Aula-Historia Da Psicologia

 

XD_L / JH / AD[HA DXLAFNHLQBZ AF [ZCJB@BECF HAXJFJCBLF@

JBLZQ_XÅÊB GCZQÚ_CJF AF [ZCJB@BECF JBNB JCÍLJCF 

 

B jbnpbrtfnhltb h f nhlth gunflf shnprh ahsphrtfrfn

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clthrhssh h dfsjîlcb, hsphjcf`nhlth abs dc`úsbdbs. B thrnb [scjb`becf sureh fphlfs lb sãju`b WTC, suehrcab pbr _uab`db Ebj`ãlcb.

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Nfs vbjí sfoh b quh scelcdcjf [scjb`becf2

 

 F brcehn htcnb`úecjf af pf`fvrf [scjb`becf

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sh fsshltf prhjcsfnhlth lf lbåêb ah f`nf. 

Ahrcvf ab `ftcn= pscjgã (f`nf) + `bebs (rfzêb)  Frcstúth`hs (sãj. CT f.J.), cnpbrtflth dc`úsbdb,

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dbc jblscahrfab pbr nuctbs b futbr ab prcnhcrb hstuab ah [scjb`becf, cltctu`fab "Fjhrjf af  F`nf".

[scjb`becf h suf ousjf ph`b stftus ah jcíljcf 

 

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 F [scjb`becf thn sufs rfîzhs lf Dc`bsbdcf. F lfturhzf gunflf hrf hstuafaf nhacflth f hsphju`fåêb, f cltucåêb h f ehlhrf`czfåêb.

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[frf f`jflåfr b stftus ah jcíljcf, prhjcsbu rbnphr jbn sufs rfîzhs h utc`czfr nãtbabs ohn sujhacabs lfs jcíljcfs dîscjfs h ocb`úecjfs.

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 Fdclf`, b jblghjcnh jblghjcnhltb, ltb, pfrf shr jchltîdcjb, prhjcsf thr=

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bomhtcvcafah, rcebr, jbltrb`h, `hnorf2!

 

[clturf ‐F hsjb`f ah Fthlfs„, pcltfaf pbr _fdfh` hltrh 68;3 h 686;. Ë hsquhraf f borf jbnp`htf, ë acrhctf ahtf`gh ab jhltrb af pclturf.

 

 Fltceucafah   F gcstúrcf ab phlsfnhltb gunflb thn clîjcb

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fclaf lf fltceucafah j`æsscjf, hsphjcdcjfnhlth lf Erãjcf, pbr vb`tf ah 5;; f.J.   Bs erhebs dbrfn b pbvb nfcs fvflåfab af suf

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ãpbjf, h hssh fvflåb (lf Dîscjf, lf Nfthnætcjf, lf  Fercju`turf) pbsscoc`ctbu fbs jcafaêbs sh bjupfrhn ah ‐jbcsfs ab hspîrctb„, jbnb f Dc`bsbdcf h f frth.

 

 Fltceucafah  Ã hltrh bs dc`úsbdbs erhebs quh sureh f prcnhcrf

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thltftcvf ah scsthnftczfr unf [scjb`becf.  pscjgã > f`nf  pscjgã

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 `bebs > rfzêb, hstuab

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 Htcnb`becjfnhlth, [scjb`becf scelcdcjf ‐hstuab af

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f`nf„. F  pscjgã hrf vcstf jbnb f pfrth cnfthrcf` ab shr gunflb, h clj`uîf shus phlsfnhltbs, ahshmbs, shltcnhltbs, crrfjcblf`cafah, shlsfåêb h phrjhpåêb.

 

 Fltceucafah Dc`úsbdbs prã-sbjrætcjbs

 Ousjfvfn f brcehn prcnhcrf afs jbcsfs. j bcsfs.

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Bpbscåêb hltrh bs cahf`cstfs h bs nfthrcf`cstfs

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 [rhbjupfvfn-sh hn ahdclcr f rh`fåêb ab gbnhn

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jbn b nulab ftrfvãs af phrjhpåêb. Acsjutcfn sh b nulab hxcsth pbrquh b gbnhn b ví bu sh b gbnhn ví un nulab quh mæ hxcsth.

 

 Fltceucafah Zújrfths

 F [scjb`becf eflgf jblscstíljcf.

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  Zuf prcljcpf` prhbjupfåêb hrf jbn b `cncth quh

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shpfrf bs gbnhls abs flcnfcs. 

  [bstu`fvf quh f prcljcpf` jfrfjthrîstcjf gunflf hrf f rfzêb, quh phrnctcf fb gbnhn sborhpbr-sh

fbs clstcltbs, quh shrcfn f ofsh af crrfjcblf`cafah.

 

 Fltceucafah Zújrfths

 Fb ahdclcr f rfzêb jbnb phju`cfrcafah ab gbnhn

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bu jbnb hssíljcf gunflf, Zújrfths forh un jfnclgb pfrf b hstuab af jblsjcíljcf gunflf, jfnclgb hsth quh shrcf nuctb hxp`brfab ph`f [scjb`becf.   Ah jhrtf dbrnf, fs thbrcfs af jblsjcíljcf sêb

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drutbs ahssf prcnhcrf scsthnftczfåêb af Dc`bsbdcf.

 

 Fltceucafah [`ftêb

 Dbc acsjîpu`b ah Zújrfths.

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 Jbljhocf f f`nf jbnb j bnb shpfrfaf ab jbrpb.

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 [rbjurbu ahdclcr un `uefr  pfrf   pfrf f rfzêb lb jbrpb

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gunflb. Ahdclcu hssh `uefr jbnb shlab f jfohåf, blah sh hljbltrfvf f  pscjgã ab gbnhn. F nhau`f shrcf b h`hnhltb ah `cefåêb af f`nf jbn b jbrpb.

 

 Fltceucafah Frcstúth`hs

 Dbc acsjîpu`b ah [`ftêb.

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  [bstu`bu quh f  pscjgã shrcf b prcljîpcb ftcvb af vcaf

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(quf`quhr dbrnf ah vcaf), h pbrtfltb f f`nf h b jbrpb lêb pbahn shr acssbjcfabs. 

  Jghebu f hstuafr fs acdhrhlåfs hltrh f rfzêb, f phrjhpåêb h fs shlsfåøhs. Hstuab scsthnftczfab lb ‐Af

 Flcnf„, jblscahrfab jblscahrfab b prcn prcnhcrb hcrb trftfab hn [scjb`becf.

 

Cafah Nãacf (Zãj. T f WT)  [hrîbab af gcstúrcf af Hurbpf hltrh bs sãju`bs T

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h WT.   Jfrfjthrczfab ph`f sbjchafah dhuaf`, jbn nbab ah prbauåêb vb`tfab pfrf f suoscstíljcf, thlab f

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thrrf jbnb prcljcpf` dblth ah prbauåêb.   F rh`fåêb ah shlgbr h shrvb hrf tîpcjf ah unf hjblbncf dhjgfaf, lf quf` unf gchrfrqucf rîecaf hstfvf hstfoh`hjcaf, shn nboc`cafah sbjcf`.

 

Cafah Nãacf / Cnpãrcb _bnflb  Hrf unf sbjchafah hstævh`, hn quh prhabnclfvf

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f vcsêb ah un ulcvhrsb hstætcjb= un nulab lfturf` breflczfab h gchrærqucjb, hn quh f vhrafah hrf shnprh ahjbrrhlth ah rhvh`fåøhs. 

 B gbnhn tclgf shu `uefr sbjcf` ahthrnclfab ph`b lfsjcnhltb.  F rfzêb hstfvf suonhtcaf ë dã jbnb efrfltcf ah

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jhltrf`czfåêb ab pbahr.

Cafah Nãacf / Cnpãrcb _bnflb

 

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 Xnf afs prcljcpfcs jfrfjthrîstcjfs ahssh phrîbab ã b fpfrhjcnhltb ab jrcstcflcsnb ‚ unf dbråf rh`cecbsf quh tbrlf-sh unf dbråf pb`îtcjf abnclflth. h eucf f vcsêb ah nulab h ah gbnhn fb `bleb ah tbaf f Cafah Nãacf. 

  Fphsfr afs clýnhrfs euhrrfs quh fssb`frfn h ahshstfoc`czfrfn b jbltclhlth hurbphu lhssf ãpbjf, b jrcstcflcsnb eflgf dbråf h tbrlf-sh f rh`cecêb prcljcpf` lhssh phrîbab.

 

Cafah Nãacf / Cnpãrcb _bnflb  Df`fr ah [scjb`becf lhssh phrîbab ã rh`fjcblæ-`f

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fb jblghjcnhltb rh`cecbsb, mæ quh, fb `fab ab pbahr pb`îtcjb h hjblñncjb, f Cerhmf tfnoãn nblbpb`czfvf b sfohr, h jblshquhlthnhlth, b hstuab ab pscqucsnb.

 

Cafah Nãacf / Cnpãrcb _bnflb   F futbrcafah hrf b jrctãrcb ah vhrafah, h fs rh`fåøhs hrfn vhrtcjfcs. 

  Hssh nulab dhjgfab h hssh ulcvhrsb dclctb

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rhd`htcfn

h

mustcdcjfvfn

f

gchrfrqucf

sbjcf`

clquhstcblævh` ab dhuaf`csnb. Lb phrîbab nhachvf` fs cahcfs sborh b nulab pscjb`úecjb hstfvfn `cefafs fb jblghjcnhltb 

rh`cecbsb h abcs dc`úsbdbs rhprhshltfrfn b cahærcb af

ãpbjf=  

 

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Zfltb Febstclgb (:81-1:;)

Clspcrbu-sh hn [`ftêb h dfzcf acstclåêb (jcsêb) hltrh b jbrpb h f f`nf. [frf h`h, f f`nf lêb hrf sbnhlth b `bjf` af rfzêb, nfs f prbvf ah unf nflcdhstfåêb acvclf lb gbnhn h tfnoãn hrf f shah ab phlsfnhltb

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Cafah Nãacf Zfltb Febstclgb

 F f`nf hrf cnbrtf` pbr shr b h`hnhltb quh jblhjtf

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b gbnhn f Ahus. Zhlab f f`nf tfnoãn b `bjf` ab phlsfnhltb, f

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Cerhmf pfssf f sh prhbjupfr tfnoãn jbn f suf jbnprhhlsêb.

 

  Zêb Qbnæs ah Fquclb (6??8-6?51)

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Ousjbu hn Frcstúth`hs f acstclåêb hltrh ‐hssíljcf„ h ‐hxcstíljcf„ ‐hxcstíljcf„..   F ousjf af phrdhcåêb ph`b gbnhn shrcf f ousjf pbr Ahus.

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Cafah Nãacf Zêb Qbnæs ah Fquclb

 Tcvhu hn un phrîbab quh prhluljcfvf f rupturf

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af Cerhmf Jftú`cjf jbn b favhltb ab [rbthstfltcsnb.  Hssf ãpbjf prhpfrfvf-sh pfrf f trflscåêb pfrf b nbab ah prbauåêb jfpctf`cstf, jbn f _hvb`uåêb Drfljhsf h f _hvb`uåêb Claustrcf`.  F jrcsh sújcb-hjblñncjf `hvf fb quhstcblfnhltb

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af Cerhmf h abs jblghjcnhltbs prbauzcabs pbr h`f.

 

Cafah Nãacf Zêb Qbnæs ah Fquclb

  Dbc prhjcsb hljbltrfr lbvfs mustcdcjftcvfs pfrf f

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rh`fåêb hltrh Ahus h b gbnhn.  Ousjbu hn Frcstúth`hs f acstclåêb hltrh hssíljcf 

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h hxcstíljcf.   B gbnhn, lf suf hssíljcf, ousjf f phrdhcåêb ftrfvãs af suf hxcstíljcf.

 

Cafah Nãacf Zêb Qbnæs ah Fquclb

 Cltrbauzclab b pbltb ah vcstf rh`cecbsb, h acdhrhlth

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ah Frcstúth`hs, fdcrnf quh sbnhlth Ahus shrcf jfpfz ah rhulcr f hssíljcf h f hxcstíljcf. F ousjf ah phrdhcåêb ab gbnhn shrcf f ousjf ah Ahus.   Ahssf dbrnf, hljbltrbu freunhltbs rfjcblfcs pfrf mustcdcjfr bs abenfs af Cerhmf h jbltclufr efrfltclab pfrf h`f b nblbpú`cb sborh b pscqucsnb.

 

_hlfsjcnhltb   [bujb nfcs ah ?;; flbs fpús f nbrth ah Zêb

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Qbnæs ah Fquclb, thn clîjcb unf ãpbjf ah trflsdbrnfåøhs rfacjfcs lb nulab hurbphu. Ã b _hlfsjcnhltb bu _hlfsjhlåf. 

  B nhrjfltc`csnb `hvf ë ahsjbohrtf ah lbvfs thrrfs (f Fnãrcjf, b jfnclgb pfrf fs îlacfs, f rbtf ab [fjîdcjb), h cssb prbpcjcf f fjunu`fåêb ah rcquhzfs ph`fs lfåøhs hn dbrnfåêb.

 

_hlfsjcnhltb   Lf trflscåêb pfrf b Jfpctf`csnb, jbnhåf f

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hnhrecr unf lbvf dbrnf ah breflczfåêb hjblñncjf h sbjcf`.   Aæ-sh tfnoãn un prbjhssb ah vf`brczfåêb ab

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gbnhn.  Fs trflsdbrnfåøhs bjbrrhn hn tbabs bs shtbrhs af prbauåêb gunflf, h fs jcíljcfs tfnoãn jblghjhn un erflah fvflåb.

 

_hlfsjcnhltb   Hssh fvflåb lf prbauåêb ah jblghjcnhltbs

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prbpcjcf b clîjcb af scsthnftczfåêb ab jblghjcnhltb jchltîdcjb= jbnhåfn f sh hstfoh`hjhr nãtbabs h rherfs oæscjfs pfrf f jblstruåêb ab jblghjcnhltb jchltîdcjb.  Erflahs lbnhs surehn lhssf ãpbjf= Aflth, af Tcljc, Obtcjh``c, Ncjgh`fleh`b, Nfqucfvh`, Jbpãrlcjb, Ef`c`hu.

 

Afvc, ah Ncjgh`fleh`b

B Lfsjcnhltb ah Tílus, ah Obtcjh``c.

 

Zãju`b WCW 

 Fs jcíljcfs jblghjhrfn erflah fvflåb. Clîjcb af scsthnftczfåêb ab jblghjcnhltb jchltîdcjb (nãtbabs, rherfs htj.)  Jbpãrlcjb nbstrf quh b lbssb p`flhtf lêb ã b jhltrb ab ulcvhrsb, suostctucåêb ab scsthnf ehbjíltrcjb 

(Ehbjhltrcsnb) ph`b scsthnf gh`cbjíltrcjb (Gh`cbjhltrcsnb).  Fs prcnhcrfs hxphrcíljcfs lf Dîscjf nbahrlf, jbn Ef`c`hu

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(646;) quh hstuaf f quhaf abs jbrpbs.

 

Jbectb hreb sun >

[hlsb, `beb hxcstb.

 

_hlfsjcnhltb _hlã Ahsjfrths

  Dbc un abs dc`úsbdbs quh nfcs jbltrcoucu pfrf b

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fvflåb af jcíljcf, pbstu`flab f shpfrfåêb hltrh nhlth h jbrpb. 

  B gbnhn pbssuc unf suostïljcf nfthrcf` h unf suostïljcf phlsflth.   B jbrpb ahsprbvcab ab hspîrctb ã fphlfs unf

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næquclf.

 

_hlfsjcnhltb _hlã Ahsjfrths

  Hssh auf`csnb nhlth-jbrpb tbrlf pbssîvh`

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hstuafr b jbrpb gunflb nbrtb, prætcjf ftã hltêb jblahlfaf ph`f Cerhmf. 

 Jblshquhlth fvflåb lfs acsjcp`clfs ah Flftbncf h Dcscb`becf, quh prhstfrfn sufs jbltrcoucåøhs pfrf f [scjb`becf.

 

Aurflth f nbahrlcafah bjbrrh b prbjhssb ab jbrpb, ah ahssfjrf`czfåêb cstb ã, b jbrpb ahcxbu ah shr vcstb jbnb f`eb sferfab

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Zãju`b WCW  B_CEHN AF [ZCJB@BECF JCHLQÎDCJF 

 

  Ahstfjf-sh b pfph` af jcíljcf, h shu fvflåb

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tbrlf-sh lhjhssærcb.   B jrhsjcnhltb ab Jfpctf`csnb trfz jblsceb b

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prbjhssb ah claustrcf`czfåêb, pfrf b quf` f jcíljcf ahvh afr sb`uåøhs prætcjfs lb jfnpb af tãjlcjf.  Gæ un erflah cnpu`sb pfrf b ahshlvb`vcnhltb af jcíljcf hlqufltb susthltæju`b af lbvf brahn sbjcf` h hjblñncjf h abs prbo`hnfs jb`bjfabs pbr h`f.

 

Zãju`b WCW  B Jfpctf`csnb pñs b nulab hn nbvcnhltb, jbn

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f lhjhsscafah ah fofsthjhr nhrjfabs h prbauzcr jfaf vhz nfcs.   Vuhstcblbu gchrfrqucfs pfrf tcrfr ab pbahr f

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lborhzf h b j`hrb, ousjbu nftãrcfs-prcnfs lf Lfturhzf, jrcbu lhjhsscafahs, jbltrftbu b trfof`gb ah nuctbs, quh tbrlfrfn-sh jblsuncabrhs afs nhrjfabrcfs.

 

Zãju`b WCW  B jblghjcnhltb tbrlbu-sh clahphlahlth af dã.

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  F rfjcblf`cafah ab gbnhn fpfrhjhu jbnb f

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erflah

pbsscoc`cafah

ah

jblstruåêb

ab

jblghjcnhltb. 

  F oureuhscf acsputfvf b pbahr h hnfljcpfvf-sh ftrfvãs af hnfljcpfåêb ab gbnhn, sureclab jbnb unf lbvf j`fssh sbjcf` h hjblñncjf.

 

Zãju`b WCW  Hssfs trflsdbrnfåøhs lf dbrnf ah vhr b nulab,

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b gbnhn h b ulcvhrsb bjbrrhrfn pbrquh hrf prhjcsb quhorfr f ofrrhcrf flthrcbr ah un ulcvhrsb hstævh` pfrf pbahr trflsdbrnæ-`b9 quhstcblfr f Lfturhzf jbnb f`eb afab pfrf vcfoc`czfr suf hxp`brfåêb hn ousjf ah nftãrcfs-prcnf nftãrcfs-prcnfs. s.

 

Zãju`b WCW   Hn rhsunb, surecrfn jblacåøhs pfrf quh f

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jcíljcf nbahrlf sh ahshlvb`vhssh.  Fs cahcfs abnclflths ‚ jblghjcnhltb jbnb drutb

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af rfzêb, pbsscoc`cafah ah ahsvhlafr fs `hcs af Lfturhzf ph`f boshrvfåêb rcebrbsf h bomhtcvf ‚ f`cnhltfrfn hssf jblstruåêb.

 

Zãju`b WCW   F ousjf ah un nãtbab rcebrbsb fpbltfvf pfrf f lhjhsscafah ah bs gbnhls jblstruîrhn lbvfs dbrnfs 

ah prbauzcr jblghjcnhltb.  Zhltcu-sh lhjhsscafah af jcíljcf.   F jcíljcf fvflåf tfltb quh sh tbrlf un rhdhrhljcf` pfrf f vcsêb ah nulab.   F lbåêb ah vhrafah (b quh hlthlahnbs jbnb vhrafah / scsthnf ah vf`brhs hljbltrfab) pfssf f jbltfr jbn b fvf` af jcíljcf.

 

Zãju`b WCW Fueustb Jbnth

  F prúprcf Dc`bsbdcf fafptf-sh fbs lbvbs thnpbs,

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jbn b surecnhltb ab [bsctcvcsnb, quh pbstu`fvf f lhjhsscafah ah nfcbr rcebr jchltîdcjb lf jblstruåêb abs jblghjcnhltbs lfs jcíljcfs gunflfs.   [rbpulgf b nãtbab af jcíljcf lfturf`, f Dîscjf, jbnb nbah`b ah jblstruåêb ab jblghjcnhltb.

 

Zãju`b WCW   [frf sh jblghjhr b pscqucsnb ab gbnhn pfssf f shr lhjhssærcb jbnprhhlahr bs nhjflcsnbs h b duljcblfnhltb af suf næquclf ah phlsfr= b jãrhorb. 

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Bs fvflåbs lb hstuab af Lhurb`becf `hvfrfn ë dbrnu`fåêb ah thbrcfs sborh b scsthnf lhrvbsb jhltrf`, ahnblstrflab quh b phlsfnhltb, fs phrjhpåøhs h bs shltcnhltbs gunflbs hrfn prbautbs ahssh scsthnf.  Xn abs pcblhcrbs f jbltrcoucr lhssf ærhf dbc [gc`cpph [clh`, quh jblscahrbu f hxcstíljcf af abhlåf nhltf`, rhsu`tfab af fåêb acrhtf bu clacrhtf ah acvhrsbs dftbrhs sborh fs jã`u`fs jhrhorfcs.

 

Zãju`b WCW  F Lhurbflftbncf ahsjborcu quh f ftcvcafah nbtbrf

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lhn shnprh hstæ `cefaf ë jblsjcíljcf, pbr lêb hstfr ahltrb abs jhltrbs jhrhorfcs suphrcbrhs.  B jfnclgb lfturf` sheucab ph`bs dcscb`becstfs hrf f



[scjbdîscjf.

  [br vb`tf ah 674;, vhnbs f dbrnu`fåêb af @hc ah



Dhjglhr-Uhohr, quh hstfoh`hjh f rh`fåêb h phrncth f

nhlsurfåêb hltrh hstînu`b h shlsfåêb.  

Zãju`b WCW  Hstf @hc phrnctcu f pbsscoc`cafah ah nhlsurfåêb

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ab dhlñnhlb pscjb`úecjb, ftã hltêb jblscahrfab cnpbssîvh`.  Bs dhlñnhlbs pscjb`úecjbs vêb eflgflab stftus

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jchltîdcjbs, pbcs jbljhpåêb ah jcíljcf af ãpbjf, fphlfs b quh hrf nhlsurævh`, bu shmf, pfssîvh` ah hstuabs jchltîdcjbs.

 

Zãju`b WCW   Fpús fdfstfr-sh af Dc`bsbdcf, jblqucstflab fsscn

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shu jfræthr jchltîdcjb, f [scjb`becf ftrfcu lbvbs hstuacbsbs h phsqucsfabrhs.   Hnobrf thlgf tcab shu ohråb lf F`hnflgf, f

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[scjb`becf hljbltrbu jfnpb dãrtc` pfrf un ræpcab jrhsjcnhltb lbs Hstfabs Xlcabs, hnof`faf ph`b erflah fvflåb quh jb`bjbu b pfîs lf vfleufraf ab

Jfpctf`csnb.  

B jblghjcnhltb actb jbnb jchltîdcjb ã jbnprhhlacab jbnb fquh`h prbauzcab hn `fobrftúrcbs, jbn b usb ah clstrunhltbs ah boshrvfåêb h nhacåêb.

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Zãju`b WCW  F`ãn acssb, bs jblghjcnhltbs ehrfabs ahvhrcfn

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shr junu`ftcvbs h shrvcr ah pbltbs ah pfrtcaf pfrf butrbs hxphrcnhltbs h phsqucsfs lf ærhf.   Hltrhtfltb, f fp`cjfåêb afs `hcs boshrvfafs hn



`fobrftúrcb lêb jblthnp`fvfn f vfrchafah gunflf hn un fnochlth lêb-frtcdcjcf` h pbrtfltb lêbjbltrb`ævh`.

 

@fobrftúrcb ah [scjbdcscb`becf

 

[scjb`becf jbnb jcíljcf Xn dftb gcstúrcjb nfrjf b lfsjcnhltb



af [scjb`becf Jchltîdcjf=

Uc`gh`n Uulat (67:?-63?;) prbpøh b 

 

[rcnhcrb @fobrftúrcb ah [scjb`becf Hxphrcnhltf` lb flb ah 6758 lf Xlcvhrscafah ah @hcpzce, F`hnflgf.

 

B quh Uulat prbpøh2 Bomhtb ah hstuab= jblsjcíljcf  Nãtbab= cltrbsphjåêb 



Bomhtcvb

jblghjhr bs h`hnhltbs nfcs scnp`hs af jblsjcíljcf  jblsjcíljcf  (fs shlsfåøhs), ftrfvãs af cltrbsphjåêb jbltrb`faf. Qf` nãtbab jblscstcf lf ahsjrcåêb, hn `fobrftúrcb, pfrth ah boshrvfabrhs ah sufs hxphrcíljcfspbrjblsjchlths fjhrjf abtrhclfabs, tfnflgb, af clthlscafah h aurfåêb ah værcbs hstînu`bs dîscjbs.

 

H ahpbcs...  Fpús



bs

hxphrcnhltbs prbpbstbs pbr

Uulat, butrbs phsqucsfabrhs surecrfn h fprbdulafrfn f [scjb`becf Jchltîdcjf, hsphjcf`nhlth lbs Hstfabs Xlcabs.

 

[scjb`becf h Gcstúrcf   [br træs ah tbaf h quf`quhr prbauåêb gunflf,



hxcsth unf Gcstúrcf.  Lb jfsb af [scjb`becf, f gcstúrcf thn pbr vb`tf ah



abcs nc`ílcbs. F [scjb`becf jbnhåf jbn bs erhebs, hn un phrîbab flthrcbr ë hrf jrcstê.

 

Zãju`b WW Uc`gh`n Uulat

 Jrcbu lf Xlcvhrscafah ah @hcpzce, lf F`hnflgf, b



prcnhcrb `fobrftúrcb ah [scjbdcscb`becf, hn 6758.  Ã jblscahrfab b pfc af [scjb`becf jchltîdcjf.





 

Ahshlvb`vhu

pfrf`h`csnb

f

jbljhpåêb (nãtbab) ah pscjbdîscjb, sheulab f quf` bs

dhlñnhlbs nhltfcs jbrrhspblahn f dhlñnhlbs

breïlcjbs (clstrbsphjjcblcsnb).  

Uc`gh`n Uulat

Cltrbsphjjcblcsnb 

Lhssh nãtbab, b phsqucsfabr phreultf fb sumhctb, prhvcfnhlth trhclfab, bs jfnclgbs phrjbrrcabs lb shu clthrcbr pbr unf hstcnu`fåêb shlsbrcf`.



  Uulat thvh sheucabrhs quh ahrfn jbltclucafah ës sufs phsqucsfs, pbr jfnclgbs acdhrhlths.

 

Hstruturf`csnb   _hprhshltfaf pbr Hawfra Qctjglhr, tfnoãn



prhbjupfvf-sh jbn b hstuab af jblsjcíljcf, nfs ah unf phrsphjtcvf quh afvf shquíljcf fb trfof`gb clcjcfab pbr Uulat= f jblsjcíljcf hn shus fsphjtbs hstruturfcs rh`fjcblfabs fb scsthnf lhrvbsb jhltrf`.   Qfnoãn utc`czbu b cltrbsphjjcblcsnb jbnb nãtbab.

 

Hssf cltrbsphjåêb dc`bsúdcjf (b`gfr pfrf ahltrb, futb-boshrvfåêb) dbc f prcnhcrf fobrafehn utc`czfaf lb sãju`b WW, pbr Uulat, pbrãn jbnb dblth ah dftb hnpîrcjb ftrfvãs ab Hstruturf`csnb, pfrf ahdclcr f pscjb`becf jbnb unf jcíljcf ah dftb, f jcíljcf af



jblsjcíljcf h tbrlæ-`f futñlbnf af Dc`bsbdcf

 

Hstruturf`csnb  F nhlth shrcf f sbnf abs prbjhssbs nhltfcs.



  Qctjghlhr fdcrnf quh, hnobrf b scsthnf lhrvbsb



lêb shmf f jfusf af nhlth, pbah shr usfab pfrf hxp`cjæ-`f.  Jblscahrf quh bs h`hnhltbs bu fs ulcafahs quh jbnpøhn b jblthýab af nhlth sêb fs shlsfåøhs,



fs cnfehls, fs fdhcåøhs h bs shltcnhltbs.

fs cnfehls, fs fdhcåøhs h bs shltcnhltbs.  

 Fssbjcfjcblcsnb   Dbc f prcnhcrf thbrcf ah fprhlaczfehn hn



[scjb`becf.   Brceclf-sh af jbljhpåêb ah quh f fprhlaczfehn



sh aæ pbr un prbjhssb ah fssbjcfåêb afs cahcfs ‚ afs nfcs scnp`hs ës nfcs jbnp`hxfs. j bnp`hxfs.   [frf fprhlahr un jblthýab jbnp`hxb, f phssbf prhjcsfrcf prcnhcrb fprhlahr fs cahcfs nfcs scnp`hs

fssbjcfafs ëquh`h jblthýab.  

 Fssbjcfjcblcsnb   Qgbrlacih dbrnu`bu f @hc ab Hdhctb, ah fjbrab



jbn f quf` tbab jbnpbrtfnhltb ah un breflcsnb thlah f sh rhphtcr, sh lús b rhjbnphlsfrnbs, fsscn jbnb b jbnpbrtfnhltb thlahræ f lêb fjblthjhr sh b breflcsnb dbr jfstcefab. H ph`f @hc ab Hdhctb, b breflcsnb cræ fssbjcfr hssfs sctufåøhs jbn butrfs

shnh`gflths.  

Zãju`b WCW  Dbc lbs HXF quh surecrfn fs prcnhcrfs hsjb`fs hn



[scjb`becf, afs qufcs sh brceclfrfn fs clýnhrfs thbrcfs quh hxcsthn gbmh.   Qfcs hsjb`fs fabtfrfn b nãtbab jchltîdcjb,



h`hehlab un bomhtb h ah`cnctflab shu jfnpb ah hstuab, fabtflab unf pbsturf ah lhutrf`cafah qufltb f hsth bomhtb, h jrcflab nãtbabs pfssîvhcs ah shrhn

rhphtcabs h jbnprbvfabs.  

Zãju`b WW [scjb`becf ab sãju`b WW  Fs trís nfcs cnpbrtflths cnpbrtflths thlaíljcfs th thúrcjfs úrcjfs ahssh sãju`b= Ohgfvcbrcsnb Ehstf`t [scjflæ`csh

 

Zãju`b WW Fs prcljcpfcs thbrcfs pscjb`úecjfs ab sãju`b WW 

OHGFTCB_CZNB ‚ 

•Lfsjhu f pfrtr ah un nbvcnhlb ahshlvb`vcab pbr  Mbgl Uftsbl Uftsbl (636?)9

•Bs pscjú`bebs ahvhrcfn hsuafr bs hvhl hvhlbs bs fnochlfcs

(hsnu`bs)

h

bs

jbnpbrfnhlbs jbnpbrfnhlbs

boshrvævhcs boshrvævhcs

(rhspbsfs)9 •Fprhlahr ph`f hxphrcíljcf ã jblscahrfaf f pr prcljcpf` clduíljcf sborh b jbnpbrfnhlb, jbnpbr fnhlb, shlab un úpcjb jhlrf` ah

clvhstefåêb.

 

Zãju`b WW 

OHGFTCB_CZNB

• Ufsbl ‚ prhvhr h jblrb`fr.

 

Jbnpbrtfnhltb _hspblahlth Xn hsnu`b jblghjcab h`cjcf unf rhspbsf hsphjîjf. @cefab fbs rhdhxbs

Jblacjcblfnhlb Jblacjcblfnhl b J`æsscjb H

_

cljblacjcblfab

cljblacjcblfaf

H cljblacjcblfab +

H lhurb

_ cljblacjcblfaf

H jblacjcblfab

_

Hxhnp`b J`æsscjb

 

Jbncaf Jbncaf + Zclhf

Zf`cvfåêb Zclhf

Zf`cvfåêb Zf`cvfåêb

 

B fvflåb ah Ohgfvcbrcsnb sh ahu jbn Zicllhr...

 

Zicllhr Bfnochlh. jbnpbrfnhlb ã, hsshljcf`nhlh, prbaub ab

OHGFTCB_CZNB _FACJF@ Lhef f hxcsíljcf af nhlh h fsshnh`gfabs.

Ahthrnclcsnb ab nhcb= nhcb= lêb gæ hsjb`gf phssbf` bu `cvrh froîrcb.

 

[frf hstuafr b jbnpbrtfnhltb Hxfnclfr jbnb b jbnpbrfnhlb sh rh`fjcblf f hvhlbs flhjhahlhs h sufs jblshqðíljcfs Flhjhahlhs

F

Jblshqðíljcf

Jbnpbrfnhlb Thr un jfrrb

O

[hacr unf hsnb`f

Eflgfr unf nbhaf

[rbvf surprhsf

Jb`fr

Qcrfr zhrb

[frf hstuafr b jbnpbrtfnhltb

 

Hxfnclfr jbnb b jbnpbrfnhlb sh rh`fjcblf f hvhlbs flhjhahlhs h sufs jblshqðíljcfs Flhjhahlhs

F

Jblshqðíljcf

Jbnpbrfnhlb Thr un jfrrb

O

[hacr unf hsnb`f

Eflgfr unf nbhaf

[rbvf surprhsf

Jb`fr

Qcrfr zhrb

 

Bphrflth h Jbnpbrtfnhltb Bphrflt Xn jbnpbrfnhlb bphrflh ã unf rhspbsf quh bphrf lb fnochlh h nbacjf-b.

Qcpbs ah jblshqðíljcfs

_hbråb

[ulcåêb

Fusíljcf (Hxtlåêb)

 

HZJB@FZ [ZCJÚ@BECJFZ EHZQF@Q ‚ ehstf`t (euçs) (ab f`hnêb Ehstf`t,



"dbrnf"), [scjb`becf af Dbrnf • Ã un thrnb f`hnêb ah acdîjc` jbnprhhlsêb. B

thrnb nfcs prúxcnb hn pbrtueuís shrcf dbrnfbu jbldceurfåêb, nfs lêb ã utc`czfab.

•

Hstuaf f phrjhpåêb h f shlsfåêb ab nbvcnhltb, bs prbjhssbs pscjb`úecjbs hlvb`vcabs acflth ah un hstînu`b h jbnb hsth ã phrjhocab ph`b sumhctb. F Fss shlsfåøhs (afab pscjb`úecjb) ah hspfåb-dbrnf h

thnpb-dbrnf (b afab dîscjb).  

HZJB@FZ [ZCJÚ@BECJFZ • Bs trís phsqucsfabrhs quh nfrjfrfn hssf jbrrhlth

thúrcjf dbrfn Nfx Uhrtghcnhr Uhrtghcnhr,, Ub`defle Ibg`hr h Iurt Ibddif. H`hs hnofsfrfn lbs hstuabs pscjbdîscjbs  ‚ bs qufcs rh`fjcblfrfn f dbrnf h suf phrjhpåêb.  F Ehstf`t ‚ bu Ehstf`t-thrfpcf jblghjcaf pbr thrfpcf ab jbltftb, jbltftb, trfof`gf b clacvîaub jbnb un tbab h

lêb fphlfs hn`ahthrnclfab pscjbhnbjcblf` pscjbhnbjcblf fprhshltfab.prbo`hnf F Ehstf`t lêb thn jbnb prhbjupfåêb nfcbr trfof`gfr jbn ofsh lf brcehn ab prbo`hnf. B dbjb ã jbnprhhlahr jbnb b prhshlth

fdhtf b clacvîaub h b gæ quhun pbah shr dhctbhnbjcblf`. pfrf nuafr f rhf`cafah, quflab cljñnbab  

HZJB@FZ [ZCJÚ@BECJFZ EHZQF@Q ‚ [scjb`becf af Dbrnf

•H`hs clcjcfrfn shus hstuabs ph`f phrjhpåêb h shlsfåêb ab nbvcnhltb. Ousjfvfn hlthlahr qufcs bs prbjhssbs pscjb`úecjbs quh hstfvfn hlvb`vcabs lf c`usêb quflab b hstînu`b dîscjb ã phrjhocab ph`bútcjf, sumhctb jbnb unf dbrnf acdhrhlth af quh h`h thn lf rhf`cafah.

 

HZJB@FZ [ZCJÚ@BECJFZ EHZQF@Q ‚ [scjb`becf af Dbrnf

 

HZJB@FZ [ZCJÚ@BECJFZ

 

EHZQF@Q ‚ [scjb`becf af Dbrnf

• F [hrjhpåêb ã b pblb ah pfrtaf ahssf hbrcf • •

ab Ohgfvcbrcsnb > H

_ [_BJHZZB AH [H_JH[ÅÊB

[frf f [scjb`becf af Ehsf` > H _ • B quh b clacvîaub phrjhoh h jbnb h`h phrjhoh sêb afabs cnpbrflhs pfrf jbnprhhlsêb ab shu

jbnpbrfnhlb.

 

HZJB@FZ [ZCJÚ@BECJFZ EHZQF@Q ‚ [scjb`becf af Dbrnf •[rhef-sh quh lbssf phrjhpåêb lêp sh aæ pbr [blbs Csb`fabs h scn ph`f vcsêb ab Qbab.

•‐B bab ã nfcs ab quh f sbnf afs pfrhs„= fb sh phrjhohr un bomhb gæ unf unf hlaíljcf ah sshh phrjhohr f bf`cafah ab bomhb.

 

HZJB@FZ [ZCJÚ@BECJFZ F hlaíljcf af lbssf phrjhpåêb ã ah ousjfr f obf-brnf cssb phrnch=

F rh`fåêb hlrh eurf h ulab

 

HZJB@FZ [ZCJÚ@BECJFZ EHZQF@Q ‚ [scjb`becf af Dbrnf

•

nflhcrf jbnb phrjhohnbs ahthrnclfab  F un ahthrnclfab hsnu`b cræ jbnpbrtfnhltb ahshljfahfr  .

 

[ZCJFLÆ@CZH • Hlquflb hbrcf , jfrfjhrczf-sh pbr un jblmulb ah jblghjcnhlbs scshnftzfabs sborh b uljcblfnhlb af vcaf psîqucjf.

• Jbnb nãbab ah clvhstefåêb, jfrfjhrczfph`b sh nãbab clhrprhftvb, quh scelcjfab ousjf bju`b afquc`b quh ã nflchsfab pbr nhcb ah fåøhs h pf`fvrfs, bu ph`fs prbauåøhs cnfeclærcfs, jbnb sblgbs, ah`îrcbs, fssbjcfåøhs Obji ht f`, ?;;7

`cvrhs, fbs f`gbs...

Obji ht f`, ?;;7

 

Drhua • B ulafabr af pscjflæ`csh, lf pfssfehn ab sãj. WCW pfrf b sãj. WW frnfvf quh fb jblsrucr suf hbrcf lêb tlgf f clhlåêb ah jrcfr jblvcjåøhs, nfs, ah ahrruofr hbrcfs h prhjbljhcbs.

Obji ht f`, ?;;7  

• Zcenula Drhua (6784-63:3) bc un nãacjb vchlhlsh quh f`hrbu rfacjf`nhlh shu nbab ah phlsfr f vcaf psîqucjf.

• Busbu hsuafr rhecøhs bosjurfs, ‐prbjhssbs ncshrcbsbs„ lb pscqucsnb, f` jbnb sblgbs, hsquhjcnhlbs, hsquhjcnhlb s, (...) Obji ht f`, ?;;3

 

• F prætjf prbsscblf` rhhrh-sh ë brnf ah rffnhlb ‚ f flæ`csh - quh ousjf b

•

fubjblghjcnhlb bu jurf, quh bjbrrh pbr nhcb ahssh prbjhssb ah clvhstefåêb. h x h r j î j c b a f [ s c j f l æ ` c s h f j b l  h j h h n = B pscjbhrfpcfs, fjblsh`gfnhlb, brchlfåêb, fp`cjfaf fb rfof`gb ah erupb, clstucåøhs, (...) Obji ht `, ?;;7

 

 F ahsjbohrtf ab Cljblsjchlth Cljblsjchlth • B hsquhjcab hrf shnprh f`eb phlbsb pfrf b

clacvcaub h hrf hxffnhlh pbr cssb quh gfvcf scab hsquhjcab. Nfs phlbsb lêb scelcjfvf, lhjhssfrcfnhlh f`eb rucn, nfs f`eb obn quh sh phrahrf.

•  F jcíljcf lêb jblsheuh h`fobrfr h jfpturfr unf rhspbstf ës cljhrthzfs quh b clacvîaub jfrrhef, nfs f [scjflæ`csh scn. • Breflczf un jfnclgb scsthnftczfab pfrf

hxp`cjfr fs acdcju`afahs quh shltcnbs acflth ah hsjb`gfs f shrhn dhctfs. Obji ht f`, ?;;3  

Qhbrcf • 63;;, Drhua fprhshlf f prcnhcrf jbljhpåêb sborh f hsruurf psîqucjf h b uljcblfnhlb psîqucjb, quh sh rhhrh f hxcsíljcf ah : clsïljcfs/lîvhcss af jblsjcíljcf= clsïljcfs/lîvhc - Cljblsjchlh - [rã-jblsjchlh - Jblsjchlh

Obji ht f`, ?;;3  

JBLZJCHLQH • Ã b scshnf ab fpfrh`gb psîqucjb quh rhjhoh fb nhsnb hnpb fs clbrnfåøhs ab nulab hxhrcbr h fs ab nulab clhrcbr. • Lf jblsjcíljcf, ahsfjf-sh hlñnhlb af phrjhpåêb, prcljcpf`nhlh f phrjhpåêb ab hxhrcbr, fhlåêb, b rfjcbjîlcb. • nulab Lf jblsjcíljcf, ahsfjf-sh b hlñnhlb af phrjhpåêb, prcljcpf`nhlh f phrjhpåêb ab

 

[_Ã-JBLZJCHLQH • _hhrh-sh fb scshnf hn quh phrnflhjhn bs jblhýabs fjhssîvhcs ë jblsjcíljcf. Ã fquc`b quh lêb hsæ lf jblsjcíljcf, nfs, lb nbnhlb sheuclh pbah hsfr.

 

CLJBLZJCHLQH

• Ã jblstuîab pbr jblhýabs rhprcncabs, quh lêb hn fjhssb fbs scshnfs prã-jblsjchlhs/ jblsjchlh, ph`f fåêb ah jhlsurf clhrlf.

• Hsshs jblhýabs pbahn hr scab jblsjchlhs un acf, pfrf nfs,b cljblsjchlh. pbr hrhn scab rhprcncabs, ‐brfn„

• Ã fhnpbrf`, jbn `hcs prúprcfs.  

HZQ_XQX_F AH [H_ZBLF@CAFAH •[frf Drhua, f phrsblf`cafah ã jbnpbsf pbr rís hsruurfs nhlfcs= Ca

Heb

Zuphrheb

•Drhua fjrhacfvf quh jfaf hsruurf rhscah, jbnp`hf bu pfrjcf`nhlh, lb cljblsjchlh, h jfaf unf ã rhspblsævh` pbr un fsphjb achrhlh af phrsblf`cafah.

 

CA • [rhshlh ahsah b lfsjcnhlb. • Ã jbnb

unf jrcflåf ‚ b ca ã cnfurb, cnpu`scvb h crrfjcblf`.

• Bphrfab ph`b  prcljîpcb

ab prfzhr  ‚ f prbjurf

cnhacff h ahsclcocaf ab prfzhr, h f uef ab ahsjblbrb.

• _hscah clhcrfnhlh lb cljblsjchlh.  

HEB • Zheulaf pfrh af pscquh f ahshlvb`vhr-sh. ahshlvb`vhr-sh. • Jfpfjcafah pfrf p`flhmfr, rhsb`vhr prbo`hnfs, rfjcbjclfr h jblrb`fr b ca.

• Xnf ah suf prcljcpfcs frhfs ã hljblrfr bomhbs pfrf sftsfzhr fs lhjhsscafahs ab CA, ah fjbrab jbn f rhf`cafah (fnochlh hxhrlb).

rhf`cafah. • Bphrfab ph`b prcljîpcb af rhf`cafah

 

ZX[H_HEB • [frh lf` af pscquh f ahshlvb`vhr-sh. • Brceclf-sh jbnb pfrh ab heb, nfs shpfrf-sh ahvh pfr fecr jbn un shlsbr nbrf` pfrf f pscquh.

• Ã un jblmulb rherfs

ah

pfarøhs

ãtjbsbu

ah jbnpbrfnhlb.

• Bphrfab ph`b prcljîpcb af nbrf`cafah nbrf`cafah.

 

_hdhríljcfs OBJI, F.N.O., DX_QFAB, B., QHCWHC_F, N.ah @.Q. [scjb`becfs== Xnf cltrbauåêb fb hstuab ah [scjb`becfs [scjb`becf. 61ª hacåêb. Zêb [fu`b= Zfrfcvf,?;;7.



GBXFCZZ. Acjcblærcb h`htrñlcjb af `îleuf pbrtueuhsf ?;;3.4= ?;;3.4= vhrsêb nblbusuærcb. Hactbrf Bomhtcvf, ?;6:.



_HCZ, Mbêb B`înpcb Zbfrhs abs (ht f` ). ). [scjb`becf af Haujfåêb. ?ª hacåêb. Nblths J`frbs ‚ NE= Hactbrf



Xlcnblths, ?;6:.

 

OBLZ HZQXABZ!