Automatic Car Parking

TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.No.

1

TITLE

INTRODUCTION 1.1 Objective 1.2 Block Diagram 1.3 Outline of the Block Diagram

2

DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 2.1 Circuit Description 2.2 Working Description 2.2.1 Entering 2.2.2 Leaving

3

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 3.1 Microcontroller 3.1.1 Pin Diagram 3.1.2 Pin Descriptions 3.1.3 Microcontroller Architechture 3.2 LCD Display 3.2.1 Pin Configurations 3.2.2 Characteristics 3.3 Motors 3.3.1 Permanent Magnet Motors

P.No.

3.3.2 Stepper Motor Drivers 3.4 Motors 3.5 Sensors 3.5.1 Specifications 3.6 Encoder 3.6.1 Features of Encoder

4

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

5

MERITS AND DEMERITS

6

RESULT AND IMPLEMENTATION

7

FUTURE SCOPE

8

BIBILOGRAPHY

9

APPENDIX

ABSTRACT

Due to the increase in the number of vehicles on the road, traffic problems are  bound to exist. This is due to the fact that the current transportation infrastructure and car   park facility developed are unable to cope with the influx of vehicles on the road. To alleviate the aforementioned problems, the smart card p arking system has been developed. With the implementation of the parking system, patrons can easily locate and secure a vacant parking space at any car park deemed convenient to them. In this car parking system, there are two types which it refers to, one is allocating a slot for parking and another is a charging/ticketing system. The present design deals with a display board which shows a vacancy slot for a car as well as displaying bill of   parking a car has parked. Whenever a car is ready to move out of parking area the system displays the charge/amount to be paid for the use of parking slot. This system is effectively in use in most of the European coun tries and many of  the American states. This design is mainly comprised of low manual operation as well as efficient equipment can be installed any an y of the commercial,industrial,apartments,institutions/universities,etc.,Hence commercial,industrial,apartments,instit utions/universities,etc.,Hence it is a low cost apparatus as it mainly uses a microcontroller which is programmable, wh ich is easy to install in any of the above places mentioned.

CHAPTER-I 1.1 INTRODUCTION

Automated parking is a method of automatically parking and retrieving cars typically using a method of allocating the slots to the cars. As the system removes the need for  driveways and ramps, the floor area and the volume of the parking station itself can be more efficiently used. Automated parking systems can be designed to fit above or below ground, allowing for  flexible usage of land space; this means the footprint can be reduced to one-third of the land required by conventional car parking solutions. Cost effective on a number of fronts, automated parking also offers significantly improved service to the customer. Automated parking systems are about making the best use of available space above and  below ground. With less environment impact and time impact, reduced opportunities for  theft and vandalism and real cost benefits, automatic parking is the new watchword in urban planning.

There is an overwhelm overwhelming ing need for these these systems systems because because of

increasing increasing traffic traffic.. These

systems can be integrated with in consumer based electronic devices. The individual components are installed inside this structure for its operation.

1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Comp arator 

motor interface Microcon troller

and

ATMEGA

LCD

32

Comparator 

Sensor  /array of  sensors FIGURE-I

PROCESSING UNIT AND SENSORS

1.3 OUTLINE OF THE BLOCK DIAGRAM

As per the block diagram in this automated car parking system, the processing unit which contains the microcontroller is interfaced with motor circuits and Liquid Crystal Display. Through that the sensor block is connected so that it is used to sense the vehicle, in  between them comparator block is connected so that conversion of code is being done. To place a vehicle in particular rack based on the information provided by the LCD about the empty spaces, it will allot the place for that vehicle based on that information. Motor  is used to open and close the gate. Finally Finally the vehicle vehicle is entered through through an entry gate gate and placed there and through through exit gate it returns. Through this system, ground space required is less and high security is maintained.

CHAPTER-II DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

2.1 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

The power supply unit consists of a transformer, rectifier and a regulator. The transformer used is a step down transformer which converts the 230v AC to 12v AC. This 12v AC is fed to the bridge rectifier as well as motor simultaneously. The bridge rectifier  converts the 12v AC to 12v DC. The fluctuations produced during this conversion are reduced by the capacitor. This voltage is fed to the voltage regulator. The processing unit consists of micro controller. The microcontroller is the hea rt of the circuit. The input to the micro controller is taken from the voltage regulator which gives an output of 5v as only 5v is required for the microcontroller. The input command given to the micro controller should be b e in such a way that it should check for the empty slots and display that information on the LCD. Another important command to be given is the open and close c lose of gate according to the availability of slot. The sensor circuit senses the availability of slots as well as near the gate. This is how the circuit works. FIGURE-III

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

2.2 WORKING DESCRIPTION

There are two processes, the user has to undergo: 1. Entering 2. Leaving. 2.2.1 ENTERING: Whenever a vehicle comes to the parking zone for parking the LED at the entrance gate will gives the information about the vacancy i.e. if the LED is red, there are no vacant cells, if it is green there is a vacant cell for parking. If the LED is green, the user has to tale his feedback feedback to the MC, then the MC moves the priority priority of the rack in which empty cells are available depending on vehicle to the entry gate of the rack, the vehicle will moves to the respective slot. When the user is in front of the entry gate, the LCD displays “ENTER ‘1’for parking, ‘2’ for leaving. The user has to enter his option through the keypad. If he enters ‘1’ the LCD displays the vacant cells in that rack, then the entry gate will open and allows the user to park his vehicle in the specified cell. Whenever the user parks his vehicle in the correct cell the sensor at the cell gives feedback to the Microcontroller that the vehicle has been parked. With this the entering process is complete. 2.2.2 LEAVING:

Whenever the user comes to the rack to take his vehicle the LCD displays’’ enter ‘1’ for   parking, ‘2’ for leaving”. Whenever the user takes the car from a cell the sensor at the cell give feedback to the Microcontroller. If the sensor that responded is a correct one, the exit will gate will be open and it also  brings the lift to the particular rack. If that is a wrong sensor then it will not respond. With this the leaving process is completed

CHAPTER-III HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

The block diagram of the system consists of : 1. Tran Transf sfor orme mer  r  2. Rectifier  3. Regulator  4. Comparator  5. Transistor  6. Phot hoto res resisto istor  r  7. Micr Microc ocon ontr trol olle ler  r  8. LCD display 9. Mot Motor Dri Driver  ver  10. Moto Motor  r 

3.1 Transformer:

Transformer Transformer is static equipment which transforms transforms power from one circuit circuit to another another by stepping up or stepping down the primary voltage with out any change in the frequency.

A transformer is an energy device it has an input side (primary) and an output side (secondary).electrical energy applied to the primary is converted to a magnetic field which in turn, induces a current in the secondary which carries energy to the load connected to the load connected to the secondary. The alternating current that flows through the primary winding establishes a time –varying magnetic flux, some of which links to the secondary winding and induces a voltage across it. The magnetic of this voltage is proportional to the number of turns on the primary winding to the number nu mber of  turns on the secondary winding this is known as “turn’s ratio”. The basic working principle of transformer is based on mutual induction  between two coupled coils. According to this principle by changing flux creates on induced emf in turn equal to the derivative of the flux so that the total induced emf across ‘N’ turns is E= N d@/dt

:- (@=fi)

A transformer consists of at least two sets of windings wound on a single magnetic core. There are two main purposes for using transformers. The first is to convert the energy on the primary side to a different voltage level on the secondary side. This is accomplished by using differing turn’s counts on primary and secon dary windings. The voltage ratio is the same as the turn’s ratio. The second purpose is to isolate the energy

source from the destination, either for personal safety, or to allow a voltage offset  between the source and load.

A step down transformer has less turns of wire on the secondary coil, which makes a smaller smaller induced voltage voltage in the secondary secondary coil. Decreasing Decreasing the voltage voltage does not decrease decrease the power. As the voltage goes down, the current goes up. It is called a step down transformer because the voltage output is smaller than the voltage input. If the secondary coil has half as many turns of wire then the output voltage will be half the input voltage.

3.2 Rectifier

Rectifier circuits are found in all dc power supp lies that operate from an ac voltage source. They convert the ac input voltage to a pulsating dc voltage. The most  basic type of rectifier circuit is the half-wave rectifier. Although half-wave rectifiers have some applications, the full-wave rectifiers are the most commonly used type in dc power  supplies. These are two types of full-wave rectifiers: (1) full-wave center-tapped rectifier 

(2) full-wave bridge rectifier  Here in this particular design we are using a bridge rectifier which is discussed as follows.

3.2.1 Full-wave Bridge Rectifier

The full –wave bridge rectifier uses four diodes, a s shown in below figure. When the input cycle is positive, diodes D1 and D2 are forward-biased and conduct current through R L. During this time, diodes D3 and D4 are reverse-biased.

F

D1 D3 V in Vout D2

D4

+

0

RL -

During positive half-cycles of the input, D1 and D2 are forward-biased and conduct current, D3 and D4 are reverse-biased. When the input cycle is negative as shown in below figure, diodes D3 and D4 are forward-biased and conduct current in the same direction through R L as during the  positive half-cycle. During the negative half-cycle, D1 and D2 are reverse-biased. A fullwave rectifier output voltage appears across R L as a result of this action.

F

-

-

+

+

D3

D1

Vin D2

D4

Vout +

0

RL -

During negative half-cycles of the input, D3 and D4 are forward-biased and conduct current, D1 and D2 are reverse-biased. The above two figures explain ex plain the full-wave Bridge Rectifier. The output graph of a full-wave rectifier is as shown below:

Bridge rectifier Output: full-wave varying DC Alternate pairs of diodes conduct, changing over (using all the AC wave). the connections so the alternating directions of  AC are converted to the one direction of DC.

The diodes used in this rectifier are IN4007 which is discussed below. 3.2.2 IN4007 Diode

These diodes are used to convert AC into DC these are used as half wave rectifier or full wave rectifier. Three points must he kept in mind while using any type of diode. 1. Maximu Maximum m forwa forward rd curren currentt capaci capacity ty 2. Maximu Maximum m reve reverse rse voltag voltagee capac capacity ity 3. Maximu Maximum m forwa forward rd voltag voltagee capac capacity ity

The number and voltage capacity of some of the important diodes available in the market are as follows: •

•

Diodes of number IN4001, IN4002, IN4003, IN4004, IN4005, IN4006 and IN4007 have maximum reverse bias voltage capacity of 50V and maximum forward current capacity of 1 Amp. Diode of same capacities can be used in place of one another. Besides this diode of more capacity can be used in place of diode of low capacity but diode of low capacity can not be used in place of diode of high capacity.For example, in place of IN4002; IN4001 or IN4007 can be used but IN4001 or IN4002 can not be used in place of IN4007.The diode BY125made by company BEL is equivalent of  diode from IN4001 to IN4003. BY 126 is equivalent to diodes IN4004 to 4006 and BY 127 is equivalent to diode IN4007.

3.3 Voltage Regulator

A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or passive or active electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.

With the exception of passive shunt regulators, all modern electronic voltage regulators operate by comparing the actual output voltage to some internal fixed reference voltage. Any difference is amplified and used to control the regulation element in such a way as to reduce the voltage error. This forms a negative feedback servo control loop; increasing the open-loop gain tends to increase regulation accuracy but reduce stability (avoidance of oscillation, or ringing during step changes). There will also be a trade-off between stability and the speed of the response to changes. If the output voltage is too low (perhaps due to input voltage reducing or load current increasing), the regulation element is commanded, up to a point, to produce a higher output voltage - by dropping less of the

input voltage (for linear series regulators and buck switching regulators), or to draw input current for longer periods (boost-type switching regulators); if the output voltage is too high, the regulation element will normally be commanded to produce a lower voltage. However, many regulators have over-current protection, so entirely stop sourcing current (or limit the current in some way) if the output cu rrent is too high, and some regulators may also shut down if the input voltage is outside a given range (see also: crowbar  circuits). The voltage Regulator used in this design is LM7805 LM 7812.

3.3.1 LM78xx Regulator

The LM78XX series of three terminal regulators is available with several fixed output voltages making them useful in a wide range of applications. One of these is local on card regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with single point regulation. The voltages available allow these regulators to be used in logic systems, instrumentation, Hi-Fi, and other solid state electronic equipment. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents. The LM78XX series is available in an aluminum TO-3 package which will allow over 1.0A load current if adequate heat sinking is provided. Current limiting is included to limit the peak output current to a safe value. Safe area  protection for the output transistor is provided to limit internal power d issipation. If internal power dissipation becomes too high for the heat sinking provided, the thermal shutdown circuit takes over preventing the IC from overheating. Considerable effort was expanded to make the LM78XX series of regulators easy to use and minimize the number  of external components. It is not necessary nec essary to bypass the output, although this does improve transient response. Input bypassing is needed only if the regulator is located far  from the filter capacitor of the power supply. For output voltage other than 5V, 12V and 15V the LM117 series provides an output voltage range from 1.2V to 57V.

Features - Output current in excess of 1A - Internal thermal overload protection - No external components required - Output transistor safe area protection - Internal short circuit current cu rrent limit - Available in the aluminum TO-3 package

Voltage Range

LM7805C

5V

LM7812C

12V

LM7815C

15V

3.6 Transis Transistor tor In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or  switch switch electr electroni onicc signal signals. s. A transi transisto storr is made made of a solid solid piece piece of a semico semiconduc nductor  tor  material, with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or  curren currentt applied applied to one pair pair of the transi transisto stor's r's termin terminals als changes changes the curren currentt flowin flowing g through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be much more than the controlling (input) power, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is used in radio, telephone, computer and other electronic systems. The transistor is often cited as  being one of the greatest achievements in the 20th century. Some transistors are packaged individually but most are found in integrated circuits. THE BASIC TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER 

In the preceding pages we explained the internal workings of the transistor and introduced new terms, such as emitter, base, and collector. Since you should be familiar   by now with all of the new terms mentioned earlier and with the internal operation of the transistor, we will move on to the basic transistor amplifier.

To understand the overall operation of the transistor amplifier, you must only consider  the current in and out of the transistor and through the various componen ts in the circuit. Therefore, from this point on, only the schematic symbol for the transistor will be used in the illustrations, and rather than thinking about majority and minority carriers, we will now start thinking in terms of emitter, base, and collector current. Before going into the basic transistor amplifier, there are two terms you should be familiar with: AMPLIFICATION and AMPLIFIER. Amplification is the process of  increasing the strength of a SIGNAL. A signal is just a general term used to refer to any  particular current, voltage, or power in a circuit. An amplifier is the device that provides amplification (the increase in current, voltage, or p ower of a signal) without appreciably altering the original signal. Transistors are frequently used as amplifiers. Some transistor circuits are CURRENT amplifiers, with a small load resistance; other circuits are designed for VOLTAGE amplification and have a high load resistance; others amplify POWER.  Now take a look at the NPN version of the basic transistor amplifier in figure 2-12 and let's see just how it works. So far in this discussion, a separate battery has been used to provide the necessary forward-bias voltage. Although a separate battery has been used in the past for  convenience, it is not practical p ractical to use a battery for emitter-base bias. For instance, it would take a battery slightly over .2 volts to properly forward bias a germanium transistor, while a similar silicon transistor would require a voltage slightly over .6 volts. However, common batteries do not have such voltage values. Also, since bias voltages are quite critical and must be held within a few tenths of one volt, it is easier to work with  bias currents flowing through resistors of high ohmic values than with batteries. By inserting one or more resistors in a circuit, different methods of b iasing may be achieved and the emitter-base battery eliminated. In addition to eliminating the battery, some of these biasing methods compensate for slight variations in transistor  characteristics and changes in transistor conduction resulting from temperature irregularities. Notice in figure 2-12 that the emitter-base battery has been e liminated and the bias resistor R B has been inserted between the collector and the base. Resistor R B  provides the necessary forward bias for the emitter-base junction. Current flows in the emitter-base bias circuit from ground to the emitter, out the base lead, and through R B to VCC. Since the current in the base circuit is very small (a few hundred microamperes) and the forward resistance of the transistor is low, only a few tenths o f a volt of positive bias will be felt on the base of the transistor. However, this is enough voltage o n the base, along with ground on the emitter and the large positive voltage on the collector, to  properly bias the transistor.

AMPLIFIER CLASSES OF OPERATION

In the previous discussions, we assumed that for ev ery portion of the input signal there was an output from the amplifier. This is not always the case with amplifiers. It may be desirable to have the transistor conducting for only a portion of the input signal. The  portion of the input for which there is an output determines the class of operation of the amplifier. There are four classes of amplifier operations. They are class A, class AB, class B, and class C. Class A Amplifier Operation Class A amplifiers are biased so that variations in input signal polarities occur within the limits of CUTOFF and SATURATION. In a PNP transistor, for example, if the base  becomes positive with respect to the emitter, holes will be repelled at the PN junction and no current can flow in the collector circuit. This condition is known as cutoff. Saturation occurs when the base becomes so negative with respect to the emitter that changes in the signal are not reflected in collector-current flow. Biasing an amplifier in this manner places the dc operating point between cutoff and saturation and allows collector current to flow during the complete cycle (360 degrees) of  the input signal, thus providing an output which is a replica of the input. Figure 2-12 is an example of a class A amplifier. Although the output from this amplifier is 180 degrees out of phase with the input, the output current still flows for the complete duration of the input. The class A operated amplifier is used as an audio- and radio-frequency amplifier in radio, radar, and sound systems, just to mention a few examples. For a comparison of output signals signals for the different different amplifier classes of operation, during the following discussion. The transistor used in this design is BC548 which is discussed as follows.

3.6.1 BC 548 BC546/547/548/549/550 is a NPN epitaxial silicon transistor. It used for bo th switching and amplification. The exact specs of a given device depend on the manufacturer. It is important to check the datasheet for the exact device and brand you are dealing with. Philips and Telefunken are two manufacturers of the BC548. Vcbo = 30 Volts, Ic = 100mA, Ptotal = 50mW and ft = 300MHz.

3.7 Small Small signal signal Diode Diode

Applications

High-speed Features

1) Glass sealed envelope. (GSD) 2) High speed. 3) High reliability. Construction

Silicon epitaxial planar 

3. TS TSOP OP173 1738 8 - Infrar Infrared ed Recei Receive verr Introduction

TSOP1738 is an Infrared (IR) receiver which is widely used in large number of electronic  products for receiving and demodulating infrared signals. The received demodulated signals can be easily decoded by a microcontroller. It supports RC5, RC6 code, Sony format (SIRCS), NEC code, Sharp code, etc.

Specifications • • • • • • • •

Continuous data transmission possible (up to 2400 bps) High immunity against ambient light Photo detector and preamplifier in one package Improved shielding against electrical field disturbance TTL and CMOS compatibility Active low output Low power consumption Internal filter for PCM freq

The datasheet for TSOP1738 is as shown below; **DATASHEET**

3.1 MICROCONTROLLER(AT89C52)

PIN DIAGRAM OF MICROCINTROLLER(AT89C52)

3.1.2 AT89s52 ARCHITECTURE: The AT89C52 provides the following standard features: 8Kbytes of Flash, 256 bytes of  RAM, 32 I/O lines, three 16-bittimer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full-duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning.

The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.

Pin Description

VCC

Supply voltage.

GND

Ground.

Port 0

Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink  eight TTL inputs. When 1s are a re written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured co nfigured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull ups are required during program verification.

Port 1

Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high  by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX

Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.

Port 2

Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups . The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high  by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16 bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash  programming and verification.

Port 3

Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high  by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the  pullups. Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.

RST

Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.

ALE/PROG

Address Latch Enable is an output o utput pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external

Port Pin Alternate Functions

P1.0 T2 (external count input to Timer/Counter 2), clock-out P1.1 T2EX (Timer/Counter 2 capture/reload trigger and direction control)

Port Pin Alternate Functions

P3.0 RXD (serial input port) P3.1 TXD (serial output port) P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0) P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1) P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input) P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input) P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe) P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe) timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.

PSEN

Program Store Enable is the read strobe to e xternal program memory. When the AT89C52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.

EA/VPP

External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH.  Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions..This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming when 12-volt  programming is selected.

XTAL1

Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

XTAL2

Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier..

3.1.3 ATMEGA32 MICROCONTROLLER AT89C52 FEATURES:

- HIGH RELIABILITY FOR LOW COST

- LOW PROFILE - 3.2 MM MAX. PACKAGE HEIGHT

- EXTENDED TEMPERATURE RANGE TO -40/+125°C

- TUNABLE WITH EXTERNAL CAPACITY

- CHEAPEST AVAILABLE SMD-CRYSTAL 3.2 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (JHD162A)

The alphanumeric 16 character * 2 line LCD requires 8 data lines and 3 control signals. To interface the LCD, to the microcontroller it require an 8 bit and also three control sign signal alss diff differ eren enti tiat atee the the data data from from the the cont contro roll word wordss send send to the the LCD. LCD. The The Microcontroller has to send the necessary control words followed by the data to be displayed. The data lines from microcontroller are from PORT B and 3 control signals are from PORT D as pins PD4, PD5 and PD6, Depending on the operation to be performed the control words are selected and passes to the LCD. The data to be displayed on the LCD is to be sent in the ASCII format. Thus all the character to be displayed are converted into ASCII form and then sent to the LCD along with different control words. The remaining can be used for some other purpose .There are two major types of LCD s which are: 1. Dyna Dynami mic-s c-sca catt tter erin ing g LCD’ LCD’ss 2. Fiel Fieldd-ef effe fect ct LCD’ LCD’s. s. Field-effect LCD ‘S are normally used in such applications where source of energy is a  prime factor and height limited to 2 inches. The response time of LCD s is in the range of  100 to 300 Ms. Life time of LCD s is steadily increasing beyond 10,000+hours limit.

1 VS S

2 VC C

3 VE E

4 RS

5 R/ W

6 E

7 DB 0

8 DB 1

9 DB 2

10 DB 3

11 DB 4

12 DB 5

13 DB 6

14 DB 7

15 LE D+

PIN DIAGRAM OF LCD

3.2.1 PIN CONFIGURATIONS:

3.3 DC MOTORS

We generally prefer permanent magnet motors as the angle of rotation is required to rotate.

16 LE D-

3.3.1 PERMANENT MAGNET MOTORS: Often referred to as a “tin can” or “can stack” motor the permanent magnet step motor is a low low cost cost and and low low res resol olut utio ion n type type mot motor or wit with h typi typica call step step ang angle less of 7.5  t o 15 . (48 (48 –  



24 steps/revol steps/revolution ution)) PM motors as the name implies implies have permanent permanent magnets added to the motor structure. The rotor no longer has teeth as with the VR motor. Instead the rotor is magnetized with alternating north and south poles situated in a straight line parallel to the rotor shaft. These magnetized rotor poles provide an increased magnetic flux intensity and because of  this the PM motor exhibits improved torque characteristics when compared with the VR  type

FIGURE-V PERMANENT MAGNET MOTOR  3.4 MotordriverL293d

This schematic shows the use of L293D to drive a pair of DC motors/Geared Motors. The motor supply voltage can go up to 24Volts safely. But remember that the IC supports a maximum of only 600mA current/channel; which is more than enough to drive small DC geared

motors.

Remember to add 0.22uF capacitors across both the motors to reduce the effect of noise on the circuitry. It is also recommended to add 100uF capacitor between the motor supply  pin and the Gnd. Connections M1-A and M2-B correspond to Motor 1 while connections M2-A and M2-B correspond to Motor 2. You can connect these control inputs to any logic circuitry or a microcontroller of you choice.

3.5 LOW POWER QUAD OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS LM324

DESCRIPTION

These circuits consist of four independent, high gain, internally frequency compensated operational amplifiers. They operate from a single power supply ov er a wide range of  voltages. Operation from split power supplies is also possible and the low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power supply voltage. Application areas include transducer amplifiers, DC gain blocks and all the conventional op amp circuits which now can be more easily implemented in single power supply systems. For example, the LM124 series can be directly operated off of the standard a5V power  supply voltage which is used in digital d igital systems and will easily provide the required interface electronics without requiring the additional g15V po wer supplies. 3.6 Photo resistor

LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR(LDR)

A photo resistor or light dependent resistor or cadmium sulfide (CdS) cell is a resistor whose resistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity. It can also  be referenced as a photoconductor . A photo resistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. If light falling on the device is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give  bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electron (and its hole partner) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance. A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic semiconductor has its own charge carriers and is not an a n efficient semiconductor, e.g. silicon. In intrinsic devices the only available electrons are in the valence band, and hence the photon must have enough energy to excite the electron across the entire band gap. Extrinsic devices have impurities, also called do pants, and added whose ground state energy is closer to the conduction band; since the electrons do not have as far to jump, lower energy photons (i.e., longer wavelengths and lower frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device. If a

sample of silicon has some of its atoms replaced by phosphorus atoms (impurities), there will be extra electrons available for conduction. This is an example of an extrinsic semiconductor.

 Applications

Photo resistors come in many different types. Inexpensive cadmium sulfide cells can be found in many consumer items such as camera light meters, street lights, clock  radios, alarms, and outdoor clocks. They are also used in some dynamic compressors together with a small incandescent lamp or light emitting diode to control gain reduction. Lead sulfide and indium antimonite LDRs are used for the mid infrared spectral region. Ge: Cu photoconductors are among the best far-infrared detectors available, and are used for infrared astronomy and infrared spectroscopy.

CHAPTER-V MERITS AND DEMERITS

MERITS

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Reduced ground space requirement as compared to conventional parking systems.

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Low parking and retrieval times -- 2 to 5 minutes per car depending on the configuration .

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Reduced noise levels in such systems, when compared to conventional parking system.

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Minimal maintenance required.

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Safe operation; safety devices conforming to the EU standards used.

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Reduced chances of fire hazard and no risk to human lives.

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Time taken for a car to be parked is less compared to the conventional system.

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The whole whole struct structure ure can be custom customize ized d as per custom customers ers’’ requir requireme ements nts and limi limita tati tion ons. s. Thes Thesee syst system emss can can be built built for for maxi maximi mizi zing ng spac spacee and volum volumee utilization.

DEMERITS •

However, the disadvantage is the cost of the mechanical equipment within the area that is needed to transport cars to the parking spaces.

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At peak periods when a wait may be involved before entering or leaving. The wait is caused by loading passengers and luggage at the entrance and exit locations of  the car park rather than at the parked stall. This loading blocks the entrance or exit from being available to others. However the retrieval of vehicles can be faster in an automatic car park depending on the layout and number of exits.

CHAPTER-VI RESULTS AND IMPLEMENTATION RESULTS •

The compact parking system has been successfully designed for automating the   parki parking ng syste system m in huge huge comple complexes xes,, Trade Trade centers centers,, Multip Multiplex lexes es etc, etc, and the  problems due to non availability of adequate space for parking of four wheelers is solved out.

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Ensu Ensure ress high high secur securit ity y in cont contra rast st to conve convent ntio ional nal park parkin ing g syst system em,, if any any disturbances occurs to the normal operation buzzer provided sounds and also as

the total status present at the administration ,he comes and directs the user as the  per the operation required.

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If anyone tries to misuse the system, the administrator safeguards it ensuring  protection to the vehicle user.

CHAPTER-VII FUTURE SCOPE FUTURE SCOPE

When a vehicle arrived for parking, there is a chance of probability to extend this system along with the identity cards .The LCD displays the empty spaces availability of that  particular rack. Then user has to enter his password, provided the first digit must be the empty space in which he wishes to park his vehicle thus ensuring protection. Again if he entered correct password then only the exit gate will be opened for him. If the person removes removes another another vehicle vehicle then the sensors sensors that are provided beneath every parking parking place

gives a buzzer sound which is being provided and automatically the exit gate gets closed  providing security to vehicle owner.

By this implementation in the circuit, parking problem is solved an also it prevents vehicle thefts.

BIBILOGRAPHY

1. The ATMEGA32 ATMEGA32 Microcontroller Microcontroller,, ATMEL ATMEL , Designers Designers data sheet.

2. Linear Linear Integra Integrated ted Circuit Circuit –Roy Chowdha Chowdhary ry .

3. The Microcon Microcontrol troller ler Architec Architecture ture,, Program Programming ming Applicat Application ion

--Kenneth J.Ayala second edition

WEBSITES REFERENCED

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http://electrosofts.com/carparking/

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http://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/cesena/

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http://www.woehr.de/de/news/index.php?Kennung=79