?.:.>. >.

Og Ogïa ïabs bsbs bs f fm m ei eifm fmai aiss sb sbep epam amss fm aåaågm gmos os f fm m mg mgso soej ejam am.................................................?8

?.>. ?.>.

AÅGM AÅGMO^ O^ FM XZ XZIF IF]N ]NNB NBÞG ÞG O] O]VI VIEO EOVB VB\O \OFO FO^ ^............... .............................. ............................. ..................................?: ....................?:

?.>. ?.>.?. ?. ?.>. ?.>.:. :. :.

Cu Cugf gfoe oemg mgti tiss fm aåaågm gmos os fm p prif rifun unnb nbþg þg ou outi tieo eotbtbzo zofo foss.............................................?> Nigcb igcb`u `uro ronnbþg bþg fm fmaa sbs sbstm tmeo eo............... .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ...................................?> .....................?>

Ou Outi tieo eotbtbzo zonb nbþg þg fm aos aos aågm aågmos os fm pr prif ifun unnb nbþg þg.............. ............................. ............................. ............................. ................................ .................?= ?= :.?. :.?.

Mv Mvia iaun unbþ bþg gf fma ma prin prinms msi if fm m pri prifu funn nnbþ bþg g............... ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ........................?= ..........?=

:.:. :.:.

Ou Outi tieo eotb tbzo zonb nbþg þg bgfu bgfust strb rboa oa............. ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................. ..............................................?= ................................?=

:.>.

Bgtrifunnbþg............... .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ................................................... ..................................... ?3

:.6. :.6.

Ai Aiss Cug Cugfo foem emgt gtis is ei eifm fmrg rgis is fm aao o out outie ieot otbz bzon onbþ bþg g............... .............................. ............................. ..............................?4 ................?4

:.6. :.6.?. ?.

Ma o out uti ieo eotb tbse sei i sm smnnumgn umgnbboa.............. ............................. ............................. ............................. .................................................?2 ..................................?2

:.=. :.=.

Gbvm Gbvmam amss fm Ou Outi tieo eotb tbzo zonb nbþg þg............... ............................. ............................. .............................. ........................................................ ......................................... :8

:.3. :.3.

Ao pb pbrïe rïebf bfm m fm ao O Out utie ieot otbz bzon onbþ bþg< g< Ni Nign gnmp mpti ti N NBE BE.............................................................:>

:.0. :.0.

Ma Ni Nigt gtri riao aofi firr A Aþ` þ`bn bni iX Xri ri`r `roe oeoj ojam am,, X XAN AN.............. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ..................:0 ....:0

>.

BGF] BGF]^V ^VZB ZBO^ O^ _ _]M ]M O] O]VI VIEO EOVB VB\O \OG G ^] ^]^ ^ AÁ AÁGM GMO^ O^ F FM M XZ XZIF IF]N ]NNB NBÚG ÚG.............................:2 >.?. >.?.

CO COJZ JZBN BNON ONBÞ BÞG G FM JIV JIVMA MAAO AO^ ^F FM MS SBF BFZB ZBI I............. ............................ .............................. ............................. ............................:2 ..............:2

>.:. >.:.

CO COJZ JZBN BNON ONBÚ BÚG GF FM M^ ^]M ]MAO AO^ ^F FM M\ \OX OXOV OVBA BAAO AO^ ^............. ............................ ............................. ............................. ........................ .........>? >?

>.>.

AÁGMO FM EIAFMI.............. ............................ ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ........................ .......... >?

 

Nopåtuai ?

?. AÅGM AÅGMO^ O^ FM XZ XZIF IF]N ]NNB NBÞG ÞG ^ig sbstmeos fm eoguconturo fm tbpi BBB nig eüatbpams mstonbigms y ug sbstmeo cbli fm ruto, rut o, pum pumfmg fmg smr eog eoguoa uoams, ms, out outieï ieïtbn tbnos os i dåj dåjrbf rbfos. os. Ms fmn fmnbr, br, aos ipm ipmron ronbig bigms ms fm eoguconturo sm rmoabzog mg cireo smnumgnboa fm mstonbþg fm trojoli o mstonbþg fm trojoli y ma tbpi fm prifunti ms bfâgtbni i euy sbebaor. Aos aågmos fm prifunnbþg sig usofos yo smo poro ipmronbigms fm prinmsoebmgti i mgso mgsoej ejam am fm eo eotm tmrb rboa oams ms i prif prifun unti tiss smeb smeb-t -tmr mreb ebgo gofi fis. s. Ms bg bgus usuo uoaa qum qum oejo oejoss ipmronbigms sm rmoabnmg mg ao ebseo aågmo. ?.?.

Aågmos fm prifunnbþg eoguoams ^ig sbstmeos fm eoguconturo fma tbpi BBB E, sbstmeo euatb-mstonbþg eoguoa nig rutmi cbli. Nigsbstm fm fis i eïs mstonbigms, nig ugi i eïs ipmrofirms mg nofo mstonbþg. Ao Aoss ipmr ipmron onbi bigm gmss sig sig smnu smnumg mgnb nboa oams ms,, mgti mgtign gnms ms sm rm rmqu qubm bmrm rm fm ug ru rutm tmi i cbli cbli,, usuoaemgtm o ai aor`i fm ugo aågmo fm prifunnbþg.

Contirms qum prieumvmg ma usi fm aågmos fm mgsoejam eoguoa sig< ◉

Ao fmeogfo pir ma prifunti ms oato i emfbo.

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Ais prifuntis dmndis mg ao aågmo sig bfâgtbnis i sbebaorms.

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Ma trojoli titoa rmqumrbfi poro ma mgsoejam fma prifunti pumfm smr fbvbfbfi mg pmqumÿos ugbfofms fm trojoli.

 

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Ms tmngiaþ`bnoemgtm bepisbjam i mnigþebnoemgtm bgvbojam ao outieotbzonbþg fm fbndos ipmronbigms.

?.?.?. Xrif Xrifuntbv untbvbfof bfof aågmo aågmoss eog eoguoams uoams fm p prifu rifunnbþg nnbþg Mspmnboabzonbþg fma trojoli. Mstm prbgnbpbi fm fbvbsbþg fma trojoli, prbemri pripumsti pir Ofoe ^ebtd, emgnbigo qum nuogfi ug trojoli `rogfm i pmsofi ms fbvbfbfi mg pmqumÿos tormos y nofo ugi ms osb`gofo o ug trojolofir, ma trojolofir sm nigvbmrtm mg oatoemgtm mcbnbmgtm mg mso prïntbno. pr ïntbno. Xort Xo rtms ms bgtm bgtmrn rnoe oejb jboj ojam ams, s, mg nofo nofo niep niepig igmg mgtm tm eogu eoguco cont nturo urofi fi ni nig g ti tiam amro rogn gnbo bo sucbnbmgtmemgtm nmrnogos oa fbsmÿi fm ao portm, pumfm smr smamnnbigofo poro ma mgsoejam nig nuoaqubmr niepigmgtm nirrmspigfbmgtm. ^bg portms bgtmrnoejbojams, ma mgsoejam mgsoe jam rmqumr rmqumrbråo bråo nirrmnnb nirrmnnbigms igms y olust olustms ms poro ma mgsoejam, mgsoejam, donbmgfi ma prinmsi prinmsi beprïntbni. Xrbgnbpbi fm trojoli mg eogmli fma eotmrboa, privmm qum nofo ugbfof fm trojoli cauym suovmemgtm suovm emgtm o trovâ trovâss fm ao aågmo fm prifu prifunnbþg nnbþg,, vbolo vbologfi gfi fbstognbos eågbeo eågbeoss mgtrm mstonbigms. Zbtei fm ao aågmo. Ais trojolofirms mg ugo aågmo fm mgsoejam sig usuoaemgtm rmqumrbfis poro niepamtor sus tormos osb`gofos mg nofo ugbfof fm prifuntis fmgtri fm ug nbmrti nbnai fm tbmepi ma nuoa `mgmro ma rbtei fm ao aågmo poro mstojamnmr  ugo rozþg fm prifunnbþg mspmnbcbnofo. Ao sbgnrigåo sm rmoabzo `mgmroaemgtm nig jogfos trogspirtofirms emnogbzofos. Ma rbtei fm prifunnbþg ai fo ao mstonbþg eïs amgto.

 

?.?.:. Mstonb Mstonbigms igms fm ttrojol rojoli i mg ug ugoo aågm aågmoo fm mgs mgsoejam oejam eogu eoguoa oa Ms ugo ainonbþg fbsmÿofo o ai aor`i fm ao troymntirbo fma cauli fm trojoli mg ao nuoa ugo i eïs ipmronbigms fm trojoli sig rmoabzofos pir ugi i eïs trojolofirms. Mstis mamemgtis fm trojoli rmprmsmgtog pmqumÿos pirnbigms fma trojoli titoa qum fmjm smr  niepamtofi poro ma mgsoejam fma prifunti.

Ipmronbigms tåpbnos fm ugo aågmo fm mgsoejam eoguoa ◉

 Opabnonbþg fm ofdmsbvis

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 Opabnonbþg fm smaaofirms

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^iafofuro fm orni

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Zbjmtmi

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 Opabnonbigms fm olustms Nisturo Mg`ropofi  Otirgbaaofi

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]gbþg lusto fm fis portms

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^iafofuro fm portms mamntrþgbnos Xugtmofi fm siafofuro

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Mgsoejam olustofi

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Bgsmrnbþg fm niepigmgtms

Ao pisbnbþg fma trojolofir pumfm vorbor poro nofo mstonbþg fm trojoli, mg oa`ugos mstïg fm pbm, itros smgtofi. Oa mstor fm pbm, pmrebtm oa trojolofir eivmrsm mg ma ïrmo fm ao mstonbþg y rmoabzor ao tormo osb`gofo. Msti ms nieüg mg ma mgsoejam fm prif prifun unti tiss fm `m `mie iemt mtrå råos os `rog `rogfm fmss ni niei ei ou outi tis, s, `r `rog ogfm fmss ma mamn mntr trif ifie ieâs âstbtbni nis, s, eoqubgorbo, mtn. Itri nosi tåpbni ms nuogfi aos portms sm eumvmg mg ugo jogfo trogspirtofiro u ma trojolofir rmoabzo su tormo fm mgsoejam ebmgtros ao portm sm eumvm o trovâs fm ao mstonbþg. Xoro Xor o tor tormos mos fm prm prmnbs nbsbþg bþg ms nie nieüg üg qum ma tro trojol jolofi ofir(o r(o)) mst mstâ â smgtof smgtofi(o i(o). ). Xir  mlmepa mlm epai, i, mg ma mgs mgsoej oejam am fm nie niepig pigmgt mgtms ms mam mamntr ntrþgb þgbnis nis,, nig nigmxb mxbþg þg fm nojams nojams i tujmråos, suj-mgsoejams fm prmnbsbþg, mtn.

 

?.?.>. Ma ssbstme bstmeoo fm trogs trogspirto pirtonbþg nbþg fm ttrojol rojoli i Doy fis cireos jïsbnos poro rmoabzor ma eivbebmgti fm ugbfofms fm trojoli o ai aor`i fm ao aågmo fm mgsoejam eoguoa< Eoguoams i emnogbzofis. Oejis eâtifis privmmg ao ruto cblo (tifos aos ugbfofms fm trojoli sb`umg ao ebseo smnumgnbo fm ipmronbigms).

?. ?.?. ?.>. >.?. ?.

Eâ Eâti tifi fiss eo eogu guoa oams ms f fmm tr trog ogsp spir irtm tm fm fmaa tr troj ojol oli i Aos ugbfofms fm prifunnbþg posog fm mstonbþg fm trojoli o ao itro nig aos eogis. Fis prijameos pumfmg sur`br pir mstm eâtifi< Doejrugo y jaiqumi. Ao do doej ejru rugo go ms nuog nuogfi fi ma ip ipmr mrof ofir ir fm mgso mgsoej ejam am do ni niep epam amto tofi fi ao to torm rmo o osb`gofo, pmri ao sb`ubmgtm ugbfof oüg gi do aam`ofi. Nuogfi ao mstonbþg mstï jaiqumofo, sm fbnm qum ma ipmrofir do niepamtofi su tormo osb`gofo pmri gi pumfm posor ao ugbfof o ao sb`ubmgtm mstonbþg pir qum ma sb`ubmgtm ipmrofir oüg gi mstï absti poro rmnbjbrai. Xoro ebtb`or ais mcmntis sm usog oaeonmgoebmgtis tmepiroams mgtrm mstonbigms. Mg oa`ugis nosis, sm oreog aitms fm ugbfofms fm trojoli ogtms fm posorao o ao sb`ubmgtm mstonbþg. Itros vmnms sm usog msponbis fm oaeonmgoebmgti mstïtbnis poro poro niai niaino norr aos aos pbmz pbmzos os y ugo ugo vmz vmz gm gmnm nmsb sbto tofo fos, s, ma sb`u sb`ubm bmgt gtm m ip ipmr mrof ofir  ir  sbepamemgtm ao ijtbmgm fm mstm msponbi. Ma prijameo ms qum mstm eâtifi fm ipmronbþg pumfm rmsuator mg prinmsisfmgtri-fma trojoli qum pufbmrog tmgmr ug nisti mxtro gi fmsmofi.

?. ?.?. ?.>. >.:. :.

Eâ Eâti tifi fiss fm trog trogsp spir irtm tm em emno nogb gbzo zofi fi Jogfos y itris tbpis fm eogmli fm eotmrboams eitirbzofi sig oepaboemgtm usofis mg aågmos fm mgsoejam outieïtbni. Doy trms tbpis fm notm`iråos prbgnbpoams fm trogspirtm fm eotmrboams fm mstm tbpi mg ugo aågmo fm prifunnbþg< 

trogspirtm nigtbgui

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trogspirtm sågnrigi

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trogspirtm osågnrigi

 

^bstmeo nigtbgui fm trogspirtm ]so ugo jogfo nigtbguo fm eivbebmgti o vmainbfof nigstogtm. Ms ug eâtifi nieüg mg aågmos fm mgsoejam eoguoa y usuoaemgtm rmnirrm ao aig`btuf mgtmro fm ao aågmo. ^b ao aågmo ms fmeosbofi aor`o, sm fbvbfm mg sm`emgtis nig ugo jogfo smporofo poro nofo sm`emgti. Ma trogspirtm nigtbgui pumfm bepamemgtorsm fm fis cireos< (?) ]gbfofms cblos o ao jogfo trogspirtofiro (:) ]gbfofms fm trojoli sig rmeivbjams fm ao jogfo Vbpis< ◉

Jogfos fm trogspirtm oârmos

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Jogfos fm tbpi nbgturþg

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Vrogspirtofir fm nbabgfris

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Vrogspirtofir tbpi nofmgo fm orrostrm

Vrogspirtm sågnrigi Vifos aos ugbfofms fm trojoli sm eumvmg sbeuatïgmoemgtm mgtrm mstonbigms mg ug eivbebmgti rïpbfi y fbsnigtbgui, pisbnbigïgfism mg ao mstonbþg fm trojoli.

 

Mstm eâtifi gi ms tog nieüg mg aågmos fm mgsoejam pir qum rmqubmrm qum aos tormos sm niepamtmg mg ug tbmepi cbli y abebtofi. Vbpis< ◉

Mqubpi mg jorros trogspirtofiros

Emnogbseis fm ritonbþg bgfmxofis Vrogspirtm osågnrigi ◉

]go ugbfof fm trojoli fmlo ugo mstonbþg fofo nuogfi ao tormo osb`gofo do sbfi niepamtofo y ma trojolofir abjmro ao ugbfof. Aos ugbfofms fm trojoli sm eumvmg bgfmpmgfbmgtmemgtm mg au`or fm mg sbgnrigåo. Mg nuoaqubmr eiemgti oa`ugos ugbfofms mstïg mg eivbebmgti, ebmgtros qum itros mstïg mg ipmronbigms fm eoguconturo. Vbpis<

?.:.

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Jogfo oârmo fm abjrm eivbebmgti

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Norri sijrm ugo aågmo trogspirtofirms fm nbabgfris outieotbzofis

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^bstmeos fm vmdånuais outieotbzofis

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^bstmeos fm eigi-rbma

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^bstmeos fm nofmgos fm norrusma

 EIFMAI^ OAVMZGOVBSI^ FM EOG]CONV]ZO EOG]OA

?.:.?. Nmaf Nmafos os fm mmgsoe gsoejam jam eo eoguoa guoams ms fm mmstonbþ stonbþg g sbe sbepam pam ^m troto fm ug siai au`or fm trojoli mg ma nuoa ma trojoli fm mgsoejam sm niepamto. niepamto. Mstm eâtifi ms `mgmroaemgtm usofi mg prifuntis qum sig niepamlis i prifunbfis mg pmqumÿos nogtbfofms. Ma au`or fm trojoli pumfm tmgmr ugi i eïs trojolofirms fmpmgfbmgfi fma toeoÿi fma prifunti y ao rozþg fm prifunnbþg rmqumrbfo. Xrifuntis mspmnboabzofis fm bg`mgbmråo sb`umg mstm eifmai

 

?.:.:. Mgsoe Mgsoejam jam pir mqubp mqubpis is fm trojo trojolofir lofirms ms Bgviaunro o eüatbpams trojolofirms osb`gofis poro rmoabzor ugo tormo nieüg. Ma rbtei fm trojoli ms nigtriaofi pir ais trojolofirms ebseis mg au`or fm oa`üg emnogbsei trogspirtofir. ]go vorbmfof fma eâtifi ms tmgmr oa mqubpi fm trojolofirms sm`ubr oa prifunti mg fbcmrmgtms mstonbigms fm trojoli dosto tmrebgor ug mgsoejam. Ao niepoÿåo sumno Siavi cum pbigmro mg mstm eâtifi. Mstm eâtifi pmrebtm qum sm rmoabnmg ipmronbigms poroamaos nig fbcmrmgtms eifmais mg ao aågmo fm cojrbnonbþg. Fbsmÿi poro ma mgsoejam ◉

]so ma emgir güemri fm portms pisbjams poro rmfunbr ao nogtbfof fm mgsoejam rmqumrbfi.

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Zmfunm ma güemri fm tirgbaais rmqumrbfis

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]tbabzo sulmtofirms mstïgforms

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Zmfunm portms mg fbcmrmgtms irbmgtonbigms

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Mvbto portms nigcusos y niepamlos

 

?.:.>. Ogïa Ogïabsbs bsbs fm e eifma ifmais is sbe sbepams pams f fmm aågm aågmos os fm mg mgsoeja soejamm Ao aågmo fm mgsoejam pumfm smr fbsmÿofo poro oanogzor rbteis fm prifunnbþg Zp poro sotbsconmr ao fmeogfo. Ao fmeogfo fma prifunti o emgufi ms mxprmsofo mg ugo nogtbfof oguoa, ao nuoa pumfm smr rmfunbfo o ug rbtei pir diro. Ao ofebgbstronbþg fmjm fmnbfbr nuogtis turgis pir smeogo fmjm fm ipmror ao aågmo y nuogtos diros pir turgi.  Osuebmgfi qum ao paogto ipmro =8 smeogos oa oÿi, ma rbtei fm prifunnbþg pir diro mstï fofo pir<

figfm Zp ms ao prifunnbþg priemfbi (ugbfofms/dr), Fo ms ao fmeogfo fm ug siai prifunti poro cojrbnorsm mg ao aågmo (ugbfofms/oÿi), ^ ms ma güemri fm turgis pir  smeogo, y D ms ma güemri fm diros pir turgi. =8 ms ma güemri fm smeogos oguoams mg ipmronbþg fm ao aågmo. Mstm rbtei fm prifunnbþg pumfm nigvmrtbrsm o nbnai fm tbmepi Vn, ma nuoa ms ma bgtmrvoai fm tbmepi mg ma nuoa ao aågmo smrï ipmrofo. Ma nbnai fm tbmepi tieo mg numgto numgt o ao rmoabf rmoabfof of fma tbme tbmepi pi fm prifun prifunnbþg nbþg y pârfbfo inosbigoa fmjbfi o coaaos coaaos mg ma mq mqub ubpi pi,, ma sueb suebgb gbst stri ri fm mgmr mgmr`å `åo, o, pr prij ijam ameo eoss fm no noababfo fof, f, fm tr troj ojol oli, i, mt mtn. n.

 

Mstbtbeo Ms eogf gfi i ug tbme tbmepi pi pr prie iemf mfbi bi mg qu qum m ao aågm aågmo o rm rmoa oaem emgt gtm m pu pumf mfm m ms msto torr mg prifunnbþg, M. Vmgmeis,

figfm Vn ms ma tbmepi fm nbnai fm ao aågmo (ebg/nbnai), M ms ao mcbnbmgnbo fm ao aågmo mg ug rog`i tåpbni fm 8.28 o 8.24. Ma tbmepi titoa fm mgsoejam i nigstrunnbþg ms aaoeofi Vbmepi fm nigtmgbfi fm trojoli, Vwn. Mstm ms ma tbmepi fm tifis ais trojolis rmqumrbfis poro niepamtor  ugo ugbfof fm ug prifunti mg ugo aågmo fm prifunnbþg. Mstm voair ms ütba poro mstbeor ma güemri tmþrbni titoa trojolofirms rmqumrbfis mg ugo aågmo fm mgsoejam poro prifunbr ug prifunti nig ug Vwn y mg ug rbtei Zp. Ma güemri fm trojolofirms mg ao aågmo smrï<

figfm w ms ma güemri fm trojolofirms fm ao aågmo; PA ms ao nor`o fm trojoli o niepamtor mg ug pmrbifi fm tbmepi; y OV ms ma pmrbifi fm tbmepi fbspigbjam. Gumstri pmrbifi fm bgtmrâs smrï fm 38 ebgutis. Ao nor`o fm trojoli ms ma rbtei fm prifunnbþg pir diro euatbpabnofi pir ma tbmepi fm nigtmgbfi fm trojoli fma prifunti,

 Orrm`aogfi mnuonbigms pifmeis mgnigtror qum,

 

Ma tbmepi fbspigbjam OV 5 ? dr euatbpabnofi pir ao pripirnbþg fma tbmepi mg qum ao aågmo mstï ipmrogfi, gis fo,

^ustbtuymgfi ais târebgis pir PA y OV mg ma nïanuai fma güemri fm trojolofirms, tmgmeis qum

figfm w' ms ma güemri eågbei fm trojolofirms. ^b osuebeis ug trojolofir pir mstonbþg, mgtignms toejbâg gis foråo ma güemri eågbei fm mstonbigms mg ao aågmo. ?.>.

AÅGMO^ FM XZIF]NNBÞG O]VIEOVB\OFO^  Aos aågmos fm mgsoejam eoguoa utbabzog gireoaemgtm ug sbstmeo fm trogscmrmgnbo emno em nogb gbzo zofi fi poro poro ei eivm vmrr aos aos pbmz pbmzos os mgtr mgtrm m ao aoss ms msto tonb nbig igms ms fm tr troj ojol oli, i, pm pmri ri ao aoss mstonbigms toejbâg sig ipmrofos pir trojolofirms. Ao Aoss aågm aågmos os fm prif prifun unnb nbþg þg outi outieï eïtbtbno noss rm rmqu qubm bmrm rmg g fm ug ugo o bg bgvm vmrs rsbþ bþg g fm no nopb pbto toaa sb`gbcbnotbvo. ^ig mlmepai fm outieotbzonbþg cblo y, `mgmroaemgtm, ms fbcånba oatmror ao smnumgnbo smnum gnbo y nigtm nigtmgbfi gbfi fm aos ipmronbig ipmronbigms ms fm prinms prinmsoebmgt oebmgti i ugo vmz nigst nigstrubfo rubfo ao aågmo. ^u opabnonbþg ms pir ai togti opripbofo sþai joli aos sb`ubmgtms nigfbnbigms< ◉

 Oato fmeogfo fma prifunti

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Fbsmÿi mstojam fma prifunti

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Aor`o vbfo fma prifunti

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Ipmronbigms eüatbpams mg ao eoguconturo

Ao opabnonbþg fm aågmos fm prifunnbþg tbmgm ais sb`ubmgtms jmgmcbnbis< ◉

Joli nigtmgbfi fm trojoli fbrmnti

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Joli nisti fma prifunti oa rmfunbr nistis fm mqubpi cbli mg eundos ugbfofms

 

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 Oatis rbteis fm prifunnbþg

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Ebgbebzonbþg fm tbmepi nråtbni fm prifunnbþg y ma trojoli dmndi mg prinmsi

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Ebgbebzonbþg fma msponbi mg paogto

?.>.?. Cugf Cugfoemgt oemgtis is fm aå aågmos gmos f fmm prif prifunnbþ unnbþg g outi outieotbz eotbzofos ofos ]go aågmo fm prifun prifunnbþg nbþg outieotbz outieotbzofo ofo nigsb nigsbstm stm fm eüatbpams eüatbpams mstonbigm mstonbigmss qum mstïg mgaozofos pir ug sbstmeo fm eogmli fm trogscmrmgnbo fm portms fm ugo mstonbþg o ao sb`ubmgtm. Ao portm fm trojoli irb`bgoa mgtro pir ug aofi fm ao aågmo y ais posis fm prinmsoebmgti sig rmoabzofis smnumgnboaemgtm oa posi fm ao portm pir ao ebseo. Ao aågmo pifråo bgnaubr mstonbigms fm bgspmnnbþg poro rmoabzor vmrbcbnonbþg fm ao noabfof y toejbâg pifråo nigtmgmr mtopos eoguoams fm ipmronbigms qum pumfmg rmsuator smr euy nistisos i fbcånbams fm outieotbzor. Nofo mstonbþg donm ipmronbigms fbcmrmgtms y ao smnumgnbo fm ipmronbigms fmcbgbfo mg ao aågmo fm prifun prifunnbþg nbþg ms ai rmqumrb rmqumrbfi fi poro niepa niepamtor mtor ma prifun prifunti ti mg fmeogfo. Eüatbpams portms sig eoguconturofos mg ao aågmo y nofo ugo fm maaos mg nofo mstonbþg fm trojoli.

?.>.:. ?.> .:. Ni Nigcb gcb`u `uron ronbþg bþg fma ssbst bstmeo meo Ma cauli pumfm mg rmoabfof smr fm vorbos cireos

?. ?.>. >.:. :.?. ?.



mg-aågmo,



sm`emgtofi mg aågmo y



ritonbigoa.

Ni Nigc gcb` b`ur uron onbþ bþg g mg aå aågm gmoo Nigsbstm mg ugo smnumgnbo fm mstonbigms mg ug orrm`ai fm aågmo rmnto. Msto nigcb`uronbþg ms nieüg poro `rogfms pbmzos fm trojoli o eoqubgor. Xmri mstos portms rmqubmrmg rmqubmrmg fm ug `rog güem güemri ri fm ipmronbigms ipmronbigms,, ugo prifunnb prifunnbþg, þg, y ao aågmo pifråo pif råo tmg tmgmr mr eüa eüatbp tbpams ams fm tro trojol joli. i. Fbndo Fbndo nig nigcb` cb`uro uronbþ nbþg g pumfm pumfm tmgmr tmgmr `ro `rogfm gfmss nogtbfofms fm mstonbigms y smr bgtm`rofo nig msponbis fm oaeonmgoebmgti o ai aor`i fma cauli.

 

?. ?.>. >.:. :.:. :.

Ni Nigc gcb` b`ur uron onbþ bþg g mmg g sm` sm`em emgt gti i mmg g aåg aågmo mo Ao nigcb`uronbþg fm sm`emgti mg aågmo, aågmo, nigsbstm fm fis i eos aågmos rmntos fm trogscmrmgn trogs cmrmgnbo, bo,

figfm ai aiss sm`e sm`emgtis mgtis ssig ig usuoa usuoaemgtm emgtm pm pmrpmgfb rpmgfbnuaorm nuaormss ugi fma

itri. Doy vorbos rozigms pir aos qum sm prmcbmrm mso nigcb`uronbþg o ao aågmo rmnto< 

Msponbi fm pbsi fbspigbjam



Xmrebtm rmirbmgtonbþg fm ao pbmzo fm trojoli poro fbcmrmgtms supmrcbnbms fm eoqubgofi



Ma aoyiut rmntog`uaor ug rmtirgi fm ao pbmzo fm trojoli oa bgbnbi fma nbnai poro ma rmtirgi fm eotmrboa fm sulmnbþg y dorfworm qum rmqubmrm itro pbmzo gumvo.

 

?.>. ?. >.:. :.>. >.

Ni Nigc gcb` b`ur uron onbþ bþg g ri rito toti tirb rboo Mg ao nigcb`uronbþg ritotirbo, aos portms fm trojoli mstïg cblos oarmfmfir fm ugo emso fm trojoli nbrnuaor, y ao emso ms bgfmxofo poro pisbnbigor aos pbmzos fm trojoli o aos mstonbigms nirrmspigfbmgtms.

 

NOXÅV]AI :

:. Outi Outieotbz eotbzonbþg onbþg fm aaos os aågmos aågmos fm p prifu rifunnbþg nnbþg Aos aågmos aågmos fm pri prifun funnbþ nbþg g dog mvi mviaun aunbigo bigofi fi poro iptbebzo iptbebzorr ais prin prinmsi msis. s. Msti Msti do pmrebtbfi fbsebgubr mrrirms y emliror ao noabfof cbgoa fma prifunti. Zmfunbr nistms y ouemgtor ao mcbnbmgnbo sig itros vmgtolos fm fbndo mviaunbþg. :.?.

Mviaunbþg fma prinmsi fm prifunnbþg 

Xrinmsi o`råniao y eoguoa< Ma ortmsogi mro ma mgnor`ofi fm prifunbr ma prifunti fm prbgnbpbi o cbg. Gi dojåo fbvbsbþg fm trojoli. Ma ortmsogi fmnbfåo su pripbo lirgofo fm trojoli. ^u icbnbi y su tângbno tmgåo ug norïntmr smnrmti. Ais eomstris mgsmÿojog o ais oprmgfbnms.



Zmviaunbþg Bgfustrboa< Nig ao mxtmgsbþg y pricmsbigoabzonbþg fm ao prifunnbþg fm jbmg jbmgms ms fm nigs nigsue uei, i, ao mnig mnigie ieåo åo joso josofo fo mg ma tr troj ojol oli i eogu eoguoa oa cu cum m sustbtubfo pir ao bgfustrbo y ao eoguconturo.



Voyairbsei y Cirfbsei< Nigvbrtbþ ao fbvbsbþg fma trojoli mg ugo nbmgnbo. Nofo trojolofir tmgåo su tormo y ma tbmepi prmnbsi poro rmoabzorao. Cirf nrmþ ao prifunnbþg mg eoso. Donm usi fm ao nofmgo fm eigtolm nrmofo pir Voyair.



 Ofebgbstronbþg prifunnbþg y fm ipmronbigms< Ao prifunnbþg sm olusto o ao gmnmsbfof gmnmsb fof fm nig nigsue suei. i. Aos ipm ipmron ronbig bigms ms sm ebg ebgbeb bebzog zog por poro o odi odirro rrorr mg mscumrzis y mg `ostis.



Viyi Vi yitbtbse sei i i Em Emti tifi fiai ai`å `åo o Am Amog og fm paogbcbnonbþg y rmoabemgto nig bgcireonbþg o fbndi gbvma, nig ais mstofis mg qum sm mgnumgtro ma prinmsi, niei irfmgms fm trojoli, sbtuonbþg fm eïqubgos, mgtrm itris. Mg mstm gbvma sm bepamemgto ais sbstmeos ^NOFO.

Gbvma >< Mstm ms ma gbvma fm paogbcbnonbþg figfm sm mgnumgtrog ais sbstmeos fm mlmnunbþg fm ao prifunnbþg (EM^). Mg mstm gbvma sm rmoabzog aos sb`ubmgtms tormos< pri`ro pri `roeon eonbþg bþg fm ao pri prifun funnbþ nbþg, g, `ms `mstbþ tbþg g fm eotmrb eotmrboam oams, s, `mstbþ `mstbþg g fm niepro niepros, s, ogïabsbs fm nistms fm cojrbnonbþg, nigtria fm bgvmgtorbis, `mstbþg fm rmnursis fm cojr cojrbn bnon onbþ bþg, g, `m `mst stbþ bþg g fm noab noabfo fof, f, `m `mst stbþ bþg g fm eogt eogtmg mgbe bebm bmgt gti. i. Ms Mstm tm gb gbvm vmaa sm nieugb nie ugbno no nig ais gbvma gbvmams ms : y 6 por poro o rmn rmnbjb bjbrr bgc bgcire ireonb onbigm igmss gmn gmnmso msorbo rboss poro poro rmoabzor aos tormos qum am nirrmspigfmg.

Gbvma 6< Ms ma gbvma fm ao nüspbfm fm ao pbrïebfm y sm mgnor`o fm ao `mstbþg y ao niepigmg ais sbstmeos fm `mstbþg bgtm`roa fm ao meprmso (MZX). Mg mstm gbvma sm rmoabzog aos sb`ubmgtms tormos< `mstbþg niemrnboa y fm eorkmtbg`, paogbcbnonbþg mstrot mst rotâ`b â`bno, no, pao paogbc gbcbno bnonbþ nbþg g cbgogn cbgognbmr bmro o y ofe ofebgb bgbstr strotb otbvo, vo, `ms `mstbþ tbþg g fm rmn rmnurs ursis is dueo dueogi gis, s, bg`m bg`mgb gbmr mråo åo fma fma prif prifun unti ti,, bg bg`m `mgb gbmr mråo åo fm pr prin inms msi, i, `mst `mstbþ bþg g fm ao tmngiai`åo, `mstbþg fm ais sbstmeos fm bgcireonbþg, bgvmstb`onbþg y fmsorriaai. Ma gbvma fm `mstbþg mebtm bgcireonbþg donbo ma gbvma fm paogbcbnonbþg y mstm rmoabemgto gumvoemgtm nig ais fmtoaams qum gmnmsbto. Mg ais gbvmams eïs jolis fm ao pbrïebfm fm ao outieotbzonbþg mxbstmg vorbos rmstrbnnbigms qum sig norontmråstbnis fma oejbmgtm bgfustrboa, qum fbntog qum, pir 

 

ug aofi ais tbmepis fm rmspumsto fm ais sbstmeos qum nigcireog ao portm fm nigt nigtri riaa fmjm fmjmg g smr smr rï rïpb pbfi fiss y fmtm fmtmre rebg bgås åstbtbni niss y pir pir it itri ri ao aofi fi fm fmjm jmg g sm smrr ai sucbnbmgtm sucbn bmgtmemgtm emgtm rijustis poro sm`ub sm`ubrr cugnb cugnbigogfi igogfi ogtm aos pmrtu pmrturjonb rjonbigms igms y oejbmgtm norontmråstbnis fma mgtirgi bgfustrboa, ms fmnbr, qum sm `orogtbnm ao cbojbabfof y fbspigbjbabfof fma prinmsi nigtriaofi.

 

Mg ao cb`uro sb`ubmgtm sm baustro nþei mstïg bgtmrnigmntofis ais fbcmrmgtms gbvmams fm ao pbrïebfm NBE.

 

:.0.

Ma Nigtriaofir Aþ`bni Xri`roeojam, XAN  Ma Ni Nigt gtri riao aofi firr Aþ`b Aþ`bni ni Xri` Xri`ro roeo eoja jam m i XA XAN N, pi pirr sus sb`a sb`aos os mg bg bg`a `aâs âs fm ‑Xri`roeeojam Ai`bn Nigtriaamrs―, i toejbâg aaoeofi outþeoto pri`roeojam, sbg au`or o fufo, ms ma niepigmgtm mamntrþgbni eïs usofi fmgtri fm ais oejbmgtms bgfustrboams poro rmoabzor aos outieotbzonbigms. Ao fmcbgbnbþg fm XAN sm`üg ao Niebsbþg Bgtmrgonbigoa fm Mamntritmngbo, BMN ??>? portm ? ms< ‑]g sbstmeo mamntrþgbni fm cugnbigoebmgti fb`btoa, fbsmÿofi poro su usi mg ug mgti mgtirg rgi i bgfu bgfusstr trbo boa, a, qum qum ut utbababz bzo o ug ugo o em eme eir irbbo pr pri` i`ro roe eoj ojam am po poro ro ma oaeonm oae onmgoe goebmg bmgti ti fm bgs bgstru trunnb nnbigm igmss irb irbmgt mgtofo ofoss oa usu usuorb orbi, i, poro poro ao rmoabz rmoabzonb onbþg þg fm cugnbigms mspmnåcbnos, poro nigtriaor, o trovâs fm mgtrofos y soabfos, fbvmrsis tbpis fm eïqubgos i prinmsis. Vogti ma XAN niei sus pmrbcârbnis osinbofis fmjmg pifmr  bgtm`rorsm cïnbaemgtm o ug sbstmeo fm nigtria bgfustrboa―, (Emgfizo Sor`os, Nirtâs Isirbi, & Eurbma Msnijor, :8??). Ais XANs sm mgnumgtrog nofo vmz bggivïgfism m bgnirpirogfi gumvos tmngiai`åos, niei prinmsofirms eïs rïpbfis, pritiniais fm nieugbnonbþg gumvis, mgtrm itris, nig ao cbgoabfof fm tmgmr aos eoyirms prmstonbigms poro nigtriaor ais prinmsis bgfustrboams qum sig nofo vmz eïs niepamlis, fm ugo eogmro eïs cbojam, rïpbfo y

 

prmnbso. Ma emrnofi fm ais XAN pmrebtm mgnigtror vorbis eifmais nig fbcmrmgtms prmstonbigms poro smamnnbigorais sm`üg smo ao opabnonbþg qum sm fmsmm fmsorriaaor, oså sm pumfmg mgnigtror (BFNYVmndgiai`bms, :880)< 

Ais Ebnri XANs fm dosto ?88 M/^ (Mgtrofo/^oabfos).

 

Xmqumÿis XANs fm mgtrm ?88 o :88 M/^ XANs Emfbogis fm dosto ?888 M/^.



XANs @rogfms nig eïs fm ?888 M/^.

Ai Aiss XA XANs Ns eo eogm gmlo log g ma nign nignmp mpti ti fm ei eifu fuao aorb rbfo fof, f, ms fm fmnb nbr, r, qu qum m sm pm pmre rebtbtm m br  ofopto ofo ptogfi gfi eþf eþfuai uaiss fm mgt mgtrof rofos os y soa soabfo bfos, s, togti togti ogo ogoaþ` aþ`bno bnoss nie niei i fb`bto fb`btoams ams y toejbâg eþfuais mspmnboams, niei fm nieugbnonbþg, qum pmrebtmg brsm ofoptogfi o aos gmnmsbfofms qum sm tmg`og oa eiemgti fm outieotbzor. Voejbâg sm tbmgm ao pisbjbabfof fm nrmor ugo bgtmab`mgnbo fbstrbjubfo, msti `ronbos o aos nieugbnonbigms mgtrm ais XANs emfbogtm aos rmfms bgfustrboams. ]g nigtriaofir Aþ`bni pri`roeojam sm niepigm prbgnbpoaemgtm fm ais sb`ubmgtms jaiqums< Ao ]gbfof Nmgtroa fm Xrinmsi i fm nigtria, qum ms ma NX]. Emeirbos bgtmrgos.

 

NOXÅV]AI > >. BGF] BGF]^VZBO ^VZBO^ ^ _]M O] O]VIE VIEO OVB\O VB\OG G ^]^ AÁGM AÁGMO^ O^ FM XZIF XZIF]NNB ]NNBÚG ÚG Mg aos bgfustrbos qum trojolog nig eiafms pifmeis gitor qum mxbstm ug `rofi fm outieotbzonbþg mg nofo portm fm sus prinmsis. Vifi msti fmpmgfm fm eundis contirms qum ao meprmso fmjm tmgmr mg numgto ogtms fm nigsbfmror outieotbzor oa`ugi fm sus prinmsis< -

Gbvma fm fbcbnuatof fm prifunti.

-

Bgvmrsbþg mg outieotbzonbþg.

-

Vbmepi mg ma prinmsi.

>.?.

COJZBNONBÞG FM JIVMAAO^ FM SBFZBI  ]g mlmepai fm ug oati gbvma fm outieotbzonbþg sm vm mg ao aågmo fm prifunnbþg fm jitmaaos fm vbfrbi mg ao qum prïntbnoemgtm tifi ma prinmsi mstï outieotbzofi y siai sm gmnmsbto nigtriaorai fmsfm ais tojamris fm nigtria. SBFMI< dttps.:.

 COJZBNONBÚG FM ^]MAO^ FM \OXOVBAAO^  Mg mstm mlmepai o pmsor fm qum `rog portm fma prinmsi ms outieotbzofi, ms gmnmsorbi rmoabzor ontbvbfofms fm nirrmnnbþg fm cireo eoguoa i nig oyufo fm oa`ugo dmrroebmgto. SBFMI< dttps.>.

AÁGMO FM EIAFMI Mg mstm mlmepai ma gbvma fm outieotbzonbþg ms eos abebtofi y gmnmsorboemgtm sm utbabzog rmnursis dueogis qum tbmgmg eoyir prito`igbsei mg ais prinmsis. SBFMI< dttps