Aula 2
August 25, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Y]@JKS@W CK KHLKHEB]AB Yr`f. Bhb Nävab Bhcrbck
B[NB = • W`nacw`ros - G`hfalurbìûks ahagabas / Ahtkrfbgk • W`nacw`ros - ]knbìûks Whbps • Kxkrgäga`s Wbnb ck Bunb
W`nacw`ros ‗
G`hfalurbìûks ahagabas / Ahtkrfbgk
B` bmrar ` W@NAC\@]OW =92< vba bpbrkgkr b tknb b` nbc`. • Wk quaskr g`dkìbr ud H`v` C`gudkht` gnagb h` äg`hk
g`d sädm`n` g`dud h`s pr`lrbdbs c` \ahc`ws pbrb H`v`s C`gudkht`s. @u sknkga`hb (Gtrn+H). Vç` bpbrkgkr três `pìûks ck h`v`s c`gudkht`s: - Ykìb (`u Ybrt kd ahlnês), D`htblkd (`u Bsskdmny) `u Ckskhe` (`u Crbwhahl). 2. =. 7.
H@V@ C@G[DKHS@
C@AW GNAR[KW
Ykìb Ykìb ‗ Gra Grabr br p pbrt brtks ks skpb skpbrb rbcbs cbs,, úha úhagbs gbs.. D`h D`htblk tblkd d ‗ Juht Juhtbr br Y Ykìbs kìbs `u gr grabr abr h`vb h`vbss pk pkìbs ìbs kd ckskhe`s kxastkhtks. Cksk Ckskhe` he` ‗ Grabr ` bbrquav rquav` ` ck adprk adprkssç` ssç` c` pr`jk pr`jkt` t` (Sbrjb), kd =C.
AHAGABHC@ @ CKWKHE@ CK [DB YKÌB ‗ Gnagb-sk cubs vkzks h` Äg`hk g`d ` h`dk Ykìb, `u udb vkz h` äg`hk cb Ykìb k `utrb kd @O. Ybrb D`htblkd pr`gkcadkht`.
k
Ckskhe`
skluk
`
dksd`
@[ WKNKGA@HB YKÌB K GNAGB H@ „@O—
W`nacw`ros ‗
G`hfalurbìûks ahagabas / Ahtkrfbgk
• Wk quaskr Bmrar ud brquav` kxastkhtk gnagb h` äg`hk skluahtk. @u sknkga`hb (Gtrn+H).
BM]A] C@G[DKHS@
B tknb ck bmrar vba d`strbr ` gbdahe` pbrb musgbr b Ykìb, D`htblkd D`htblk d `u Ckskhe` quk sk ckskjb trbmbnebr . Nkdmrbhc` quk `s brquav`s ckvkd skluar bs skluahtks Skrdahbìûks: *.WNCY]S pbrb Ykìbs (W÷nac`s, Wupkrfgaks k Gebpbs, ktg.)? *.WNCBWD pbrb D`htblkhs (D`htblkhs, bhadbìûks, pkrsp. kxpn`cacb, ktg)? *.WNCC]\ pbrb ckskhe`s (Sbdbhe`s B3, B7, B=, B2 k B9)
K BAHCB HB MB]]B CK ÄHAGA@: • Wk quaskr Wbnvbr ` brquav` gnagb h` äg`hk ,`u sknkga`hb (Gtrn+W). • Wk quaskr Adpradar ` brquav` gnagb h` äg`hk ,`u sknkga`hb (Gtrn+Y). • Wk quaskr Cksbzkr udb bìç` gnagb h` äg`hk ,`u sknkga`hb (Gtrn+Z). •Wk quaskr Wknkga`hbr khcbcks, khcbcks, brkstbs, várgks, ktg. gnagb h` äg`hk .
WKNKGA@HB @ B]R[AV@ K GNAGB KD „BM]A]—
W`nacw`ros ‗
G`hfalurbìûks G`hfalurbìû ks ahagabas / Ahtkrfbgk
• B` gnagbr h` dkhu Fkrrbdkhtbs kxastk ` atkd @pìûks, sk gnagbrd`s hknk vba bpbrkgkr @pìûks c` sastkdb (flurb 2). Hkstk atkd @pìûks ck Wastkdb
p`ckd`s g`hflurbr g`hflurbr ` pr`lrbdb kd lkrbn. Y`ckd`s ducbr p`r kxkdpn` bs g`rks cb tknb ck trbmbne`, g`hflurbr g`hflurbr ` tkdp` ck sbnvbdkht` ck mbgoup, ` n`gbn `hck sbnvbr `s brquav`s, ktg. Kstk G`dbhc` tbdmád bpbrkgk g`d ` äg`hk Y`rkd sk ` g`dbhc` H@V@ `a sknkga`hbc` g`d` Ykìb, p`r kxkdpn`, vba bpbrkgkr udb skluhcb bmb qubhc` gnagbrd`s h` g`dbhc` @pìûks: Yr`prakcbcks c` c`gudkht` (flurb =), `hck p`ckd`s g`hflurbr ` brquav` quk kstbd`s trbmbnebhc`. Y`ckd`s, p`r kxkdpn` kxkdpn`,, ducbr tkxt`s, g`tbs, uhacbcks, ktg.
FAL[]B 2
FAL[]B =
W`nacw`ros ‗
G`hfalurbìûks ahagabas / Ahtkrfbgk
• B` g`dkìbr ud h`v` ckskhe` (Ykìb p`r
kxkdpn`), vba bpbrkgkr b tknb bmbax`, g`d bs skluahtks ah`rdbìû ah`rdbìûks: ks: - G@DDBHC DBHBLK]:
]kgurs`s (Fkbturks)? Ksm`ì` (Woktge)? Ckdbas Mbrrbs ck Fkrrbdkhtbs
G@DDBHC DBHBHLK]
(Wupkrgaks, Gebpbs dktânagbs, W`ncblkhs, ktg.)
Â]KB CK S]BMBNE@ - LK]KHGABC@] CK ]KG[]W@W `u Â]V@]K
CK Y]@JKS@W (FKBS[]K DBHBLK]) :
H`dk cb Ykìb
(Y`ck skr rkh`dkbc`, tkgnb F= `u m`tç` carkat` )?
East÷rag`, Wkhs`rks, Bh`tbìûks? Dbtkrabn (p`ck ksg`nekr bhtks ck g`dkìbr b ckskhebr, `u ckp`as c` ckskhe` pr`ht`)? Ynbh`s (Fr`htbn, Wupkra`r, Carkat`)?
@ralkd.
- Â]KB CK S]BMBNE@.
LK]KHGABC@] CK ]KG[]W@W
W`nacw`ros ‗
]knbìûks Whbps NAHEB
• Ybrb g`dkìbr b ckskhebr b pkìb ku
prkgas`, pradkar`, ksg`nekr ` pnbh` quk qukr` trbmbnebr: Fr`htbn, Wupkra`r `u Carkat`.
YNBH@ KWG@NEAC@
• Wkluhc` prkgas` bmrar ud Ksm`ì`
(Woktge), n`l` vba ebmanatbr h` G`ddbhc Dbhbhlkr b S``nMbr ck Ksm`ì`, g`d g`dbhc`s ck knkdkht`s ck ckskhe` g`d`: Nahebs, ]ktíhlun`s, Gärgun`s, p`näl`h`s, ktg. • Wk, p`r kxkdpn`, g`dkìbrd`s p`r udb
naheb. Gnagbr h` Äg`hk Naheb h` bnt` cb tknb (G`ddbhc Dbhblkr). Y`ckd`s ksg`nekr ` p` Naheb cb naheb: Naheb (c`as p`ht`s ck kcaìç`), ck gkhtr` (trbgkjbcb) `u Naheb c` p`ht` dáca`. Ckp`as p`ckd`s gnagbr kd qubnqukr n`gbn cb tknb pbrb ahagabrd`s b naheb. Y`ck-sk usbr b `ralkd pbrb g`dkìbr ` ckskhe`.
@]ALKD
W`nacw`ros ‗
]knbìûks Whbps
• Bp÷s ` g`dbhc` Naheb skr ahagabc` hb ârkb ck
trbmbne` p`ckd`s h`tbr quk n`l` surlk ud sädm`n` ck ud nâpas g`d húdkr`s b carkatb, kstks sç` b cadkhsç` cb naheb, k bnludbs vkzks vba surlar ` íhlun` tbdmád. • Ybrb íhlun`s ck 9¹ vba bpbrkgkr ` äg`hk bdbrkn`
ahcagbhc` quk b naheb á e`raz`htbn, k kd íhlun`s ck 19¹ ` äg`hk fgb hb vkrgbn. (Falurb 2 k =). • Ybrb cktkrdahbr íhlun`s g`hekgac`s p`ckd`s
d`cafgbr kd @YÌÛKW, h` g`dbhc` ]knbìûks Whbps (tknb b` nbc`) pbrb ` íhlun` quk vba bpbrkgkr g`d ` sädm`n` hb tknb. (Falurb 7).
FAL[]B 2
FAL[]B =
FAL[]B 7
CKSK]DAHB @ ÍHL[N@ FAU@ BNÁD C@ 9¹ K C@ 19¹
W`nacw`ros ‗
]knbìûks Whbps
• Wk fzkrd`s udb naheb, skd íhlun` g`hekgac` h`s p`ckd`s cktkrdahbr ` tbdbhe` k ` íhlun` quk qukrkd`s. N`l` b` graâ-nb b naheb fgb bzun, g`d c`as p`ht`s
tbdmád bzuas hbs kxtrkdacbcks. (Falurb 2). Kstb á udb naheb skd rkstraìûks, skd hkheudb ]knbìç` kxastkht kxastkhtk. k.
•Y`rád sk gnagbrd`s g`d ` m`tç` ksqukrc` ksqukrc` c` d`usk s`mrk b naheb p`ckd`s kcatbr sub cadkhsç` k fxbr ` bhlun`. (Falurb =)
0
FAL[]B 2
FAL[]B =
W`nacw`ros ‗
]knbìûks Whbps
• B` gnagbrd`s kd bcaga`hbr rknbìûks kstbd`s grabhc` rkstraìûks b naheb. Y`r kxkdpn` sk gnagbrd`s hb vkrgbn b naheb pbssb b tkr 19¹ (Fal.2), gbs` sk qukarb ducbr
pbrb e`raz`htbn câ krr`. (Fal.=). Wkrâ prkgas` cknktbr `u kxgnuar udb cbs nahebs ck rknbìûks. (Fal.7) pbrb quk p`ssbd`s ducbr ` skhc` cb naheb. (Fal.3).
FAL[]B 2
FAL[]B =
FAL[]B 7
FAL[]B 3
W`nacw`ros ‗ 2. =. 7.
Kxkrgäga` 2
Ckskhebr qubt qubtr` r` (3) nahebs s`ntbs ck tbdbhe` qubnquk qubnqukr, r, kd qubnqukr n`gb n`gbnn cb ârk ârkbb ck tr trbmbne`, bmbne`, udb e`raz`htbn, udb vkrgbn, k cubs ahgnahbcbs . N` N`gbr gbr b nnahe ahebb e`r e`raz az`ht `htbn bn hb ` `ral ralkd kd c` c cksk kskhe` he`.. Kst Kstbmknk bmknkgkhc` gkhc` ]knb ]knbìûks ìûks khtr khtrkk bs nanahebs, hebs, ggrabr rabr b f flurb lurb bmbax bmbax`. `.
W`nacw`ros ‗
Kxkrgäga` =
Ckskhebr bs flurbs bmbax` usbhc` bs rknbìûks ck nahebs.
Yr`f. Bhb Nävab Bhcrbck bhb.bhcrbckIuhafbgs.mr
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