AutoBee-design

Design of Automated Beehive with Android Technology Lovely C. Almocera Renz Claudel O. Arboleda Sarrah Kay S. Bravante Crecialene S. Dela Cruz Technological Institute of the Philippines Quezon City

March, 2015

APPROVAL SHEET

This design project entitled “Design of Automated Beehive with Android Technology” is prepared by Lovely C. Almocera, Renz Claudel O. Arboleda, Sarrah Kay S. Bravante, and Crecialene S. Dela Cruz of the Computer Engineering Department was examined and evaluated by the members of the Student Design Evaluation Panel and is hereby recommended for approval.

ENGR. RONNIE M. DYSANGCO Adviser

Panel Members: ENGR. ALONICA VILLANUEVA Member

ENGR. ARIEL E. ISIDRO Member

ENGR. MARIA CECILIA A. VENAL Chair TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES Quezon City Major (Capstone) Design Experience Information CP 520D2 DESIGN PROJECT 2 2nd Semester, SY 2013-2014 Student/Team Group Design Title Program Concentration Area Design Objectives

Lovely C. Almocera Renz Claudel O. Arboleda Sarrah Kay S. Bravante Crecialene S. Dela Cruz Design of Automated Beehive with Android Technology Embedded System Project Objective The general objective of this project is to design a device that can monitor the temperature, humidity and the weight of the beehive to meet the requirements needed by the client in accordance with codes of ethics, engineering standards and consideration of tradeoffs based on multiple constraints such as economic, sustainability and manufacturability. Specific Objectives 3

  

To design a prototype that could monitor the beehive temperature and humidity. To develop an Android application that would display the actual beehive frame’s status and measurement. To test and evaluate the accuracy of the prototype.

Constraints

Economic

The components that were used for the building of the design project were put into consideration based on the client’s requirements and the availability of the components. The designers used the components that are not harmful to the client and the environment. Considering the cost of the components, the designers used not only the affordable materials, but also the précised functionality that was needed for the design.

Manufacturability

The manufacturability of the components would be highly affected depending on the availability of the materials. The capability of the design produced with the needed part and maintenance referred the design’s manufacturability.

Sustainability

The designers also considered the functionality of the device. The design project had an easy to use functionality and was environmentally friendly. Considering the procedures, the designers made sure that there are fewer procedures so that the client was able to understand and work with it without so much time wasted.

Standards 

3-1982 - IEEE Recommended Practice in the Selection of Reference Ambient Conditions for Test Measurements of Electrical Apparatus

The designers considered the standard during the measurement of temperature and humidity inside of a beehive. The standard was used in all three designs created by the designers since all designs has temperature and humidity sensor.



ASTM E 74-02 American Society for Testing and Materials, 2002, Standard Practice of Calibration of Force

The designers used the standard for the calibration result for load cell sensor (weight sensor). All three designs used the ASTM E 74-02 standard since a weight sensor needed to be calibrated to give an accurate result of measurement.

4



IEEE standard 802.15.1 for Bluetooth Wireless Technology



UNIFORMAT II (E 1557)



IEEE standards for In-System Configuration for Programmable Devices

The designers used the standard for the communication from the prototype to the Android application installed in an android device. The designers took in consideration the standard construction of a beehive as to avoid harming not only the environment but also the bees itself. The designers used the standard when working with a programmable device such as microcontroller that holds the instruction to make the prototype function according to the objective.

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Project Developments......................................................................................................................2 Figure 3.1 Input-Process-Output.......................................................................................................................8 Figure 3.2 System Flowchart..........................................................................................................................10 Figure 3.3 Illustrative Diagram........................................................................................................................11 Figure 3.4 (b) Load cell sensor.......................................................................................................................14 Figure 3.4 (a) Automated Beehive..................................................................................................................14 Figure 3.5 Schematic Design of Automated Beehive with Android Technology using Load cell sensor........15 Figure 3.6(b) Torque Sensor...........................................................................................................................20 Figure 3.6(a) Automated Beehive Design 2....................................................................................................20 Figure 3.7 Schematic Design of Automated Beehive with Android Technology using Torque sensor...........21 Figure 3.8.(b) Touch Sensor...........................................................................................................................26 Figure 3.8.(a) Automated Beehive Design 3...................................................................................................26 Figure 3.9 Schematic Design of Automated Beehive with Android Technology using Touch sensor.............27 Figure 3.10 Graphical User Interface Design.................................................................................................30 Figure 3.11 Graphical User Interface Design Phases 2.................................................................................30 Figure 3.12 Software Development Life Cycles.............................................................................................31 Figure 3.13 Data Flow Diagram......................................................................................................................32 Figure 4.1 Subordinate ranking of Load cell in economic cost.......................................................................36 5

Figure 4.2 Subordinate ranking of Torque sensor in economic cost..............................................................37 Figure 4.3 Subordinate ranking of Load cell sensor in manufacturability.......................................................38 Figure 4.4 Subordinate ranking of Touch sensor in manufacturability...........................................................39 Figure 4.5 Subordinate ranking of Load cell based on sustainability.............................................................40 Figure 4.6 Subordinate ranking of Touch sensor based on sustainability......................................................41 Figure 5.1 Final Design Prototype..................................................................................................................44 Figure 5.2 Digital Hygrometer.........................................................................................................................46 Figure 5.3 Portable Digital Weight Scale........................................................................................................46 Figure 5.4 The device was helpful to the user................................................................................................50 Figure 5.6 The device can generate accurate results....................................................................................50 Figure 5.7 The device is affordable.................................................................................................................51 Figure 5.8 The device is easy to use..............................................................................................................51 Figure 5.9 The software is easy to use...........................................................................................................52 Figure 5.10 The output generated can easily transmit to android device......................................................52 Figure 5.11 The device is safe for the user.....................................................................................................53

6

LIST OF TABLES Table 3-1 Cost of Materials of Design 1..........................................................................................................13 Table 3-2 Design 1 Specification of Materials of Design 1.............................................................................17 Table 3-3 Cost of Materials using Torque Sensor...........................................................................................19 Table 3-4 Design 2 Specification and Cost of Materials using Torque Sensor...............................................23 Table 3-5 Cost of Materials using Touch Sensor............................................................................................25 Table 3-6 Design 3 Specification and Cost of Materials using Touch Sensor................................................29 Table 3-7 System Algorithms for the Design of Automated Beehive with Android Technology......................32 Table 4-1 Designer Tabulation Form...............................................................................................................35 Table 4-2 Initial Cost of each component........................................................................................................35 Table 4-3 Availability of the Materials..............................................................................................................37 Table 4-4 Sustainability of components..........................................................................................................39 Table 4-5 Tabulation of Trade-offs...................................................................................................................41 Table 5-1 Accuracy Test for Temperature.......................................................................................................48 Table 5-2 Accuracy Test for Humidity..............................................................................................................48 Table 5-3 Accuracy Test for Weight.................................................................................................................48 Table 5-4 Client’s Evaluation Form.................................................................................................................49

7

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ASTM CPU I IEC IEEE ISO KΩ LCD MCU MHz Ω Php PIC R RAM UART V VDC

American Society for Testing Materials Central Processing Unit Current International Electrotechnical Commission Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer International Organization for Standardization Kilo Ohms Liquid Crystal Display Microcontroller Mega Hertz Ohms Philippine Peso Peripheral Interface Controller Resistance Random Access Memory Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter Voltage Volts of Direct Current

8

9

TABLE OF CONTENTS

10

Design of Automated Beehive with Android Technology....................................................................................i APPROVAL SHEET...........................................................................................................................................ii Major (Capstone) Design Experience Information...........................................................................................iii LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES..............................................................................................................................................vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS..............................................................................................................................vii TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................................................................viii CHAPTER 1. PROJECT BACKGROUND..................................................................................................1 The Project...............................................................................................................................................1 Project Objectives....................................................................................................................................1 The Client.................................................................................................................................................2 Project Scope and Limitation...................................................................................................................2 Project Development................................................................................................................................2 CHAPTER 2. DESIGN INPUTS..................................................................................................................5 Design Constraints...................................................................................................................................5 Design Standards.....................................................................................................................................5 Software Requirements............................................................................................................................6 Hardware Requirements..........................................................................................................................6 CHAPTER 3. PROJECT/ SYSTEM DESIGN.............................................................................................8 Input-Process-Output...............................................................................................................................8 System Flowchart...................................................................................................................................10 Illustrative Diagram.................................................................................................................................11 Hardware Design....................................................................................................................................12 Design 1: Using Load Cell.................................................................................................................12 Prototype Design...........................................................................................................................14 Circuit Diagram..............................................................................................................................15 Specifications and Cost of Materials.............................................................................................17 Design 2: Using Torque Sensor.........................................................................................................18 Project Design...............................................................................................................................20 Circuit Diagram..............................................................................................................................21 Specifications and Cost of Materials.............................................................................................23 Design 3: Using Touch Sensor..........................................................................................................24 Project Design...............................................................................................................................26 Circuit Diagram..............................................................................................................................27 Specifications and Cost of Materials.............................................................................................29 Software Design.....................................................................................................................................30 Graphical User Interface Design.......................................................................................................30 Software Development Life Cycle.....................................................................................................31 System Algorithm...............................................................................................................................32 Dataflow Diagram..............................................................................................................................32 CHAPTER 4. DESIGN TRADE-OFFS......................................................................................................34 Design Trade-offs...................................................................................................................................34 Influence of Design Trade Offs in the Final Design...............................................................................42 11

CHAPTER 5. FINAL DESIGN...................................................................................................................44 Final Design............................................................................................................................................44 Test Procedures and Evaluation............................................................................................................45 Test Procedures.................................................................................................................................45 Test Evaluation...................................................................................................................................47 Test and Evaluation Results...................................................................................................................47 Test Results.......................................................................................................................................47 Evaluation Results.............................................................................................................................49 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................53 CHAPTER 6. BUSINESS MODEL............................................................................................................54 REFERENCES................................................................................................................................................55 APPENDICES.................................................................................................................................................56 APPENDIX A..............................................................................................................................................56 APPENDIX B..............................................................................................................................................59 APPENDIX C..............................................................................................................................................62 APPENDIX D..............................................................................................................................................64 APPENDIX E..............................................................................................................................................67

12

0

CHAPTER 1.

PROJECT BACKGROUND

The Project Based on Bee Community, the honey bee production plays an important role for biodiversity and agriculture. Bee colony’s contribution to the ecosystem shows its impact in almost 80% of plant families. With this scenario, bee farming molds to make its impact on the economic growth of honeybee production. The traditional process of honey bee extraction starts from the beekeeper that would monitor if the hive is already full of honey. If the beehive is ready for extraction, the beekeeper would take out the hive and check if there is presence of varroa mites. If positive, varroa mites would be removed from the hive using manual process; otherwise, it would proceed with the extraction process. The traditional or manual process of extracting honey consumes time and effort since there is no available device or equipment in the market. In addition, temperature and humidity cannot be monitored by the beekeeper. Thus, production of honey may be affected. Therefore, a device for automated beehive with the application of Android technology was designed. This would help the beekeeper in monitoring the average temperature and humidity inside the beehive to prevent the spread of varroa mites and measure the weight of the honey from the frames. The design of automated beehive with Android technology functions as follows:   

Monitor the ambient temperature and humidity inside of the beehive. Measure the weight of frames inside beehive (load cell). Send measured weight and real-time temperature and humidity readings to the beekeeper through Bluetooth technology.

Project Objectives The general objective of this project was to design a device that can monitor the temperature, humidity and the weight of the beehive to meet the requirements needed by the client in accordance with codes of ethics, engineering standards and consideration of tradeoffs based on multiple constraints such as economic constraints, sustainability and manufacturability. Specific Objectives   

To design a prototype that could monitor the beehive temperature and humidity. To develop an Android application that would display the actual status and measurements of the beehive frame. To test and evaluate the accuracy of the prototype.

1

The Client The design project was intended for the beekeeper Dexter’s Apiary located in Parañaque. Over the years, Dexter’s Apiary has been expanding the numbers of the beehive. By the end of the year 2013, Dexter’s Apiary hopes to have at least 70 beehives to increase the production of honey. Project Scope and Limitation The design focused on the construction of automated beehive with Android based technology. It monitors the humidity and temperature of the beehive to inform the beekeeper through data transmission. The gathered data from the prototype would be transmitted using Bluetooth and Android based communication. On the other hand, the design’s limitations are as follows: 1) humidity and temperature outside the beehive are not covered; 2) it does not detect the number of bees; and 3) cannot extract honey from the frames. Project Development To represent the development of the project, a flowchart was used to draw the chain of a process that connects the phase of development of the design. Figure 1.1 shows the development process in completing the project.

Identify the Problems

Gathering Data and Requirement

Project Conceptualization

Build Block Diagram

Identify the Components

Build Schematic Diagram & Simulate Circuit Diagram

Maintenance

Deployment of Design Project

Testing & Debugging

Implementation

Figure 1.1 Project Developments

2

Figure 1.1 is an illustration of the project development process in the Design of Automated Beehive with Android technology. 













Identify the Problem: Identifying the problem was the first step. The designers identified the problem through research, education and self-curiosity. Finding the problem would help the designers to prepare for a solution. Gathering Data and Requirement Gathering of data and requirements were important since it would set as a way in providing the best solution for the identified problem. The designers needed to gather data and the necessary requirements to complete the prototype. One of the gathered data was the condition when the temperature reaches the coldest; with this condition, working bees would not be able to move and thus would die. Project Conceptualization Project conceptualization was the ability to formulate any idea that occurs at the beginning of a design activity. The designers were able to formulate an initial design of the project when the scope of the project was drafted and as a result the designers came up with a prototype that could monitor the inside of the beehive. Build Block Diagram Building block diagram could facilitate software development because it would provide a better understanding of what the prototype would become. The designers needed to build the block diagram for the design project that would represent the flow of the entire prototype. Identify the Components Identifying the components needed for the completion of the prototype was very important not only for the sake of completing the prototype but also to seek the better quality of components to be used. After the designer built the block diagram of the project, the designers were able to identify what are the exact components that were used, and on this design one of the components that the designer used was Load cell sensor. Build Schematic Diagram and Stimulate Circuit Diagram Schematic Diagram represents the elements of the system using graphic symbols. This signifies the components used and the tasks of the circuit diagram. The designers built the schematic diagram based on the circuit of the components and simulate it so that designers were sure that the circuit would simulate. Implementation Implementation was necessary as it would execute the plan that was laid out upon the beginning of the prototype. Once all the necessary requirements have been met the designers would prepare for the implementation of the prototype according to the circuit created. The designers must meet the objective of the prototype for the completion of the project. With the help of the client, the prototype would be tested along with the Android application that was developed solely for the prototype. 3







Testing and Debugging Testing and debugging the prototype could be done after all the components has properly been placed according to the right circuit diagram. The designers tested the prototype if it would simulate according to how the prototype was developed and if there were some errors, it would be debugged until it meets the requirements. The prototype would be tested to verify if it would produce accurate measurement based on the objective of the project. Deployment of Design Project Deployment of the design project could be done once all the stages in developing the prototype would agree. After implementing the prototype and testing the accuracy of the measurement the designers would deploy the prototype to the client. Maintenance Maintenance was offered to prevent any unnecessary difficulties, error and to maintain the ability to monitor the inside of the beehive. And lastly the designers would provide maintenance for the prototype as part of the service for the client so that if there would be any unnecessary problem met with the prototype, the designers could automatically fix the issue at hand.

4

1

DESIGN INPUTS

Design Constraints In the Design of Automated Beehive with Android Technology, the consideration of multiple constraints was applied. The aspects that determined the feasibility of the system was served by these constraints. There were different kinds of constraints applicable to the creation of this design project, but the designers have selected the constraints that could affect the entire development process and these are the following: 





Economic (Cost) The components that were used for the building of the design project were put into consideration based on the client’s requirements and the availability of the components. The designers used the components that are not harmful to the client and the environment. Considering the cost of the components, the designers used not only the affordable materials, but also the précised functionality that was needed for the design. Manufacturability (Availability of materials) In developing the project, the availability of material of the design was also considered by the designers. The availability of the materials would vary the time before the start of the prototype. The designers’ main concern was if the material would be available locally or should it be shipped from other country. Sustainability (Life Span) A component does not last longer than expected. There were times that components would need replacement. The designers considered the sustainability of each components used for the prototype to be completed. There were researches conducted to specify how long take a certain component would last before replacing it. This became important for the designers, should any of the component from the prototype needs to be replaced.

Design Standards The designers used a list of standards for this project design as a basis for the circuit design and other related to the following codes and standards which are stated below: 

3-1982 - IEEE Recommended Practice in the Selection of Reference Ambient Conditions for Test Measurements of Electrical Apparatus – A standard which has the purpose of identifying and recommending a set of standard reference values for certain ambient parameters which are significant in electrical test measurements. The designers considered the standard during the measurement of temperature and humidity inside of a beehive. The standard was used in all three designs created by the designers since all designs has temperature and humidity sensor.



ASTM E 74-02 American Society for Testing and Materials, 2002, Standard Practice of Calibration of Force – A standard for measurement instruments for verifying the force indication of testing machines. The designers used the standard for the calibration result for load cell sensor (weight sensor). All three designs used the ASTM E 74-02 standard since a weight sensor needed to be calibrated to give an accurate result of measurement. 5



IEEE standard 802.15.1 for Bluetooth Wireless Technology - The designers used this standard for the communication from the prototype to the Android device. 802.15.1 for Bluetooth Wireless Technology was under Class 2 which operates at a range of 10 meters and a maximum power of 2.5mW.



UNIFORMAT II (E 1557) – For the entire BEES analysis, building products are defined and classified based on the ASTM standard classification for building. The UNIFORMAT II was considered during construction of beehive. The designers took in consideration the standard construction of a beehive as to avoid harming not only the environment but also the bees itself.



IEEE standards for In-System Configuration for Programmable Devices – The standard was for providing standardized programming access and methodology for programmable integrated circuit devices. The designers used the standard when working with a programmable device such as microcontroller that holds the instruction to make the prototype function according to the objective.

Software Requirements The software in this project was an Android Application. The knowledge applied in this application was all combinations of that software application which has been studied from Software Engineering, Java Programming and Android Programming as well as the software components needed such as Integrated Development Kit for Android Application and Microcontroller. Knowledge in the following courses: The designers have applied the knowledge learned from previous courses taken as listed below:   

Java Programming. Java is a computer programming language. It enables programmers to write computer instructions using English based commands, instead of having to write in numeric codes. It’s known as a “high-level” language because it can be read and written easily by humans. Flow code. Flow code is a type of graphical programming language for a microcontroller that uses flowcharts. Android programming. An Android app is a software application running on the Android platform. Because the Android platform is built for mobile devices, a typical Android app is designed for a Smartphone or a tablet PC running on the Android OS.

Hardware Requirements The design of the project has been considered and factors that would affect the process of the development of the device. Upon the design of this project, the designers considered the standard that would affect the process development of the device. The factors that have been considered are the knowledge, skills and materials required for the development of the design. These factors are discussed below:

6

Knowledge in the following courses: The designers have applied the knowledge learned from previous course listed below: 







Temperature and Humidity Sensor. This is a multifunctional sensor that gives you temperature and relative humidity information at the same time. It utilizes a DHT11 sensor that can meet measurement needs of general purposes. In relation with the standard the ratings of the range of the measurement is 20-90%, humidity is 5%RH Temperature 35.6 F. Weight. A load cells are types of sensors that can measure the weight of an object. It convert forces into electrical signals and output that electrical signals. Sensor and controller, a temperature sensor and controller is also one of the most accurate temperature sensors, its programmable controller enables you to change the conversion depending on the code that you upload. In relation with the standard power voltage of 12v, sensing area 9.53mm (0.375 in) diameter and connector 3pin Male square, the load cell was used for the prototype. Microcontroller. It is a microcomputer which is designed for the operation of embedded systems. It is a single chip that contains processor, a non-volatile memory for the program; volatile memory for input and output (RAM), a clock and an I/O control unit. In relation to the standard the flash 32kbytes, pin count 28 and the CPU is 8bit AVR. Bluetooth Shield. It is a wireless technology for data exchange over short distances (using shortwavelength radio waves. In relation with the standard the ratings of the frequency used is 2.4 GHz and the class is class 2, and the voltage used 3.1 to 4.2VDC, but it would interface directly with the UART port of any microcontroller chip running at 3.3VDC.

7

CHAPTER 2.

PROJECT/ SYSTEM DESIGN

Input-Process-Output The Input-Process-Output is a graphical representation of all factors/procedures in which the required inputs such as knowledge, hardware and software along with multiple constraints processed through data gathering and planning to produce the most efficient hardware and software design to meet the design objectives and arrive at the output of producing a prototype. INPUT PROCESS

Requirements in: Knowledge:

    

Circuit Design Electronic Circuits Embedded Systems Microcontroller Programming Software Designing

Hardware:

 Sensors (Temperature, Humidity and Weight)  Bluetooth module  Microcontroller Software:

OUTPUT

Data Gathering

 Monitoring the temperature and humidity inside of the beehives  Sending message using Bluetooth technology Design

 Design of Automated Beehive with Android Technology

 Embedded System  Circuit Designing

Testing and Evaluation of the design

 Android Programming  Java Programming  Flow code Multiple Constraints Engineering Standards

Figure 3.1 Input-Process-Output

8

Figure 3.1 shows the requirements and how the design was processed. The inputs have all the necessary requirements before the design can be process. It is the first thing that should be prepared. The process is made up of engineering methodologies required for the production of the design project. The inputs are made up of Knowledge, Hardware, Software, Multiple Constraints and Standard requirements. The knowledge requirement consists of the expected functionality of the design project. The hardware requirement consists of components and peripherals that would be used. The sensors would be used for monitoring the inside of the beehive, Bluetooth module would be used for communication from the device itself to any android devices that has the certain application installed on mobile devices. The microcontroller would be the main component of the system where instructions are to be executed based on the given inputs. The software requirements consist of programming languages to be used for the microcontroller and Android Device. The Android programming and Java programming would be used for the development of Android Application while the Arduino programming would be used for microcontroller. Multiple constraints were also part of the input where it would remind the designers the different considerations to be observed such as economic, sustainability and manufacturability. The process illustrates how the design would function based on the given inputs. The knowledge requirements consist of the detailed functionality and the engineering techniques to be used. The hardware shows how the components would be used according to the designers input.

9

System Flowchart Figure 3.2 shows the system flowchart of the automated beehive and discussed the entire system and how it works.

Figure 3.2 System Flowchart Figure 3.2 explains how the system flows throughout the process. First, the prototype must be connected to an Android device with the application; if they are not connected, the application would terminate. However, once the prototype and the Android device are connected, the three input buttons that user could select would be available. The three input buttons consists of temperature, humidity, and weight. When one of the buttons is selected, the corresponding output would be displayed on the Android device.

10

Illustrative Diagram The Figure 3.3 shows an illustrative diagram of how each component interacts with one another.

Figure 3.3 Illustrative Diagram Figure 3.3 is an illustration of the components and peripherals that is use for the production of the design project. It comes along with the following list of design standard that was stated previously such as 3-1982 IEEE Recommended Practice in the Selection of Reference Ambient Conditions for Test Measurements of Electrical Apparatus. The purpose of the said standard is for reference value for certain ambient parameters which are significant in electrical test measure. Also IEEE standard 802.15.1 for Bluetooth Wireless Technology is use for the communication of the prototype and the android device. Description of each component    

PIC Microcontroller: A programmable microcontroller made by Microchip Technology. It can manage the operation of embedded system used in most projects nowadays. Weight sensor: A transducer, which used to weighing a machine, object, etc. DHT11: A combination of temperature and humidity sensor, it ensures soaring reliability. Bluetooth Shield: A wireless hardware component was used for exchanging data in short distances. 11

Hardware Design Design 1: Using Load Cell The first design used load cell to determine the weight of the honey from a frame inside the beehive. The temperature sensor and humidity sensor measures the temperature and humidity inside the beehive to make sure that the surroundings would not affect the colonies of the bees. The structure measured by the device was in accordance with the standard for measuring devices. All the output values from the sensors were directed to the microcontroller which processed the values taken before transmitting it to another device by the use of Bluetooth shield. The Bluetooth shield was used for transmission of data towards Android Device. The Android device presents the processed data. The designers considered the standard for load cell that was used in designing a prototype. According to ESTD 1950 standard, load cell is a single point platform and a strain gauge based low profile bending beam load cell and is suitable for single point platform scale having platform ranging up to 1000x1000mm.The designers also consider the IEEE standard of 3-1982 - IEEE Recommended Practice in the Selection of Reference Ambient Conditions for Test Measurements of Electrical Apparatus - In general, test results and the performance of electrical apparatus are significantly influenced by variations in such parameters as temperature, barometric pressure and humidity. The purpose of this IEEE recommended practice is to identify and recommend a set of standard reference values for certain ambient parameters which are significant in electrical test measurements. Sustainability. The sustainability of the load cell depends on the performance, sensitivity and the temperature. According to Strain Measurement, load cell enables a long term stability of better that 0.1% per year. Although the components sustainability would depend on how long it would be used and where would be used. Manufacturability. The manufacturability of the components would be really beneficial for the designers because the load cell can be purchased within the country itself and you do not need to order it from other country.

12

Economics. The designers took consideration of the cost of the materials to be used in this design. As stated in Table 31 below the list of costing that would be used in designing an automated beehive using a load cell. As stated below the load cell is an affordable component. Table 3-1 Cost of Materials of Design 1 Materials Atmega328 Load cell DHT11 Bluetooth shield Ceramic Capacitors Resistors Crystal Oscillator Printed Circuit Board Rectifier Diode Stackable Female Header UART Lead LED Transistor Ferric Chloride Beehive Total Cost:

Costs PHP 250.00 PHP 820.00 PHP 105.00 PHP 935.00 PHP 12.00 PHP 2.00 PHP 20.00 PHP 510.00 PHP 7.00 PHP 16.00 PHP 15.00 PHP 30.00 PHP 2.00 PHP 60.00 PHP 22.00 PHP 2700.00 PHP 5,506.00

Table 3-1 shows the different components and total cost of the materials of design 1. The designers used ATmega328 that cost Php 250.00, a load cell was also used for the weight measurement that cost Php 820.00, a DHT11 sensor for the temperature and humidity measurement that cost Php 105.00. The designers also used Bluetooth shield for the wireless transmission of data from the prototype to android device and it cost Php 935.00, a ceramic capacitors that cost Php 12.00, a resistor cost Php 2.00, a crystal oscillator that cost Php 20.00. A printed circuit board which was a double sided board was used to etch the home made circuit that cost Php 510.00, a rectifier and a stackable female header for connector that each cost Php 7.00 and Php 16.00. UART was used that cost Php 15.00, the lead was used with soldering iron to connect the component to the printed circuit board and it cost Php 30.00. LED, transistor, Ferric chloride and lastly the Beehive itself was also used for the completion of design 1 and each component cost Php 2.00, Php 60.00, Php 22.00 and Php 2700.00.

13

Prototype Design The Figure 3.4(a) illustrates the design of Automated beehive, and Figure 3.4 (b) illustrates design 1 using load cell sensor.

Figure 3.4 (a) Automated Beehive

Figure 3.4 (b) Load cell sensor

The designers constructed a Design of Automated Beehive with Android Technology using load cell. Figure 3.4 (a) show the structure of the beehive using woods while the sensor that have been used in the design 1 is a load cell as shown in Figure 3.4 (b) load cell is attached to the plywood and also the DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor. The standard used for this design was ASTM E 74-02 American Society for Testing and Materials, 2002; Standard Practice of Calibration of Force this standard was used to specify procedures for the calibration of force-measuring instruments such as balances and small platform scales.

14

Circuit Diagram Figure 3.5 shows the schematic of the electronic components of the Automated Beehive with Android Technology using load cell.

15

Given: V = 3.3 V I = 200mA R=?

Figure 3.5 Schematic Design of Automated Beehive with Android Technology using Load cell sensor Computation for Circuit Diagram: The formula below can be used to get the resistance that the microcontroller is releasing during the process. In this formula, the designers used the standard voltage and current needed for the microcontroller. Equation 3.1

Ohm’s Law

V = IR Where: V = Voltage I = Current R= Resistance

Ohm’s Law Electronics, Devices and Circuits BY: Robert L. Boylestad In R. B. Nashelsky, Electronics, Devices and Circuits Theory. Prentice Hall, 2002

16

The standard voltage of a microcontroller such as ATmega328 was 3.3V and a current of 200mA. By using the given data, resistance could be calculated by using Ohm’s law. V =IR 3.3 V =500 mA x R R=

3.3 V 200 mA

R=16.5 Ω The value of 16.5Ω defines the resistance needed by the microcontroller during the process. Therefore, the resistance calculated using Ohm’s Law represents the value that coming in and out of the microcontroller. By knowing the formula of Ohm’s Law, it would give the student the right voltage, resistance and current to be used to avoid short circuit, over voltage and etc.

Specifications and Cost of Materials The total cost of materials in this design as stated in Table 3-1, is Php 5506.00 Table 3-2 shows the specification of materials for design 1 which provides insight on what particular needs of the design that the materials should satisfy in order to achieve the designers’ objectives. Table 3-2 Design 1 Specification of Materials of Design 1 Materials Atmega328

Specifications Flash 32kbytes Pin count 28 CPU 8 bit AVR 17

Load cell

DHT11

Bluetooth shield

Ceramic Capacitors Resistors Crystal Oscillator Printed Circuit Board Rectifier Diode Stackable Female Header UART Lead LED Transistor Ferric Chloride Beehive

Thickness 0.203 mm (0.008 in.) Width 14 mm (0.55 in.) Sensing Area, 9.53 mm (0.375 in.) diameter Connector 3-pin Male Square Pin (center pin is inactive) Size 22.0mm X 20.5mm X 1.6mm Voltage 3.3 or 5V DC Resolution 8-bit temperature Sensitivity: -80dBm at 0.1% BER Voltage: 3.3V Host Interface: USB/UART Flash memory size: 8Mbit 100nf, 22pf 1.5KΩ, 330Ω, 10KΩ 16MHz Pre-sensitized 1 & 4001 8 pins, 6 pins Type B 0.3mm Red, Green 5mm RT9163/ 3.3V regulator 8 frames, top lid

Table 3-2 provides a specification regarding the components that the designers used for the first design such as ATmega328, load cell, DHT11 sensor, Bluetooth shield, ceramic capacitors, resistors, crystal oscillator, printed circuit board, rectifier diode, stackable female header, UART, Lead, LED, transistor, ferric chloride and the Beehive. The economic constraint with respect to the materials that is being used for the design project by using weight sensor (load cell) is just right. The components that are used for the building of the design project are put into consideration based on the client’s requirements and the availability of the components. It is also not harmful to the client and the environment. Considering the cost, the components is affordable and its function properly. The sustainability constraint depends on the user or it on how you actually use the materials. While the manufacturability of the materials is available inside Philippines and there is no need to order outside the country for the materials that is shown.

18

Design 2: Using Torque Sensor Figure 3-6 shows the structured of the Automated Beehive with Android Technology using a torque sensor as measuring device for the weight. Torque sensor is a device that was used to measure not only the rotation of a system, but also measured the applied force on the object. The design was also composed of different sensors such as temperature sensor to measure the temperature inside surroundings of the beehive, a humidity sensor to measure moisture within the beehive and lastly the torque sensor to measure the weight of the beehive. The designers consider the standard for torque sensor that needs to be used in designing a prototype. The torque is a transducer that converts mechanical input to an electrical output. The designers also consider the standard ISO/IEC 17025:2005(en) General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories The designers also considered the standard of 3-1982 - IEEE Recommended Practice in the Selection of Reference Ambient Conditions for Test Measurements of Electrical Apparatus - In general, test results and the performance of electrical apparatus are significantly influenced by variations in such parameters as temperature, barometric pressure and humidity. The purpose of this IEEE recommended practice is to identify and recommend a set of standard reference values for certain ambient parameters which are significant in electrical test measurements. Sustainability. The sustainability of the torque sensor according to HBM Test and Measurement guarantees accurate results over the wide measuring frequency range of 0 Hz to 6,000 Hz, even up to physical limits. Its sustainability would depend on the location and the manner the components are used. When a component was used for heavy mechanism, there would be a possibility that the component may need a new replacement. Manufacturability. The manufacturability of the prototype would be restrained by the availability of the components as the designers need to purchase some components from abroad. It takes one to two months to purchase the torque sensor. Economics. The designers took consideration of the cost of the materials to be used in Design 2. As stated in Table 3-3 below the list of costing that would be used in designing an automated beehive using a Torque sensor. As stated below torque sensor has the highest price but still economically friendly. Table 3-3 Cost of Materials using Torque Sensor Materials Atmega328 Torque Sensor DHT11

Costs PHP 250.00 PHP 1906.00 PHP 105.00 19

Bluetooth shield Ceramic Capacitors Resistors Crystal Oscillator Printed Circuit Board Rectifier Diode Stackable Female Header UART Lead LED Transistor Ferric Chloride Beehive Total:

PHP 935.00 PHP 12.00 PHP 2.00 PHP 20.00 PHP 510.00 PHP 7.00 PHP 16.00 PHP 15.00 PHP 30.00 PHP 2.00 PHP 60.00 PHP 22.00 PHP 2700.00 PHP 6,562.00

Table 3-3 shows the components and total .cost of the materials of design 2. The difference between table 3-1 and table 3-3 is that for design 2, the designers’ would use torque sensor instead of load cell for measuring of weight. The cost of the torque sensor is Php1906.00.

Project Design Figure 3.6(a) illustrates the design of automated beehive, and Figure 3.6(b) illustrates the Design 2 using torque sensor.

20

Figure 3.6(a) Automated Beehive Design 2

Figure 3.6(b) Torque Sensor

The designers constructed a Design of Automated beehive with Android Technology using a torque sensor. Figure 3.6 (a) show the structure of the beehive using woods while the sensor that have been used in the design 2 is a torque sensor as shown in Figure 3.6 (b). Torque sensor is attached to the plywood and also the DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor. The standard used for this design was ASTM E 74-02 American Society for Testing and Materials, 2002; Standard Practice of Calibration of Force this standard was used to specify procedures for the calibration of force-measuring instruments such as balances and small platform scales and also the Standard ISO/IEC 17025:2005(en) General Requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories.

Circuit Diagram Figure 3.7 shows the schematic of the electronic components of the Automated Beehive with Android Technology using Torque Sensors.

21

Given: V = 3.3 V I = 200mA R=?

Figure 3.7 Schematic Design of Automated Beehive with Android Technology using Torque sensor Computation for Circuit Diagram: The formula below can be used releasing during the process. In voltage and current needed for

Ohm’s Law

V = IR Where: V = Voltage I = Current R= Resistance

to get the resistance that the microcontroller is this formula, the designers used the standard the microcontroller. Ohm’s Law Electronics, Devices and Circuits 22 BY: Robert L. Boylestad In R. B. Nashelsky, Electronics, Devices and Circuits Theory. Prentice Hall, 2002

Equation 3.1

The standard voltage of a microcontroller such as ATmega328 was 3.3V and a current of 200mA. By using the given data, resistance could be calculated by using Ohm’s law. V =IR 3.3 V =500 mA x R R=

3.3 V 200 mA

R=16.5 Ω The value of 16.5Ω defines the resistance needed by the microcontroller during the process. Therefore, the resistance calculated using Ohm’s Law represents the value that coming in and out of the microcontroller. By knowing the formula of Ohm’s Law, it would give the student the right voltage, resistance and current to be used to avoid short circuit, over voltage and etc.

Specifications and Cost of Materials The total cost of this material as shown in Table 3-3, is Php 6562.00. Specification and costing of material for Design 2 provides information with regards to the components that the designers used for the completion of Design 2. Table 3-4 shows the detailed tabulation of each component’s specifications.

23

Table 3-4 Design 2 Specification and Cost of Materials using Torque Sensor Materials Atmega328 Torque Sensor

DHT11

Bluetooth shield

Ceramic Capacitors Resistors Crystal Oscillator Printed Circuit Board Rectifier Diode Stackable Female Header UART Lead LED Transistor Ferric Chloride Beehive

Specifications Flash 32kbytes Pin count 28 CPU 8 bit AVR Measure the rotation in a system Measure the applied force in an object Size 22.0mm x 20.5mm x 1.6mm Voltage 3.3 or 5V DC Resolution 8-bit temperature Sensitivity: -80dBm at 0.1% BER Voltage: 3.3V Host Interface: USB/UART Flash memory size: 8Mbit 100nf, 22pf 1.5KΩ, 330Ω, 10KΩ 16MHz Pre-sensitized 1 & 4001 8 pins, 6 pins Type B 0.3mm Red, Green 5mm RT9163/ 3.3V regulator 8 frames, top lid

Table 3-4 shows the components specification of each material which would be used for the completion of design 2. It could be seen here the different sensor that was used for measuring the weight of honeys inside the beehive. Design 3: Using Touch Sensor Touch sensor is a type of device that can measure the weight of an object just by applying a force on it. By using this device the desired weight for the honeys from the frame can be determined. The design was also composed of different sensors such as temperature sensor to measure the temperature inside surroundings of the beehive, a humidity sensor to measure moisture within the beehive and lastly the torque sensor to measure the weight of the beehive.

24

The designers consider the standard for touch sensor; the touch interface allows for quick and easy menu driven set up of all parameters including auto zero, pressure ranges, output ranges, format of pressure, percent output or it could also use the interface to create custom ranges by adjusting the upper and lower pressure. The designers also consider the standard of 3-1982 - IEEE Recommended Practice in the Selection of Reference Ambient Conditions for Test Measurements of Electrical Apparatus - In general, test results and the performance of electrical apparatus are significantly influenced by variations in such parameters as temperature, barometric pressure and humidity. The purpose of this IEEE recommended practice is to identify and recommend a set of standard reference values for certain ambient parameters which are significant in electrical test measurements. Sustainability. Touch sensor is a sensitive component since it could detect object easily. The sustainability of the component depends on the way it’s being used. As what is stated to an article of Embedded Computing Design, the performance, accuracy, and reliability of the touch sensor depends on the noise generated from a display such as LCD. Thus, reliability, performance, and the quality of user experience are significantly affected by how the system addresses noise. Manufacturability. The manufacturability of the prototype would be restrained by the availability of the components as the designers need to purchase some components from abroad. It takes one to two months to purchase the touch sensor.

Economics. The designers took consideration of the cost of the materials to be used in design 3. As stated in Table 3-5 below the list of costing that would be used in designing an automated beehive using a touch sensor. As stated below, the touch sensor which the price is a little bit higher, but still there is a lot company using a touch sensor because of his economically price. Table 3-5 Cost of Materials using Touch Sensor 25

Materials Atmega328 Touch Sensor DHT11 Bluetooth shield Ceramic Capacitors Resistors Crystal Oscillator Printed Circuit Board Rectifier Diode Stackable Female Header UART Lead LED Transistor Ferric Chloride Beehive Total:

Costs PHP 250.00 PHP 357.00 PHP 105.00 PHP 935.00 PHP 12.00 PHP 2.00 PHP 20.00 PHP 510.00 PHP 7.00 PHP 16.00 PHP 15.00 PHP 30.00 PHP 2.00 PHP 60.00 PHP 22.00 PHP 2700.00 PHP 5,013.00

Table 3-5 shows the cost of each component for design 3. From the table, it could be seen that a different sensor for measuring the weight of the honey inside the beehive would be used for the measurement which was the touch sensor.

Project Design Figure 3.8(a) illustrates the design of Automated beehive, and Figure 3.8 (b) illustrates the Design 2 using touch sensor.

26

Figure 3.8.(a) Automated Beehive Design 3

Figure 3.8.(b) Touch Sensor

The designers constructed a Design of Automated beehive with Android Technology using torque sensor. Figure 3.8 (a) show the structure of the beehive using woods while the sensor that have been used in the design 2 was a torque sensor as shown in Figure 3.8 (b). Torque sensor is attached to the plywood and also the DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor. The standard used for this design was ASTM E 74-02 American Society for Testing and Materials, 2002; Standard Practice of Calibration of Force this standard was used to specify procedures for the calibration of force-measuring instruments such as balances and small platform scales, and also the standard used for this Figure was UNIFORMAT II (E 1557) which was responsible for the well-being of the bees upon constructing of beehive.

Circuit Diagram Figure 3.9 shows the schematic of the electronic components of the Automated Beehive with Android Technology using Touch Sensors.

27

Given: V = 3.3 V I = 200mA R=?

Figure 3.9 Schematic Design of Automated Beehive with Android Technology using Touch sensor Computation for Circuit Diagram: The formula below can be used to get the resistance that the microcontroller is releasing during the process. In this formula, the designers used the standard voltage and current needed for the microcontroller. Ohm’s Law

V = IR Where: V = Voltage I = Current R= Resistance

Ohm’s Law Electronics, Devices and Circuits 28 BY: Robert L. Boylestad In R. B. Nashelsky, Electronics, Devices and Circuits Theory. Prentice Hall, 2002

Equation 3.1

The standard voltage of a microcontroller such as ATmega328 was 3.3V and a current of 200mA. By using the given data, resistance could be calculated by using Ohm’s law. V =IR 3.3 V =500 mA x R R=

3.3 V 200 mA

R=16.5 Ω The value of 16.5Ω defines the resistance needed by the microcontroller during the process. Therefore, the resistance calculated using Ohm’s Law represents the value that coming in and out of the microcontroller. By knowing the formula of Ohm’s Law, it would give the student the right voltage, resistance and current to be used to avoid short circuit, over voltage and etc.

Specifications and Cost of Materials As shown in Table 3-5, the total cost for the design 3 is Php 5013.00 Specification and cost of materials for design 3 provides information with regards to the components needed by the designers to complete the prototype. Table 3-6 shows the detailed specification of each component.

29

Table 3-6 Design 3 Specification and Cost of Materials using Touch Sensor Materials Atmega328 Touch Sensor DHT11

Bluetooth shield

Ceramic Capacitors Resistors Crystal Oscillator Printed Circuit Board Rectifier Diode Stackable Female Header UART Lead LED Transistor Ferric Chloride Beehive

Specifications Flash 32kbytes Pin count 28 CPU 8 bit AVR Measure the applied force in an object Size 22.0mm x 20.5mm x 1.6mm Voltage 3.3 or 5V DC Resolution 8-bit temperature Sensitivity: -80dBm at 0.1% BER Voltage: 3.3V Host Interface: USB/UART Flash memory size: 8Mbit 100nf, 22pf 1.5KΩ, 330Ω, 10KΩ 16MHz Pre-sensitized 1 & 4001 8 pins, 6 pins Type B 0.3mm Red, Green 5mm RT9163/ 3.3V regulator 8 frames, top lid

The economic constraints with respect to the materials that is being used for the design project by using Touch sensor is just right because the components that were used also meets the client’s requirements, the same with Weight Sensor and Torque sensor. It is also not harmful to the client and the environment. Considering the cost, the component is more affordable compare to weight sensor and torque sensor and still functioning properly. The sustainability constraints depend on how you use it or how you use it. While the manufacturability of the materials is available inside Philippines and it can also be orders outside the country. Software Design Graphical User Interface Design Figure 3.10 shows the graphical user interface (GUI) was designed to be pleasing to the eyes of our client in which we used bees and honey’s to represent it. The design has different features in which our client would check directly through their android devices the humidity, temperature and weight of the honey.

30

Figure 3.10 Graphical User Interface Design In Figure 3.11, it shows the second screen of the Android Application Software that displays the real-time measurement of the sensors such as DHT11 Temperature & Humidity as well as weight sensor. Each button represents different sensors. The close button is used to terminate/close the application; the back button is used to return to the main screen while the open button is to connect the Android Application to the Bluetooth device attached to the circuit board.

Figure 3.11 Graphical User Interface Design Phases 2 Software Development Life Cycle Figure 3.12 shows the development life cycle of the software for the design.

31

Figure 3.12 Software Development Life Cycles Figure 3.12 shows the flow process in developing the software in different series. Thus we consider the different standard and constraints for this development like the cost and the availability of the parts that is needed, also the standard of each component. The waterfall model is a sequential process, regularly used in software development processes, in which development was seen as flowing progressively down. In our Waterfall Model we have six phases; Engineering Requirements, Analysis, Design, Coding, Testing and Operational. First Phase: Engineering Requirements The first phase involves understanding and functionality that is needed for the design and its purpose. In this phase the designer also considers the client requirements. Second Phase: Analysis The second phase involves the software needed for proper completion of the project is analyzed. In this phase the designer should decide what programming language should be used for the designing software. Third Phase: Design The third phase involves the design of the software. In this phase the designer should be ready to use for the next phase. Fourth Phase: Coding The fourth phase involves the actual coding of the program created from the third phase. In this phase the designers finalizes the right programming language to be used. Fifth Phase: Testing The fifth phase involves the testing of the program. In this phase the coding of the program was complete from the previous phase. The testing of the written codes is occurring. In this phase it ensures that the client interested and satisfied with the finish software design. And if there is a problem with the codes the designers need to go back to the design phase and the changes are implemented. Sixth Phase: Operational 32

The sixth phase involves the operational of the program. In this phase the designers completely finished the software and it shows the fully operational software that is used on the project. System Algorithm Table 3-7 shows how the android application was design to operate using android technology. Table 3-7 System Algorithms for the Design of Automated Beehive with Android Technology Initialization Initialize Temp =0 Initialize Humidity = 0 Initialize Weight = 0

Input Process Output Android command = Compute the Display the Temperature to the LCD Display Temperature Temperature Android command = Compute the Display the Humidity to the LCD Display Humidity Humidity Android command = Compute the Display the Weight to the LCD Display Weight Weight

Table 3-7 shows the algorithm in which the design was being operated by the designers. Initialization was performed to find the initial value of an object or device that was used for the design. The input table refers to the value that was inputted / processed during the production of the design. The process table expresses how the algorithm works in which it depends on the designers’ inputted value. The output table shows the final product of the process where the data gathered was sent to the Android device. Dataflow Diagram Figure 3.13 shows the dataflow diagram of how the design would process from hardware to software

USER

Command

Temperature Humidity Weight

Android Device

Figure 3.13 Data Flow Diagram This dataflow diagram was a representation of the design in which it shows how it would work. The design needs to undergo many actions as it process through the system. First, the user would open the application and connect it to the prototype with the use of Bluetooth technology. When the android device has been connected, the user could select what input to measure. After the user select the input it would directly communicate to the microcontroller and display the measured data on the android devices.

33

CHAPTER 3.

DESIGN TRADE-OFFS

Design Trade-offs Starting up the design trade-offs, the designers consider the functionality that can satisfy the economic, sustainability and manufacturability constraints. The designers select the type of weight sensor to be used that give the appropriate functionality for the project design.

34

In the design, the use of the right weight sensor was placed under consideration. The trade-offs provide the comparison of each component to be used in the circuit. Load cell was used to identify the weight of the object. Based on the constraints articulated previously, the various decision criteria were derived. Using the model on trade-off strategies in engineering design presented by Otto and Antonsson (1991), the importance of each criterion (on a scale of 0 to 5, 5 with the highest importance was assigned and each design technology’s ability to satisfy the criterion (on a scale from -5 to 5, 5 with the highest ability to satisfy the criterion) was likewise tabulated. Below is the computation of ranking for ability to satisfy criterion of materials: %difference=

(Higher Value−Lower Value) Higher Value

Equation 4.1

Subordinate Rank=Governing Rank−( %Difference ) x 10

Equation 4.2

The governing rank was the subjective option of the designers where in the value for the criterion’s importance and its ability to satisfy the criterion would be chosen by the designers. Unlike subordinate ranking, governing rank does not require any calculating. The table below shows the sample of trade-offs of the sensors used in the designed circuit. Three schematic designs have been considered for the trade-offs to be used. The three schematic designs have a different capabilities of weight sensor used for the design of Automated beehive with Android Technology. Design 1 used Load cell, Design 2 used torque sensor and Design 3 used touch sensor. In order to find the best component, it was rated using the designers’ criterion. Each design has been discussed previously.

After considering the design constraints, the designers came up with the initial rankings on the Design of Automated Beehive with Android Technology. Table 4-1 shows Designers raw ranking based on sustainability, manufacturability, and cost constraints. Table 4-1 Designer Tabulation Form Decision Criteria

Criterion’s Importance (On scale of 0 to 5)

Able to satisfy the criterion (On scale from -5 to 5)

35

Design 1

(Load Cell)

Design 2 (Torque Sensor)

Design 3 (Touch Sensor)

Economics (Cost) Manufacturability (Availability)

5 3

4 5

2 3

5 4

Sustainability (Life Span)

4

4 51

5 39

3 49

Overall Rank

Reference: (Otto, 1991) http://www.design.caltech.edu/Research/Publications/90e.pdf on March 11, 2013.

In determining the trade-offs for the designs, the designers assigned respective importance values for each criterion shown in Table 4-1. The economic constraints or the cost of the device was given importance by ranking it into the highest value, which were given a five since the device must be low-cost and was available to manufacture with less expenses. The designers had also taken into consideration the importance of sustainability or the life span of the materials used and it were considered to be the second on the highest value such as four since the materials has its own capability to stay longer. The manufacturability or the availability of materials used was considered to be the third. It doesn’t really matter whether the materials were bought locally or internationally, yet important to consider because it deals with the time of labor. TRADE-OFF #1: Economics Initial Cost Estimate for Design of Automated Beehive with Android Technology Table 4-2 shows the over-all cost of the Design 1, 2 and 3. The ranking, stated in the tradeoff table would be based on the formula that is computed. The total cost for each specific component to be used was tabulated previously. Table 4-2 Initial Cost of each component Design Category Design 1 Design 2 Design 3

Total PHP 5,506.00 PHP 6,562.00 PHP 5,013.00

Table 4-2 represents the price of the device in the industry and its quantities when manufactured. The equations mentioned above were considered to calculate for the values of the ability to satisfy the criterion. Computation for Trade-Offs #1: To compute the value of the ability to satisfy the criterion the designers need to determine the value of the subordinate rank. As for the Design 1 (LOAD CELL): %difference=

( Load Cell−Touch Sensor ) ( Load Cell) 36

To get the percent difference, subtract the value of the first design that consists of Load cell to the value of the third design that consists of Touch sensor and divide it into the value of Load cell. %difference=

5506−5013 (5506 )

%difference=0.089

Subordinate Rank=Governing Rank−( %difference ) x 10 Subordinate Rank=5− ( 0.089 ) x 10 Subordinate Rank=−3.95

Figure 4.1 Subordinate ranking of Load cell in economic cost Figure 4.1 represents the subordinate ranking of the device, load cell, to satisfy the criterion from Table 4-1. The value calculated signifies the importance of a device in a design project. As the Figure shows, load cell has the significance of -3.95 which means that it was one of the main components of the prototype. The value calculated from the subordinate rank would be tailing in the Table 4-1. To calculate the value of the criterion of Design 2 (Torque Sensor), use equations 2.1 and 2.2: %difference=

Torque Sensor −Load cell (Torque Sensor )

%difference=

6562−5506 ( 6562 )

%difference=0.16

Subordinate Rank=Governing Rank−( %difference ) x 10 Subordinate Rank=5− ( 0.16 ) x 10 37

Subordinate Rank=3.4 ≈ 3

Figure 4.2 Subordinate ranking of Torque sensor in economic cost Figure 4.2 represents the similarity to the Load cell, Torque sensor criterion was tailed under Table 3-2. This shows that Load cell has a higher criterion that it acquires during the calculations. This was due to the affordability of the device in the market. Considering the value of the Figure 4-1, it shows that in Figure 4-2, load cell has a higher importance than torque sensor having a value of 3.4 for the economic cost criterion. TRADE-OFF #2: Manufacturability Table 4-3 shows the estimated number of days in order to acquire the sensors used for the three designs. The table is used as the basis of the ranking on Trade-offs in accordance with the computations. Table 4-3 Availability of the Materials Design Design 1 Design 2 Design 3

Sensors Load cell Torque sensor Touch sensor

Days(s) to Acquire 1 7 5

As stated on the previous chapter, manufacturability was one of the most important design constraints because some of the components may not be available within the country and thus needed to be bought outside of the country. The estimated days to acquire the desired component are 1 day since the component is available within the country. Computation for Trade-Offs #2: Touch sensor has similarities to Torque sensor when it comes to the availability of the materials. Though the touch sensor can also be found outside the country, torque sensor is indeed hard to find compared to touch sensor. Using the equations 4.1 and 4.2, the value of manufacturability criterion can be calculated. %difference=

( Torque sensor availability−Load cell availability ) ( Torque sensor availability ) 38

%difference=

( 7−1 ) (7 )

%difference=0.86

Subordinate Rank=Governing Rank−( %difference ) x 10 Subordinate Rank=3−( 0.86 ) x 10 Subordinate Rank=−5.6 ≈−5

Figure 4.3 Subordinate ranking of Load cell sensor in manufacturability Figure 4.3 shows the computed value acquired for the manufacturability of the Load cell sensor considering the time it takes to assemble the device on the prototype. From the calculated value, -1.30 represents the ratio of availability of the material to be used to complete the prototype. Using the same equations, the value of the Touch Sensor can be calculated as follows: %difference=

( Touchsensor availability−Load cell availability ) ( Touch sensor availability ) %difference=

( 5−1 ) (5 )

%difference=0.8

Subordinate Rank=Governing Rank−( %difference ) x 10 Subordinate Rank=3−( 0.8 ) x 10 Subordinate Rank=−5

39

Figure 4.4 Subordinate ranking of Touch sensor in manufacturability Using the same equation used to compute the value of manufacturability on load cell, Figure 4-4 represents the computed value for the touch sensor. Considering the value of 5, it represents the ratio of the availability of the device in the market. TRADE-OFF #3: Sustainability Table 4-4 shows the life span or sustainability of each component depending on their quality. The designers considered another method of computing the sustainability criterion. The criteria were ranked from 1 to 3 wherein 3 is the highest which means it was the best. 2 mean better and 1 means good. The ranking was based upon the sustainability of the materials that is being used on the design prototype. The basis of these criteria was taken based on the components accuracy, sensitivity, stability, time it would response, linearity and their life span. Table 4-4 Sustainability of components Criteria

Design 1 (Load Cell)

Accuracy Sensitivity Stability Life Span Fast Response Time Linearity Total

3 2 3 2 3 2 15

Design 2 (Torque Sensor) 1 1 2 3 1 3 11

Design 3 (Touch Sensor) 2 3 1 1 2 1 10

The designers chose the Load cell design to obtain the highest rank due to its availability and sustainability to be used in the prototype. To calculate the values of the ability to satisfy the sustainability criterion, it was required to determine the value of the subordinate rank. Computation for Trade-Offs #3: By using the same equations from before equations 2.1 and 2.2, the designers were able to compute the value needed for the said criterion.

40

%difference=

( Higher value−Lower value ) ( higher value )

%difference=

( 15−10 ) (15 )

%difference=0.33 Subordinate Rank=Governing Rank−( %difference ) x 10 Subordinate Rank=4− ( 0.33 ) x 10 Subordinate Rank=0.70 ≈ 0

Figure 4.5 Subordinate ranking of Load cell based on sustainability Figure 4.5 shows the acquired values for the subordinate rank for load cell depending on the designers chosen device to work on the prototype. The calculated value of 0.70 represents the sustainability of the device according to the designers. The same equations would be used to compute the said criterion for Touch sensor.

( Higher value−Lower value ) ( higher value ) ( 15−10 ) %difference= (15 ) %difference=0.33

%difference=

Subordinate Rank=Governing Rank−( %difference ) x 10 Subordinate Rank=4− ( 0.26 ) x 10 Subordinate Rank=1.4 ≈ 1

41

Figure 4.6 Subordinate ranking of Touch sensor based on sustainability The calculation in Figure 4.6 shows that the load cell design takes advantage in terms of its sustainability. It has the quality that was needed for the prototype to be completed among other designs presents. The calculated value of 1.4 shows the sustainability of the touch sensor according to the desired of the designer. Summary of Trade-Offs: Based on the constraints articulated previously, the various decision criteria were derived. Using the model on trade-off strategies in engineering design presented by Otto and Antonsson (1991), the importance of each criterion (on a scale of 0 to 5, 5 with the highest importance was assigned and each design technology’s ability to satisfy the criterion (on a scale from -5 to 5, 5 with the highest ability to satisfy the criterion) was likewise tabulated. Table 5-5 shows the tabulation of the criterion for the design project. Table 4-5 Tabulation of Trade-offs Decision Criteria

Criterion’s Importance (On scale of 0 to 5)

Able to satisfy the criterion (On scale from -5 to 5) Design 1 Design 2 (Torque Sensor) (Load Cell)

Design 3 (Touch Sensor)

Economics (Cost) Manufacturability (Availability)

5 3

4 5

2 3

5 4

Sustainability (Life Span)

4

4 51

5 39

3 49

Overall Rank

The designers ranking section depends on the importance of the constraints. The economic criterion was set to five (5) because the client wants it to be affordable. The sustainability was ranked as the second highest with the rank of four (4) because the client wants it to have a long life at the same time, the functionality of the sensors used is accurate, last was the manufacturability criterion which rank as three ( 3) because the designers wanted all the components to be available in the country and it also considers the time to process the prototype.

42

The Table 4-5 shows the values taken from the computation that the designers came up with in order to find the satisfying value for the trade-offs of each component. The one with the highest value would be chosen for the design. As seen in the Table 4-5, Design 1 using load cell has the highest overall value among the other two components based on the computations considering the cost, availability and its sustainability that was suited for the design. The designers based the cost of each component depending on the prices of the sensors in the market. The Design 3 (touch sensor) obtained the highest value since it has the lowest price among others; it was then followed by Design 1 (load cell) and Design 2 (torque sensor). As for the sustainability of each sensor, Design 2 (torque sensor) obtained the highest value due to its sustainability while the rest of the sensor does not, however, even though Design 2 has the highest value of sustainability the designer still choose Design 1 due to other reasons such as availability. The designers also need to consider the time and availability of each sensor and based on the manufacturability criterion, Design 1 using Load Cell has obtained the highest value since the device was available within the country. And since Load Cell has second to the lowest value when it comes to cost, the designers preferred to use it due to how it fitted for the design. Influence of Design Trade Offs in the Final Design The constraints, trade-offs and standards contributed in the production of this design. In accordance with the multiple constraints that the designers stated, choosing the right component depends on the affordability of the materials; the numbers of years that the component may be used without being replaced; and the availability of the materials in order for the production of the design to meet the deadline. These constraints became the criteria for the tradeoff table where the comparisons for each sensor to be used were expressed. The standards stated in the previous chapter have been considered when measurement for each specific component and process were taken. The standards stated previously become one of the contributing factors towards the success of the design. Design Criterion 1: Economic (Cost) The costs of each component have been taken into consideration in the development of the design. The designers anticipated the over-all cost based on the price of each component. The tradeoffs of the sensors were conducted through calculations to determine the right component to be used. As calculated from the previous chapter, Table 4-2 shows that touch sensor has the highest scale due to its low cost, however, even though the touch sensor has the lowest cost, load cell was still chosen for the completion of the prototype since it’s available in the country. Design Criterion 2: Manufacturability (Availability of Materials) The availability of the material has been taken into consideration for the success of the design therefore the chosen component must be available to meet the deadline of the production. Table 4-3 shows the different availability of each component used for trade-offs. The use of load cell has the highest scale due to its availability within the country. 43

As calculated in the previous chapter, the load cell is more advisable to use compared to torque sensor and touch sensor. The designers have chosen load cell knowing that the cost is affordable, sustainable for the design project and since the device was available in the country. The standards have been the basis that needs to be considered upon the use of each specific component and process taken by the designers. Design Criterion 3: Sustainability (Life Span) The life span of the component was also taken into consideration to make the prototype last a long time. Table 4-4 shows the life span of each component. The component with the highest value was Design 2 which consists of Torque sensor and this was due to the fact that Torque sensor was more expensive and therefore has the quality to last longer than the rest. However, the chosen component to complete the prototype was Design 1 which consists of Load cell because of how affordable it was compared to torque sensor and due to its availability in the market. Also Design 1 (Load cell) was ranked second for lasting longer unlike touch sensor.

CHAPTER 4.

FINAL DESIGN

Final Design Figure 5.1 shows the final design of the prototype after assembling the components. The designers chose the load cell as a measuring device for the weight measurement. The selection was made based on the different constraints discussed in the previous chapter. The load cell is the most affordable device and is available in the country among the 3 designs. Connecting load cell to the home made prototype is easier by 44

connecting the wires from the load cell to the prototype and the rest is run by the microcontroller of the prototype. After the connection, the user only needs to connect to the Bluetooth device connected to the home made prototype in order to run the application from the Android Device. Once the Android device is connected to the Bluetooth device, the user would run the application by selecting the appropriate button such as temperature, humidity and/or weight button to show the real-time value.

Figure 5.1 Final Design Prototype The designers design a homemade prototype for the beehive to accurately get the precise data for the prototype. The homemade prototype is like the heart of the whole system because the prototype has the microcontroller which holds the whole functionality of the prototype and it also has different capacitor and resistor that’s served as the second important part of the homemade prototype. Based on the standard IEEE Recommended Practice for General Principles of Temperature Measurement as Applied to Electrical Apparatus and IEEE standard 802.15.1 for Bluetooth Wireless Technology, the designers used devices that has low radio frequency to avoid any unnecessary disturbance to the surroundings of the bees such as DHT11 Sensor for temperature and humidity and Bluetooth Shield for the transmission of data from the prototype to android devices. The designers also took consideration of the economic (cost), manufacturability (availability) and sustainability (life span) of each devices used in the production of the project. The devices used for this project are affordable and can be bought within the country.

45

Test Procedures and Evaluation The testing and evaluation were based on the different standard that was involved in the production of the project based on the specific objectives set in Chapter 1 Project Background. Test Procedures To test and evaluate the designs according to the standards of the prototype, the designers considered the environment of the bees and of the users and should be tested on both hardware and software aspects. The ability of the device has been tested. The software’s capabilities to represent the given data of the device are also tested. The software has recreated the given data to a Graphical User Interface (GUI) to be understood by the client. Another component would be used to get the actual value of the temperature, humidity and weight in order to check the accuracy of the result that would be taken from the prototype. The formula below was used to test the accuracy of each value. %Accuracy=

Value x 100 ( Measured Actual Value )

Equation 5.1

The actual value would be taken using the digital hygrometer and portable digital weight scale; thereafter it would be differentiate with the measured value taken from the prototype. The accuracy would be based on whether the measured value has the same output as the actual value. If the results of the tests were close to the value taken from the digital hygrometer and portable digital weighing scale, the results were considered accurate, otherwise NOT accurate.

Hardware Test The hardware has been tested based on the objective discussed in the first chapter of the document. The prototype has been tested using another device such as Digital Hygrometer to

46

determine whether the temperature and humidity sensor inside the beehive provides accurate readings. Figure 5.2 shows the device that was used for actual reading of the temperature and humidity of the inside of the beehive. The digital hygrometer has a temperature range between -50°C to +70°C while the humidity range between 20% to 99%RH and the accuracy of temperature was +- 1°C (1.8°F), humidity +-5%RH 80%).

(40% ~ Figure

5.2 Digital Hygrometer

Another device Scale to test accurate readings.

used such as Portable Digital Weight whether the weight sensor provides

Figure 5.3 shows reading of the Scale has the

the device that was used for the actual weight. The Portable Digital Weight capacity to measure up to 20Kg.

Figure 5.3 Portable Digital Weight Scale Software Test The software was tested based on the design of the application and its function. The major functions of the application that the designers used for the test of the prototype were: humidity, temperature and weight sensors. The software was tested according to the procedures devised by the designers. First was to open and to connect the Android device Bluetooth with the application. Nest was to tap any of the buttons for temperature, humidity or weight. Once tapped corresponding data would then be displayed. Accuracy Test

47

The designers connected the prototype to the android device by opening the Bluetooth from the android device and searching for the Bluetooth name of the prototype. After all the testing and connection of android application and prototype, the designer could gather the data from the android application and check the accuracy of the data gathered from the prototype. Test of Accuracy for Temperature The designers tested the accuracy of the Temperature sensor by gathering the data from the prototype and using the digital hygrometer that served to provide the actual value of the temperature. Test of Accuracy for Humidity The designers tested the accuracy of the Humidity sensor from the prototype to the digital hygrometer; the same testing done for the temperature was made to humidity sensor. Test of Accuracy for Weight The designers tested the accuracy of the Weight sensor inside the prototype by using a calibrator in order for the weight sensor to produce a value. Test Evaluation The evaluation of this project was taken through the survey form to be provided to the possible direct users of the prototype. The questions stated in the survey form were based on the specific objectives set in the first chapter of this document. Test and Evaluation Results Test Results The following test results were acquired using the testing procedures mentioned in the previous section of the document. For monitoring, the designers must first identify what temperature and humidity best suits the inside of the beehive. For checking the accuracy of the gathered data, the formula stated in the previous section was done to calculate whether the prototype can be useful to others. (See Appendix D for sample image results)

The designers produced a three trial test in order to test the accuracy of each specific component where the Actual Value came from the Digital Hygrometer that measures temperature and humidity while the 48

Measured Value came from the prototype, DHT11 sensor. Table 5-1, 5-2 and 5-3 shows the data that was gathered. Table 5-1 Accuracy Test for Temperature Trial 1 2 3

Actual Value 24°C 23.3°C 30.5°C

Measured Value 23°C 23°C 30°C

% Accuracy 95.83% 98.71% 98.36%

Remarks Accurate Accurate Accurate

Table 5-1 shows the actual measurement of the temperature from another device called “Digital Hygrometer”, while the measured value was the measurement of the temperature from the prototype. All three trials were close to the value of each measured data which means the result were all accurate. (See Appendix E for computation) Table 5-2 Accuracy Test for Humidity Trial 1 2 3

Actual Value 52% 55% 53%

Measured Value 52% 53% 51%

% Accuracy 100% 96% 96.22%

Remarks Accurate Accurate Accurate

Table 5-2 shows the actual measurement of the humidity from another device called “Digital Hygrometer”, while the measured value was the measurement of the humidity from the prototype. All three trials were close to the value of each measured data which means the result were all accurate. (See Appendix E for computation) The tabulated data from the table shows that the humidity sensor inside the beehive provides almost accurate data as per the actual value taken from the digital hygrometer therefore the remarks signify the accuracy of the calculated value. The average percentage accuracy should be greater than or equal to 95% to consider the results as accurate, otherwise not accurate. (See Appendix E for computation) Table 5-3 Accuracy Test for Weight Trial 1 2 3

Actual Value 14g 1kg 75g

Measured Value 14g 950g 74g

% Accuracy 100% 95% 98.66%

Remarks Accurate Accurate Accurate

Table 5-3 shows the accuracy test for the load cell inside the beehive. It undergoes three trials to satisfy the value of the object used. Load cell has been calibrated in order to provide the accurate value for the weight measurement. A portable digital weighing scale was used to determine whether the measurement from the prototype is accurate. Based on the gathered data from Table 5-3, it shows that the load cell from the prototype and the weighing scale used was almost accurate wherein the accuracy was signified by the remarks. The average 49

percentage accuracy should be greater than or equal to 95% to consider the results as accurate, otherwise not accurate. (See Appendix E for computation) Evaluation Results The designers decided that the test of evaluation would be based on criteria in a form of survey to verify the prototype’s accuracy as to what the specific objectives conveyed. Once the evaluation result of the project met with the three specific objectives stated in chapter 1, the satisfaction of the client would be guaranteed with respect to the project’s completion. Table 5-4 Client’s Evaluation Form SURVEY Kindly check the corresponding number according to the best performance through the scale provided 1 – Strongly Disagree 2 – Disagree 3 – Undecided 4 – Agree 5 – Strongly Agree Description: 1 2 3 4 5 1. The device is helpful to the user 2. The device can generate accurate results 3. The device is affordable 4. The device is easy to use 5. The software is easy to use 6. The output generated can easily transmit to android device 7. The device is safe for the user In Table 5-4, each performance from the form would be rate having 5 – Strongly Agree, 4 – Agree, 3 – Undecided, 2 – Disagree and 1 – Strongly Disagree. The client would fill-up the information to support the test evaluation table and put a check (√) on the rate of performance that has been chosen.

Figure 5.4 shows the evaluation result from the survey. Based on the clients, 5 out of 10 agreed that the device would be helpful for the production of honeys.

50

The device is helpful to the user Strongly Disagree

Disagree

Undecided

Agree

Strongly Agree

10% 20%

10% 10%

50%

Figure 5.4 The device was helpful to the user Figure 5.6 shows the result to the statement regarding the accuracy result of the prototype. 6 out 10 have strongly agreed that the prototype could produce an accurate result while 3 out 10 had agreed and only 1 had disagreed.

The device can generate accurate results Strongly Disagree

Disagree

Agree

Strongly Agree

Undecided

10%

60%

30%

Figure 5.6 The device can generate accurate results

Figure 5.7 shows the result whether the prototype was affordable for the users. 7 out of 10 had strongly agreed that the prototype was affordable and that was due to the components used for the completion of the prototype. 51

The device is affordable Strongly Disagree

Disagree

Agree

Strongly Agree

Undecided

10% 20% 70%

Figure 5.7 The device is affordable Figure 5.8 represents the result with regards to the usage of the prototype. 6 out of 10 had strongly agreed that the prototype was easier to use due to the procedures provided to them.

The device is easy to use Strongly Disagree

Disagree

Agree

Strongly Agree

Undecided

40% 60%

Figure 5.8 The device is easy to use

Figure 5.9 shows that 4 out of 10 had strongly agreed regarding the easy usage of software. Only 2 out of 10 were undecided and that was because 2 of the client are still not used to android technology.

52

The software is easy to use Strongly Disagree

Disagree

Undecided

Agree

Strongly Agree

20% 40% 40%

Figure 5.9 The software is easy to use

Figure 5.10 show that 4 out of 10 had strongly agreed that the prototype could generate a result to the android devices. Only 2 out of 10 had been undecided due to the frequency transmission on their area.

The output generated can easily transmit to android device Strongly Disagree

Disagree

Agree

Strongly Agree

Undecided

10% 40%

20%

30%

Figure 5.10 The output generated can easily transmit to android device

Figure 5.11 shows that 8 out of 10 had strongly agreed that the prototype was safe to use for the clients. This was due to the fact that there are no harmful or hazardous elements on the prototype’s content. 53

The device is safe for the user Strongly Disagree

Disagree

Agree

Strongly Agree

Undecided

20%

80%

Figure 5.11 The device is safe for the user

Conclusion The designers concluded that based on the trials of testing result made, the objective was met. The designers were able to complete the design considering the codes and engineering standards, multiple constraints and tradeoffs. To iterate, the designers had taken consideration of the computation and decision made in trade-offs in order to come up with a good design. Among the multiple constraints that was used for the completion of the design were economics, manufacturability and sustainability. In the final design, considering the availability and sustainability of the material, the designers used load cell for measuring the weight of the honey inside the beehive. Another benefit of the material used was that, load cell was second place among the three designs when it comes to cost. The designers used the standard house of the bees which was plywood. A Bluetooth was also used for the communication of the prototype and Android device. This device was used so that the data gathered from the sensors inside the beehive would display on the Android device of the user using the Android Application. Lastly, the designers were able to suffice the objective which was the accuracy. The designers conducted three trials to test the accuracy of the prototype and by using another device that provides the actual measurement for the temperature, humidity and weight.

REFERENCES

54

Boylelstad, R. (2002). Electronics, Devices and Circuits Theory. In R. B. Nashelsky, Electronics, Devices and Circuits Theory. Prentice Hall, 2002. Central, e.-G. M. (n.d.). Load Cell (Weight) Sensor, Temperature Sensor & Controller. Retrieved from http://www.e-gizmo.com/KIT/images/temperaturecontroller/temp %20and%20weight%20sensor.pdf IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth Standard. (2013, Aug-Sept). Retrieved from Janmagnet Files: http://janmagnet.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/comparison-ieee-802standards.pdf Inc., S. D. (n.d.). Force and Torque Calibration Laboratory. Retrieved from http://www.sendev.com/products-and-services/force-and-torque-calibrations Input-Process-Output. (nd). Retrieved from Wikipedia: www.wikipedia.com/InputProcess-Output.html Kendall, K. &. (2011, 2008, 2005). “System Analysis Design 8th edition”. Pearson Education. Otto, K. N. (1991). Trade-off strategies in engineering design. In K. N. Otto, Research in Engineering Design (pp. volume 3, number 2, pages 87-104.). Technology, I. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ieeeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/standards.jsp

55

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A Bluetooth Shield

56

APPENDIX A Bluetooth Shield

57

58

APPENDIX B Load Cell (Weight) Sensor

59

APPENDIX B

Load Cell (Weight) Sensor, Temperature Sensor & Controller (e-Gizmo) e-Gizmo Programmable load cell controller with digital comparator output. Accepts wide range of load cells. Easy calibra!on procedure. 11 bits conversion. Serial output facilitates communica!ons with host controllers. RS-232 level serial output available as an op!on. Power input:12V

Hardware Manual Rev 1r0

e-Gizmo Programmable temperature controller with digital comparator output. 0-100 C temperature range with the use of LM35D as temperature sensor. RS-232 level serial output available as an op!on. Power input:12V

As of those many weighing gadgets, e-Gizmo load cell (weight) sensor and controller is one of the most easy scale calibra!ng menu configura!on and it is programmable!, Its load cell connec!on pins enables you to change the load cell’s amount. There is no need to worry about looking for different load cell amounts. They can be bought at all mechatronix shops like e-gizmo. e-Gizmo Programmable temperature controller with digital comparator output. 0-100 C temperature range

60

with the use of LM35D as temperature sensor. RS-232 level serial output available as an op!on. Power input:12V

As of those many weighing gadgets, eGizmo load cell (weight) sensor and controller is one of the most easy scale calibra!ng menu configura!on and it is programmable!, Its load cell connec!on pins enables you to change the load cell’s amount. There is no need to worry about looking for different load cell amounts. They can be bought at all mechatronix shops like e-gizmo. Like the load cell (weight) sensor and controller, a temperature sensor and controller is also one of the most accurate temperature sensors, its programmable controller enables you to change the conversion se%ngs depending on the code that you upload. But it has the default program that senses 0C (Cen!grade).

61

62

APPENDIX C ATMega328 Specification

APPENDIX C The high-performance Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines 32KB ISP flash memory with read-while-write capabilities, 1KB EEPROM, 2KB SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible timer/counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial programmable USART, a byteoriented 2-wire serial interface, SPI serial port, 6-channel 10-bit A/D converter (8-channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages), programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator, and five software selectable power saving modes. The device operates between 1.8-5.5 volts. • Operating Voltage: 1.8 - 5.5V for ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P • Temperature Range: 40°C to 85°C • Speed Grade:0 - 20 MHz @ 1.8 - 5.5V • Peripheral Features: Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Presales and Compare Mode, Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator, Six PWM Channels, 8-channel 10-bit ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package Temperature Measurement, 6-channel 10-bit ADC in PDIP Package Temperature Measurement • Special Microcontroller Features: Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection, Internal Calibrated Oscillator, External and Internal Interrupt Sources, Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby, and Extended Standby • Speed Grade: 0 - 20 MHz @ 1.8 - 5.5V

63

64

APPENDIX D Image Result

APPENDIX D Hardware & Software Images: Weight Image Result:

65

Temperature Image Result:

Humidity Image Result:

66

67

APPENDIX E Computation Testing

APPENDIX E

68

Calculation for table 5-1: For Temperature Sensor: 1st trial %Accuracy=

Measured Value x 100 Actual Value

%Accurac=

23 ° C x 100 24 ° C

%Accuracy=95.83 2nd trial %Accuracy=

%Accurac=

Measured Value x 100 Actual Value

23 ° C x 100 23.3 ° C %Accuracy=98.71

3rd trial

%Accuracy=

Measured Value x 100 Actual Value

%Accurac=

30 ° C x 100 30.5 ° C

%Accuracy=98.36 For Humidity Sensor: 69

1st trial %Accuracy=

Measured Value x 100 Actual Value

%Accurac=

52 x 100 52

%Accuracy=100

2nd trial

%Accuracy=

Measured Value x 100 Actual Value

%Accurac=

53 x 100 55

%Accuracy=96.36 3rd trial %Accuracy=

Measured Value x 100 Actual Value

%Accurac=

51 x 100 53

%Accuracy=96.22

For Weight Sensor: 70

1st trial %Accuracy=

Measured Value x 100 Actual Value

%Accurac=

14 g x 100 14 g

%Accuracy=100 2nd trial %Accuracy=

Measured Value x 100 Actual Value

%Accurac=

950 g x 100 1000 g

%Accuracy=95 3rd trial %Accuracy=

Measured Value x 100 Actual Value

%Accurac=

74 g x 100 75 g

%Accuracy=98.66

71