Automated Grading System of Anastrophe Christian School Chapter II

Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND METHODOLOGY This section of the book presents the related literature of the subject and the studies conducted by the researcher which gave him the idea on how to go about the study. Related Literature It provides practical explanations, definitions and several discussions to some aspects of Computer and Information Technology which are related to the study. This section gives all the information gathered from various resources by the researcher that was used in the development of this study and includes ideas from other researchers related to this. As stated in Grolier International (1996), computers can be used for learning and teaching in school in at least four ways. First, learning involves acquiring information, second involves the progressive development of skills like reading and mathematics. Third, it also involves the development of a wide variety of analytic competencies and complex understandings. Finally, a large element in learning is communicating with others- finding and engaging in audience with one’s ideas and questions. According to James O’ Brien (1988:451), office automation can be viewed as system of input, processing, output, storage and control components. Ideas are expressed as words and entered into a computer (input) edited and manipulated electronically (processing); stored and filled electronically, or on magnetic, optical, micrographic or paper media (storage); under the direction of automated office programs (control); and

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communicated electronically or on paper to a recipient (output). It increased the productivity of office personnel and reduced the cost of office communication. It shortened the turnaround time between the preparation and receipt of documents and message, reduced the expense errors involved in producing documents and increased the productivity of executives and professionals who are heavy user of office communication. As being explained in the website of http://www.archives.utah.gov (2013), Electronic Record is a record consisting of data and information which is input, created, manipulated and/or stored on electronic media which show evidence of actions and decisions occurring during transactions of government business. Marcus M. Frank defines that Vital Records are records essential to the continued functioning or reconstitution of an organization during and after an emergency and also those records essential to protecting the rights and interests of that organization and of the individuals directly affected by its activities. It sometimes called essential records. According to William A. Fenwick and Robert D. Brownstone (2002), Electronic filing, hereinafter "e-filing", is the filing of information in electronic form, as opposed to paper form. E-filing will likely have a more pervasive effect on the legal system than did the adoption of administrative procedure acts or codes of civil procedure. It will require fundamental changes in organization, operation, management, and resource utilization by courts, lawyers, clients, citizens, and government. An Automated Grading System is an Information System that is used to store raw data from quizzes, projects, exams, etc. which are processed to produce a student grade.

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It produces grade from ranges 70-98 percent for the primary, elementary and high school levels and 1.0-5.0 in college. A computerized system is a computer system with a purpose. When we talk about a computer system, we are simply referring to the hardware and software that comprise the computer system. But when we talk about a computerized system, we are referring to a function (process or operation) integrated with a computer system and performed by trained people (IBM). A report, in Information Systems, is a compilation of data related to each other that is well-organized or sorted out in and is viewed at a printable state. Data are collected from a certain database and is processed. Using selection formulas, data are filtered. Operational Definition of Terms The following terms are defined for better understanding of the study. Break-Even Analysis. It calculates what is known as a margin of safety, the amount that revenues exceed the break-even point. Context Diagram. This refers to the set of data flow diagram that illustrates an entire as one generalized element. Cost–Benefit Analysis (CBA). This is a systematic process for calculating and comparing benefits and costs of a project. By means of this, researchers can easily determine and evaluate the feasibility of a certain study by simply looking or analyzing the numbers. Break-even analysis can easily be determined as well as the break-even ratio. Critical Path. This refers to the key path that defines which steps must be completed on time in order to meet the schedule. Data. These are numbers, characters, images or other method of recording, in a form which can be assessed by human. Data Flow Diagram (DFD). This is a graphical representation of the "flow" of data through an information system, modeling its process aspects.

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Data Processing. This refers to any process that a computer program does to enter data and summarize, analyze or otherwise convert data into usable information. Database. This is a software that is used to store various types of data being processed or retrieved constantly and can be accessed in different ways. Entity Relationship Diagram. This refers to specialized graphic that illustrates the relationships between entities in a database. ER diagrams often use symbols to represent three different types of information. Boxes are commonly used to represent entities. Diamonds are normally used to represent relationships and ovals are used to represent attributes. Gantt Chart. This refers a graphical representation of project schedules that depict the time relationship between activities. HIPO (Hierarchical Input Process Output). This is a tool for planning and/or documenting a computer program and it is consists of a hierarchy chart that graphically represents the program’s control structure and a set of IPO (Input-Process-Output) charts that describe the inputs to, the outputs from, and the functions (or processes) performed by each module on the hierarchy chart. IPO Chart (Input Process Output). This is a tabular chart showing the inputs and outputs associated with the cohesive task. It also identifies data flow labels and the data store label and operation. Information System (IS). This refer to the interaction between people, algorithmic processes, data and technology wherein a way in which people interact with this technology in support of business processes. Intangible Benefits. These are the subjective benefits that cannot be measured in monetary terms. Net Present Value. This is defined as the sum of the present values (PVs) of the individual cash flows of the same entity. One Time Cost. This refers to the cost associated with project start-up and development, or system start-up.

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PERT (Project Evaluation Review Technique) Diagram. This is a graphical networking technique. This is a diagram that depicts project activities and their interrelationships. Organizational Chart. This refers to the visual graphic device that shows lines of authority and chain command in an organization. Recurring Cost. It is the regular cost incurred repeatedly, or for each item produced or each service performed. Tangible Benefits. This refers to the benefits that can be quantified, especially in money. Tangible Cost. This refers to the cost of doing business that can be tied to a specific activity or product. This could include the purchase of supplies, employee paychecks, and utility bills. User-Friendly. This is defined as easy to operate, understand, or deal with. Methodology The model that was used by the researcher as the process model in the development of the proposed system Automated Grading System of Anastrophe Christian School was the Waterfall Model. The waterfall model is a sequential design process, often used in software development processes, in which progress is seen as flowing steadily downwards (like a waterfall) through the phases of Conception, Initiation, Analysis, Design, Construction, Testing, Production/Implementation, and Maintenance. The waterfall development model originates in the manufacturing and construction industries: highly structured physical environments in which after-the-fact changes are prohibitively costly, if not impossible. Requirements Engineering

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The researcher approached the school principal where the research was conducted and asked permission through a request letter in order to understand the flow of the current system. After the researcher was given permission, he went through personnel interview with school principal and the officer-in-charge (OIC) of the school. The researcher also asked permission to gather important data and get sample records from the office to obtain the information needed to develop an effective system. Methods of Gathering Data The researcher used the interview method in gathering data in order to obtain data needed. Through this method the researcher conducted series of interviews and requested sample forms such as form 138 and class records of the students, through this the researcher was able to develop an effective system. System Design and Construction When all of the needed information is gathered, the data models such as Data Flow Diagram and Entity Relationship Diagram were used as a graphical representation in representing the flow of the current system. The Data Flow Diagram was used to describe how the system transforms information and define how information is processed and stored, and identifies how the information flowed through the process. The EntityRelationship Diagram is an abstract and conceptual representation of data that shows the different components of grades of the students. The programming language used by the researcher in designing and coding the proposed system was Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 Professional Edition. The researcher used MySQL 5.5.24 as the database software to create the database of the proposed system and store all the necessary information. The researcher also printed a user’s manual to provide assistance to the people who would use the proposed system which contains the steps on how to use the proposed system.

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System Testing and Maintenance When the proposed Automated Grading System of Anastrophe Christian School was ready to be tested, the researcher presented it to the Chairman and members of the Defense Panel for them to evaluate the flow of operations and outputs of the system. It was also presented to the faculty members and staff of Anastrophe Christian School. The Automated Grading System was evaluated along: reliability, user-friendliness, usefulness, completeness and aesthetic effect. The following norms were used to determine the mean rating of the system Range Descriptive Rating 4.26 - 5.0 Excellent 3.46 - 4.25 Very Good 2.56 - 3.45 Good 1.76 - 2.55 Fair 1.00 - 1.75 Needs Improvement