Ausubel

 

Gla`cdz`adñj ohc thm` aljahptu`cmhjth

 @usufhcc (6>>4), slstdhjh  @usufh slstdhjh hj uj` oh sus thlrí`s quh mltdv`adñj hs c` `atdtuo djthrj` y vhríoda` grhjth `c juhvl `prhjodz`ih, hs hc mltlr quh muhvh `c suihtl ` `prhjohr. ^lr cl t`jtl, hs uj prlahsl djthrjl, mhod`jth hc au`c hc ahrhfrl `oqudhrh juhvls `prhjodz`ihs, hs plr hsl quh c` mltdv`adñj iuhe` uj p`phc gujo`mhjt`c hj hc `prhjodz`ih.  @p`rth oh quh cls suihtls m`jthje`j m`jthje`j uj` `atdtuo plsdtdv` p`r` `prhjohr `prhjohr hs jhahs`rdl quh ästh thje` c` odsplsdadñj p`r` `aadlj`r. Qheùj hxpljh @usufhc hj sus hstuodls oh c` lre`jdz`adñj alejdtdv` jhahs`rd`s p`r` aljahrjdr cls aljladmdhjtls prhvdls alj cls juhvls `prhjodz`ihs, hc ahrhfrl bum` bu m`jl jl hstà hstà prl prler`m er`m`o `ol l p`r` p`r` c` rhs rhsdsth dsthja jad` d`

l suph suphrv rvdv dvhj hja ad`, d`, y hstà hstà

plthjad`cmhjth prhp`r`ol p`r` `prhjohr, hsth `prhjodz`ih djvlcuar` uj prlahsl ou`c, plr uj c`ol, rhqudhrh y rhedstr` cl aljladol y, plr hc ltrl fusa` cl jlvholsl p`r` `prhjohr, mhod`jth mhod`jth hsh `prhjodz`ih sh ch o` shjtdol ` `quhccl quh hs juhvl hj rhc`adñj alj cl y` aljladol, hj hsth prlahsl, cls hstímucls ohc mhodl iuhe`j uj p`phc gujo`mhjt`c. C` mltdv`adñj hs c` `atdv`adñj oh cls mha`jdsmls ahrhfr`chs quh dmpucs` ` cls hstuod`jths ` gujadlj`r alj äxdtl hj sus `prhjodz`ihs, plohmls ohadr, quh hs hc mltlr quh hstdmuc` `c hstuod`jt`ol hj hc `aadlj`r oh sus `atdvdo`ohs. Hj au`jtl `c `prhj `p rhjodz odz`i `ih h hs hc prla prlahsl hsl mhod` mhod`jth jth hc au`c au`c sh lftdh lftdhjhj jhj l tr`jsg tr`jsglrm lrm`j `j cls cls aljladmdhjtls, b`fdcdo`ohs y ohstrhz`s. _`jtl c` mltdv`adñj alml hc `prhjodz`ih slj f`shs gujo`mhjt`chs hj hc prlahsl oh hjshð`jz` y `prhjodz`ih, y` quh hstls ols g`atlrhs djadohj muabl hj hc äxdtl oh su rhjodmdhjtl `a`oämdal, sdhjol c` mltdv`adñj cl prdjadp`c quh ohfhj thjhr p`r` `atdv`r hc djthräs y cler`r ohs`rrlcc`r  uj `prhjodz`ih sdejdgda`tdvl.

 

Aljahptu`cdz`adljhs ehjhr`chs

Mltdv`adñj y @prhjodz`ih hj hc Hstuod`jt`ol Hstls ols almpljhjths hj hc àmfdtl houa`tdvl slj ols pdc`rhs hshjad`chs quh djadohj hj hc ohs`rrlccl oh cls aljladmdhjtls y c` arh`adñj oh uj aljthxtl quh prlmuhv` uj `prhjodz`ih ùtdc y quh ehjhrh uj` fuhj` pràatda` hj cls hstuod`jths. Q`h (6>01) _r`z` quh c` mltdv`adñj sh aljarht` alml hc dmpucsl quh b`ah oh c` c`flr houa`tdv` uj quhb`ahr sdejdgda`tdvl ` p`rtdr oh c` rhgchxdñj y aljgdrm`adñj oh cls `sphatls pho`eñedals quh muhvhj ` cls hstuod`jths ` hghatu`r c`s odghrhjths `aadljhs alj hjtusd`sml, rhspljs`fdcdo`o y ahrthz`.

^lr t`jtl, ohjtrl ohc `prhjodz`ih alml uj prlahsl alejdtdvl y mltdv`adlj`c hs jhahs`rdl cls aljthjdols, cls aljladmdhjtls, c`s b`fdcdo`ohs, y c`s hxphrdhjad`s jhahs`rd`s, jhahs`r d`s, phrl `ohmàs hs gujo`mhjt`c hc "quhrhr" "quhrhr" b`ahrcl, thjhr c` odsplsdadñj, c` mltdv`adñj sugdadhjth hs ohadr cls `cumjls jhahsdt`j plshhr t`jtl "vlcujt`o" alml "b`fdcdo`o", cl quh aljouah ` c` jhahsdo`o oh djther`r `mfls `sphatls. ^`r` gdj`cdz`r,, grhjth `c `prhjodz`ih gdj`cdz`r `prhjodz`ih sh rhs`ct` hc prlt`eljdsml ohc jdðl ohjtrl su prlpdl `prhj `p rhjodz odz`i `ih, h, y hc p`ph p`phcc ohc ohc m`hst m`hstrl rl alml alml g`adc g`adcdt` dt`ol olrr ohc ohc mhodl mhodl alj m`thr m`thrd`c d`c odoà odoàat atda dal l y mätl mätlol ols s oh hjsh hjshð` ð`jz jz` ` p` p`rt rtda dadp dp`t `tdv dvls ls,, y hc hst` hst`fc fcha hadm dmdh dhjt jtl l oh rhc`adl rhc` adljhs jhs djthrph djthrphrslj rslj`chs `chs f`s`o`s f`s`o`s hj hc rhsphtl rhsphtl,, c` tlchr`ja tlchr`jad` d` y c` aljgd`j aljgd`jz` z` hjrdquhadol plr uj hsp`adl odjàmdal quh prlpdad` cl sdejdgda`tdvl oh `quhccl quh sh `prhjoh `c djthrrhc `prhjoh djthrrhc`adl `adlj`r j`r c` p`rtdadp p`rtdadp`adñ `adñj, j, c` alchatd alchatdvdo` vdo`o, o, c` almujda almujda`adñ `adñj, j, hc hjtrhthjdmdhjtl, c` arh`tdvdo`o, hc tr`f`il allphr`tdvl, hc `jàcdsds, c` rhgchxdñj, hc usl plsdtdvl ohc tdhmpl y c` lfthjadñj oh rhsuct`ols hj sdtu`adljhs prlfchmàtda`s rh`chs; hc rhsuct`ol9 uj prlahsl oh hjshð`jz`-`prhjodz`ih hghatdvl y sdejdgda`tdvl

C` mltdv`adñj. Hj tlols cls àmfdtls oh c` hxdsthjad` ohc shr bum`jl djthrvdhjh c` mltdv mlt dv`a `adñj dñj alml alml mha`j mha`jdsm dsml l p`r` p`r` cler`r cler`r ohthr ohthrmdj mdj`o `ols ls lfiht lfihtdvl dvls s y `ca`j `ca`jz` z`r  r  ohthrmdj`o`s mht`s; y` quh rhprhshjt` uj ghjñmhjl bum`jl ujdvhrs`c oh er`j tr`sahjohjad` p`r` c`s phrslj`s y hj hsth a`sl, p`r` hc `prhjodz`ih oh cls jdðls y jdð`s c` mltdv`adñj hs oh er`j dmplrt`jad` p`r` au`cqudhr àrh`; sd sh cler` thjhr 

 

uj hstuod`jth mltdv`ol, sh puhoh hstdm`r quh su tr`f`il hj ac`sh puhoh shr, prlouatdvl, y alj uj `ohau`ol rhjodmdhjtl. Xjl oh cls `sphatls hshjad`chs slfrh cls quh rha`h rha`h c` `th `thja jadñj dñj `c `j` `j`cdz cdz`r `r hc `prhj `prhjodz odz`i `ih h hs c` mltdv mltdv`ad `adñj ñj oh cls cls `cumjls, plr au`jtl c` hsa`s` mltdv`adñj p`r` `prhjohr y hc f`il rhjodmdhjtl `a `a`oä `oämda mdal l alj alj quh cls cls hstuo hstuod` d`jth jths s `flro `flro`j `j hc `prh `prhjod jodz` z`ih, ih, aljs aljstdt tdtuyh uyh uj prlfchm` oh er`j rhchv`jad` quh jhahsdt` shr `flro`ol ` gdj oh aljtrdfudr alml olahjths hj c` glrm`adñj oh `cumjls mltdv`ols p`r` `prhjohr y oh prlghslrhs mltdv`ols p`r` hjshð`r.

 

C` hghatdvdo`o ohc `prhjodz`ih ohphjoh ehjhr`cmhjth oh quh cls `cumjls b`y`j `oqudrdol aljadhjad` oh c` jhahsdo`o oh `prhjohr y almprhjohr. C` mltdv`adñj `jth c` `atdvdo`o oh hstuodl hj ehjhr`c puhoh shr hstuod`o` ohsoh odstdjtls pujtls oh vdst`9 vdst`9 psdalcñe psdalcñedal, dal, pho`eñe pho`eñedal, dal, sladlcñ sladlcñedal edal,, hta., hta., phrl hj au`cqud au`cqudhr hr a`sl hc `jàcdsds shrí` p`rad`c sd jl sh djacuyh hj su `jàcdsds cls mhodls quh c` g`vlrhahj l ohs`rrlcc`j.

Hc añml añml mltdv mltdv`r `r ` cls cls `cumj `cumjls ls suhch suhch shr ` vhah vhahs s uj` uj` t`rh` t`rh` odgíad odgíadcc p`r` p`r` cls olahjths, plr cl quh ohfhràj aljt`r alj hstr`thed`s y prlahodmdhjtls, `sí alml djacudr djac udr c` djjlv`a djjlv`adñj dñj hj c`s ac`shs. ac`shs. (Q`r` (Q`r` Qàhz Qàhz ^r`o` ^r`o` G`auct`o G`auct`o;; Mhilr`jo Mhilr`jol l c` mltdv`adñj mltdv`a dñj mhod`jt mhod`jth h iuhels iuhels tr`odadl tr`odadlj`ch j`chs s @utlr, @utlr, G^ y Hjshð` Hjshð`jz` jz` oh Dodlm`s Dodlm`s 6>06-6>01).

Ltrls djvhstde`olrhs, sh b`j djthrhs`ol plr `j`cdz`r y almprhjohr c` djadohjad` oh c` mltdv`adñj hsalc`r hj hc prlahsl glrm`tdvl oh cls hstuod`jths, alml hs hc a`sl oh c` thsds –Hstr`thed`s olahjths p`r` uj `prhjodz`ih sdejdgda`tdvl”. Vh`cdz`o` hj Mäxdal hj oljoh sh `flro`j odghrhjths thm`s hjm`ra`ols hj hc àmfdtl hsalc`r  alml hs c` mltdv`adñj hsalc`r y sus hghatls hj hc `prhjodz`ih, hj c` au`c sh clerñ r`tdgda`r c` dmplrt`jad` quh rhvdsth hc aljladmdhjtl y hc m`jhil oh c` mltdv`adñj hsalc` hsa lc`r, r, o`ol o`ol quh quh äst` äst` aljo aljodad dadlj lj` ` hc djthrä djthräs s y hsguh hsguhrzl rzl quh quh m`jdgd m`jdgdhst hst`j `j cls cls hstuod`jths hj sus `atdvdo`ohs y ohthrmdj` hc tdpl oh `prhjodz`ih rhsuct`jth.

 @ohmàs, sh pujtu`cdz` pujtu`cdz` c` mltdv`adñj mltdv`adñj alml uj prlahsl oh a`ràathr phrslj`c phrslj`c y slad`c y` quh hc `cumjl `atù` alml hchmhjtl djther`jth oh uj erupl. Hst` auhjt` alj uj g`atlr alejdtdvl‑`ghatdvl hc au`c sh prhshjt` hj tlol `atl oh `prhjodz`ih y hj tlol prlahodmdhjtl mltdv`adlj`c quh sh o` hj glrm` hxpcíadt` l dmpcíadt`, `

 

p`rtd p` rtdrr oh cl `jthr `jthrdlr dlr sh ohgdj ohgdjhj hj trhs trhs prlpñs prlpñsdtl dtls s quh quh g`adcd g`adcdt`j t`j hc m`jhi m`jhil l oh c` mltdv`adñj hsalc`r alml slj9

• Ohsphrt`r hc djthräs hj hc `cumjl y odrdedr su `thjadñj • Hstdmuc`r hc ohshl oh `prhjohr quh aljouah `c hsguhrzl. • Odrdedr hstls djthrhshs y hsguhrzls b`ad` hc clerl oh gdjhs `prlpd`ols y c` rh`cdz`adñj oh prlpñsdtls ohgdjdols. Oí`z F, Grdo`. Bhrjàjohz Ehr`rol. Hstr`thed`s olahjths p`r` uj `prhjodz`ih sdejdgda`tdvl. Ho Ma Er`w Bdcc, Ho, Mäxdal.0442. (p. ?5- ?2). _`c `sphatl sureh oh c` djthr`aadñj oh cls hstuod`jths alj hc mujol oh c`s phrslj`s y als`s quh ch rloh`j hj hc àmfdtl hsalc`r, plr cl t`jtl hc hjtlrjl hxthrdlr sh aljvdrtdñ hj uj almpljhjth gujo`mhjt`c oh c` mltdv`adñj quh puhoh y ohfh shr utdcdz`ol plr hc m`hstrl alml p`rth ohc prlahsl hjshð`jz` `prhjodz`ih. @sí mdsml, sh aljacuyñ quh c` ac`vh ohc tr`f`il mltdv`adlj`c hj hc `uc` rhsdoh hj c` b`fdcdo`o ohc m`hstrl oh pljhr hj aljt`atl ` cls hstuod`jths alj doh`s plthjths quh phrmdt`j vdjauc`r hstruatur`s oh aljthjdol, ac`rdgda`r c`s prdjadp`chs mht`s oh hjshð`jz` y prlpdad`r c`s f`shs oh `pcda`adljhs `utäjtda`s. Gdj`cmhjth sh prhshjt`rlj uj` shrdh oh thlrí`s quh phrmdthj aljlahr  y prlgujodz`r sdejdgda`tdv`mhjth hj hc `mpcdl a`mpl oh c` mltdv`adñj.

Hj au`jtl `c thm` oh c` mltdv`adñj sh ohgdjh alml c` guhrz` l p`c`ja` quh b`ah oh c` c`flr houa`tdv` uj quhb`ahr sdejdgda`tdvl ` p`rtdr oh c` rhgchxdñj y rhv`cdo`adñj oh c`s phrsphatdv`s pho`eñeda`s quh muhvhj ` cls jdðls ` rh`cdz`r c`s odghrhjths `atdv `at dvdo` do`ohs ohs alj alj hjtusd hjtusd`s `sml, ml, almpr almprlm lmdsl dsl y aljvd aljvdaa aadñj dñj.. Hj hsth hsth shjtd shjtdol ol c`s `atdtuohs, phrahpadljhs, hxphat`tdv`s y rhprhshjt`adljhs quh tdhjh hc hstuod`jth oh sí mdsml, mdsml, oh c` t`rh` t`rh` ` rh`cd rh`cdz` z`r, r, y oh c`s mht`s mht`s quh prhthjo prhthjoh h `ca`j `ca`jz`r z`r,, aljstdtuyhj g`atlrhs oh prdmhr lrohj quh euí`j y odrdehj su aljouat` `c djthrdlr oh c`s ac`shs.

 

^lr t`jtl, ohjtrl ohc `prhjodz`ih alml uj prlahsl alejdtdvl y mltdv`adlj`c hs jhahs`rdl cls aljthjdols, cls aljladmdhjtls, c`s b`fdcdo`ohs, y c`s hxphrdhjad`s jhahs`rd`s, jhahs`r d`s, phrl `ohmàs hs gujo`mhjt`c hc "quhrhr" "quhrhr" b`ahrcl, thjhr c` odsplsdadñj, c` mltdv`adñj sugdadhjth hs ohadr cls `cumjls jhahsdt`j plshhr t`jtl "vlcujt`o" alml "b`fdcdo`o", cl quh aljouah ` c` jhahsdo`o oh djther`r `mfls `sphatls. ^`r` gdj`cdz`r,, grhjth `c `prhjodz`ih gdj`cdz`r `prhjodz`ih sh rhs`ct` hc prlt`eljdsml ohc jdðl ohjtrl su prlpdl `prhj `p rhjodz odz`i `ih, h, y hc p`ph p`phcc ohc ohc m`hst m`hstrl rl alml alml g`adc g`adcdt` dt`ol olrr ohc ohc mhodl mhodl alj m`thr m`thrd`c d`c odoà odoàat atda dal l y mätl mätlol ols s oh hjsh hjshð` ð`jz jz` ` p` p`rt rtda dadp dp`t `tdv dvls ls,, y hc hst` hst`fc fcha hadm dmdh dhjt jtl l oh rhc`adl rhc` adljhs jhs djthrph djthrphrslj rslj`chs `chs f`s`o`s f`s`o`s hj hc rhsphtl rhsphtl,, c` tlchr`ja tlchr`jad` d` y c` aljgd`j aljgd`jz` z` hjrdquhadol plr uj hsp`adl odjàmdal quh prlpdad` cl sdejdgda`tdvl oh `quhccl quh sh `prhjoh `c djthrrhc `prhjoh djthrrhc`adl `adlj`r j`r c` p`rtdadp p`rtdadp`adñ `adñj, j, c` alchatd alchatdvdo` vdo`o, o, c` almujda almujda`adñ `adñj, j, hc hjtrhthjdmdhjtl, c` arh`tdvdo`o, hc tr`f`il allphr`tdvl, hc `jàcdsds, c` rhgchxdñj, hc usl plsdtdvl ohc tdhmpl y c` lfthjadñj oh rhsuct`ols hj sdtu`adljhs prlfchmàtda`s rh`chs; hc rhsuct`ol9 uj prlahsl oh hjshð`jz`-`prhjodz`ih hghatdvl y sdejdgda`tdvl

C` mltdv`adñj. Hj tlols cls àmfdtls oh c` hxdsthjad` ohc shr bum`jl djthrvdhjh c` mltdv mlt dv`a `adñj dñj alml alml mha`j mha`jdsm dsml l p`r` p`r` cler`r cler`r ohthr ohthrmdj mdj`o `ols ls lfiht lfihtdvl dvls s y `ca`j `ca`jz` z`r  r  ohthrmdj`o`s mht`s; y` quh rhprhshjt` uj ghjñmhjl bum`jl ujdvhrs`c oh er`j tr`sahjohjad` p`r` c`s phrslj`s y hj hsth a`sl, p`r` hc `prhjodz`ih oh cls jdðls y jdð`s c` mltdv`adñj hs oh er`j dmplrt`jad` p`r` au`cqudhr àrh`; sd sh cler` thjhr  uj hstuod`jth mltdv`ol, sh puhoh hstdm`r quh su tr`f`il hj ac`sh puhoh shr, prlouatdvl, y alj uj `ohau`ol rhjodmdhjtl. Xjl oh cls `sphatls hshjad`chs slfrh cls quh rha`h rha`h c` `th `thja jadñj dñj `c `j` `j`cdz cdz`r `r hc `prhj `prhjodz odz`i `ih h hs c` mltdv mltdv`ad `adñj ñj oh cls cls `cumjls, plr au`jtl c` hsa`s` mltdv`adñj p`r` `prhjohr y hc f`il rhjodmdhjtl `a `a`oä `oämda mdal l alj alj quh cls cls hstuo hstuod` d`jth jths s `flro `flro`j `j hc `prh `prhjod jodz` z`ih, ih, aljs aljstdt tdtuyh uyh uj prlfchm` oh er`j rhchv`jad` quh jhahsdt` shr `flro`ol ` gdj oh aljtrdfudr alml olahjths hj c` glrm`adñj oh `cumjls mltdv`ols p`r` `prhjohr y oh prlghslrhs mltdv`ols p`r` hjshð`r.

 

^lr cl t`jtl, sh puhoh ohadr quh c` mltdv`adñj hs hc dmpucsl quh frlt` oh uj` jhahsdo`o y quh aljouah ` uj` `aadñj (aljouat` djstrumhjt`c u lphr`jth) p`r` lfthjhr uj djahjtdvl, quh rhouah c` pucsdñj y s`tdsg`ah c` jhahsdo`o. Oh `auhrol alj cl `jthrdlr c` mltdv`adñj vdhjh ` shr hjtljahs, alml uj mltlr quh9 @ vhahs djgcuyh hj hc lre`jdsml; Qdhmprh dmpucs` hc lre`jdsml. 67 T quh aljouahj ` c` rh rh`c `cdz dz`a `adñ dñj j oh c` al aljo joua uat` t`,, hs alml alml uj` uj` guhr guhrz` z` quh quh ehjh ehjhr` r` y aljo aljoua uah h `c lre`jdsml ` ohs`rrlcc`r c`s `aadljhs p`r` `ca`jz`r uj gdj, prlvla`jol quh cls almpl alm plrt` rt`mdh mdhjtl jtls s sh`j sh`j mlodgd mlodgda`o a`ols ls ` tr`väs tr`väs ohc ohc hsqu hsquhm` hm` oh aljou aljouat at` ` quh quh prhshjt`j. Oh `auhrol alj cl `jthrdlr c` mltdv`adñj sh aljvdhrth hj uj` p`c`ja` quh muhvh tlo` aljouat`, prlpdad`jol a`mfdls t`jtl ` jdvhc houa`tdvl alml oh c` vdo` hj ehjhr`c, ehjhr`c, cls au`chs au`chs sh vhj rhgchi`ols rhgchi`ols hj c`s `atdtuohs, `atdtuohs, phrahpadlj phrahpadljhs, hs, hxphat`tdv`s y rhprhshjt`adljhs quh tdhjh hc hstuod`jth oh sí mdsml, oh c` t`rh` ` rh`cdz`r, y oh c`s mht`s quh prhthjoh `ca`jz`r, c`s au`chs aljstdtuyhj g`atlrhs oh prdmhr lrohj quh euí`j y odrdehj c` aljouat` oh ästh hj hc àmfdtl `a`oämdal. C` mltdv`adñj hjtljahs hs muabl màs quh uj` shrdh oh gñrmuc`s y täajda`s, hs hj sí mdsm` hc rhsuct`ol oh uj` shrdh oh g`atlrhs djtríjshals y hxtríjshals, t`jtl hs `sí quh äst` tdhjh hghatls odrhatls hj au`jtl ` c` shjsdfdcdz`adñj oh uj erupl u ltrl plrr au pl au`j `jtl tl prlp prlplr lrad adlj lj` ` mltd mltdvl vls s quh quh hstd hstdmu muc` c`j j c` vlcu vlcujt jt`o `o oh `prh `prhjo johr  hr  aljvdrtdäjolsh hj hc `rth oh ohsphrt`r hc ohshl oh `prhjohr oh juhstrls `cumjls, hs hc sharhtl p`r` mlvhr c` vlcujt`o, uj mlol oh b`ahr `er`o`fch hc hsguhrzl, uj` m`jhr` p`r` s`fhr prhshjt`r ujls v`clrhs quh sh`j a`p`ahs oh ohsphrt`r  dmpucs dmp ucsls ls thjoh thjohja jad`s d`s h djthr djthrhs hshs, hs, c`s au`c au`chs hs mltdv` mltdv`j j uj` uj` `a `atdt tdtuo uo quh quh dmpcda dmpcda` ` rhsphtl ` c` phrslj` rhspljodhjol ` jhahsdo`ohs y shjtdmdhjtls c`s `atdtuohs, c`s au`chs au` chs slj prhodsp prhodsplsda lsdadlj dljhs hs ` rh`aadl rh`aadlj`r j`r `jth cls hstímuc hstímucls ls quh prhshjt` prhshjt` hc mhodl. W@CHVL, E`raí`, I, M. Hc odgíadc @rth oh Mltdv`r, Ho Er`j hodtlr`, 0 Ho, Mäxdal, 0440, (p 04-68) Hs plr t`c mltdvl quh cls djthrhshs `a`oämdals oh cls hstuod`jths b`ahj oh hsth, uj suihtl p`rtdadp`tdvl, `atdvl y phrsdsthjth, cl au`c plsdfdcdt` hc `prhjodz`ih ` tr`väs oh c` `oqudsdadñj oh aljladmdhjtls, ohstrhz`s y hj ehjhr ehjhr`c `c hc ohs` ohs`rrl rrlccl ccl oh almph almphthj thjad ad`s. `s. Cl `jth `jthrdl rdlrr r`tdg r`tdgda` da` alml alml `ceuj `ceuj`s `s hxpcda`adljhs oh c` mltdv`adñj aljgdrm`j quh g`atlrhs phrslj`chs djthrjls alml

 

jhahsdo`ohs, djthrhshs aurdlsdo`o y odvhrsdñj. 65 ^lr t`jtl hc odmhjsdlj`r hc p`phc ahjtr ahjtr`c `c quh ohshm ohshmph phð` ð` c` mltdv` mltdv`ad adñj, ñj, aljs aljstdt tdtuy uyh h hj er`j er`j mhodo mhodo` ` c` guhjth guhjth pr prdja djadp dp`c `c oh mltdvl mltdvls s p`r` p`r` `prhj `prhjohr ohr.. Oh hst` hst` glrm`, glrm`, c` mltdv` mltdv`adñ adñj j hsal hsalc`r c`r sh hjauhjtr` cde`o` oh m`jhr` hstrhab` ` odvhrsls `sphatls ohc hjtlrjl houa`tdvl quh ch prlplradlj`j hchmhjtls quh djadohj oh m`jhr` plsdtdv` l jhe`tdv` hj hc clerl oh mht`s. Ohsoh hst` phrsphatdv` plohmls ohgdjdr c` mltdv`adñj hsalc`r  alml uj prlahsl prlahsl psdalcñe psdalcñedal dal quh ohthrmdj` ohthrmdj` c` rh`cdz`a rh`cdz`adñj dñj oh `atdvdo` `atdvdo`ohs ohs oh a`ràathr houa`tdvl, quh aljtrdfuyhj ` quh hc `cumjl p`rtdadph hj hcc`s oh glrm` `atdv` y phrsdsthjth, plsdfdcdt`jol hc `prhjodz`ih, c` `oqudsdadñj oh aljladmdhjtls, ohstrhz`s ohstrhz` s l hc ohs`rrlccl oh c` almphthjad`. almphthjad`. @ohmàs t`c mltdv`adñj sureh au`jol hc `cumjl djthr`atù` alj c`s phrslj`s y lfihtls quh cl rloh`j.

Cls g`atlrhs quh ohthrmdj`j c` mltdv`adñj plr `prhjohr y hc p`phc ohc prlghslr  hjtljahs hjtlj ahs hs hstà tàj j o`ol o`ols s hj hc pc`jl pc`jl pho` pho`eñ eñeda edal l alj alj hc prlpñs prlpñsdtl dtl oh glmhj glmhjt` t`r  r  mltdvls, hs ohadr, hstdmuc`r c` vlcujt`o plr `prhjohr y phrmdth hxpcda`r hj quä mhodo` djvdhrthj su `thjadñj y hsguhrzl hj ohthrmdj`ols ohthrmdj`ols `sujtls quh puhohj shr  l jl cls quh ohsh`j sus prlghslrhs, phrl hj tlol a`sl sh rhc`adlj`j alj sus hx hxphr phrdhj dhjad` ad`s s sufih sufihtdv tdv`s, `s, su odspl odsplsda sdadñj dñj p`r` p`r` djvlcu djvlcuar ar`rs `rsh h hj c`s `atdv `atdvdo` do`oh ohs s prlpuhst`s. OD@Y F, Grdo`. & BHVJ@JOHY Ehr`rol. Hstr`thed`s olahjths p`r` uj `prh `p rhjo jodz dz`i `ih h sdej sdejdg dgda da`t `tdv dvl. l. Ho Ma Er`w Er`w Bd Bdcc cc,, Ho. Ho. Mäxd Mäxdal al.0 .044 442. 2. (p. (p. 74) 74) 6.6. 6.6.? ?  @prhjodz`ih  @prhjo dz`ih _hjdhjol _hjdhjol hj auhjt` quh hst` djvhstde`adñj djvhstde`adñj sh ohs`rrlcc` ohs`rrlcc` ohjtrl ohc àmfdtl oh c` mltdv`adñj hsalc`r hs jhahs`rdl `flro`r hc thm` ohc `prhjodz`ih y c` `oqudsdadñj oh aljladmdhjtls, ohgdjdol hsth alml c` hc`flr`adñj phrm`jhjth ohc phjs`mdhjtl djodvdou`c hj aljtdjul a`mfdl plr c` djthr`aadñj alj hc phjs`mdhjtl alchatdvl y hs `quí oljoh c`s hstr`thed`s oh `prhjodz`ih tlm`j er`j dmplrt`jad` plr au`jtl ` c` jhahsdo`o oh ohs`rrlcc`r c` dm`edj`adñj, c` mltdv`adñj, c` `thjadñj, hc tr`f`il hj hqudpl hj c` fùsquho` oh uj `prhjodz`ih `prhjodz`ih sdejdgda`tdvl y hs `ccí oljoh c` hstr`thed` odoàatda` phrmdth pc`jdgda`r juhvls prlahodmdhjtls. 62 C` djglrm`adñj `oqudrdo` `oqudrdo ` alodgda`, `cm`ahj` `cm`ahj` y rhauphr` rhauphr` cl `prhjodol oh m`jhr` màs hspljtàjh` y sdejdgda`tdv` y `ujquh hj cls ùctdmls tdhmpls sh` djvhstde`ol djvhstde`ol slfrh c` jhahsdo`o jhahsdo`o oh uj` houa`adñj quh phrmdt` uj `prhjodz`ih sdejdgda`tdvl `ceuj`s oh juhstr`s c`s

 

pràatda`s `c djthrdlr djstdtuadljhs houa`tdv`s `uj prlphjoh plr c` tr`jsmdsdñj oh s`fhrhs oh uj` m`jhr` m`edstr`c ohi`jol ohi`jol oh c`ol c`s jhahsdo`ohs h djthrhshs djthrhshs oh juhstrls hstuod`jths, ohi`jol oh c`ol hc quh cls abdals `prhjo`j cl quh ohfhj `prhjohr hj hc mlmhjtl hj quh cl ohfhj `prhjohr y hj ghcdado`o. Cls `mfdhjths oh `prhjodz`ih quh tr`sadhjohj cl rhphtdtdvl y tr`odadlj`c p`r` o`r prdlrdo`o ` c` aurdlsdo`o, c` hxpclr`adñj, c` m`jdpuc`adñj alml hchmhjtls ohthrmdj`jths ohjtrl ohc prlahsl sh aljvdhrthj hj uj g`atlr ohthrmdj`jth ohjtrl ohc prlahsl `sí alml t`mfdäj, t`mf däj, hc p`phc p`phc ohc prlghsl prlghslr, r, o`jol o`jol `sí sdejdgda`o sdejdgda`ol l `c tr`f`il tr`f`il rh`cdz`o rh`cdz`ol, l, oh m`jhr` quh cls `cumjls ohs`rrlcchj uj vhro`ohrl eustl plr c` `atdvdo`o hsalc`r y almprhjo`j su utdcdo`o phrslj`c y slad`c ohsoh uj acdm` mltdv`adlj`c ` p`rtdr oh c` djalrplr`adñj oh juhv`s hstr`thed`s odoàatda` djodsphjs`fch p`r` quh cl `prhjodol sd sh` ùtdc, y our`ohrl. Hj hsth shjtdol hs oh rhs`ct`r hc `plrth oh cls ltrls `utlrhs alml Qabmhak, - Qabujk, slfrh c`s hstr`thed`s oh `prhjodz`ih c`s au`chs tlm`j er`j rhchv`jad` plr au`jtl c`s ohgdjhj alml shauhjad`s oh prlahodmdhjtls l pc`jhs lrdhjt`ols b`ad` c` aljshauadñj oh mht`s oh `prhjodz`ih, mdhjtr`s quh cls prlahodmdhjtls hsphaígdals ohjtrl oh hs` shauhjad` sh ohjlmdj`j tàatda`s oh `prhjodz`ih. `prhjodz `ih. Hj hsth a`sl, c`s hstr`thed`s hstr`thed`s shrí`j prlahodmdhjtls oh jdvhc suphrdl suphrdlr  r  quh qu h djacud djacudrí` rí`j j odghr odghrhj hjths ths tàatda tàatda`s `s l täaj täajda` da`s s oh `prh `prhjod jodz` z`ih. ih. Qabmh Qabmhak, ak, V. V. (0422). @j djtrlouatdlj tl str`thedhs `jo stychs lg ch`rjdje. Hj V. V. Qabmhak (Ho.), Ch`rjdje str`thedhs `jo ch`rjdje stychs. Jhw Tlrk9 ^chjum ^rhss. Qabujk, O. B. (0440). Ch`rjdje tbhlrdhs. @j houa`tdlj`c phrsphatdvh. Jhw Tlrk9 64 Hj hsth lrohj oh doh`s hs djodsphjs`fch hjthjohr quh c`s pràatda`s houa`tdv`s o`o`s `c djthrdlr oh c`s djstdtuadljhs ohfhj g`vlrhahr hc ohs`rrlccl oh `prhjodz`ihs ohjtrl oh uj `mfdhjth `mfdhjth arh`tdvl arh`tdvl y p`rtdadp p`rtdadp`tdv `tdvl, l, oljoh oljoh c` djthrvhj djthrvhjadñj adñj mhod`olr` mhod`olr` ohc m`hstrl hj hsth prlahsl ohfh g`adcdt`r c`s `yuo`s, p`r` quh cls phquhðls puho`j dr aljstruyhjol su aljladmdhjtl ohc mujol `sí alml cl hxpljh hj uj` djthr`aadñj oh tdpl tdpl hjsh hjshð` ð`jz` jz` ‑ `prhjo `prhjodz dz`ih `ih,, oljoh oljoh qudhj qudhj hjsh hjshð` ð` hs hstà tà djvhr djvhrs`m s`mhj hjth th rhc`adlj`o` `c jdvhc oh almphthjad`s oh qudhj `prhjoh; y hstl dmpcda` quh `jth c`s odgdau odg dauct` ct`ohs ohs quh quh prhsh prhshjt jth h qudhj qudhj `prhj `prhjoh oh,, màs `aadlj `aadljhs hs jhahs jhahsdt` dt`rà rà oh qudhj qudhj hjshð`. Hc `iusth oh c`s djthrvhjadljhs ohc hjshð`jth ` c`s odgdauct`ohs ohc quh `prhjoh, p`rhah shr uj hchmhjtl ohadsdvl hj c` `oqudsdadñj y aljstruaadñj ohc

 

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hchmhjtls p`r` almprhjohr c` dmplrt`jad` oh rhgchxdlj`r slfrh c`s `aadljhs oh qudhj hjshð` grhjth ` c` aljstruaadñj ohc s`fhr y c` jhahsdo`o oh aljstrudr uj aljla aljladmd dmdhj hjtl tl mhod` mhod`jt jth h c` djthr djthrvh vhja jadñj dñj `a `atdv tdv` ` ohc ohc hs hstuo tuod`j d`jth th,, alj alj `yuo` `yuo` ohc ohc m`hstrl qudhj ohfh o`r c`s lplrtujdo`ohs p`r` quh cls jdðls y jdð`s sh djvlcuarhj hj c` aljstruaadñj oh su prlpdl `prhjodz`ih oljoh jl sñcl sh `prhjoh c` `atdvdo`o `atdvdo`o sdjl quh sh fusa` g`adcdt`r hc ohs`rrlccl oh c`s a`p`ado`ohs y b`fdcdo`ohs oh cls hstuod`jths thjdhjol hj auhjt` su ohs`rrlccl psdalmltlr y hs `quí oljoh cls `plrths oh Qtlkhr, K tlm`j er`j rhchv`jad` hj hst` djvhstde`adñj grhjth `c thm` oh uj `prhjodz`ih cùodal plr au`jtl phrmdth quh c` rhc`adñj hjtrh thlrí` y pràatda` hj uj aljthxtl oljoh sh rhaljlah c` jhahsdo`o oh quh cls aljthjdols quh slj thñrdals, p`r` su `sdmdc`adñj sh rhqudhrhj oh `atdvdo`ohs pràatda`s y oh hst` glrm` cler`r uj` vhro`ohr` rhc`adñj hjtrh cl aljarhtl y cl `fstr`atl. 1> Cl `jthrdlr  dmpcda` dmpc da` quh au`jtl au`jtl màs mltdv`o mltdv`ol l hstä hstä uj p`rtdad p`rtdadp`j p`jth, th, màs `prlvha `prlvhab`r b`rà à cls rhaursls oh cls quh odspljh, màs hstr`thed`s utdcdz`rà p`r` aljsheudr su lfihtdvl, ehjhr`rà m`ylr aljgd`jz` y `prhjohrà mhilr y màs ràpdol, c`s prler`m`adljhs oh cls aljthjdols hstr`täedals, hstr`täedals, c` v`rdho`o v`rdho`o oh p`rtdadp`jths p`rtdadp`jths y cls odghrhjths hstdcls oh `prhjodz`ih, jhahsdo`ohs y auctur`s quh phrmdth ` a`o` hstuod`jth tr`f`i`r alj djohphjohjad`, prlmlvdhjol c` alc`flr`adñj y hc tr`f`il hj hqudpl, hst`fchadhjol mhil mh ilrh rhs s rh rhc` c`ad adlj ljhs hs al alj j su sus s deu` deu`ch chs, s, `prh `prhjo jodh dhjo jol l màs màs y al alj j mltd mltdv` v`ad adñj ñj,, `umhjt`jol c` `utlhstdm` y aljtrdfuyhjol `c clerl oh b`fdcdo`ohs alejdtdv`s y slad`chs màs `ghatdv`s y hghatdv`s. ^lr t`jtl c` djacusdñj oh odvhrs`s hstr`thed`s oh `prh `p rhjo jodz dz`i `ih h b`rà b`rà màs màs almp almpht hthj hjth ths s cls cls jdðl jdðls s p`r` p`r` cler cler`r `r ohs` ohs`rr rrlc lcc` c`rr c`s c`s a`p`ado`ohs y/l b`fdcdo`ohs prlpd`s oh su ho`o y c` `oqudsdadñj oh s`fhrhs ohsoh hc b`ahr ehjhr`jol uj acdm` oh `prhjodz`ih quh g`vlrhah, f`s`ol hj hc pc`ahr, hc elzl el zl y c` arh`td arh`tdvdo vdo`o `o.. @ohmà @ohmàs s sus sus odvhr odvhrsls sls a`mpl a`mpls s oh `aadñj `aadñj jls jls cchv` cchv` ` tr`sahjohr cl hxacusdv`mhjth `a`oämdal y hc hjglquh o`ol `c aljladmdhjtl hj hc od`rdl vdvdr oh c`s thmàtda`s p`r` shr `flro`ol ohsoh c`s almphthjad`s ohplrtdv`s,

 

c`s m`jdghst`adljhs glckcñrda`s y hxprhsdljhs auctur`chs t`chs alml c` o`jz`, hc th`trl, hc a`jtl, c` mùsda`, c` pcàstda`, c` pdjtur`, hj c`s lfr`s hsardt`s y hj c` almuj alm ujda` da`adñ adñj j vhrf` vhrf`c, c, , hj hc almp` almp`rtd rtdrr oh cls auhj auhjtls tls p`r` p`r` arh`r arh`r `mfdh `mfdhjth jths s màedals, `er`o`fchs quh alml alml ehjhr`olrhs ohc `prhjodz`ihs sdejdgda`tdvls hjg`tdz`j hc prlahsl hj c` aljstruaadñj oh sdejdgda`ols alml jùachl ohc prlahsl oh hjshð`jz` . ^lr t`jtl c` hc`flr`adñj oh hsth m`ral thñrdal hs prdmlrod`c hj hsth prlahsl oh djo`e`adñj h djvhstde`adñj, puhs `j`cdz`, lrdhjt`, y euí` odabl prlahsl, phrmdth rhujdr y hxpcda`r cls hchmhjtls aljahptu`chs hxdsthjths slfrh hc thm` ` hstuod`r y ohsardfh hc bhabl `c quh sh rhgdhrh uj thm`.