Aula 13 de Inglês

 

Afsskl 02 - @rf yku rf`jy tk krjfr;

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Bkeprffljfr rktcl`s jf rfst`ur`ltf, feprfm`ljk k vkb`duaàrck f fxprfssöfs rfgfrfltfs ` fst`s rktcl`s9 Tftke`r k usk jk Xrfsflt Bkltclukus, jfsbrfvfljk `s `íöfs quf fstâk `bkltfbfljk fe ue rfst`ur`ltf9 G`a`r skdrf `aceflt`íâk, utcacz`ljk k vkb`duaàrck jf `acefltks f dfdcj`s9 Bkeprffljfr k kgfrfbcefltk jf `acefltks f dfdcj`s, rfbklofbfljk k usk j` fstrutur` fst rutur` ]kuaj yku acif...;9 Rkacbct`r `acefltks f dfdcj`s, utcacz`ljk ks vfrdks ekj`cs ]caa, ]kuaj, B`l f E`y9 Tf`acz`r pfjcjks fe rfst`ur`ltfs, g`zfljk usk jf skef f `l `ly. y.

Ofrf wf mk!

0. C–j acif... Xfjcr ue` rfgfcíâk fe ue akb`a bkefrbc`a ã ue` `íâk bkeulcb`tcv` bkeue è qu`aqufr aålmu`. X`r` cssk, ã prfbcsk bklofbfr lâk sò k vkb`duaàrck rfgfrfltf ` bkecj`s f dfdcj`s, e`s t`edãe `s fxprfssöfs f fstrutur`s lfbfssàrc`s p`r` rfspkljfr f rf`acz`r skacbct`íöfs lfstf bkltfxtk. Lfst` `ua`, vkbî v`c fstuj`r ks  ks ekj`a vfrds> wcaa  f wkuaj , f rfafedr`r kutrks (B`l  f E`y ). ). Z`edãe vfrà ks lkefs jf jcvfrsks jcsofs  f dfvfr`mfs/jrclis  `sskbc`jks `k usk jf Rkef  f  @ly   p`r` rf`acz`r pfjcjks fe clmaîs. @aãe jfstfs lkvks bkltfþjks vkbî v`c rfafedr`r k usk jk Xrfsflt Bkltclukus 

Makss`ry Jcsofs> pr`tks Dfvfr`mfs/jrclis> dfdcj`s

p`r` jfsbrfvfr `íöfs quf fstâk `bkltfbfljk.

Afsskl 02 - @rf yku rf`jy tk krjfr;

06

f-Zfb Dr`sca

 

@ p`rtcr jfst` bklvfrs`, vkbî vcu `amue`s gr`sfs bkeuefltf us`j`s fe rfst`ur`ltfs qu`ljk qufrfeks g`zfr k pfjcjk. Wkbî t`edãe nà pkjf pfrbfdfr `amue`s p`a`vr`s rfgfrfltfs ` jcsofs f dfvfr`mfs. Rfljk `ssce, vkb bkef`rà k fstujk jks bkltfjks pkr fstf `ssultk, bklr` lk tpcbk ` sfmucr> Cl tof eflu.

@ujck

2. Mfttclm tof o`lm kg ct 2.0 Cl tof eflu Pu`ljk sf fstà fe kutrk p`ås ã cepkrt`ltf s`dfr k lkef j`s bkecj`s f dfdcj`s p`r` lâk pfjcr `amk quf vkbî lâk mkstf ku quf lâk pkss` bkefr pkr ektcvks jf s`þjf, bkek, pkr fxfepak, `afrmc`. @bkep`lof ` sfmucr `amuls ctfls rfgfrfltfs è bkecj`>

Mfttclm kl R`cd` e`cs skdrf ` rktcl` jf `amuls rfst`ur`ltfs l` @eãrcb` jk Lkrtf fe ]`ct ` eclutf.

 @ppftczfrs

E`cl bkursf

Afsskl 02 - @rf yku rf`jy tk krjfr;

0=

f-Zfb Dr`sca

 

@ujck

Makss`ry b`rlf D`rdfbufj> `ss`j` (bke b`rvâk) Tk`stfj> `ss`j` (lk gkrlk) Mrcaafj> mrfao`j` Rtfw> bkzcj` Ef`t>

Dffg> dcgf jf dkc T`rf> e`a-p`ss`jk ]faa-jklf> dfe-p`ss`jk T`w>

bru

Fxcstfe jcgfrfltfs gkre`s p`r` prfp`r`r ` ef`t , quf pkjf sfr d`rdfbufj  rk`stfj , mrcaafj  ku  ku `clj` sfrvcj` l` gkre` jf stfw . @aãe jcssk, fspfbc`aefltf lk b`sk jf dffg  k pkltk j` b`rlf pkjf sfr r`rf, efjcue-r`rf,  efjcue, efjcue-wfaa f wfaa-jklf.  ,

 ,

Z`edãe fxcstfe ks tfreks r`w , uljfrbkkifj   f Z`edãe f kvfrbkkifj , e`s fe mfr`a cljcb`e ue` kpclcâk lfm`tcv` skdrf k bkzcefltk j` b`rlf.

Jrclis Eclj tof m`p Grff w`tfr  Ve` jcgfrflí` quf fxcstf lk `tfljcefltk fe rfst`ur`ltfs lks Fst`jks Vlcjks ã quf fafs sfrvfe àmu` jf mr`í`. @ àmu`

sfrvcj` ã j` tkrlfcr`, vfe fe ue` n`rr`, e`s  atr`j` ( afc lks Fst`jks Vlcjks) f pkjf sfr rfaafj ("rfpkst`") vàrc`s vfzfs. @ssce, sf vkbî gkr pfjcr àmu`, fspfbcquf sf  t`p w`tfr  ("àmu`  ("àmu` j` tkrlfcr`") ku sf vkbî qufr  ("àmu` eclfr`a"). eclfr`a w`tfr  ("àmu` Rf vkbî pfjcr `pfl`s w`tfr , crâk aof tr`zfr ue` àmu` jf m`rr`g` f vkbî crà p`m`r pkr fa`. Wkbî t`edãe pkjf pfjcr sp`riaclm w`tfr  (‑àmu`  (‑àmu` bke màs―) ku stcaa w`tfr  (‑àmu`  (‑àmu` sfe màs―).

0ª fj. rfv. f `tu`a.

0?

Flmacso

 

Jfssfrt

@ujck

Fxfrbctf fssf vkb`duaàrck bke `s  @btcvctcfs Jcllfr wcto grcfljs f Gkkj `lj dfvfr`mf. Dke tr`d`aok! Af`rlclm `btcvcty

L` Afsskl 8=  vkbî   vkbî fstujku k  Xrfsflt Bkltclukus, Bkltclukus, quf jfscml` `íöfs quf fstâk `bkltfbfljk lk ekefltk j` g`a` . @ sfmucr, vkbî v`c rfvfr fstf bkltfþjk `sskbc`jk ` ue bkltfxtk fspfbbk.

Afsskl 02 - @rf yku rf`jy tk krjfr;

03

Jcllfr wcto grcfljs Gkkj `lj dfvfr`mf

f-Zfb Dr`sca

 

Judf> Rkrry jujf! C–e drkif! C d`rfay o`vf eklfy tk p`y gkr tocs fxpflscvf wclf. Xaus

tof t`xfs… E`ydf lfxt tcef. B`ratkl> @aa rcmot tofl, yku b`l mk str`cmot tk tof b`socfr.

Eclj tof m`p Fe rfst`ur`lts jk tcpk t`if `w`y   lâk oà ` pksscdcacj`jf jf tk st`y , ku sfn`, bkefr lk akb`a. K efsek kbkrrf bke rfst`ur`ltfs quf tr`d`ao`e bke jfacvfry . Nà B`ratkl, tr`d`ao`ljk lk

Judf> Zo`lis B`ratkl. Rff yku cl tof Xud... B`ratkl> Rff yku... kaj sbrkkmf!

@k g`a`r jk fst`v` `bkltfbfljk lk rfst`ur`ltf, lk ekefltk j` bklvfrs` bkequf Judf, B`ratkl utcaczku vàrc`s vfzfs ` fstrutur` jk Xrfsflt Bkltclukus , quf ã gkre`j` pfak vfrdk Zk df + -clm. Xkr fxfepak, `k jczfr quf `amuls bacfltfs fstâk pfjcljk k eflu p`r` ue` m`ríklftf, B`ratkl jcssf>  

 

JfwcttMrcaa Tfst`ur`lt , pkjfrc` pfrmult`r ` `amue bacflt > Zk st`y kr tk mk , cljcb`ljk quf

fxcstf ` kpíâk jf afv`r k `acefltk ku bkefr `ac efsek.

Zofy `rf `siclm gkr eflus tk to`t w`ctrfss .

Lfst` gr`sf, k vfrdk prclbcp`a ã `si , f, pkr faf fst`r jfsbrfvfljk ue` `íâk quf fstà `bkltfbfljk, vkbî jfvf afedr`r quf faf ã `brfsbcjk jf -clm . K `rf  (vfrdk Zk Df) ã pkscbckl`jk `ltfs jk vfrdk prclbcp`a pkcs sf rfgfrf `k tofy , sunfctk lk paur`a, ku sfn`, ks bacfltfs.  ,  ,

@mkr`, kdsfrvf bkek `bkltfbf fe kutr` g`a` jf B`ratkl> Rof cs p`ssclm  wcto tof jcsofs `lj dfvfr`mfs.  

@quc ` aòmcb` ã ` efse` qu`ltk è `pacb`íâk jk -clm  `k  `k vfrdk prclbcp`a p`ss. Lk flt`ltk, bkek k sunfctk fstà lk sclmua`r, vkbî nà jfvf tfr pfrbfdcjk quf lâk gkc utcacz`jk `rf e`s cs  ,

 

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L` `btcvcty F`tclm kut vkbî pkjfrà pr`tcb`r ks vfrdks lk Xrfsflt Bkltclukus  bkepaft`ljk k tfxtk quf l`rr` k quf B`ray f Borcstclf fstâk g`zfljk  

fe ue rfst`ur`ltf. @ sfmucr, vkbî crà fstuj`r K Ekj`a Wfrd ]kuaj   f su` utcacj`jf p`r` skacbct`r `acefltks lk rfst`ur`ltf.

Afsskl 02 - @rf yku rf`jy tk krjfr;

40

Af`rlclm `btcvcty F`tclm kut 

f-Zfb Dr`sca

 

2.2 ]kuaj acif ]kuaj  fltrf kutr`s `pacb`íöfs ã utcacz`jk p`r` rf`acz`r k pfjcjk fe rfst`ur`ltfs, jfeklstr`ljk e`ckr  pkactflfss. Ã e`cs mfltca jczfr C wkuaj   ,

@ujck

 ,

 

acif ` acif  ` s`a`j jk quf C w`lt  ` s`a`j.  

Pu`ljk Judf g`z k pfjcjk jk n`lt`r p`r` B`ratkl, faf usku ` gkre` bkltr`åj` jk ]kuaj . Kdsfrvf> C–j acif skef turify `lj ` s`a`j gkr ofr.

Fe pfrmult`s, k ]kuaj ã pkscbckl`jk `ltfs jk sunfctk. Wfn` l` g`a` jf Judf,  

qu`ljk bklre` bke Borcstclf sf fa` mkst`rc` jf pfjcr e`cs `amue` bkcs`> C tocli to`t–s ct, wkuaj yku acif skeftoclm fasf, d`df;

Kutr` gkre` jf g`a`r k quf sf qufr bkefr ku dfdfr fe ue rfst`ur`ltf ã utcacz`ljk ` fxprfssâk –aa o`vf. Jur`ltf k n`lt`r bke Borcstclf, Judf Eclj tof m`p K vfrdk O`vf pkjf sudstctucr ks vfrdks Jrcli  f  f F`t  qu`ljk  qu`ljk sf fstà g`a`ljk jk quf dfdfeks f bkefeks.  Xkr fxfepak> C–aa o`vf skj`. 5 C–aa jrcli skj`. C–aa o`vf ` dcsbuct. 5 C–aa C– aa f`t ` dcsbuct.

utcaczku ` fxprfssâk ]f–aa o`vf nà quf faf fst`v` g`a`ljk pfaks jkcs. Wfn`> ]f–aa o`vf tocs rfj wclf `lj skef w`tfr.

à cepkrt`ltf jfst`b`r quf `k rfspkljfr jf gkre` lfm`tcv` fe rfa`íâk ` `acefltks, lâk pkjfeks utcacz`r ]kuajl–t  ku,  ku, efsek, ]kuaj lkt . à `jfqu`jk fltâk utcacz`r Lk, to`li yku ku Lk, to`lis. @bkep`lof ks fxfepaks> ]kuaj yku acif skeftoclm fasf; Sfs, paf`sf.

Lk, to`li yku.

Lk, to`lis.

@pòs fstuj`r fstf bkltfþjk vkbî pkjfrà rf`acz`r `  @btcvcty Dfclm Xkactf.  @pòs, `bkep`lof bkek prklulbc`r bkrrft`efltf k Ekj`a Wfrd ]kuaj . Af`rlclm `btcvcty Dfclm Xkactf

0ª fj. rfv. f `tu`a.

@ssce, qu`ljk tcvfr quf usà-ak p`r` skacbct`r `amk ku g`zfr `amue pfjcjk,

 nà fst`rà ue pkubk e`cs `bkstue`jk bke bke su` prklþlbc`.

44

Flmacso

 

Kut akuj 2.: ]kuaj

@ujck

@k prklulbc`r ` p`a`vr` ]kuaj   f ]kuajl–t  `   ` aftr` ‑k― lâk ã prklulbc`j`, mfr`ljk skefltf k ske jf ‑u―. Fsbutf f rfpct`> ]kuaj yku acif skef jrclis;

Sfs, C wkuaj. Lk, C wkuajl–t.

@aãe jks `spfbtks aclmuåstcbks, pr`tcb`r ` prklþlbc` ã gulj`eflt`a p`r` `jqucrcr gauîlbc` l` kr`acj`jf. Lk bkltfþjk ` sfmucr vkbî pkjfrà `epac`r su` `prfljcz`mfe fstuj`ljk kutrks usks jk B`l `lj E`y.

2.6 B`l `lj E`y - pkactf rfqufsts @tã `mkr` vkbî tclo` utcacz`jk k B`l  f E`y   p`r` g`a`r jf o`dcacj`jfs f pfrecssâk. Xkrãe, E`y   ff B`l t`edãe sfrvfe p`r` skacbct`r ue pfjcjk jf e`lfcr` mfltca. Lk JfwcttMrcaa Tfst`ur`lt , qu`ljk B`ratkl bofm` p`r` `lkt`r k pfjcjk jk  n`lt`r, faf pfrmult`>  @rf yku rf`jy tk krjfr;  E`s,   E`s, faf t`edãe pkjfrc` tfr gfctk ` pfrmult` jf kutr`s gkre`s> B`l C t`if ykur krjfr; E`y C t`if ykur krjfr;

@mkr` quf vkbî nà vcu bkek `pacb`r ks ekj`a vfrds> ]kuaj , B`l f E`y  fe  fe `íöfs bkeulcb`tcv`s lk bkltfxtk jf ue rfst`ur`ltf, vkbî pkjf fxfrbct`r fstfs bkltfþjks rf`acz`ljk `  @btcvcty Dusy rfst`ur`lt.

Af`rlclm `btcvcty Dusy rfst`ur`lt 

Afsskl 02 - @rf yku rf`jy tk krjfr;

42

f-Zfb Dr`sca

 

2.7 Rkef `lj @ly @ly - rfqufsts @ujck

Wkbî fstujku l` Afsskl 8?  quf Rkef fqucv`af ` ue pkubk. E`s, sf us`jk fe ue` gr`sf quf fstfn` skacbct`ljk `amk, bkek lfstf b`sk, ue `acefltk, Rkef p`ss` ` tfr kutrk sfltcjk. Kdsfrvf ` skacbct`íâk jf Judf è B`ratkl> Ki`y, C–j acif skef turify `lj ` s`a`j gkr ofr.

Lfssf fxfepak, Judf lâk fst`v` skacbct`ljk ue pkubk jf pfru, f sce k jcso, cstk ã, k åtfe jk eflu. Akmk `pòs pfjcr ` bkecj`, Judf pfjcu `s dfdcj`s. Wfn`>t ]f–aa o`vf tocs rfj wclf ` `lj lj w`tfr.

B`sk k rfst`ur`ltf lâk tcvfssf ` b`rt` jf vcloks, faf pkjfrc` pfrmult`r `k m`rke sf o`vc` vclok tcltk. Kdsfrvf bkek b`rc` ` pfrmult`> Jk yku o`vf `ly rfj wclf;

K  @ly   ã utcacz`jk lfss` pfrmult` p`r` qufstckl`r sf oà `amue tcpk jf vclok lk eflu jk rfst`ur`ltf. K Rkef pkjf sfr feprfm`jk p`r` cljcb`r ` qu`ltcj`jf jf `amk quf jfsfn`eks. Fe kutr`s p`a`vr`s, Rkef, qu`ljk us`jk fe gr`sfs `re`tcv`s, cljcb` ‑`amue(s)―> C–j acif skef pkt`tkfs.

 @ly , qu`ljk us`jk fe gr`sfs cltfrrkm`tcv`s, cljcb` ‑`amue(s)―> Jk yku o`vf `ly iftboup `lj eust`rj;

Tf`aczf `s  @btcvctcfs Rkef kr `ly;   f E`tboclm tof bkauels p`r` pr`tcb`r k bkltfþjk quf vkbî `b`dku jf bklofbfr f bkltclu`r su` `prfljcz`mfe. Af`rlclm `btcvcty Rkef kr `ly;  E`tboclm tof bkauels

0ª fj. rfv. f `tu`a.

4:

Flmacso

 

B`tboclm ` macepsf

:. Zcppclm cl rfst`ur`lts

Cjf`aay, tcps `rf mcvfl tk ` pfrskl wok pfrgkres mkkj sfrvcbf. Cl skef sctu`tckls, tcppclm cs sk bkeekl to`t cg yku jkl–t af`vf klf, pfkpaf wcaa grkwl upkl ct. Zofrfgkrf, yku sokuaj bklscjfr ` tcp e`lj`tkry cl toksf sctu`tckls. Kg bkursf, cg lk sfrvcbf cs prkvcjfj dy tof w`ctfrs kr cg fvfrytoclm cs sfag-sfrvf, tofrf cs lk lffj tk tcp.

Rkef bkggff sokps, d`ifrcfs `lj ktofr fst`dacsoeflts o`vf tcp n`rs kl tofcr bofbi-kut bkultfrs. Zofsf o`vf dfbkef ekrf prfv`aflt cl rfbflt jfb`jfs `lj tofrf cs skef bklgusckl, fvfl bkltrkvfrsy bkltrkvfrsy `dkut tofe. Mflfr`aay,

toksf wok gffa ` jfscrf tk rfw`rj mkkj sfrvcbf wcaa e`if ` bkltrcdutckl tk ` tcp n`r. Ktofrs jk lkt. Dkto `rf lf.

Makss`ry Zk grkwl upkl> jfs`prkv`r9

g`zfr b`r` gfc` Xrkvcjfj> gkrlfbcjk Zk rfw`rj> rfbkepfls`r Bofbi kut bkultfr>

d`abâk jk b`cx` Xrfv`aflt> prfjkecl`ltf Tkuljfj `ekult>

v`akr `rrfjklj`jk Eclceue gfjfr`a w`mf>

s`aàrck eålcek l`bckl`a Zk fstce`tf> g`zfr ue` fstce`tcv` A`st dut lkt af`st> pkr þatcek, e`s lâk eflks cepkrt`ltf

Mflfr`aay, ` tcp e`y v`ry dftwffl 06% `lj 48% kg tof l`a `ekult spflt.

Kr ct b`l df ` rkuljfj `ekult to`t cs lf`r tof `pprkprc`tf pfrbflt. Ct rf`aay jfpfljs upkl tof sctu`tckl. Sku e`y df surprcsfj tk ilkw to`t w`ctfrs `t tof rfst`ur`lts typcb`aay mft p`cj eubo afss to`l tof eclceue gfjfr`a w`mf, wocbo o`ppfls dfb`usf tofy `rf fxpfbtfj tk mft tcps grke tof bustkefrs. Cg yku `rf p`yclm wcto ` brfjct b`rj, yku b`l clbaujf tof tcp cl tof brfjct b`rj sacp kr yku b`l p`y sfp`r`tfay dy b`so. Okwfvfr, skef rfst`ur`lt kwlfrs e`y lkt mcvf tof tcps tk tof w`ctfrs wofl yku clbaujf ct cl tof brfjct b`rj sacp, sk ct cs eubo dfttfr tk tcp wcto b`so.

Afsskl 02 - @rf yku rf`jy tk krjfr;

46

f-Zfb Dr`sca

 

@ask, df `w`rf to`t wofl yku rfbfcvf tof bofbi, ct ecmot o`vf ` se`aa clbrf`sf cl tof l`a v`auf juf tk t`xfs. Zof t`xfs bo`lmf grke st`tf tk

st`tf `lj tofy `rf klay bo`rmfj jurclm tof ekeflt kg p`yeflt. Rk, wofl yku bklscjfr tof prcbf kg ` ef`a, jkl–t gkrmft to`t yku wcaa `aw`ys p`y ekrf to`l tof prcbf mcvfl kl tof eflu.

6. Zo`t–s ` wr`p! Lk fpcsòjck jfst` `ua`, vkbî `bkep`loku Judf f Borcstclf lk JfwcttMrcaa Tfst`ur`lt , fe ue` lkctf quf jfvfrc` tfr scjk fspfbc`a p`r` ks jkcs. E`s, bkek vkbî pújf vfr, `s bkcs`s lâk kbkrrfr`e euctk dfe p`r` Judf. B`ratkl t`edãe fst`v` lk rfst`ur`ltf, tr`d`ao`ljk bkek m`ríke, f, jfvcjk ` bkrrfrc` j` lkctf, lâk pfrbfdfu k quf `bkltfbfu. @ p`rtcr j`s sctu`íöfs vcvflbc`j`s pkr fafs, vkbî bklofbfu `amuls pr`tks f dfdcj`s quf bkepöfe ue b`rjàpck, `aãe jf p`a`vr`s f fxprfssöfs rfa`bckl`j`s bke k `edcfltf jf ue rfst`ur`ltf. Fstujku bkek feprfm`r ks ekj`a vfrds ]kuaj ,  B`l f E`y   p`r` p`r`   rf`acz`r pfjcjks jf e`lfcr`  pkactf, t`edãe utcacz`ljk ks qu`ltcfrs Rkef f @ly . F, `clj`, pújf rfvfr k Xrfsflt Bkltclukus, jfst` vfz, `pacb`jk ` `íöfs fe ue rfst`ur`ltf.  

 

Fltâk, `mkr`, vkbî nà fstà prkltk p`r` `prfbc`r jfacbckus ef`as f`tclm kut cl `ly Flmacso spf`iclm bkultry! 

0ª fj. rfv. f `tu`a.

47

Flmacso