AUTOEFICACIA

 

BTYKDFJHBHJB  

B lujhjk id Gbmiurb G bmiurb (2:36), eb butkdfjhbhjb dm um hbapk hkmhrdtk japejhb umb hbpbhjibi `dmdrbtjvb dm eb qud ds mdhdsbrjk jmtd`rbr sughkapdtdmhjbs hk`mjtjvbs, skhjbeds y hkmiuhtubeds dm bhtubhjkmds dmhbajmbibs b behbmzbr idtdrajmbiks prkpøsjtks. Dm hjdrtbs khbsjkmds, dsks kgldtjvks sd hkmsj`udm idspuês id um dsfudrzk pdrsdvdrbmtd dm de qud sd dmsbybm dstrbtd`jbs y bhtjvjibids betdrmbtjvbs. Gbmiurb (7>>2) sdòbeb hubtrk rbs`ks fumibadmtbeds id su hkmhdphjøm id eb bhtubhjøm cuabmb dm eks qud sd sugrbyb de hbrâ htdr id ―b`dmtd‑ id eb pdrskmb. Dsks rbs`ks skm< jmtdmhjkmbejibi, pudstk qud ebs bhhjkmds sudedm rdbejzbrsd sjdaprd hkm be`üm prkpøsjtk d jmtd`rbrsd j mtd`rbrsd dm pebmds id bhhjøm? prdadijtbhjøm, puds dsks pebmds sd bmtjhjpbm b pksjgeds dvdmtks futurks fut urks rdprdsdmtbiks hk`mjtjvbadmtd pkr de suldtk? butkrrdbhhjøm bmtd de hursk qud vb tkabmik eb hkmiuhtb, qud sd bhtjvb umb vdz hkapbrbib eb sjtubhjøm rdbe hkm de pebm ijsdòbik? y eb butkrrdfedxjøm. Eb hbpbhjibi adtbhk`mjtjvb pbrb dxbajmbr de fumhjkmbajdmtk pdrskmbe y pbrb rdfedxjkmbr skgrd umk ajsak y skgrd eb bidhubhjøm ide prkpjk pdmsbajdmtk. Dm de abrhk id eb tdkráb hk`mjtjvb skhjbe, eb butkdfjhbhjb sd idfjmd hkak ―bqudeeks pdmsbajdmtks id umb pdrskmb rdfdrjiks b su hbpbhjibi pbrb

kr`bmjzbr y dldhutbr eks hursks id bhhjøm mdhdsbrjks pbrb hkmsd`ujr idtdrajmbiks ek`rks‑ (Gbmiurb, 2::0).

Ktrb akibejibi id hkmtrke pdrhjgjik prkpudstb pkr Gbmiurb (kg.hjt.) (kg.hjt. ) hkapedadmtbrjb b eb butkdfjhbhjb, ds eb dxpdhtbtjvb id rdsuetbik, de lujhjk skgrd ebs hkmsdhudmhjbs prkgbgeds qud pudidm prkiuhjr idtdrajmbibs bhtubhjkmds, umb vdz rdbejzbib yb eb hkmiuhtb. Fudmtds id eb butkdfjhbhjb

D xpdrjdmhjb prdvjb Ebs bhtubhjkmds bmtdrjkrds dm ebs qud um suldtk sd sjdmtd ―suldtk b`dmtd‑

rdprdsdmtbm eb fudmtd id jmfkrabhjøm, id fkrab aâs dfjhbz, ed kfrdhdm dvjidmhjbs id ek qud ds hbpbz id cbhdr. Dstb jmfeudmhjb id eb bhtubhjøm skgrd eb dfjhbhjb idpdmid ide akik dm qud sd jmtdrprdtbm j mtdrprdtbm y vbekrbm ijvdrsbs vbrjbgeds pdrskmbeds y sjtubhjkmbeds (Gbmiurb, 2::0).

D xpdrjdmhjb vjhbrjb vjhbrjb

 

Eb pdrhdphjøm id dfjhbhjb tbagjêm sd vd jmfeujib pkr ebs dxpdrjdmhjbs vjhbrjbs, adijbibs b trbvês id ek`rks id eks akideks. a kideks. Eb pdrskmbs dvbeübm sus hbpbhjibids hkapbrâmiksd hkm ktrks< skgrdpbsbreks, dedvb eb butkdfjhbhjb? sdr supdrbik pkr deeks, eb rdgblb (Gbmiurb, (G bmiurb, 2::0).

 Akidebik  Aki debik (Xhcumo y Cbmskm, 2:34? Xhcumo, Cbmskm y Hkx, 2:30) admhjkmbm qud de akidebik rdbejzbik pkr eks prkfdskrds fud ütje pbrb eb hkmsdhuhjøm id bagks kgldtjvks? pdrk de id eks e ks hkapbòdrks ds abykr y audstrbm qud de bprdmijzbld b pbrtjr id aüetjpeds akideks prkiuhd jmhrdadmtks supdrjkrds b eks ide akidebik sjaped. Gbmiurb (2::0) idmkajmb fumhjøm jmstruhtjvb ide akidek, trbmsajtjdmik be kgsdrvbikr de hkmkhjajdmtk, ebs dstrbtd`jbs y ebs idstrdzbs mdhdsbrjbs pbrb de abmdlk id ebs idabmibs sjtubhjkmbeds

^ drs ub ubss jøm vdrgbe vdrgbe y fddig fddigb bho Ebs vdmtblbs id eb pdrsubsjøm vdrgbe pbrb eb e b adlkrb id eb butkdfjhbhjb skm ijvdrsbs (Gbmiurb, 2::0). Hubmik sur`dm ijfjhuetbids, ds aâs fâhje f âhje abmtdmdr eb pdrhdphjøm id dfjhbhjb sj ktrks ktr ks sj`mjfjhbtjvks dxprdsbm hkmfjbmzb dm eb prkpjb hbpbhjibi qud sj abmjfjdstbm iuibs skgrd deeb. dee b. Bsjajsak, eb pdrsubsjøm vdrgbe pudid pktdmhjbr hbagjks sj dstâ bpkybib dm ibtks rdbeds. r dbeds. Gdradlk (7>>9) sdòbeb qud de hkmtdxtk dshkebr sd sudedm s udedm fkrabr dm eks beuamks y beuambs hrddmhjbs md`btjvbs rdspdhtk b eks prkgedabs abtdaâtjhks (ijfáhjeds, bgurrjiks, gbsbiks dm rd`ebs, dth.) qud bhtübm dm idtrjadmtk id su aktjvbhjøm. Ds japkrtbmtd dvjtbr dstb pdrhdphjøm id eks prkgedabs cbhjdmik cjmhbpjê dm eb hkaprdmsjøm id eks ajsaks y sdhudmhjâmikeks hujibiksbadmtd pbrb qud mk idshjdmib eb butkdfjhbhjb ide mjòk y mjòb pkr fbetb id hkmkhjajdmtks mj su jmtdrês pkr fbetb id rdtks mudvks. Dxjstdm ktrks fbhtkrds dspdháfjhks ide hkmtdxtk dshkebr qud jmhjidm skgrd eb butkdfjhbhjb bhbiêajhb (Gbmiurb, 2::8). Bsá, be`umks dstuijbmtds hkmsjidrbm eb hbpbhjibi jmtdedhtube hkak adlkrbged? dsks beuamks be uamks y beuambs sudedm vdr eks drrkrds hkak pbrtd ide prkhdsk pr khdsk id biqujsjhjøm ide hkmkhjajdmtk y skm hbpbhds id bprdmidr id deeks? bidaâs, tjdmidm b dvbeubr sus bptjtuids aâs dm fumhjøm id eb adlkrb adlkr b pdrskmbe qud adijbmtd eb hkapbrbhjøm hkm eks rdsuetbiks id eks idaâs.

 

 Aktj v bhj øm dx d x tr tráá ms dh dhb b d jmtr jm tráá ms dh dhb b  Ak tjv Idhj y Obssdr y Wybm W ybm (7>>9, p. 8:) idfjmdm eb aktjvbhjøm dxtrámsdhb hkak ―hubequjdr sjtubhjøm dm eb qud eb e b rbzøm pbrb eb bhtubhjøm ds be`umb

hkmsdhudmhjb sdpbrbged id deeb, yb sdb ijspdmsbib pkr ktrks k butkbiajmjstrbib‑.

Idhj y Wybm (7>>>,) dxpejhbm qud ebs e bs bhtjvjibids jmtrámsdhbadmtd aktjvbibs skm ―ebs qud eks suldtks hkmsjidrbm jmtdrdsbmtds y qud idsdbm rdbejzbr dm busdmhjb id hkmsdhudmhjbs‑ k ―e bs qud skm jmtdrdsbmtds pkr sá ajsabs y mk mdhdsjtbm rdfkrzbajdmtk be`umk‑. ^rdhjsbmik be`k aâs, Wybm y Idhj I dhj (7>>7,) ebs idfjmdm hkak ―ebs bhtjvjibids huyb aktjvbhjøm aktj vbhjøm dstâ gbsbib dm eb

sbtjsfbhhjøm jmcdrdmtd b eb bhtjvjibi dm sá ajsab, aâs qud dm hkmtjm`dmhjbs k rdfudrzks qud pudidm sdr kpdrbhjkmbeadmtd sdpbrbgeds id deeb‑.   Adijbikrds id eb butkdfjhbhjb

 Adijj bikr ds h k` mj tj  Adi tjvk vkss Eks pdmsbajdmtks skgrd dfjhbhjb bfdhtbm b eb bhtjvjibi hk`mjtjvb, y êstb, b su vdz, pktdmhjb k idtdrjkrb eb bhtubhjøm. Dstb bfjrabhjøm, vâejib pbrb hubequjdr âagjtk id bhtubhjøm cuabmk, ek ds id abmdrb dspdhjbe pbrb tkibs ebs fkrabs id bprdmijzbld. Gbmiurb (2::8) bpumtb be`umks id eks prkhdsks hkmhrdtks qud pudidm vdrsd bfdhtbiks< b) ^rdijhhjøm id suhdsks. Tmb id ebs fumhjkmds ide pdmsbajdmtk ds eb id prdidhjr suhdsks y hkmtrkebr bqudeeks qud bfdhtbm b eb e b prkpjb vjib. ^brb deek, de dstuijbmtd idgdrâ fkrauebr ebs betdrmbtjvbs, bet drmbtjvbs, bmbejzbr y skpdsbr eks ijfdrdmtds fbhtkrds prdijhtjvks, dvbeubr y rdvjsbr sus prdvjsjkmds b eb euz id eks rdsuetbiks qud vb kgtdmjdmik y rdhkribr quê fbhtkrds cb bmbejzbik y quê rdsuetbiks cb hkmsd`ujik. (Gbmiurb kg.hjt.) g) Vjsubejzbhjøm id dshdmbrjks id bhtubhjøm. Auhcks hursks id bhhjøm sd eedvbm bhbgk, jmjhjbeadmtd, b trbvês id eb vjsubejzbhjøm prdvjb. Eks pdmsbajdmtks skgrd eb prkpjb dfjhbhjb jmfeuydm skgrd de tjpk id dshdmbrjks bmtjhjpbikrds qud ebgkrbm y rdpjtdm eks dstuijbmtds< bqudeeks qud pksddm umb butkdfjhbhjb dedvbib vjsubejzbm dmtkrmks id êxjtk qud eds kfrdhdm kf rdhdm `uábs pksjtjvbs pbrb bpkybr eb bhtubhjøm? eks qud iuibm id su dfjhbhjb prdsdmtbm aâs b admuik sjtubhjkmds id frbhbsk, dmfbtjzbmik idtdrajmbiks bspdhtks d m eks qud pudidm dqujvkhbrsd. (kg.hjt.)

 

h) Fumhjkmbajdmtk hk`mjtjvk supdrjkr. Eks pdmsbajdmtks skgrd eb dfjhbhjb pdrskmbe skm tkibváb aâs hruhjbeds dm eks mjvdeds dedvbiks id fumhjkmbajdmtk hk`mjtjvk, dm eks qud ebs adtbs skm hkapedlbs y ikmid sd idabmib um betk `rbik id butkijrdhhjøm id eb bhtubhjøm. Dm de hkmtdxtk bhbiêajhk sd pebmtdbm aüetjpeds tbrdbs qud rdqujdrdm um dsfudrzk jmtdmsk y prkekm`bik, sjm qud sd hkmsj`bm êxjtks y rdfudrzks râpjiks. Ybagjêm bquá, eks dstuijbmtds hkm umb fudrtd pdrhdphjøm id dfjhbhjb tjdmdm t jdmdm aâs êxjtk dm eb butkrrd`uebhjøm id su bprdmijzbld. (kg.hjt.) i) Ttjejzbhjøm id dstrbtd`jbs. De dstuijbmtd mdhdsjtb sdmtjrsd dfjhbz pbrb bpejhbr ebs dstrbtd`jbs ijspkmjgeds id fkrab hkmsjstdmtd, h kmsjstdmtd, câgje y pdrsjstdmtd, dm dspdhjbe sj eks bhkmtdhjajdmtks bhkmt dhjajdmtks mk sd blustbm b ek dspdrbik y hubmik umks rdsuetbiks idfjhjdmtds eedvbm hkmsj`k hkmsdhudmhjbs idsb`rbibgeds, hkak khurrd hbsj sjdaprd idspuês id um suspdmsk. Dm dstks hbsks, eb e b bhtubhjøm hkrrdhtb tjdmid b hkrrdebhjkmbr aâs hkm eb butkdfjhbhjb qud hkm eb hbpbhjibi. (kg.hjt.)

 Adijj bikr ds aktj v bhj km  Adi kmbeds beds Eks pdmsbajdmtks skgrd butkdfjhbhjb tbagjêm sd rdebhjkmbm id ijvdrsks akiks hkm ktrks hkmstruhtks aktjvbhjkmbeds, hkmijhjkmbmik bsá de bprdmijzbld (^êrdz y @brrjik, 2::8) Eb butkdfjhbhjb jmfeuyd dm eb btrjguhjøm qud rdbejzbm eks dstuijbmtds skgrd sus êxjtks k frbhbsks. Eks qud sd vdm b sá ajsaks hkak auy dfjhbhds bishrjgdm sus frbhbsks b hbusbs hkmtrkebgeds, hkak de dsfudrzk jmsufjhjdmtd, jmsufjh jdmtd, ajdmtrbs qud eks admks dfjhbhds eks btrjguydm aâs b ktrbs skgrd ebs qud sd dldrhd admks hkmtrke, hkak eb fbetb id hbpbhjibi. (Gbmiurb 2::0) Eb butkdfjhbhjb hkmijhjkmb de pktdmhjbe aktjvbikr ide vbekr bsj`mbik b umb bhtjvjibi< dxjstdm jmmuadrbgeds kphjkmds btrbhtjvbs pbrb de dstuijbmtd dst uijbmtd qud mj sjqujdrb ebs jmjhjb pkrq ud hkmsjidrb qud hbrdhd id eb hbpbhjibi mdhdsbrjb pbrb eedvbrebs bhbgk. B dstd rdspdhtk, r dspdhtk, Gkm` (7>>2) hkmstbtø qud ijfdrdmtds akibejibids id butkdfjhbhjb hkrrdebhjkmbrkm pksjtjvbadmtd hkm de vbekr id hbib umb id ebs tbrdbs bhbiêajhbs b rdbejzbr. Be`umks id eks aâs idstbhbiks dstuijksks id eb butkdfjhbhjb, hkak Xhcumo, \jaadrabm k Gbmiurb, tbagjêm ek skm ide bprdmijzbld butkrrd`uebik. De akidek prkpudstk pkr deeks, idmkajmbik tdkráb hk`mjtjvb skhjbe id eb butkrrd`uebhjøm, ds umk id eks aâs hkmkhjiks. Dm êe, tbmtk ebs adtbs hkak eb

 

butkdfjhbhjb idsdapdòbm um pbpde prdpkmidrbmtd. (\jaadrabm y Gbmiurb 2::9) Hkak prkhdsk hkapedadmtbrjk b eb fkrauebhjøm id adtbs, ^êrdz ^ êrdz y @brrjik (2::8) dmhkmtrbrkm umb hkrrdebhjøm sj`mjfjhbtjvb dmtrd butkdfjhbhjb y bhtjtui rdspdhtk be futurk, um hkmhdptk h kmhdptk auy prøxjak be id vkejhjøm< eks bikedshdmtds aâs dfjhbhds qudrábm y idsdbgbm hkm abykr jmtdmsjibi ek`rbr um dedvbik rdmijajdmtk dm abtdaâtjhbs, hkmsj`ujêmikek rdbeadmtd.

 Adijj bikr ds bfdh tj  Adi tjvk vkss Eks pdmsbajdmtks skgrd eb butkdfjhbhjb bfdhtbm b eb hbmtjibi id dstrês y idprdsjøm qud sd pudid dxpdrjadmtbr be dmfrdmtbrsd b sjtubhjkmds sjt ubhjkmds badmbzbikrbs k ijfáhjeds (Gbmiurb, 2::8). Xd vjvjrâm vj vjrâm hkak dstrdsbmtds eks suhdsks ide dmtkrmk qud sd hkmsjidrbm mk abmdlbgeds tdmjdmik dm hudmtb ebs hbpbhjibids prkpjbs pbrb cbhdreds frdmtd. Dm dstd sdmtjik, Hcdadrs, Cu y @brháb (7>>2) bmbejzbrkm ebs rdebhjkmds dmtrd butkdfjhbhjb bhbiêajhb y rdbhhjkmds bfdhtjvbs dm umjvdrsjtbrjks id prjadr hursk. B lujhjk id eks butkrds, eb trbmsjhjøm b eb umjvdrsjibi rdprdsdmtb pbrb eks løvdmds um bhkmtdhjajdmtk hrátjhk dm su s u vjib, qud pudid sdr vjvjik gjdm hkak um rdtk k hkak umb badmbzb< êstb sd japkmd ja pkmd hubmik de dstuijbmtd hrdd qud sus rdhursks mk skm sufjhjdmtds pbrb sbtjsfbhdr ebs idabmibs id eb sjtubhjøm? de rdtk sd bskhjb b eb pdrhdphjøm id qud sus adijks skm bidhubiks b eb dxj`dmhjbs.

Ybagjêm Fjmmdy y Xhcrbw (7>>8) hkaprkgbrkm qud eb butkdfjhbhjb id eks umjvdrsjtbrjks pbrb eb dstbiástjhb hkrrdebhjkmø md`btjvbadmtd hkm eb bmsjdibi bmtd eks dxâadmds id dstb ijshjpejmb, y pksjtjvbadmtd hkm bhtjtuids y dakhjkmds bibptbtjvbs bmtd dsb abtdrjb? be`k sjajebr khurrjø hkm eb dfjhbhjb pdrhjgjib pbrb ebs abtdaâtjhbs. B lujhjk id Gbmiurb (2:::), eb idprdsjøm jmfbmtje ds um prkgedab japkrtbmtd pkr vbrjks aktjvks< pkr su prdvbedmhj b, yb qud bfdhtb b um hkmsjidrbged müadrk id bikedshdmtds y løvdmds, skgrd tkik hcjhbs? pkr de idtdrjkrk idtdrj krk hk`mjtjvk y pdrskmbe qud khbsjkmb? y pkr eb pdrsjstdmhjb, ibik qud suded hkmhrdtbrsd dm aüetjpeds dpjskijks rdhurrdmtds.

 Adijj bikr ds h kmi  Adi kmiuh uh tubeds

 

Tmk id eks âagjtks dm eks qud eb dfjhbhjb dldrhd umb jmfeudmhjb j mfeudmhjb abykr ds de id eb dedhhjøm id bhtjvjibids y de dsfudrzk y eb pdrsjstdmhjb dm su rdbejzbhjøm r dbejzbhjøm (\jaadrabm, 7>>>). Dm hkmhrdtk, su japbhtk skgrd de hursk futurk id eb vjib dstâ hebrbadmtd dstbgedhjik dm eb dedhhjøm id hbrrdrb (Kebz, 7>>8? Vjeebabrám, 2:::). Dm dstd abrhk sd ugjhbm iks jmvdstj`bhjkmds, j mvdstj`bhjkmds, eb id Gbmiurb (7>>2) hkm bikedshdmtds y eb id \deijm y ^blbrds (7>>>) hkm biuetks. YDKWJB BYWJGTHJKMBE  

B pdsbr id qud gudmb pbrtd id eks trbgblks skgrd btrjguhjøm cbm sjik dxpdrjadmtks id ebgkrbtkrjk y id qud pdrsjstd hjdrtb hj drtb hkmtrkvdrsjb skgrd de akik dm qud sd eedvb bhbgk id fkrab dspkmtâmdb de prkhdsk btrjguhjkmbe, dxjstd sufjhjdmtd dvjidmhjb dapárjhb id qud ebs pdrskmbs rdbejzbm btrjguhjkmds dm eb vjib rdbe (Pdjmdr, 2::7). Ebs hbusbs, umk id eks hkmhdptks hebvd id eb t dkráb btrjguhjkmbe, trbtbm id ibr rdspudstb b prd`umtbs qud Pdjmdr (2:36) ebs idfjmd hkak ―hkmstruhhjkmds

`dmdrbibs pkr de qud pdrhjgd, sdb bhtkr u kgsdrvbikr, pbrb trbtbr id dxpejhbr eb rdebhjøm dmtrd umb bhhjøm y um rdsuetbik‑. r dsuetbik‑. Eb bishrjphjøm hbusbe, dspdhjfjhb pkr quê um rdsuetbik cb tdmjik eu`br y mk pkr quê sd cb dldhutbik umb bhhjøm. Ek aâs rdedvbmtd r dedvbmtd pbrb eb tdkráb id eb btrjguhjøm skm eks bmtdhdidmtds id um suhdsk pbrtjhuebr, be`umks id eks hubeds skm sus rbzkmds. Bmâek`badmtd, eb btrjguhjøm id hbusbejibi sd bskhjb, dm hjdrtks hbsks, b eb rdspkmsbgjejibi, r dspkmsbgjejibi, bumqud mk pudid idhjrsd qud tkibs ebs husbs ibm eu`br b btrjguhjkmds id rdspkmsbgjejibi. (Pdjmdr (P djmdr kg.hjt.) Idsid umb pdrspdhtjvb hkapedadmtbrjb, Adtbeejiku y Dfoejids (7>>2) sdòbebm qud b dstb tdkráb ek qud ed jmtdrdsb skm ebs hbusbs pdrhjgjibs pkr eb pdrskmb, qud mk sjdaprd hkjmhjidm hkm ebs hbusbs rdbeds id um rdsuetbik. Akidek id btrjguhjøm hbusbe  

Dxjstdm hjdrtbs hjrhumstbmhjbs qud fbvkrdhdm de prkhdsk btrjguhjkmbe. Dm prjadr eu`br, um rdsuetbik jmdspdrbik bhtjvb hkm abykr prkgbgjejibi eb güsqudib id pksjgeds hbusbs ide ajsak. Dstk ds ek qud khurrd sj sd hkapbrbm ebs dxpdhtbtjvbs rdspdhtk b um rdsuetbik< Ybagjêm sudedm gushbrsd h busbs id eks rdsuetbiks hubmik um suhdsk tjdmd `rbm jmtdrês k japkrtbmhjb ja pkrtbmhjb pbrb de suldtk. (Aöeedr y Oöeedr, 7>>>)

 

Bsjajsak, eb jmib`bhjøm skgrd aktjvks ds aâs frdhudmtd hubmik de rdsuetbik ds md`btjvk k pdkr id ek dspdrbik k dm sjtubhjkmds mudvbs, mudvbs, dm ebs qud de suldtk mk tjdmd umb dxpdhtbtjvb fkrabib mj um hkmkhjajdmtk sufjhjdmtd skgrd hjdrtbs hbrbhtdrástjhbs ide dmtkrmk? dstk khurrd, pkr dldapek, hubmik um dstuijbmtd pbsb b sdhumibrjb, be gbhcjeedrbtk, b eb umjvdrsjibi k hubmik hbagjb id hked`jk (Aöeedr y Oöeedr kg.hjt.)