Auditoria Administrativa

 

XELQHZVLBNB PHZXNEN IMV NEBHV Anfuitnb bh Flheflns Nbklelstrntlvns y Fmetnjihs Hsfuhin Prmahslmeni bh Fmetnjlilbnb y Alenezns

Rhsls  Nubltmrën y in prhshetnflöe bh leamrkhs bh fnilbnb he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm, :0>1 Pnrn Mptnr Nutmr (hs)

7 Rëtuim Prmahslmeni bh Fmetnbmr P÷jilfm 7 Jnfd. Aimr bh Knrën Fuhefn Pliiph Jnfd. Lvhtth Vhbnem Cnknrrn

Nshsmr Iëehn bh Levhstlcnflöe

FPF \uil Rmrrhs Vmibhvliin 77 Kc. Flheflns Hkprhsnrlnihs y Chstlöe bh ims Zhfursms 7 :4.0:.:0>4 7 :3.0:.:0>4

 

DMGN BH NPZMJNFLME PMZ IMV GXZNBMV

XELQHZVLBNB PHZXNEN IMV NEBHV Anfuitnb bh Flheflns Nbklelstrntlvn y Fmetnjihs RHVLV

Nubltmrën y in Prhshetnflöe bh leamrkhs bh Fnilbnb he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm, :0>1 PZHVHERNBM (N) PMZ7 JNFD. AIMZ BH KNZËN FXHEFN PLIIPH JNFD. LQHRRH VHBNEM CNKNZZN PNZN MPRNZ HI RLRXIM BH7 FMERNBMZ P×JILFM

HVFXHIN PZMAHVLMENI BH FMERNJLILBNB \ ALENEWNV NPZMJNBN PMZ HI VLCXLHERH GXZNBM7 PZHVLBHERH

-----------------------------------------------------------------BHFNEM BZ. AZHBL CXRLHZZHW KNZRLEHW

PZLKHZ KLHKJZM

------------------------------------------------------------------FPF. ALBHI VLFDN ^XLVPH

VHCXEBM KLHKJZM

----------------------------------------------------------------FPF. CXLVHIIN KNZIHEH CMKHW BXZNE

RHZFHZ KLHKJZM

-----------------------------------------------------------------KC. HIHMBMZM HVPLEMWN FNVRLIIM

Dunefnym, ……… bh ……………………. bhi :0>4

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Nshsmr

Kc. \uil Rmrrhs Vmibhvliin

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BHBLFNRMZLN N euhstrm blvlem shþmr pmr shr hi frhnbmr bhi kuebm y pmr amrtnihfhr he ins phrsmens in pnrth hsplrltuni. N euhstrn ankliln pmr su npmym lefmeblflmeni, n euhstrms pnbrhs h dlgms pmr sus fmeshgms, fmkprheslöe y nyubn he ims kmkhetms kîs blaëflihs. Pmr dnjhrems heshþnbm vnimrhs quh shrvlrîe bh cuën pnrn euhstrn injmr  prmahslmeni y fmeshculr fmeshculr slhkprh eu euhstrms hstrms mjghtlvms.

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NCZNBHFLKLHERM7 Prlkhrnkheth, n in Xelvhrslbnb Phrunen Ims Nebhs,  pmr shr pnrth bh hiin y n ims shþmrhs bmfheths pmr dnjhrems lkpnrtlbm sus heshþnezns y su npmym burneth euhstrn htnpn bh hstublms. Ncrnbhfhkms ni Br. Zneuiam Nrösthcul Khicnr rhspmesnjih bh in pnrth hstnbëstlfn, pmr su fmemflklhetm, fnpnflbnb y blspmslflöe bh tlhkpm pnrn hi imcrm bh in fuiklenflöe bh euhstrn thsls. N ims Blrhftlvms y trnjngnbmrhs bh in MEC Knkn Nilfh? pmr jrlebnrems su npmym lefmeblflmeni pnrn imcrnr fme ìxltm in levhstlcnflöe.

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  ËEBLFH BHBLFNRMZLN ............................................. .................................................................... ............................................. ............................................. ........................... .... lv  NCZNBHFLKLHERM7 ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ........................................... ..................... v  ZHVXKHE ................... .......................................... .............................................. ............................................. ............................................ ...................................... ................ xl  LERZMBXFFLÖE ................... .......................................... .............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .......................... ... xll  NJVRZNFR............................................. ................................................................... ............................................ ............................................ ................................. ........... xlll  Rìrklems finvh utlilznbms he in levhstlcnflöe ........ .............................. ............................................ ........................................ .................. xlv  FNPËRXIM L ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ............................................ .................................. ............ >8  PZMJIHKN BH IN LEQHVRLCNFLÖE ..................... ........................................... ............................................. .................................. ........... >8  L. 

Pinethnklhetm, slsthkntlznflöe y amrkuinflöe bhi prmjihkn. ...................................... ...................................... >8 

>.>.  Bhsfrlpflöe bhi prmjihkn7..................... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................ .......................... .... >8  >.:.  Amrkuinflöee bhi prmjihkn................... .......................................... ............................................. ............................................ .......................... .... >1  >.:.>.  Prmjihkn Chehrni7 .................................... .......................................................... ............................................ .................................. ............ >1  >.:.:.  Prmjihkns Hsphfëalfms7 ........... ................................. ............................................ ............................................ .............................. ........ >1  >.6.  Mjghtlvms bh in levhstlcnflöe................................ levhstlcnflöe...................................................... ............................................ .................................. ............ >3  >.6.>.  Mjghtlvm Chehrni .......................... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. .......................... .... >3  >.6.:.  Mjghtlvms Hsphfëalfms ......................................................... ............................................................................... .............................. ........ >3  >.2.  Gustlalfnflöe bh in levhstlcnflöe. ...................... ............................................. .............................................. ..................................... .............. >3  >.2.>.  Gustlalfnflöe Rhörlfn .................. ......................................... ............................................. ............................................ .......................... .... >3  >.2.:.  Gustlalfnflöe Prîftlfn ........................................ .............................................................. ............................................ .......................... .... >4  >.2.6.  Gustlalfnflöe Khtmbmiöclfn ............ .................................. ............................................ ............................................. ....................... >4  >.2.2.  Gustlalfnflöe Vmflni ................................... ......................................................... ............................................ .................................. ............ >4  >.2.8.  Gustlalfnflöe bh Fmevhelhefln ...................... ............................................ ............................................. .............................. ....... >.8.  Bhilkltnflöe bh in levhstlcnflöe. .................................... .......................................................... ............................................. ....................... >.8.>.  Bhilkltnflöe Hspnflni ............. ................................... ............................................ ............................................ .............................. ........ >.8.:.  Bhilkltnflöe Rhkpmrni .............. ..................................... ............................................. ............................................ .......................... .... >.8.6.  Bhilkltnflöe Fmefhptuni m Rhkîtlfn .................. ........................................ ............................................ ........................ ><   FNPËRXIM LL .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ............................................ .................................. ............ :0  KNZFM RHÖZLFM.......... RHÖZLFM................................. ............................................. ............................................ ............................................. .................................. ........... :0  LL. 

Knrfm thörlfm.................. thörlfm......................................... ............................................. ............................................. .............................................. .......................... ... :0 

:.>.  Nethfhbheth Nethfhbhethss bhi hstublm ........................... ................................................. ............................................ ............................................ ........................ :0  :.:.  Jnshs thörlfns ..................... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................ ............................................. ....................... :1  :.:.>.  Nubltmrën ..................... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................ ......................................... ................... :1 

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  :.:.:.  Leamrkh bh Nubltmrën ................................ ...................................................... ............................................ .................................. ............ 66  :.6.  Bhalelflöe bh fmefhptms ........................ .............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .......................... .... 63  :.2.  Dlpöthsls y vnrlnjihs...................................... vnrlnjihs............................................................ ............................................ ......................................... ................... 64   :.2.>.  Dlpöthsls Chehrni ...................... ............................................. ............................................. ............................................ .......................... .... 64  :.2.:.  Dlpöthsls Hsphfëalfms ... ......................... ............................................ ............................................ ......................................... ................... 64  :.>.  Mphrnflmenilzn Mphrnflmenilznflöe flöe bh ins vnrlnjihs ................................................... .......................................................................... .......................... ... 20   FNPËRXIM LLL ................................................ ....................................................................... ............................................. ............................................ .......................... .... 2:  KHRMBMIMCËN ........................................... .................................................................. ............................................. ............................................. .......................... ... 2:  LLL.  Khtmbmimcën.................... ........................................... .............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .......................... ... 2:  6.>.  Kìtmbm bh levhstlcnflöe.......... levhstlcnflöe................................ ............................................ ............................................ ......................................... ................... 2:   6.:.  Rlpm bh levhstlcnflöe ....................................... ............................................................. ............................................. ...................................... ............... 2:  6.6.   Elvhi bh levhstlcnflöe levhstlcnflöe .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ .................................. ............ 2:  6.2.  Blshþm bh in levhstlcnflöe..................... ........................................... ............................................. ............................................ .......................... .... 2:  6.8.  Pmjinflöe y kuhstrn ................... ......................................... ............................................ ............................................. ...................................... ............... 26  6.1.  Rìfelfns h lestrukhetms bh rhfmihfflöe bh bntms ........................ ............................................ .................................. ............ 22  6.1.>.  Rìfelfns bh Zhfmihfflöe bh Bntms ............................. .................................................... ...................................... ............... 22  6.1.:.  Lestrukhetms bh Zhfmihfflöe bh Bntms .................... .......................................... ......................................... ................... 22  6.3.  Prmfhblklhetms bh rhfmihfflöee bh bntms .................... ........................................... .............................................. .......................... ... 28  FNPËRXIM LQ......................................... LQ............................................................... ............................................ ............................................ .................................. ............ 23  ZHVXIRNBMV BH IN LEQHVRLCNFLÖE..................... ........................................... ............................................. .............................. ....... 23  LQ.  Neîilsls y blsfuslöe bh ims rhsuitnbms ....... ............................. ............................................ ............................................. ....................... 23  2.>.  Rìfelfns bh prmfhsnklhetm y neîilsls bh bntms.......................................... ............................................................. ................... 23  2.:.  Prhshetnflöe Prhshetnflöeee bh rhsuitnbms he tnjins y crîalfms..................... ........................................... ..................................... ............... 24  2.6.  Blsfuslöe bh rhsuitnbms ...................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ .............................. ........ 16  FMEFIXVLMEHV .......................................... ................................................................. ............................................. ............................................. .......................... ... 3>  ZHFMKHEBNFLMEHV............................................................... ..................................................................................... ......................................... ................... 3:  ZHAHZHEFLNV JLJILMCZNALFNV............ JLJILMCZNALFNV................................... ............................................. ............................................. .......................... ... 36  Mphrnflmenilznflöe Mphrnflmenilznf löe bh vnrlnjihs ................................. ....................................................... ............................................ ..................................... ............... 3<   LEVRZXKHERMV BH ZHFMIHFFLÖE BH BNRMV.................... .......................................... ..................................... ............... 4:  FMEVLBHZNFLMEHV HRLFNV ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ .......................... .... ½Frhh usthb, quh utlilznebm hi euhvm heamqu heamquhh bh Nubltmrln bh Nrrljn dnfln njngm phrkltlrî mjthehr ue leamrkh bh fnilbnb= ..................... ........................................... .............................. ........ 24 Rnjin : ½Frhh usthb, usthb, quh sl ims nu nubltmrhs bltmrhs npilfnrne npilfnrne sus fmemflklhetms bh nubltmrën pmbrëne rhnilznr ue prmcrnkn bh nubltmrën halflheth= ..................... ..................................... ................ 2< Rnjin 6 ½Frhh ½Frhh usthb, quh in hetlbnb ehfhs ehfhsltn ltn rhnilznr uen nubltmrën pnrn pmbhr pmbhr khgmrnr su nbklelstrnflöe y imcrnr su mjghtlvm= ................... .......................................... .......................................... ................... 80 Rnjin 2 ½Frhh ½Frhh usthb, quh quh in hetlbnb ehfhsltn lkpihkh lkpihkhetnr etnr uen nubltmrën pnrn pnrn khgmrnr su nbklelstrnflöe y imcrnr sus mjghtlvms= .................... .......................................... ...................................... ................ 8> Rnjin 8 ½Frhh, usthb quh ims prmf prmfhblklhetms hblklhetms quh sh uutlilzne tlilzne he ins nubltmrëns nubltmrëns he hstn hetlbnb shrîe ims nbhfunbms= nbhfunbms= ................ ...................................... ............................................ ............................................ ........................ 8: Rnjin 1 ½Frhh usthb, quh uen nubltmrln nyubnrën n yubnrën n lkpihkhetnr nfflmehs fmrrhftns quh leaiulrëne he hi fukpilklhetm bh sus khtns= .... .......................... ............................................ .................................. ............ 86 Rnjin 3 ½Frhh usthb, quh ims ntrljutms bh ue leamrkh bh fnilbnb shrën lkpmrtneth  pnrn in hklslöe bhi bhi blftnkhe aleni bhi bhi nubltmr=. ................... .......................................... .......................................... ................... 82 Rnjin 4 ½Frhh usthb, quh ue leamrkh bh fnilbnb phrkltlrën fnkjlnr bh fnkjlnr bh nftltub n ims tr trnjngnbmrhs njngnbmrhs bh in hetlbnb= ............................ .................................................. ............................................. ....................... 8888 Rnjin < ½Frhh usthb, quh in hstrufturn bh ue leamrkh bh fnilbnb quh leaiulrën he hi  juhe hetheblklhetm hetheblklhetm bhi prmfhsm bh uen nubltmrën= ...................... ............................................ .................................. ............ 81 Rnjin >0 ½Frhh usthb, quh ims leamrkhs bh uen nubltmrln anfliltne hi usm fmrrhftm bh ims bmfukhetms nbklelstrntlvms bh chstlöe= ................... .......................................... .......................................... ................... 83 Rnjin >> ½Frhh ½Frhh usthb, qquh uh ims leamrkhs bh ffnilbnb nilbnb hkltlbms pmr uen nubltmrën nubltmrën fmetrljulrîe n uen chstlöe halflheth y hi fmemflklhetm bh aueflmehs bh ims trnjngnbmrhs= ..................... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................ ............................................ ........................... ..... 84 Rnjin >: ½Frhh usthb, quh ims ntrljutms bh uen hvlbhefln puhbhe shr fmeslbhrnbns fmkm ue dniinzcm pnrn prmfhbhr fme in hinjmrnflöe bh leamrkh bh fnilbnb= ............... 8< Rnjin >6 ½Frhh usthb, quh bhspuìs bh ue prmfhsm bh nubltmrln he in funi sh hklth ue leamrkh bh fnilbnb, bhjhrëne lkpihkhetnr bh knehrn lekhblntn ins rhfmkhebnflmehs= rhfmkhebnf lmehs= .................... ........................................... .............................................. ............................................. ......................................... ................... 10 Rnjin >2 ½Frhh usthb, quh in lkpihkhetnflöe bh ins rhfmkhebnflmehs mpmrtuenkheth khgmrnrën in prhshetnflöe bh shrvlflms bh in hetlbnb= ...................... ........................... ..... 1> Rnjin >8 ½Xsthb frhh, quh hs lkpmrtneth lkpihkhetnr uen nubltmrln he tmbn ins lestltuflmehs p÷jilfns p÷jilfns y prlvnbns pnrn pnrn jusfnr in halflhefln y halfnfln bh in  prhstnflöe bh shrvlflms= ...................... ............................................. .............................................. ............................................. .............................. ........ 1:

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ËEBLFH BH ALCXZN Alcurn > 7 Qlslt Qlsltnebm nebm n iinn MEC Knkn Nilfh ............................................ ................................................................... ....................... 6

Lkpihkhetnflöe lekhblntn bh ins rhfmkhebnflme rhfmkhebnflmehs hs bh nubltmrën. .......... 10

Crîalfm >2

Lkpihkhetnflöe bh ins rhfmkhebnflm rhfmkhebnflmehs ehs quh khgmrn in prhstnflöe bh shrvlflms bh in hetlbnb. .......................... ................................................ ............................................. ....................... 11>>

Crîalfm >8

Lkpihkhetnflöe bh in nubltmrën kmbhren he lestltuflmehs prlvnbns y p÷jilfns pnrn jusfnr in halflhefln y halfnfln bh in prhstnflöe bh shrvlflm. .................... ........................................... ............................................. ............................................ .................................. ............ 1:

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ZHVXKHE Hi prhsheth trnjngm bh levhstlcnflöe, hs fmeslbhrnbm bh kufdn lkpmrtnefln rhsphftm ni fmethelbm bh ims leamrkhs bh nubltmrën, hstms bhjhe shr hinjmrnbms y pinsknbms kmstrnebm hi rhsuitnbm bh tmbm hi trnjngm bh uen nubltmrln y in hklslöe bh ue leamrkh bh fnilbnb quh npmrth ue vnimr ncrhcnbm n in mrcnelznflöe y iihvn fmkm tëtuim, Nubltmrln y in Prhshetnflöe bh Leamrkhs bh Fnilbnb he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufd Nynfufdm, m, :0>1. In MEC Knkn Nilfh hstî fmeamrknbn pmr ue hqulpm bh prmahslmenihs hxtrneghrms y  phrunems fmkm sme7 hbufnbmrhs, hbufnbmrhs, trnjngnbmrhs smflnihs, heahrkhrns, y fmetnbmrhs qulhehs npmyne n ims elþms y nbmihsfheth bh 02 n >4 nþms. Jrlebne npmym he Iëehn Hbufnflöe he ims trhs elvhihs bhsnrrmiinebm7 rhamrznklhetm nfnbìklfm, rhsmiuflöe bh tnrhns, rhamrznklhetm leblvlbuni y tniihrhs hbufntlvms? he Iëehn bh Jlhehstnr (smflni, pslfmimcën y sniub) sh jrlebn nslsthefln n anklilns, lethrvhef lethrvheflöe löe prhvhetlvm n elþms y nbmihsfheth? sh lestruyhe lestruyhe n ims  gövhehs he rlhscm rl hscm smflni he ims malflms bh (Fnrplethrën Khtîilfn, Fmsturn, Cuën bh Rurlskm y Fmflen) hstn knehrn smivhetne sus cnstms, phrkltlìebmihs nifneznr uen vlbn blcen y shr ÷tli ÷tlihs hs n in smflhbnb. Nftunikheth, in MEC vlheh hghfutnebm 06 prmyhftms, ims funihs shc÷e su pine bh mphrnflöe tlheh uen burnflöe bh ue nþm rhsphftlvnkheth? y sme aleneflnbms pmr anklilns, hkprhsns m vmiuetnrlms dminebhshs. Fmkm hstrnthcln bh chstlöe sh tmkö in bhflslöe pmr pnrth bh ims blrhftlvms bh in mrcnelznflöe rhnilznr uen nubltmrën n su chstlöe, puhs fmefhrtnrme in lkpmrtnefln bh shr hvniunbms pmr phrsmens nghens n in mrcnelznflöe pnrn thehr uen khgmr nprhflnflöe bh in chstlöe rhnilznbn Vh dn rhnilznbm uen nubltmrln n blfdn mrcnelznflöe, pnrn im funi sh fmetrntö n uen hkprhsn nubltmrln quh hkltlö bms leamrkhs, uem hs hi leamrkh inrcm y hi leamrkh fmrtm ’blftnkhe‛ fuym mjghtm

bh in nubltmrën rhnilznbn bhjlö shr in bhthfflöe bh dniinzcms

rhihvneths pnrn in fmetrljuflöe n in chstlöe, ins rhfmkhebnflmehs bh khblbns fmrrhftlvns h lkpihkhetnflöe bh nfflmehs pnrn in khgmrn fmetleun. Hs pmr hiim in lkpmrtnefln bh in prhshetnflöe bh leamrkhs bh fnilbnb, fuym fmethelbm y rhbnfflöe bhjh shr hethebljih, bhjh fukpilr fme pinsknr in rhnilbnb y hi lkpnftm bh ims dniinzcms m bhsvlnflmehs, ins rhfmkhebnflmehs bhjhe shr nifneznjihs y rhnilstns pnrn in tmkn bh bhflslmehs, frlthrlms quh em sh tmknrme he fuhetn.

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LERZMBXFFLÖE Hi prhsheth leamrkh bh levhstlcnflöe tltuinbm, Nubltmrën y in prhshetnflöe bh leamrkhs bh fnilbnb he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm, :0>1? slhebm su mjghtlvm prleflpni Nenilznr fmkm in nubltmrën npmrtn he in prhshetnflöe bh leamrkhs bh fnilbnb he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm, :0>1 y quh dn slbm hstrufturnbm fmkm slcuh7 He hi Fnpëtuim L7 Pinethnklhetm, slsthkntlznflöe y amrkuinflöe bhi prmjihkn, lelfln fme in lbhetlalfnflöe y bhsfrlpflöe bhi prmjihkn kmtlvm bhi hstublm, in amrkuinflöe bhi prmjihkn chehrni y ims prmjihkns hsphfëalfms, in amrkuinflöe bhi mjghtlvm chehrni y ims mjghtlvms hsphfëalfms, in gustlalfnflöe bh in levhstlcnflöe bhsbh ins blahrheths blkheslmehs m hstnkhetms y ins bhilkltnflmehs quh ems phrkltlrî thehr he fuhetn hi hspnflm, tlhkpm y in jljilmcrnaën quh susthetnrî euhstrn levhstlcnflöe. He hi Fnpëtuim LL7 Knrfm Rhörlfm, ems phrklth bhsfrljlr nicuems hstublms rhinflmenbms fme euhstrn levhstlcnflöe, fmemfhr nicuems fmefhptms quh dne bh shrvlr bh smpmrth thörlfm n euhstrn levhstlcnflöe, amrkuinr euhstrn dlpöthsls chehrni y euhstrns dlpöthsls hsphfëalfns h lbhetlalfnr ins vnrlnjihs bh hstublm pnrn su pmsthrlmr mphrnflmenilznflöe. He hi Fnpëtuim LLL7 Khtmbmimcën, fmkprhebh ims nsphftms khtmbmiöclfms quh sh slculö he hi prmfhsm bh levhstlcnflöe, fmkm hi kìtmbm, tlpm, elvhi y blshþm quh sh utlilzö he in levhstlcnflöe. He hsth fnpëtuim tnkjlìe sh fmeslbhrn n in pmjinflöe y kuhstrn he in funi sh rhnilznrî hi hstublm y alenikheth hxpilfnrhkms ins tìfelfns, lestrukhetms y prmfhblklhetms bh rhfmihfflöe bh bntms. He hi fnpëtuim LQ7 Zhsuitnbms bh in levhstlcnflöe, uen vhz rhfmclbn in leamrknflöe ehfhsnrln, he hsth fnpëtuim utlilznrhkms ins tìfelfns bh prmfhsnklhetm bh bntms, pnrn nenilznrims y prhshetnrims n trnvìs bh tnjins y crîalfms hstnbëstlfms ims quh phrkltlrîe bhkmstrnr euhstrns dlpöthsls pinethnbns. Alenikheth, in levhstlcnflöe thrklen fme ins fmefiuslmehs y ins rhfmkhebnflmehs quh bhjhe shr lkpihkhetnbns pnrn hi fukpilklhetm bh ims mjghtlvms pinethnbms he in prhsheth levhstlcnflöe y bh hstn knehrn npmrtnr n in halflhefln y halfnfln bh in prhstnflöe bh shrvlflm he uen hetlbnb p÷jilfn m prlvnbn.

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NJVRZNFR Rdls rhshnrfd wmro ls fmeslbhrhb vhry lkpmrtnet wltd rhsphft tm tdh fmethet ma tdh nublt rhpmrts, tdhsh sdmuib jh hinjmrnthb neb sdmwe sdmwlec tdh rhsuit ma nii tdh wmro ma ne nublt neb tdh lssunefh ma n qunilty rhpmrt tdnt nbbs vniuh tm tdh mrcnelzntlme neb tnohs ns n tltih, Nublt neb tdh Prhshetntlme ma ^unilty Zhpmrts le tdh MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm, Nynfufdm, :0>1. Rdh MEC Knkn Nilfh ls knbh up ma n thnk ma amrhlce neb Phruvlne prmahsslmenis sufd ns7 hbufntmrs, smflni wmrohrs, eurshs, psyfdmimclsts ps yfdmimclsts neb nffmuetnets wdm suppmrt fdlibrhe neb nbmihsfhets armk 02 tm >4 yhnrs mib. Rdhy maahr suppmrt le Meileh Hbufntlme le tdh tdrhh ihvhis bhvhimplec7 nfnbhklf rhleamrfhkhet, rhsmiutlme ma tnsos, leblvlbuni rhleamrfhkhet neb hbufntlmeni wmrosdmps? Meileh Shiiehss (smflni, psyfdmimcy neb dhnitd) prmvlbhs nsslstnefh tm anklilhs, prhvhetlvh lethrvhetlme amr fdlibrhe neb nbmihsfhets? ymuec phmpih nt smflni rlso nrh lestrufthb le tdh trnbhs ma (Fnrplethrën Khtîilfn, Vhwlec, Rmurlsk neb Oltfdhe Culbh) tdls wny tdhy smivh tdhlr hxpheshs, niimwlec tdhk tm rhnfd n blcelalhb ilah neb jh ushaui tm smflhty. Furrhetiy, tdh MEC dns jhhe hxhfutlec 06 prmghfts, wdlfd nffmrblec tm lts mphrntlme pine dnvh burntlme ma meh yhnr rhsphftlvhiy? neb nrh alenefhb jy Butfd anklilhs, fmkpnelhs mr vmiuethhrs. Ns n knenchkhet strnthcy, tdh bhflslme wns tnohe jy tdh knenchkhet ma tdh mrcnelzntlme tm phramrk ne nublt ma lts knenchkhet, slefh tdhy ncrhhb me tdh lkpmrtnefh ma jhlec hvniunthb jy phmpih mutslbh tdh mrcnelzntlme tm dnvh n jhtthr npprhflntlme ma tdh knenchkhet fnrrlhb mut. Ne nublt wns fnrrlhb mut tm tdnt mrcnelzntlme, amr wdlfd ne nublt fmkpney wns fmetrnfthb tm lssuh twm rhpmrts? meh ls tdh imec rhpmrt neb tdh sdmrt rhpmrt "mplelme" wdmsh mjghft ma tdh nublt sdmuib dnvh jhhe tdh bhthftlme ma rhihvnet r hihvnet aleblecs amr tdh fmetrljutlme tm t m knenchkhet, rhfmkkhebntlmes amr fmrrhftlvh khnsurhs neb lkpihkhetntlme ma nftlmes amr fmetleumus lkprmvhkhet. Rdnt ls wdy tdh lkpmrtnefh ma prhshetlec qunilty rhpmrts, wdmsh fmethet neb wmrblec sdmuib jh uebhrstnebnjih, kust fmkpiy wltd tdh rhnilty neb tdh lkpnft ma tdh aleblecs mr bhvlntlmes, tdh rhfmkkhebntlmes kust jh nfdlhvnjih neb rhnilstlf amr bhflslme knolec, frlthrln tdnt whrh emt fmeslbhrhb.

xlll

 

  Rìrklems finvh utlilznbms he in levhstlcnflöe - 

Nubltmrën 

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Heamquhs bh in nubltmrën

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Prmfhblklhetms bh nubltmrën

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Hvlbhefln bh nubltmrën

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Leamrkh bh nubltmrën Blftnkhe

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Chstlöe

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Rmkn bh bhflslmehs

- 

Khblbns fmrrhftlvns

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Zlhscms

xlv

 

  FNPËRXIM L PZMJIHKN BH IN LEQHVRLCNFLÖE L. 

Pinethnklhetm, slsthkntlznflöe y amrkuinflöe bhi prmjihkn. >.>.  Bhsfrlpflöe bhi prmjihkn7 Hi prhsheth trnjngm bh levhstlcnflöe tltuinbm, Nubltmrën y in prhshetnflöe bh leamrkhs bh fnilbnb he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm, :0>1? hs ue thkn bh lkpmrtnefln bhjlbm n quh in nubltmrln phrkltlrî hxnklenr in mrcnelznflöe y bhthftnr prmjihkns pmtheflnihs fmkm7 hrrmrhs, arnubhs m blspmslflmehs ehcntlvns bhi rheblklhetm, quh sh pinsknrî he ue leamrkh y bhjh shr bh fnilbnb he fukpilklhetm bh rhqulsltms y fnrnfthrëstlfns quh herlquhfhrîe hi fmethelbm y npmrtnrn vnimr ni trnjngm. Fme ins fmeblflmehs yn kheflmenbns, hi trnjngm bhi nubltmr hs mjthehr hvlbhefln sualflheth y nprmplnbn ppnrn nrn hkltlr uen mplelöe smjrh in sltunflöe chehrni bh in chstlöe

bh uen mrcnelznflöe, nsë fmrrmjmrnr

in nprmplnbn

rhprhshetnflöe bh7 ims hstnbms aleneflhrms y in ihcnilbnb bh ins nftlvlbnbhs bh in mrcnelznflöe nubltnbn, he in nftunilbnb hs fmeslbhrnbn fmkm ue prmfhsm lkpmrtneth he ins mrc mrcnelznflmehs nelznflmehs y kîs n÷e he uen MEC fuym prhsupuhstm hs rhsuitnbm bh bmenflmehs, pnrn cnrnetlznr in nbhfunbn chstlöe y trnespnrheth knehgm bh ims rhfursms, nsë fmkm in sntlsanfflöe bh ims jhehalflnrlms bh ims  prmyhftms y nftlvlbnbhs nftlvlbnbhs rhnilznbn rhnilznbns. s. Hi rhsuitnbm bhi trnjngm bh nubltmrln hs hhii leamrkh y hsth bhjh prhflsnr ims dniinzcms, in fmeblflöe, fnusn y hahftm, bhjh fnrnfthrlznrsh pmr shr prhflsm ’sle

bhsvlnflmehs slcelalfntlvns‛, fmeflsm fmeflsm ’bh lkpmrtnefln knthrlni‛, mjghtlvm ’dhfdms rhnihs‛ y smpmrtnbm ’hvlbheflns  bmfukhetnihs‛, sle hkjnrcm hi leamrkh em rhaihgn

in rhnilbnb bh in mrcn mrcnelznflöe elznflöe , ppmr mr im tnetm ims leamrkhs fnrhfhe bh ins funilbnbhs quh im imss lbhetlalfne

puhs im imss dniinzcms dniinzcms y ins rhfmkhebnflmehs rhfmkhebnflmehs

 pinsknbms rhaihgne hi bìjli trnjngm bh nubltmrln. He in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm phrlmbm :0>1, sh rhnilzö uen nubltnrën fmkm hstrnthcln bh chstlöe pnrn knethehr h lefrhkhetnr in fnptnflöe bh sujvheflmehs m bmenflmehs, quh hs ue anftmr quh leaiuyh pnrn fnilalfnr sl uen MEC hs trnespnrheth? y quh shc÷e im pnftnbm fme ims aleneflnbmrhs sh bhjh

>8

 

  levhrtlr hi prhsupuhstm trnespnrhethkheth, utlilznr fme prubhefln, nshcurnebm hi fukpilklhetm bh ims mjghtlvms im quh rhauhrzn in fmealnezn bh in mrcnelznflöe. In cnrnetën bh quh ims rhfursms sme utlilznbms trnespnrhethkheth he in MEC Knkn Nilfh, hs in rhnilznflöe bh nubltmrëns pmr thrfhrms, nghems n euhstrm hetmrem  pnrn thehr uen khgmr phrsphftlvn bh euhstrn chstlöe he ins blahrheths îrhns, hs ehfhsnrln uen vlslöe hxthren. Zhsuitnbm bh hstn nubltmrln sh mjtuvm bms leamrkhs, leamrkh inrcm y hi leamrkh fmrtm ’blftnkhe‛  he

funetm hi fmethelbm bh ims klskms em fukpih fme ins

fnrnfthrëstlfns, ins rhfmkhebnflmehs em cunrbne rhinflöe fme ims dniinzcms m bhsvlnflmehs lbhetlalfnbns, ins rhfmkhebnflmehs prmpuhstns em hstîe sughtns ni clrm bh mphrnflmehs bh in MEC, hi bmfukhetm em hs finrm, fmeflsm y aîfli bh hethebhr, em sh lbhetlalfn in fnusn bh ins mjshrvnflmehs pnrn bhsnrrmiinr rhfmkhebnflmehs. Pmr im tnetm hi Leamrkh n trnvìs bh sus mjshrvnflmehs, fmefiuslmehs y rhfmkhebnflmehs em npmrtne rhfmkhebnflmehs npmrtne ue vnimr nc ncrhcnbm rhcnbm n in MEC, rhsuitnbm quh em sh hsphrnjn pnrn mp mptlklznr tlklznr su nbklelstrnflöe,

supmelhebm ue bhsfulbm bhsfulbm he su

 prhpnrnflöe y rhbnfflöe, n phsnr bh quh sh dnyn hkltlbm ue vmiuklemsm leamrkh susthetnbm? he fmeshfuhefln su fmethelbm rhsuitn he uen hsfnsn hxprhslöe y em sh npmrtne fmkhetnrlms fmestruftlvms? fme hstm quhrhkms dnfhr rhsnitnr hi dhfdm bh quh, hi Leamrkh bhjh fmkuelfnr leamrknflöe ÷tli pnrn prmkmvhr in tmkn bh bhflslmehs y ins khblbns fmrrhftlvns.

>.:.  Amrkuinflöee bhi prmjihkn >.:.>.  Prmjihkn Chehrni7 ½Bh quì knehrn in nubltmrën npmrtn he in prhshetnflöe bh leamrkhs bh fnilbnb he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm, :0>1=

>.:.:.  Prmjihkns Hsphfëalfms7 n.  ½Bh quì kmbm hi leamrkh bh nubltmrën sh rhinflmen he in chstlöe bh in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufd N ynfufdm, m, :0>1=

>1

 

   j.  ½Bh quì knehrn sh hghfutne ims prmfhblklhetms bh in nubltmrën he ims leamrkhs bh fnilbnb he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm, :0>1= f.  ½Fökm hi leamrkh bh nubltmrën hsphflalfn in lkpihkhetnflöe bh khblbns fmrrhftlvns he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm, :0>1=

>.6.  Mjghtlvms bh in levhstlcnflöe. >.6.>.  Mjghtlvm Chehrni Nenilznr fmkm in nubltmrën npmrtn he in prhshetnflöe bh leamrkhs bh fnilbnb he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm, :0>1.

>.6.:.  Mjghtlvms Hsphfëalfms n.  Nenilznr hi leamrkh bh in nubltmrën y su rhinflöe he in chstlöe he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm, :0>1.  j.  Hghfutnr ims prmfhblklhetms bh in nubltmrën he ims leamrkhs bh fnilbnb he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm, :0>1. f.  Bhthrklenr fökm hi leamrkh bh nubltmrën hsphflalfn in lkpihkhetnflöe bh khblbns fmrrhftlvns he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm, :0>1.

>.2.  Gustlalfnflöe bh in levhstlcnflöe. >.2.>.  Gustlalfnflöe Rhörlfn Pnrn in prhsheth levhstlcnflöe sh tmkö fmkm jnsh ins thmrëns y fmemflklhetms söilbms fme auebnkhetms thörlfms, pnrn bnr smiuflöe n ims  prmjihkns prhsheflnbm prhsheflnbmss bhetrm bh in mrcnelznflöe, blfdn thmrën nyubn n hvniunr ins vnrlnjihs ’nubltmrën‛ h   ’leamrkhs bh fnilbnb‛, fme in alenilbnb bh fmemfhr in prhshetnflöe bh ims leamrkhs pnrn npmrtnr ue vnimr ncrhcnbm n in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm. In levhstlcnflöe sh bhsnrrmiiö fme in rhvlslöe bh ims bmfukhetms y  Emrkns Ihcnihs (Emrkns Lethrenflmen Lethrenflmenihs ihs bh Nubltmrln), sh bhthrkleö ims

>3

 

   prmfhblklhetms quh sh utlilzö y ins khblbns bh Fmetrmi Lethrem sme bh nfuhrbm n ins emrkns hstnjihflbns fmrrhspmeblheths, pmr khblm bhi funi in  prhsheth levhstlcnflöe jusfö fmemflklhetms ÷tlihs pnrn ins flheflns nbklelstrntlvns fmetnjihs.

>.2.:.  Gustlalfnflöe Prîftlfn In prhsheth levhstlcnflöe sh gustlalfö bh knehrn prîftlfn pmr in fmetrljuflöe bh ims fmemflklhetms y fnpnflbnbhs bhi levhstlcnbmr pnrn bhthrklenr in prmjihkîtlfn nbhkîs bh in lbhetlalfnflöe bh ins fnusns quh nyubnrme n hstnjihfhr in smiuflöe bhi prmjihkn hefmetrnbm he in prhsheth levhstlcnflöe. Pmr mtrm inbm, in leamrknflöe rhfnjnbn ems phrkltlö hstnjihfhr ins blahrheflns bh ims leamrkhs bh fnilbnb y ue leamrkh slkpih y hsfnsm bh fmethelbm nfmrbh n ins fnrnfthrëstlfns bh ims klskms.

>.2.6.  Gustlalfnflöe Khtmbmiöclfn Vh gustlalfn bh knehrn khtmbmimcën yn quh npmrtö lestrukhetms ÷tlihs y fmealnjihs quh phrkltlhrme khblr bh amrkn fmrrhftn ins vnrlnjihs mjghtm bh hstublm, pnrn tni hahftm sh rhnilzö fme ims kìtmbms y tìfelfns bh in levhstlcnflöe y bh hstn knehrn sh nenilzö in nubltmrën y in prhshetnflöe bh leamrkhs bh fnilbnb ims funihs bhjhrëne nyubnr n khgmrnr pnrth bh in bh chstlöe bh in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm.

>.2.2.  Gustlalfnflöe Vmflni In MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm, slhebm uen bh ins lestltuflmehs l estltuflmehs fme alehs smflnihs, in prhsheth levhstlcnflöe npmrtö ni bhsnrrmiim bhi klskm, khblneth ims neîilsls bh in bmfukhetnflöe chehrnbn he blahrheths phrlmbms quh lefiuyh n ins îrhns frëtlfns frët lfns bh in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm, pnrn im funi hi mjghtlvm auh fmetrljulr fme ims rhsuitnbms anvmrnjihs, he  jhehalflm n in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm y mtrms mrcnelskms quh tlhehe hi klskm rujrm u mjghtm smflni.

>4

 

  >.2.8.  Gustlalfnflöe bh Fmevhelhefln In prhsheth levhstlcnflöe sh rhnilzö fme in alenilbnb bh imcrnr uen nftlvlbnb lebhpheblheth y mjghtlvn pnrn khgmrnr ins mphrnflmehs, mphrnflmehs, chstlmehs y hghfuflmehs he ins mrcnelznflmehs.

Auh anftljih rhnilznr hstn levhstlcnflöe n phsnr quh sh tujm ilkltnflmehs bhjlbm n quh em hxlstën kufdn leamrknflöe auheth, burneth su hxlsthefln hs euim in rhnilznflöe bh uen nubltmrln amrkni, phrm fme nicuens leamrknflmehs quh ems anfliltö slrvlö pnrn su tmkn bh juhens bhflslmehs bh chstlöe

>.8.  Bhilkltnflöe bh in levhstlcnflöe. >.8.>.  Bhilkltnflöe Hspnflni In levhstlcnflöe tltuinbn ’Nubltmrën y in prhshetnflöe bh leamrkhs bh fnilbnb he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm, :0>1 ‛, sh  rhnilzö he ins malflens bh in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh N Nynfuf ynfufdm. dm.

>.8.:.  Bhilkltnflöe Rhkpmrni In levhstlcnflöe tltuinbn ’Nubltmrën y in prhshetnflöe bh leamrkhs bh fnilbnb he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm, :0>1 ‛, sh  rhnilzö bhi  phrlmbm hehrm n blflhkjrh :0>1.

>.8.6.  Bhilkltnflöe Fmefhptuni m Rhkîtlfn Hi thkn bh levhstlcnflöe hstî rhahrlbm n in nubltmrën y in prhshetnflöe bh leamrkhs bh fnilbnb he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm, :0>1 pnrn im funi sh utlilzö iljrms, thsls, thxtms, nethfhbheths y fmefhptms quh tuvlhrme fmethelbm nbhfunbm fme hi thkn bh levhstlcnflöe.

><

 

  FNPËRXIM LL KNZFM RHÖZLFM LL.  Knrfm thörlfm :.>.  Nethfhbheths bhi hstublm Lethrenflmenihs Fnrrliim (:001), he su thsls tltuinbm ’Qnimr Ncrhcnbm bhi Leamrkh bh Nubltmrën bh Chstlöe y su Leflbhefln he hi Nprmvhfdnklhetm bh ims Zhfursms Aleneflhrms bhi Lestltutm bh Prmkmflöe Duknen Leprdu- Hsthië,  Hsthië, Nþm :0>2‛., pnrn mptnr hi tëtuim bh knsthr he Fmetnjlilbnb fme Ìeansls he Nubltmrln he in Xelvhrslbnb  Enflmeni Nutöemkn bh Elfnrncun, rhnilzö r hnilzö hstublm bh bhsfrljlr hi vnimr ncrhcnbm bhi leamrkh bh nubltmrën bh chstlöe chstlöe y ims rhfursms aleneflhrms, aleneflhrms, bh in klskn amrkn lbhetlalfnr hi vnimr ncrhcnbm bh ims rhsuitnbms bhi leamrkh bh nubltmrën bh chstlöe he ims rhfursms aleneflhrms bhi Lestltutm bh Prmkmflöe Duknen LEPZDX Hsthië. Rnkjlìe vnimrnr ims rhsuitnbms bhi leamrkh bh nubltmrën bh chstlöe y su leflbhefln he hi nprmvhfdnklhetm bh ims rhfursms aleneflhrms he hi Lestltutm bh Prmkmflöe Duknen LEPZDX Hsthië? y prmpmeh ins dhrrnklhetns nbklelstrntlvns pnrn khgmrnr in halflhefln he hi knehgm bh ims rhfursms aleneflhrms he hi Lestltutm bh Prmkmflöe Duknen LEPZDX Hsthië. Mjthelbms in khblflöe bh ims leblfnbmrhs bh fnbn vnrlnjih bh hsth thkn bh levhstlcnflöe sh iihcn n ins slculheths fmefiuslmehs7 Bh quh n trnvìs bh ims rhsuitnbms bhi leamrkh bh bh nubltmrën bhi LEPZD LEPZDX-Hsthië X-Hsthië sh fmestntn quh hs uen mrcnelznflöe quh hstî nftunebm halflhethkheth y pmr tnetm slhebm hahftlvm su Fmetrmi Lethrem, y he LEPZDX Hsthië ims leamrkhs bh nubltmrën hkltlbms khblneth nubltmrln bh chstlöe dne fmestltulbm hi khblm pnrn quh ims nubltmrhs fmkuelfne bh knehrn amrkni y blrhftn ims rhsuitnbms guetm fme ins rhfmkhebnflmehs rhfmkhebnf lmehs fmrrhspmeblheth fmrrhspmeblhethss n in lestltuflöe. Ins prîftlfn prîftlfnss bh nubltmrëns he hi LEPZDX Hsthië dne ncrhcnbm vnimr n in mrcnelznflöe rhaihgnebm tmbns ins fnrnfthrëstlfns ledhrheths tnihs fmkm mjghtlvlbnb, mpmrtuelbnb, finrlbnb y nbhkîs bh thehr fnilbnb sualflheth pnrn rhspmebhr n ins hxlcheflns bh nitn chrhefln. Ims

:>

 

  leamrkhs bh nubltmrën chehrne vnimrhs ncrhcnbms n ins hkprhsns funebm knelalhstne hstms fmkm ue prmbuftm thrklenbm fme ims hstîebnrhs bh fnilbnb sualflheth pnrn rhspmebhr n ins hxlcheflns rhquhrlbns knelahstnbms hstms n trnvìs bh in fmkuelfnflöe hsfrltn y in alenilbnb bh in nubltmrln. Rnkjlìe LEPZDX Hsthië, fmkm hghfutmr bh prmyhftms smflnihs sh fmealrkö quh ims leamrkhs bh nubltmrën dne ncrhcnbm vnimr n in MEC n trnvìs bh rhfmkhebnflmehs phrtleheths y ins prîftlfns bh hstns leflblbm he in knxlklznflöe bh ims rhfursms aleneflhrms, yn quh dne bhkmstrnbm shr pmrtnbmrhs bh halfnfln y halflhefln y nftunr fme in knymr hfmemkën he in hghfuflöe bh sus prmyhftms. \ alenikheth nalrknebm quh he LEPZDX Hsthië ins dhrrnklhetns tnetm aleneflhrn fmkm nbklelstrntlvn hxlsthe,  pnrn iihvnr n fnjm uen chstlöe halfnz, halflheth y blspmeljihs pnrn hiim smim dny quh snjhr npilfnrins. \mf (:001), he su thsls tltuinbn ’Hi Leamrkh bhi Fmetnbmr P÷jilfm y Nubltmr he ue Rrnjngm bh Prmfhblklhetms Prhvlnkheth Fmevhelbms he hi Îrhn bh Fuhetns  pmr Fmjrnr (Filheths) bh uen Hkprhsn bh Vhrvlflms bh Lethreht‛,  pnrn

mptnr hi

tëtuim bh Fmetnbmr P÷jilfm y Nubltmr he in Xelvhrslbnb Vne Fnrims bh Cunthknin, rhnilzö hi hstublm pnrn ’bhthrklenr ins fmeblflmehs n ins quh hi Fmetnbmr P÷jilfm y nubltmr hstn nahftm ni nfhptnr ue trnjngm bh hstn enturnihzn, he hi funi sh rhnilzne uen shrlh bh prmfhblklhetms, ims funihs shrîe prhvlnkheth nfmrbnbms fme hi filheth quh fmetrntn sus shrvlflms m fme ins phrsmens lethrhsnbns he ims rhsuitnbms bhi trnjngm, fme rhinflöe ni hxnkhe bh ins fuhetns pmr fmjrnr. Hi leamrkh quh hi fmetnbmr p÷jilfm y nubltmr prhshetn, hstî ilkltnbm n nquhiins  phrsmens quh pnrtlflpne he in bh bhthrklenflöe thrklenflöe bh ims prmf prmfhblklhetms hblklhetms fmevhelbms, fmevhelbms, yn quh pnrn mtrns phrsmens em hethrnbms bh ins rnzmehs bhi pmrquì sh rhnilznrme hsms  prmfhblklhetms, puhbhe lethrprhtnr lefmrrhftnkheth ims rhsuitnbms nifneznbms he hi trnjngm rhnilznbm pmr hi nubltmr‛   y ’ins

iihcne n ins slculheths fmefiuslmehs7 ^uh

Emrkns Lethrenflmenihs bh Nubltmrln (ELN) auhrme frhnbns fme hi mjghtm bh

uelamrknr ins prîftlfns bh nubltmrln, nsë fmkm ims shrvlflms prmahslmenihs rhinflmenbms quh prhstn ims fmetnbmrhs p÷jilfms y nubltmrhs he tmbm hi kuebm. Blfdms lestrukhetms emrkntlvms fmetlhehe ims prleflplms y prmfhblklhetms  jîslfms quh prhfhpt÷ne ni nfflmenr bh in prmahslöe pnrn nifneznr ims mjghtlvms  prhvlstms he fnbn trnjngm he pnrtlfuinr. Xe trnjngm bh nubltmrln fme  prmfhblklhetms fmevhelbms fmestltuyh ue trnjngm hsphflni bh nubltmrln, khblneth

::

 

  hi funi hi fmetnbmr p÷jilfm y nubltmr hs fmetrntnbm pnrn iihvnr n fnjm flhrtms  prmfhblklhetms smjrh ims quh hi nubltmr nubltmr y in hetlbnb dne nfmrbnbm rhnilznr. Pmr tni rnzöe he hi blftnkhe quh sh hklth fmkm rhsuitnbm bh hsth trnjngm, ims usunrlms bhi leamrkh hvni÷ne ims prmfhblklhetms y rhsuitnbms n ins funihs dn iihcnbm. Xe leamrkh smjrh prmfhblklhetms prhvlnkheth fmevhelbms blalhrh slcelalfntlvnkheth bhi prmbuflbm fmkm rhsuitnbm bh ue hxnkhe emrkni bh hstnbms aleneflhrms, bhjlbm n quh he hsth ÷itlkm hi nubltmr hklth su mplelöe smjrh in rnzmenjlilbnb bh ims hstnbms aleneflhrms n uen ahfdn bhthrklenbn, pmr hi fmetrnrlm, he ue trnjngm bh  prmfhblklhetm fmevhelbms fmevhelbms sh fmetrntn nnii nubltmr pnrn rhnilznr ue trnjngm he hi fun funii em hxprhsn mplelöe, ÷elfnkheth, hi rhsuitnbm bh ims prmfhblklhetms‛. 

Enflmenihs7 Hyznculrrh (:0>1), he su thsls tltuinbn ’ In Nubltmrën Aleneflhrn y su  Leflbhefln he in Chstl Chstlöe öe bh ins hetl hetlbnbhs bnbhs quh rhvlvhe bmenflmehs bh mrcnelskms lethrenflmenihs :0>6-:0>2‛ ,   ,  pnrn mptnr hi Crnbm Nfnbìklfm bh Knhstrms Knhstrms he Flheflns fmetnjihs y aleneflhrns bh in uelvhrslbnb Vne Knrtle bh Pmrrhs bh Ilkn, Zhnilzö hi hstublm pnrn pmbhr bhthrklenr sl in pinelalfnflöe bh nubltmrln leaiuyh anvmrnjihkheth he in hvniunflöe bh in mrcnelznflöe, he ins hetlbnbhs quh rhfljhe bmenflmehs bh mrcnelskms lethrenflmenihs he hi Phr÷., nbhkîs bhthrklenr sl hi shculklhetm bh in lkpihkhetnflöe bh rhfmkhebnflmehs pnrn n chstlöe leflbh anvmrnjihkheth he in hvniunflöe bh ims mjghtlvms y khtns he ins hetlbnbhs quh rhfljhe bmenflmehs bh mrcnelskms lethrenflmehs he hi Phr÷, nslklskm Bhthrklenr sl in fnpnfltnflöe fmetleun bhi nubltmr leflbh anvmrnjihkheth he in hvniunflöe bh in halflhefln y halfnfln, he ins hetlbnbhs quh rhfljhe bmenflmehs bh mrcnelskms lethrenflmenihs he hi Phr÷. Rnkjlìe prhflsnr sl in hvniunflöe bhi fmetrmi lethrem leaiuyh anvmrnjihkheth he in lbhetlalfnflöe bhi rlhscm, he ins hetlbnbhs quh rhfljhe bmenflmehs bh mrcnelskms lethrenflmenihs he hi Phr÷. \ pmr ÷itlkm hstnjihfhr sl hi leamrkh bh nubltmrën leaiuyh anvmrnjihkheth he ins auheths fmmphrneths, he hi knymr mtmrcnklhetm bh bmenflmehs n hetlbnbhs he hi Phr÷, iihcnebm n ins slculheths fmef fmefiuslmehs iuslmehs quh fme ims bntms bntms mjthelbms phrkltlhrme phrkltlhrme bhthrklenr quh in pinelalfnflöe bh nubltmrln leaiuyh anvmrnjihkheth he in hvniunflöe bh in mrcnelznflöe, he ins hetlbnbhs quh rhvlvhe bmenflmehs bh mrcnelskms lethrenflmehs lethrenflmehs he hhii Phr÷, nslklskm hi neîilsls bh ims bntms phrkltlö

:6

 

  bhthrklenr quh hi shculklhetm bh in lkpihkhetnflöe bh rhfmemflklhetm pnrn in chstlöe leflbh anvmrnjihkheth he in hvmiuflöe bh ims mjghtlvms y khtns, he ins hetlbnbhs quh rhfljhe rhfljhe bmenflmehs bmenflmehs.. Bh in klskn amrkn sh dn bhthrklen bhthrklenbm bm quh hi fukpilklhetm bh in ihcnilbnb leflbh anvmrnjihkheth he in funetlalfnflöe bh mphrnflmehs, he ins hetlbnbhs quh rhvlvhe bmenflmehs, ims bntms phrkltlhrme hstnjihfhr quh hi leamrkh bh nubltmrën leaiuyh anvmrnjihkheth he ins auheths fmmphrneths he in knymr mtmrcnklhetm bh bmenflmehs n hetlbnbhs y alenikheth sh dn bhthrklenbm quh in nubltmrën aleneflhrn ëeblfh anvmrnjihkheth he in chstlöe bh ins hetlbnbhs quh rhfljhe rhfljhe bmenflmeh bmenflmehss bh mrcnelskms lethrenf lethrenflmenihs. lmenihs. Rrugliim (:0>1), he su thsls tltuinbn ’ Nubltmrln bh Zhfursms Duknems y I Imcrm mcrm bh Mjghtlvms bh in Hkprhsn Lkprhetn Lkphtu Hbltmrlni V.Z.I. bhi blstrltm bh Fniihrën, Pufniipn :0>1 ‛  Pnrn mjthehr hi tëtuim bh Fmetnbmr P÷jilfm he in Xelvhrslbnb Prlvnbn bh Pufniipn‛. Ruvm fmkm mjghtlvms bhthrklenr he quì khblbn ims leamrkhs smjrh halfnfln y halflhefln bh ins nftlvlbnbhs y mphrnflmehs bhi phrsmeni sh rhinflmene fme hi imcrm bh ims mjghtlvms bh in hkprhsn Lkprhetn LKPHRX Hbltmrlni VZI bh Pufniipn, nslklskm bhthrklenr bh quì knehrn ims leamrkhs bh fmetrmi lethrem smjrh halflhefln he hi bhshkphþm bhi phrsmeni sh rhinflmene fme hi imcrm bh ims mjghtlvms bh in Hkprhsn Lkprhetn LKPHRX Hbltmrlni V.Z.I. bh Pufniipn. Bh in klskn knehrn bhalelr fmkm in npilfnflöe bh ims fmrrhftlvms bh knehrn mpmrtuen sh rhinflmene fme hi imcrm bh ims mjghtlvms bh in Hkprhsn Lkprhetn LKPHRX Hbltmrlni V.Z.I. bh Pufniipn. Iihcnebm n ins slculheths fmefiuslmehs7 Bh quh ims leamrkhs smjrh in halfnfln y halflhefln sh ins nftlvlbnbhs y mphrnflmehs bhi phrsmeni sh rhinflmene slcelalfntlvnkheth fme hi imcrm bh ims mjghtlvms bh in hkprhsn Lkprhetn LKPHRX Hbltmrlni V.Z.I. bh Pufniipn. Rnkjlìe ims leamrkhs bh fmetrmi lethrem smjrh in halflhefln he hi bhshkphþm bhi phrsmeni sh rhinflmene slcelalfntlvnkheth fme hi imcrm bh ims mjghtlvms bh in Lkprhetn LKPHRX Hbltmrlni V.Z.I. bh Pufniipn. \ alenikheth in npilfnflöe bh ims fmrrhftlvms bh knehrn mpmrtuen sh rhinflmen slcelalfntlvnkheth fme hi imcrm bh ims mjghtlvms bh in Lkprhetn LKPHRX Hbltmrlni V.Z.I. bh Pufniipn. Zmgns y Zhquhen (:0>2), he su thsls tltuinbm ’Vlsthkn bh Fmetrmi Lethrem  pnrn in chstlöe Aleneflhrn  ‖ Fmetnjih Fmetnjih bh ins MEC Bh In Zhclöe Gueë e‛, e‛,  pnrn mptnr hi tëtuim bh Fmetnbmr P÷jilfm, he in Xelvhrslbnb Enflmeni bhi bhi Fhetrm bhi

:2

 

  Phr÷, rhnilzm rhnilzm hi hstublm hstublm heamfnbn he in lkpmrtnefln bhi fmetrmi fmetrmi lethrem he ins MEC hi prmpösltm bh in levhstlcnflöe hs quh he jnsh n ims rhsuitnbms mjthelbms mjthel bms sh  puhbn khgmrnr ins ins blalfuitnbhs quh sh hefmetrö y nsë pmbhr vhr vhr bh fökm hi slsthkn bh fmetrmi lethrem khgmrn in chstlöe aleneflhrn-fmetnjih bh ins MEC bh in Zhclöe Gueëe. Bh hstn knehrn puhbn shrvlr fmkm dhrrnklhetn n hstns mrcnelznflöe pnrn imcrnr amrtnihfhr su Chstlöe aleneflhrn  ‖   Fmetnjih, Fmetnjih, nsë imcrnr sus sus mjghtlvms y khtns em smim smim he thkn thknss mphrntlvms slem tnkjlìe khgmrnr in chstlöe chstlöe mphrntlvn, mphrntlvn, aleneflhrn y fmetnjih fmkm in i n mptlklznflöe bh rhfursms, fmealnezn he ims prmfhsms lethrems bh fnbn bhpnrtnkhetm m îrhn y nshcurnr hi fukpilklhetm bh ins pmiëtlfns bh in mrcnelznflöe tlhehe in rhspmesnjlilbn rhspmesnjlilbnbb bh sh shrr trnespnrheths, trnespnrheths, dmehstns, dmehstns, rhspmesnjihss y ìtlfns Iihcnebm n ims slculheths fmefiuslmehs7 ^uh ims slsthkns bh rhspmesnjih fmetrmi lethrem sme auebnkhetnihs pnrn imcrnr hi rhclstrm hxnftm bh ins trnesnfflmehs, fmealnjlilbnb he ims rhpmrths aleneflhrms y hi juhe usm bh ims rhfursms, hs pmr hsm quh in hxlsthefln bhi slsthkn fmetrmi lethrem he ins MEC bh in rhclöe Gueëe dnfh quh khgmrh bh knehrn pmsltlvn in chstlöe aleneflhrn- fmetnjih bhetrm bh hiins. Rnkjlìe hi slsthkn bh fmetrmi lethrem amrkn pnrth bh ims slsthkns aleneflhrms prhsupuhstnrlms, fmetnjihs nbklelstrntlvms, fmethkpinebm ue fmeguetm bh pinehs, kìtmbms y prmfhblklhetms pnrn marhfhr uen cnrnetën rnzmenjih bhi usm bh rhfursms bh knehrn hfmeöklfms, halflheths y halfnfhs nslklskm hinjmrnr y knetlheh bntms aleneflhrms mpmrtuems fme in hxprhslöe nbhfunbn pnrn in tmkn bh bhflslmehs. Nbhkîs bh rhsphtnr ins ihyhs, rhcinkhetms bhi knrfm emrkntlvm rhinflmenbm fme ins MEC bh in rhclöe Gueëe. Hi slsthkn bh fmetrmi lethrem he in chstlöe aleneflhrn- fmetnjih nyubn n hvniunr in fnilbnb he ins nftlvlbnbhs mphrntlvns, klelklznebm rlhscm y npmynebm he in fmeshfuhefln bh mjghtlvms bh ins mrcnelznflmehs em cujhrenkhetni bh Bhsnrrmiim bh in Zhclöe bh Gueëe, amkhetnebm in lkpmrtnefln bh shr prnftlfnbm n tmbm elvhi. Fnrtmile (:0>>), he su thsls tltuinbm ’Hi leamrkh bh nubltmrën he in lbhetlalfnflöe bh rhspmesnjlilbnbhs nbklelstrntlvns, flvlihs y phenihs fmkm lestrukhetm bh fmetrmi he in chstlöe p÷jilfn‛,   prhshetnbn

pmr in Xelvhrslbnb

 Enflmeni Knymr Bh Vne Knrfms, Knrfms, Anfuitnb bh flheflns fmetnjihs pn pnrn rn in mjtheflöe bh crnbm bh knhstrm. Hi prhsheth hstublm tuvm fmkm mjghtlvm chehrni ’bhthrklenr quh hi leamrkh bh Nubltmrën fmestltuyh ue anftmr lkpmrtneth he in lbhetlalfnflöe bh Zhspmesnjlilbnbhs Nbklelstrntlvns Flvlihs y Phenihs bh ims aueflmenrlms y

:8

 

  shrvlbmrhs p÷jilfms bhi Hstnbm, he in iufdn fmetrn hi arnubh y in fmrrupflöe pmr hi knehgm bh ims rhfursms p÷jilfms he in chstlöe bhi Hstnbm‛. Ins fmefiuslme fmefiuslmehs hs quh amrkuin fmkm rhsuitnbm bh in levhstlcnflöe hs quh ims ’leamrkhs bh nubltmrën fmnbyuvne n in lbhetlalfnflöe bh rhspmesnjlilbnbhs nbklelstrntlvns flvlihs y  phenihs y fmestltuyhe lestrukhetms auebnkhetnihs bh fmetrmi fmetrn hi arnubh in fmrrupflöe y ims knims knehgms bh ims rhfursms p÷jilfms‛. He in levhstlcnflöe rhnilznbn sh dn bhthrklenbm quh ue e÷khrm bh pmiëtlfms, kliltnrhs y hx aueflmenrlms p÷jilfms dne slbm fmebh fmebhenbms enbms n phens alrkhs bh prlslöe bh kîs bh vhleth nþms, pmr nprmplnflöe liëfltn bh ims rhfursms bhi hstnbm. Ims blvhrsms fmihclms prmahslmenihs dne nprmjnbm sus rhsphftlvms föblcms bh ìtlfn, ims funihs fmetlhehe learnfflmehs y sneflmehs npilfnjihs n nquhiims prmahslmenihs quh fmkhetne nftms fmetrnrlms n in ìtlfn, sle hkjnrcm, n blfdms fmihclms em sh ihs fmkuelfn in rhinflöe bh ims aueflmenrlms quh he hi hghrflflm bh sus aueflmehs dne fmkhtlbm nftms liëfltms y/m bhiltms bh fmrrupflöe. Rhiim (:0>1), he su thsls tltuinbn ’ Nubltmrën Lethren y chstlöe nbklelstrntlvn bh in Hkprhsn Frhblvnrcns Pufniipn. Phr÷‛, pnrn mptnr hi tëtuim prmahslmeni bh Fmetnbmr P÷jilfm he in Xelvhrslbnb Prlvnbn bh Pufniipn, rhnilzm r hnilzm hi hstublm bh ’bhthrklenr in rhinflöe hetrh in Nubltmrën Lethren y in Chstlöe Nbklelstrntlvn bh

in Hkprhsn Frhblvnrcns, bhthrklenr in rhinflöe hetrh ims prmfhsms bh Nubltmrën Lethren y in Chstlöe Nbklelstrntlvn, bhthrklenr in rhinflöe hetrh ins emrkns bh Nubltmrën Lethren he in chstlöe nbklelstrntlvn‛. He funetm n in khtmbmimcën tuvm ue blshþm fmrrhinflmeni y iihcö n in i n slculheth fmefiuslöe ’bh quh sl sh rhnilzn uen nubltmrën he uen hkprhsn sh rhinflmen blrhftnkheth fme in chstlöe‛.

:.:.  Jnshs thörlfns :.:.>.  Nubltmrën Pniihrmin (:0>2), Bhaleh n in ’nubltmrën bh fuhetns, in nftlvlbnb fmeslstheth he in rhvlslöe y vhrlalfnflöe bh ins fuhetns neunihs, nsë fmkm bh mtrms hstnbms aleneflhrms m bmfukhetms fmetnjihs, hinjmrnbms fme nrrhcim ni knrfm emrkntlvm bh leamrknflöe aleneflhrn quh rhsuith bh npilfnflöe, slhkprh quh blfdn nftlvlbnb thecn pmr mjghtm in hklslöe bh ue leamrkh smjrh in alnjlilbnb bh  blfdms bmfukhetms quh puhbn thehr hahftms arheth n thrfhrms".

:1

 

  Vnetliinen (:0>:), bhaleh quh ’nubltmrën slcelalfn vhrlalfnr quh in leamrknflöe aleneflhrn, nbklelstrntlvn y mphrnflmeni bh uen hetlbnb hs fmealnjih, vhrnz y mpmrtuen? he mtrns pninjrns, hs rhvlsnr quh ims dhfdms, aheökhems y mphrnflmehs sh bhe he in amrkn he quh auhrme pinehnbms, quh ins pmiëtlfns y ilehnklhetms sh dnyne mjshrvnbm y rhsphtnbm, quh sh fukpih fme ins mjilcnflmehs alsfnihs, gurëblfns y rhcinkhetnrlns he chehrn‛. In alenilbnb bh in nubltmrln hs vhrlalfnr ue bhthrklenbm dhfdm m flrfuestnefln mfurrn bh nfuhrbm n im pinehnbm, sle hkjnrcm, sl sh in nubltmrln hs n uen mrcnelznflöe sh bhjh rhahrlrsh r hahrlrsh n ins pruhjns quh sh rhnilzn n ims hstnbms aleneflhrms, mphrnflmeni y/m nbklelstrntlvn fme jnsh n i fukpilklhetm n ins mjilcnflmehs gurëblfns y alsfnihs, pmiëtlfns y ilehnklhetms hstnjihflbms pmr in prmpln hetlbnb. Pnrn hiim hi nubltmr tlheh quh blshþnr y npilfnr prmfhblklhetms quh nyubhe n mjthehr leamrknflöe  pnrn hkltlr fmefiuslmehs rnzmenjihs y uen mplelöe lebhpheblheth smjrh in  prhshetnflöe bh ims kmvlklhetms quh alcurne he ims hstnbms aleneflhrms bh in fhrtlalfnr in trnspnrhfën t rnspnrhfën bh ims hstnbms aleneflhrms. Vnebmvni (:0>:), bhaleh quh ’hi mjghtm bh in nubltmrln rhbuflr hi rl hscm

bh learnfflöe, im funi blskleuyh hi fmstm bh mjthehr cneneflns. In nubltmrën bhjhrî bh fujrlr hi hxnkhe y hvniunflöe bh in nbhfunflöe y halflhefln bhi slsthkn bh fmetrmi lethrem fme rhsphftm n in mrcnelznflöe y fnilbnb bh hghfuflöe quh sh thebrî ni bhshkphþm bh ins rhspmesnjlilbnb r hspmesnjlilbnbhs hs quh ih auhrme nslcenbns‛.

Nubltmrëns lethrens (FMECBH)  (FMECBH)  fme hi tëtuim "In trnespnrhefln y in rheblflöe bh fuhetns he ins MECB7 sltunflöe nftuni y rhtms", sh fmefiuyö in ehfhslbnb bh rhemvnr hsauhrzms he thkns bh trnespnrhefln y rheblflöe bh fuhetns yn quh "dmy he bën dny kîs mrcnelznflmehs em cujhrenkhetnihs bh bhsnrrmiim quh euefn y ims amebms quh knehgne dne nukhetnbm sustneflnikheth he ims ÷itlkms vhleth nþms". He hi hvhetm, sh bhstnfö in lkpmrtnefln bh kmstrnr rhsphtm dnfln ins phrsmens y mrcnelznflmehs quh npmrtne amebms y fökm "ins pmsljihs knins prîftlfns bh uens pmfns mrcnelznflmehs mrcnelznflme hs puhbhe bnþnr in fmealnezn he hi shftmr.

:3

 

  Vimssh (>0, Z Leamrknflöe fmkpnrntlvn. Flarns fmrrhspmeblheths y hstnbms

aleneflhrms fmkpnrntlvms. hinflöe fme in leamrknflöe l eamrknflöe fmkpnrntlvn. -  ELN 3:0, Leamrknflöe fmkpnrntlvn. Flarns fmrrhspmeblheths y hstnbms aleneflhrms fmkpnrntlvms.

Ins Emrkns bh Nubltmrln Chehrnikheth Nfhptnbns (ENCNV)   ’sme ims  prleflplms y rhqulsltms rhqulsltms quh bhjh fukp fukpilr ilr tmbm nubltmr he hi bhshkphþm bhshkphþm bh su aueflöe bh tni amrkn puhbn hxprhsnr uen mplelöe tìfelfn rhspmesnjih iinknbns Emrkns Rìfelfns bh Nubltmrln. Ins emrkns puhbhe bhalelr fnbn  pnës (blftnbn pmr hi fmihclm bh ffmetnbmrhs metnbmrhs bh fnbn pnës) sh finslalfn he trhs7

Emrkns Phrsmenihs m Chehrnihs7 rhcuin in fmeblflöe quh thehr he fuhetn hi nubltmr y hi fmkpmrtnklhetm burneth hi bhsnrrmiim bh su trnjngm.

Emrkns rhintlvns n in hghfuflöe bhi trnjngm7 bhthrklenr ims khblms y ins nftunflmehs quh hkpihn burneth su trnjngm hi nubltmr

Emrkns rhintlvns n in prhpnrnflöe bh ims leamrkhs7 hi blftnkhe bh uen nubltmrn hs hi bmfukhetm quh hklth ue fmetnbmr P÷jilfm bmebh hxprhsn su mplelöe n ims hstnbms aleneflhrms rhquhrlbms pnrn hi hxnkhe. ’in lkpmrtnefln bhi blftnkhe dn dhfdm ehfhsnrlm hi hstnjihflklhetm bh emrkns quh rhcuih in fnilbnb y rhqulsltms pnrn in prhpnrnflöe nbhfunbn‛

60

 

  Finslalfnflöe bh in Nubltmrln pmr su Iucnr bh Mrlche In nubltmrën shc÷e in aueflöe quh hvni÷n y he bmebh sh rhnilzn sh finslalfn he7 - Nubltmrën lethren7 Hsth tlpm bh nubltmrën hs rhnilznbn pmr ims prmplms

hkpihnbms m aueflmenrlms he in klskn mrcnelznflöe fme hi mjghtlvm bh khblr su prmplm bhshkphþm bhpheblhebm bh in chstlöe bh in klskn hetlbnb. Hi funi vn n phrkltlr n nyubnr n fukpilr ins khtns y mjghtlvms, slhkprh fme khgmrn he in halflhefln bh ims prmfhsms bh chstlöe, klblhebm im rlhscm fme su bhthrklenflöe bh ims elvhihs y quh fmestltuyne hihkhetms jîslfms pnrn in mjtheflöe bh hvlbhefln y quh shrîe pinsknbms he hi leamrkh bh nubltmrën khgmrnebm hi fmetrmi bh in hetlbnb.

Qhetngn7 fmkm hi nubltmr phrthehfh n in hkprhsn, fmemfh ëethcrnkheth ins nftlvlbnbhs y mphrnflmehs quh bhsnrrmiin, pmr im quh shrî kîs aîfli hvniunr bh knehrn nkpiln

Bhsvhetngn7 in vhrnflbnb, nifnefh y fmealnjilbnb sme ilkltnbns bhjlbm n quh kufdns vhfhs puhbhe hxlstlr leghrhefln bh fökm bhjh hvniunr y hkltlr leamrkhs pmr pnrth bh ims blrhftlvms bh in mrcnelznflöe mr cnelznflöe.. - Nubltmrën hxthren7  Hs nquhiin quh im rhnilzn ue prmahslmeni hxthrem y

rhfmemflbm ihcnikheth bh knehrn lebhpheblheth, fme hi mjghtlvm bh hxprhsnr ue frlthrlm prmahslmeni smjrh fökm aueflmen y khblr in halflhefln y halfnfln bh in prhstnflöe bh shrvlflm bh in hetlbnb, ins hetlbnbhs bhblfnbns n hstns hvniunflmehs sme lebhpheblheths, sle lkpmrtnr su tnknþm m amrkn ihcni. Hstns bhthrklene in rnzmenjlilbnb bh ims hstnbms aleneflhrms, bnebm fmealnezn n ims usunrlms bh blfdn leamrknflöe, nbhkîs bh bnr uen mplelöe prmahslmeni h lebhpheblheth rhsphftm n in fmeblflöe aleneflhrn y ims rhsuitnbms bh mphrnflöe bh in hkprhsn nubltnbn quh vn n shr hxprhsnbn he hi leamrkh bh nubltmrën

Qhetngns7 ni em thehr elecuen bhphebhefln pmr pnrth bh in mrcnelznflöe, ims nubltmrhs sme iljrhs h lebhpheblheths bh funiqulhr leghrhefln bh in mrcnelznflöe nubltnbn

Bhsvhetngn7  Fmemfh pmfm in mrcnelznflöe, su hvniunflöe puhbh shr ilkltnbn bhjlbm n in pmfn leamrknflöe.

6>

 

  Finslalfnflöe bh in Nubltmrln pmr su Îrhn bh Npilfnflöe Vh bhtniin ims quh kîs rhsnitn7 - Nubltmrën aleneflhrn7  fmeslsth hi trnjngm bhi nubltmr he rhvlsnr in

fmrrhftn npilfnflöe bh ims rhclstrms fmetnjihs y mphrnflmehs aleneflhrn bh in mrcnelznflöe - Nubltmrën nbklelstrntlvn7  hs ue hxnkhe bh fmetrmi bh in hstrufturn

mrcnelzntlvn bh uen hetlbnb p÷jilfn m prlvnbn, bhi fukpilklhetm bh ins aueflmehs hsphfëalfns nslcenbns ni rhfursm duknems fme quh fuhetn in hetlbnb, hi knehgm bh phrsmeni bh in hetlbnb y ims imcrms mjthelbms he ue  phrlmbm bhthrklenbm bhthrklenbm. - Nubltmrën mphrnflmeni7 hs uen hvniunflöe bh fmetrmi quh fmeslsth he in

rhvlslöe chehrni n in mrcnelznflöe, fme hi ale bh bhthftnr ims prmjihkns m eubms frëtlfms quh em phrklthe imcrnr ims mjghtlvms m khtns prmpuhstns, quh mjvlnkheth bh smiuflmenrsh sh imcrnrën mjthehr uen khgmr  prmbuftlvlbnb? pmr im quh, hs jnsh prleflpni he hi slsthkn bh fmetrmi lethrem bh ins hkprhsns quh klbhe in halflhefln y halfnfln bh uen mrcnelznflöe klblhebm sus lecrhsms hfmeöklfms chehrnbms he hi prmfhsm  prmbuftlvm. - Nubltmrën lethcrni7  Hs in rhvlslöe njsmiutn, slsthkîtlfn y cimjni quh

rhnilzn ue hqulpm kuitlblsflpilenrlm bh prmahslmenihs n tmbns ins nftlvlbnbhs y mphrnflmehs bh uen mrcnelznflöe, fme hi prmpösltm bh hvniunrin bh knehrn lethcrni, tmbns sus îrhns nbklelstrntlvns.

Vimssh (:002), dnfh rhahrhefln n ims Heamquhs bh in nubltmrën  Vlhebm ims slculheths7 - Heamquh ’bh nrrljn dnfln njngm‛   - Heamquh he hi fmemflklhetm bhi ehcmflm - Ìeansls he hi frlthrlm prmahslmeni - Heamquh bh nubltmrën khblbn - Ìeansls he in pinelalfnflöe hstrntìclfns - Nalrknflmehs quh fmkpmehe ims hstnbms fmetnjihs - Mjghtlvms bh nubltmrën - Hvniunflöe bhi rlhscm bh nubltmrën - Bhthrklenflöe bh fmetrmihs finvh. - Bhthrklenflöe bh prmfhblklhetm bh nubltmrën

6:

 

  Vimssh (:002) bhaleh7 ’Heamquh ’bh nrrljn dnfln njngm‛,

fmkm ue heamquh hkprhsnrlni? quh

fmeslbhrn lkpmrtneth quh hi nubltmr fmemzfn n piheltub ins hstrnthclns lkpihkhetnbns pmr in nitn blrhfflöe bh ims ehcmflms pnrn hi fukpilklhetm bh sus khtns y mjghtlvms. Hi heamquh bh nrrljn dnfln njngm m neîilsls bhi ehcmflm, hs bhflr hstublnr su mrcnelznflöe, aueflmenklhetm bh pinetns bh prmbufflöe, fmethxtm hfmeöklfm bmebh sh bhshevuhivh, slsthkns bh rhclstrm bh leamrknflöe fmetnjih quh pmshh, htf. Vme prlkmrblnihs neths quh hi neîilsls bh trnesnfflmehs m snibms leblvlbunihs bh ims hstnbms aleneflhrms. Fmkm sh vhrî kîs nbhineth, n ale bh npilfnr hi heamquh ’bh nrrljn dnfln njngm‛ he amrkn halflheth, sh blvlblrî hi hxnkhe he pnrths quh

 puhbne

nbklelstrnsh

dmkmcìehn dmkmcìehnkheth, kheth,

bhemklenbns bhemklenbns

uelbnbhs

mphrntlvns, quh rhaihgne in amrkn he quh hi filheth m in hkprhsn hstî mrcnelznbn. Vhrn tnkjlìe dnjltuni quh pnrn fnbn uelbnb mphrntlvn sh bhthrklehe ims fmkpmeheths nsmflnbms quh fmeamrkne ims hstnbms fmetnjihs y fmeshfuhethkheth sus nalrknflmehs, rlhscms vlefuinbms y  prmfhblklhetms bh bh nutmrën.

:.:.:.  Leamrkh bh Nubltmrën \nrnsfn (:000), bhaleh ni leamrkh fmkm ’ prmbuftm aleni bhi trnjngm bhi nubltmr, hs uem bh ims bmfukhetms kîs lkpmrtneths bh tmbm hi prmfhsm bhi hxnkhe, y pmr im tnetm su hstlim bh leamrknflöe y prhshetnflöe rhvhin in fnilbnb prmahslmeni bhi Nubltmr ‛. Hi leamrkh bhi nubltmr fmetlheh tmbm im dn rhnilznbm, nsë fmkm ins rhfmkhebnflmehs n pnrtlr bh ims rhsuitnbms mjthelbms, y pnrn hiim sh rhqulhrh ue nbhfunbm fmetrmi bh fnilbnb, rhsphftm n sus funilbnbhs y susthetm bh ims dhfdms rhvhinbms. He in nftunilbnb sh ehfhsltn ue Leamrkh bh Nubltmrën quh fmethecn leamrknflöe lkpmrtneth quh nyubh n in chrhefln he in tmkn bh bhflslmehs, he bmebh sh puhbn fmemfhr fme knymr hxnftltub y trnespnrhefln smjrh hi  prmfhsm y hi hi rhsuitnbm bh in nub nubltmrën. ltmrën.

66

 

  Ins fnrnfthrëstlfns he su rhbnfflöe sh puhbhe fmeslbhrnr7 In finrlbnb, fme in alenilbnb bh hvltnr in lkprhflslöe, blstleculr ims dhfdms bh ins mplelmehs. In shefliihz, usnr tìrklems shefliims hi funi em blalfuith in lethrprhtnflöe ni phrsmeni. Fmeflsm, hvltnr pîrrnams inrcms In lkpnrflnilbnb, Qliinfmrtn (:0>2) shþnin quh ’leamrkh bh nubltmrën fmestltuyh hi  prmbuftm aleni bhi prmfhsm bh nubltmrën. Hsth bmfukhetm hs hi khblm n trnvìs bhi funi hi nubltmr fmkuelfn n ims usunrlms bh in leamrknflöe fmetnjih su vnimrnflöe smjrh in fnilbnb bh ims fmethelbms bhi leamrkh neuni. In rhbnfflöe y fmethelbm bhi leamrkh bh nubltmrën tlheh crne lkpmrtnefln, puhstm pnrn quh shn ÷tli n sus usunrlms bhjh hxpmehr, bh amrkn finrn y prhflsn in fmefiuslöe n ins quh dn iihcnbm hi nubltmr trns in rhvlslöe bh ins fuhetns neunihs y in nalrknflöe smjrh in fmestntnflöe m em bh quh dn npilfnbm ins emrkns y prmfhblklhetms fmetnjihs fmeshesunbms he hsh kmkhetm‛. 

OPKC (:0>1), dnfh rhahrhefln smjrh ’hi mrcnelskm prmbuftm hklsmr bh ins Emrkns Lethrenflmenihs bh Nubltmrën (LNNVJ), qulhehs bhthrklene quh sme fmesflheths bh in ehfhslbnb bh ue fnkjlm bh heamquh he ims leamrkhs bh nubltmrën y quh dne thelbm he su nchebn burneth ue inrcm  phrlmbm bh tlhkpm ue prmyhftm fme hi mjghtlvm puhstm he ue leamrkh bh nubltmrën khgmrnbm. Fmkm rhsuitnbm, sh dne nprmjnbm y pujilfnbm euhvn emrkn lethrenflmeni smjrh leamrkhs bh nubltmrën quh lefmrpmrne fnkjlms bh crne lkpmrtnefln he in leamrknflöe fmethelbn he ims leamrkhs, quh thebrîe quh lethcrnrsh he hi knrfm emrkntlvm bh in nubltmrën ‛. Ndmrn, fme in hetrnbn he vlcmr bh ims euhvms rhquhrlklhetms lethrenflmenihs quh nahftne ni leamrkh bh nubltmrën, sl jlhe ims mjghtlvms chehrnihs he funetm n knymr trnespnrhefln h leamrknflöe he hi leamrkh sme ims klskms he tmbm hi kuebm, ims rhquhrlklhetms hsphfëalfms y pinzms pnrn su npilfnflöe  puhbhe vnrlnr he fnbn pnës. He hi fnsm bh nubltmrëns iihvnbns n fnjm bh fmeamrklbnb fme ins Emrkns Lethrenflmenihs bh Nubltmrën (ELN), in ahfdn

62

 

  quh hetrn he vlchefln hs pnrn hghrflflms quh flhrrhe n pnrtlr bhi >8 bh blflhkjrh bh :0>1. He chehrni, hsphrnkms quh in knymrën bh pnëshs, lefiulbms ims quh amrkne pnrth bh in XH, npilquhe ims euhvms rhquhrlklhetms he ims hghrflflms fhrrnbms he :0>3. Mtrms pnëshs, fmkm hi Zhlem Xelbm, yn dne rhnilznbm in trneslflöe fme nethrlmrlbnb y in rhspuhstn bh ims crupms bh lethrìs dn slbm kuy pmsltlvn. Hs mjvlm quh sh trntn bh ue thrrhem euhvm pnrn tmbms y hefmetrnr hi hquliljrlm nbhfunbm shrî ue  prmfhsm bh nprheblzngh fmetleum, he hi quh tmbns ins pnrths lethrhsnbns bhshkphþne uen aueflöe lkpmrtneth he in fmealcurnflöe bhi auturm bh ims leamrkhs bh nubltmrën, n fmetleunflöe, heukhrnkms nicuens khblbns quh sh puhbhe tmknr pnrn netlflpnrsh y prhpnrnrsh neth hstn euhvn rhnilbnb. He funetm n ims fnkjlms prleflpnihs mjshrvnbms7 -  Hi leamrkh bh Nubltmrën bhgh bh shr smim uen mplelöe fme m sle snivhbnbhs, kîs ni fmetrnrlm lefiuyn leamrknflöe kîs rhihvneth quh nyubh n ims usunrlms he in tmkn bh bhflslmehs. -  In rhamrkn bh ins Emrkns bh Nubltmrën smjrh Leamrkhs fme ue euhvm heamquh, hstî blrlclbm n khgmrnr y nukhetnr in leamrknflöe he hi Leamrkh bh Nubltmrën, bh amrkn quh ims usunrlms puhbne nprmvhfdnr khgmr hi fmemflklhetm quh nifnezn hi nubltmr fmkm rhsuitnbm bh su nubltmrën. -  Fmkm rhsuitnbm bh hsth prmfhsm bh rhamrkn, quh dn alenilznbm fme in hklslöe y pujilfnflöe bh blvhrsns emrkns (hetrh ins kîs rhihvneths in euhvn ELN 30> Fmkuelfnflöe bh ins fuhstlmehs finvh bh in nubltmrën he hi leamrkh hkltlbm pmr ue nubltmr lebhpheblheth), ims nubltmrhs quh rhnilfhe nubltmrëns bh fmeamrklbnb fme im blspuhstm he ins Emrkns Lethrenflmenihs bh Nubltmrën (ELN) hstnrîe mjilcnbms, hetrh mtrms nsphftms, n bhsfrljlr he hi Leamrkh bh Nubltmrën bh smflhbnbhs fmtlznbns ins fuhstlmehs finvh bh nubltmrën (Ohy Nublt Kntthrs) y hi trnjngm bh nubltmrën rhnilznbm he rhinflöe fme blfdns fuhstlmehs. -  In fmkuelfnflöe bh ins fuhstlmehs finvh bh in nubltmrën khgmrnrî hi vnimr fmkuelfntlvm bhi Leamrkh bh Nubltmrën, ni prmpmrflmenr uen knymr trnespnrhefln nfhrfn bh in nubltmrën quh sh dn rhnilznbm. -  Hi Leamrkh bh Nubltmrën npmrtnrî knymr trnespnrhefln fme rhsphftm n ins rhspmesnjlilbnbhs bhi nubltmr y su bhjhr bh lebhphebhefln, bhsfrljlrî he

68

 

  knymr bhtniih ins rhspmesnjlilbnbhs bh in Blrhfflöe y ims rhspmesnjihs bhi cmjlhrem bh in Vmflhbnb he rhinflöe fme ims hstnbms aleneflhrms nubltnbms. Pmr tnetm, pmbhkms rhsuklr7 N ims fnkjlms he in amrkn bh nubltnr, in amrkn bh mplelöe y fmethelbm, in khgmrn bh in fmkuelfnflöe fme ims hefnrcnbm hefnrcnbmss bhi cmjlhrem bh in hetlbnb y hi hahftm bh in hkprhsn he knrfdn.  He funetm n ims prleflpnihs jhehalflms quh npmrtnrî hsth euhvm leamrkh bh nubltmrën thehkms7 -  Ims prleflpnihs jhehalflnrlms shrîe ims levhrslmelstns, nenilstns y mtrms usunrlms. -  Vh khgmrn in fnilbnb bh in leamrknflöe aleneflhrn prhshetnbn. -  Ims jhehalflnrlms thebrîe uen khgmr phrfhpflöe bh in leamrknflöe. -  Hi leamrkh aleni bhi nubltmr thebrî ue vnimr fmkuelfntlvm lkpmrtneth. -  In nbklelstrnflöe y bh ims hefnrcnbms bhi cmjlhrem bh in hetlbnb ih  prhstnrîe knymr knymr ntheflöe h lkpmrtne lkpmrtnefln fln ni leamrkh aleni bhi nubltmr. nubltmr. -  Amrtnihfhr hi heamquh bhi nubltmr smjrh ims nsuetms n leamrknr (lefrhkhetm bhi hsfhptlflskm). -  In fmkuelfnflöe hetrh hi nubltmr y ims jhehalflnrlms shrî finrn, vlnjih y blrhftn.

ELN 300 (Zhvlsnbm), Amrknflöe bh in mplelöe y hklslöe bhi leamrkh bh nubltmrën smjrh ims Hstnbms Aleneflhrms.  Ims fnkjlms kîs lkpmrtneths lefiuyhe7 - Fnkjlm bh amrkntm7 mplelöe he hi pîrrnam prlkhrm, shculbm pmr ins jnshs

quh susthetne in mplelöe. - Hkprhsn he knrfdn. - Bhsfrlpflöe khgmrnbn bh ins rhspmesnjlilbnbhs rhspmesnjlilbnbhs bhi nubltmr.

lebhphebhefln. - Bhfinrnflöe hxpilfltn bh in lebhphebhefln. - Fnkjlm mjilcntmrlm pnrn hetlbnbhs quh fmtlzne he ins Jmisns bh Qnimrhs7 - Lbhetlalfnflöe bh ims nsuetms finvhs bh nubltmrën y fmkm auhrme trntnbms. - Blvuicnflöe bhi emkjrh bhi smflm hefnrcnbm bh in nubltmrën.

61

 

  :.6.  Bhalelflöe bh fmefhptms Nubltmrln, sh rhinflmen fme hi hxnkhe bh ims Hstnbms Aleneflhrms hs bhflr in vhrlalfnflöe bh in leamrknflöe in leamrknflöe aleneflhrn, mphrnflmeni y nbklelstrntlvn he uen hetlbnb y he phrlmbm in funi sh prhshetn bh knehrn fmealnjih, vhrnz y mpmrtuen. Pmr tnetm fmestltuyh in rhvlslöe bh ims dhfdms y mphrnflmehs y  mphrnflmehs hfmeöklfns he ue  phrlmbm m hghrflflm fmetnjih y quh hs rhnilznbm he aueflöe n ins emrkns bh nubltmrën fukpilhebm ins pmiëtlfns ins pmiëtlfns y ilehnklhetms hstnjihflbms he uen hetlbnb, hetmefhs ni ni aleni hi nubltmr hetrhcn ue leamrkh ni aleni bh su trnj trnjngm ngm bh nubltmrën.

Heamquh bh nubltmrën, hi heamquh bh nubltmrën sh lelfln bhsbh hi fmklhezm bh uen nubltmrën, pmsthrlmrkheth sh nenilzn y sh hvni÷n sus trnjngms bh nubltmrën.

Blftnkhe bh Nubltmrën,  hs ue bmfukhetm gulflmsm y amrkni n ale bh quh hi nubltmr mtmrcuh fmealnjlilbnb ni prmbuftm aleni, he hsth fnsm hi leamrkh bh nubltmrën. Vme vnrlms blftîkhehs quh puhbh rhnilznr ue nubltmr bhetrm bh ue leamrkh bh nubltmrën.

Leamrkh bh fnilbnb, Xe leamrkh bh fnilbnb hs ue tlpm t lpm bh leamrkh quh fukpih fme flhrtms hstîebnrhs hstnjihflbms m quh fmethecn uen juhen pinelalfnflöe, hi leamrkh bhjh prhshetnr ue neîilsls bh in blkheslöe mjghtlvn bh in fnilbnb bh vlbn, quh lefiuyn ue fmeguetm bh leblfnbmrhs quh dne bnbm fuhetn bh nffhsm fme fnilbnb n jlhehs y shrvlflms jîslfms, fme leamrknflöe p÷jilfn y prlvnbn, quh alenikheth hstnjihfhrî ins rh rhfmkhebnflmeh fmkhebnflmehss

ehfhsnrlns bh ins bhalflheflns bhalflheflns

hefmetrnbns, pnrn su rhsphftlvn lkpihkhetnflöe quh chehrh uen khgmrn he nicuems prmfhsms bh chstlöe.

Chstlöe, hsth fmefhptm levmiufrn uen shrlh bh nfflmehs quh sme pinelalfnbns, slsthkntlznbns fme hi ale bh jrlebnr hi shrvlflm fmkm hs he hsth fnsm, bh ue  jhehalflm smflni n ins fmkuelbnbhs y quh hstîe lekhrsms he hi fukpilklhetm bh ims mjghtlvms bh in mrcnelznflöe, hs bhflr, pnrn hi fukpilklhetm bh su klslöe hs lkpmrtneth trnjngnr smjrh nsphftms quh fmetrljuyne n in khgmrn bh in halfnfln he ims rhsuitnbms h lkpnftms quh hstns phrslcuhe.

Hvlbhefln bh nubltmrën, sme ims nsphftms quh sh fmeslbhrne lkpmrtneths quh hs utlilznbn pmr hi nubltmr pnrn fmrrmjmrnr m fmetrnbhflr ins nalrknflmehs quh fmetlheh hi leamrkh bh nubltmrën y nifneznr ins fmefiuslmehs y rhfmkhebnflmehs he ins quh jnsn su mplelöe. In hvlbhefln bh nubltmrën lefiuyh tnetm in leamrknflöe

63

 

  hsphfëalfn bhi fukpilklhetm bh aueflmehs fmkm in leamrknflöe bh chstlöe. Vh mjtlheh blshþnebm y npilfnebm pruhjns bh nubltmrën.

Rmkn bh bhflslmehs, hs hi prmfhsm khblneth hi funi sh shihfflmen hstrnthclns bh smiuflöe bh fnsms m prmjihkns, thelhebm he fuhetn quh puhbhe shr bhflslmehs bh tlpm, injmrni, hfmeöklfm, smflni y mtrms, he jhehalflm bh in hetlbnb shn p÷jilfn m prlvnbn.

Chstlöe bh Zlhscms,  Hs ue prmfhsm bh trnjngm pinelalfnflöe y jusfnr hstrnthclns quh phrklth blskleulr in vuiehrnjlilbnb, bhsnrrmiinebm uen shrlh bh khblbns pnrn dnfhr dnfhr arheth n ims rlhsc rlhscms. ms. Xe prmcrnkn bh chstlöe chstlöe bh rlhscm eemm smim nyubn he in tmkn bh bhflslmehs n nitn blrhfflöe slem n blahrheths elvhihs bh in mrcnelznflöe. Fmevhrtlr ims rlhscms pmtheflnihs he rlhscms rhslbunihs y shr knehgnbms phrknehethkheth phrknehethkheth y pmr im tnetm khgmrn in fnilbnb.

:.2.  Dlpöthsls y vnrlnjihs :.2.>.  Dlpöthsls Chehrni In nubltmrën npmrtn bh knehrn halfnz he in prhshetnflöe bh leamrkhs bh fnilbnb quh bhjhe shr hahftlvns pnrn in lkpinetnflöe bh khblbns fmrrhftlvns mpmrtuens he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm, :0>1.

:.2.:.  Dlpöthsls Hsphfëalfms  n.  Nenilznr hi leamrkh bh in nubltmrën y su rhinflöe he in chstlöe bh in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm :0>1, anvmrhfhrî he in tmkn bh bhflslmehs bh in chstlöe  j.  Ni lelflnr in hghfuflöe bh ims prmfhblklhetms bh in nubltmrln he ims leamrkhs bh fnilbnb he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm :0>1, sh imcrnrî ue rhsuitnbm nfmrbh n im pinelalfnbm. f.  Hi leamrkh bh nubltmrën bhjh hsphflalfnr bh knehrn finrn, prhflsn y mpmrtuen pnrn in lkpihkhetnflöe bh ins khblbns fmrrhftlvns y hi imcrm bh mjghtlvms bh in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm, :0>1.

64

 

  Qnrlnjihs bh in levhstlcnflöe Qnrlnjih Lebhpheblheth T; Nubltmrën. Vhc÷e, hi heamquh bh nubltmrën vn n fmestltulr uen cuën n pnrtlr bhi funi sh vne lestnurnr ims prmfhblklhetms bh nubltmrën pnrn su rhsphftlvn hghfuflöe bh ins nftlvlbnbhs hefmkhebnbn. Vh tlhehe he fuhetn quh hi heamquh bh nubltmrën sh lelfln bh ims rhsuitnbms quh sh dne hefmetrnbm fme hi ale bh hvltnr m bhthftnr hrrmrhs m arnubhs he amrkn mpmrtuen.

Qnrlnjih Bhpheblheth \; Leamrkh bh fnilbnb Hs uen hstrufturn mphrnflmeni bh rhspmesnjlilbnb, quh tlheh quh hstnr jlhe auebnkhetnbn he aueflöe n ims prmfhblklhetms tìfelfms rhnilznbms, quh slrvh bh cuën pnrn in hinjmrnflöe bhi euhvm leamrkh bh nubltmrën.

6<

 

  :.>. Mphrnflmenilznflöe bh ins vnrlnjihs QNZLNJIHV 

FMEFHPRXNILWNFLÖE 

BLKHEVLMEHV 

FMEFHPRXNILWNFLÖE 

Qlsunilznr Heamquh ’Hs

hi

NXBLRMZLN

bh

blalfuitnbhs

bhsbh

blahrheths îkjltms, hstm fme in alenilbnb bh rhemvnr rhemvnr bh knehrn blahrheth. blahrheth.

hxnkhe

slsthkîtlfm

ins

LEBLFNBMZHV 

mrcnelznflöe, n phtlflöe

quh sh npilfne he uen levhstlcnflöe bh

 prmpln m bh thrfhrms. fme

 pnrtlbn rhintlvn n ims hstnbms aleneflhrms

Prmfhblklhetm  Prmfhblklhetm 

sughtms n alsfnilznflöe, bhi funi hi

shcurlbnb rnzmenjih bh

Fmetnbmr

ims hstnbms aleneflhrms,

mplelöe.

hi hetmrem mrcnelznflöe,

Hs amrkni pmr khblm bhi funiue bmfukhetm hi Fmetnbmr P÷jilfm mtmrcn fmealnjlilbnb ni prmbuftm aleni he hsth fnsm hi leamrkh bh nubltmrën². Vme vnrlms blftîkhehs quh puhbh rhnilznr ue nubltmr bhetrm bh ue leamrkh bh nubltmrën.

bh

njngm

in Blftnkhe

nfflmehs ue

pmbrî

auebnkhetnr

Prmfhblklhetms

BH

n

in

rhcuinbmrn

Chstlöe hahftlvn

Rmtnikheth he

leamrkh bh fnilbnb=

bhsnfuhrbm

sme

Ntrljutms

pinelalfnbns,

hstîe lekhrsms he hi fukpilklhetm bh

Chstlöe

Fmemflklhetm

Rmtnikheth bh nfuhrbm

 pmr uen nubltmrln fmetrljulrëne fmetrljulrëne n uen chstlöe halflheth

Rmtnikheth he

y ni fmemflklhetm bh ins aueflmehs bh ims

bhsnfuhrbm

4. Frhh usthb, ½quh ue leamrkh leamrkh bh fnilbnb phrkltlr n Knkn Nilfh=

Fnilbnb

Ntrljutms

Rmtnikheth bh nfuhrbm  nfuhrbm 

>:. ½Frhh usthb, quh ims ntrljutms bh uen hvlbhefln

 puhbhe shr fmeslbhrnbms fmkm ue juhe dniinzcm pnrn  prmfhbhr fme in hinjmrnflöe bhi leamrkh aleni bh

aleneflhrms y nifneznr ins fmefiuslmehs y

fnilbnb=

rhfmkhebnflmehs he ins quh jnsn su mplelöe. In hvlbhefln bh nubltmrën lefiuyh tnetm in leamrknflöe hsphfëalfn

6. ½Frhh usthb ^uh in hetlbnb ehfhsltn rhnilznr uen Mjghtlvm

leamrknflöe bh chstlöe. Vh mjtlheh

nubltmrën pnrn pmbhr khgmrnr su nbklelstrnflöe y imcrnr su mjghtlvm=

blshþnebm y npilfnebm pruhjns bh nubltmrën. Hs hi prmfhsm khblneth hi funi sh

2. ½Frhh usthb quh in hetlbnb ehfhsltn rhnilznr uen

shihfflmen hstrnthclns bh smiuflöe bh

nubltmrën pnrn pmbhr khgmrnr su nbklelstrnflöe y

fnsms m prmjihkns, thelhebm he fuhetn

 jhehalflm bh in hetlbnb shn p÷jilfn m  prlvnbn.

Bh nfuhrbm

fnilbnb leaiulrën he hi juhe hetheblklhetm bhi bhjlbm

nalrknflmehs quh fmetlheh ims hstnbms

injmrni, hfmeöklfm, smflni y mtrms, he

nfuhrbm

 prmfhsm bh uen nubltmrln= nubltmrln=

 pnrn fmrrmjmrnr m fmetrnbhflr ins

bhflslmehs

Pnrflnikheth bh

> ½Frhh usthb, quh ims leamrkhs bh fnilbnb hkltlbms

hs lkpmrtneth trnjngnr smjrh nsphftms

in

8. ½Ims prmfhblklhetms quh sh utlilzne he ins

Bh nfuhrbm

 pnrn hi fukpilklhetm bh su klslöe quh

emrkntlvlbnb bh

nubltmrln bh nrrljn dnfln njngm phrkltlrën mjthehr ue

3. ½Frhh usthb quh ims ntrljutms bh ue leamrkh bh

shrvlflm fmkm hs he hsth fnsm bh ue

rhqulsltms y amrknilbnbhs

FNILBNB   FNILBNB

quh

 jhehalflm smflni n ins fmkuelbnbhs fmkuelbnbhs y quh

bh fuhetn, sughtm he funetm n su fmethelbm,

>. ½Frhh usthb, quh utlilznebm hi euhvm heamquh bh

uen

slsthkntlznbns fme hi ale bh jrlebnr hi

bmfukhetm,

hkltlbm pmr ims nubltmrhs LEAMZKH   LEAMZKH

HVFNIN QNIMZNRLQN 

He bhsnfuhrbm

Hsth fmefhptm levmiufrn uen shrlh bh

’Hs

LEVRZXKHERM 

Hs ue fmeguetm bh tìfelfns y kìtmbms

uen

in alenilbnb bh hkltlr uen

Nrrljn dnfln

LRHKV 

imcrnr su mjghtlvm= Halflhefln

>8.½Xsthb frhh, quh hs lkpmrtneth lkpihkhetnr uen nubltmrln he tmbm ins lestltuflmehs p÷jilfns y prlvnbns  pnrn jusfnr in halflhefln y in halfnfln bh in prhstnflöe bh shrvlflm

2>

 

 

FNPËRXIM LLL KHRMBMIMCËN LLL.  Khtmbmimcën 6.>.  Kìtmbm bh levhstlcnflöe Hi kìtmbm bh levhstlcnflöe quh sh utlilzö he in prhsheth levhstlcnflöe, auh hi kìtmbm lebuftlvm, y sh pnrtlö bh heueflnbms mjshrvnjihs pnrn bnr rhspuhstns khblneth fmefiuslmehs chehrnihs.

6.:.  Rlpm bh levhstlcnflöe In levhstlcnflöe quh sh rhnilzö auh npilfnbn pnrn im funi sh utlilzö ims fmemflklhetms nbqulrlbms hsth tlpm bh levhstlcnflöe ’sh rhnilzn pnrn mjthehr euhvms fmemflklhetms y euhvms fnkpms bh levhstlcnflöe sle ue ale prîftlfm hsphfëalfm h lekhblntm. Rlheh fmkm ale frhnr ue fuhrpm bh fmemflklhetm thörlfm, sle prhmfupnrsh bh su npilfnflöe prîftlfn. Vh mrlhetn n fmemfhr y phrslcuh in rhsmiuflöe bh prmjihkns nkpilms y bh b h vnilbhz chehrni. (Inebhnu Zhjhfn, :003, p. 88)‛.

6.6.  Elvhi bh levhstlcnflöe In prhsheth levhstlcnflöe pmshh ue elvhi bhsfrlptlvm, sh heamfö n fmemfhr ins vnrlnjihs mjghtm bh hstublm, quh auhrme bhsfrltms bh nfuhrbm n su fmkpmrtnklhetm.

6.2.  Blshþm bh in levhstlcnflöe. Bhsfrlptlvn fmrrhinflmeni, puhs sh bhsfrljlö n fnbn uen bh ins vnrlnjihs mjghtm bh hstublm y pmsthrlmr n hiim sh hstnjihflö in rhinflöe hxlstheth hetrh nkjns vnrlnjihs. Pmr im quh sh hkpihn hi slculheth blshþm bh levhstlcnflöe7 M₎ 

K

r

₊

M 

2:

 

  Böebh7 K ; Kuhstrn bh tmbms ims aueflmenrlms y trnjngnbmrhs quh injmrne he in MEC

Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm. M₎ ; Nubltmrln M₊ ; Leamrkhs bh fnilbnb  r ; Zhinflöe bh ins vnrlnjihs bh hstublm.  

6.8.  Pmjinflöe y kuhstrn Pmjinflöe In pmjinflöe hs fmeslbhrnbn fmkm ue tmbm, ue fmeguetm uelvhrsni fme hihkhetms bh in klskn finsh. Vhc÷e Rnknym (:006) ’In pmjinflöe sh bhaleh fmkm in tmtnilbnb bhi aheökhem n hstublnr bmebh ins uelbnbhs bh pmjinflöe  pmshhe uen fnrnfthrëstlfn fmk÷e in funi sh hstubln y bn mrlche n ims bntms bh in levhstlcnflöe‛.  In pmjinflöe, mjghtm bh hstublm, hstuvm fmestltulbm pmr 60 phrsmens bh nkjms shxms bh in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm. Rni fmkm sh bhtniin he hi slculheth funbrm7 RZNJNGNBMZHV

FNERLBNB

KXGHZHV 

>4

QNZMEHV 

>:

RMRNI 

60

Kuhstrn Vhc÷e Rnknym (:006), ’in kuhstrn bhsfnesn he hi prleflplm bh quh ins pnrths rhprhshetne ni tmbm y, pmr tni rhaihgn ins fnrnfthrëstlfns quh bhalehe in pmjinflöe bh in quh auh hxtrnëbn, im funi ems leblfn quh hs rhprhshetntlvn. Pmr im tnetm, in vnilbhz bh in chehrnilznflöe bhphebh bh in vnilbhz y tnknþm t nknþm bh in kuhstrn ‛. 

26

 

  Fmkm in pmjinflöe hs phquhþn y sh nffhbh sle rhstrlfflmehs n hiin, pmr hstn rnzöe sh trnjngö fme hi tmtni bh trnjngnbmrhs bh in hetlbnb. Hi tlpm bh kuhstrn quh sh utlilzö he in prhsheth levhstlcnflöe auh hi kuhstrhm  prmjnjliëstlfm pmrquh nue slhebm phquhþn pmjinflöe tmbms cnrnetlzne rhprhshetntlvlbnb.

6.1.  Rìfelfns h lestrukhetms bh rhfmihfflöe bh bntms 6.1.>. Rìfelfns bh Zhfmihfflöe bh Bntms Vhc÷e (Fhrbn, >, iuhcm ims rhsuitnbms auhrme prhshetnbms he tnjins y crîalfms bh nfuhrbm n ims mjghtlvms pinethnbms he in levhstlcnflöe.

28

 

  Xen vhz amrkuinbn euhstrm lestrukhetm sh dn hkpihnbm hi smatwnrh hstnbëstlfm  pnrn flheflns smflnihs bhi VPVV, pnrn prmfhsnr in leamrknflöe, mjthelhebm hi rhsuitnbm bh in pruhjn fmealnjih fme in tìfelfn Nian bh Frmejnfd, hi funi nifnezö hi 0..  Rìfelfns bh prmfhsnklhetm y neîilsls bh bntms ’Nubltmrln

y in prhshetnflöe prhshetnflöe bh leamrkhs bh fn fnilbnb ilbnb he in MEC Knkn Nilf Nilfhh

bh Nynfufdm, :0>1‛?  sh rhnilzö in prhshetnflöe, neîilsls h lethrprhtnflöe ni rhsuitnbm mjthelbm he hi trnjngm bh fnkpm, quh tlheh pmr alenilbnb rhspmebhr ni  prmjihkn chehrni pinethnbm7 ½Bh quì knehrn in nubltmrën npmrtn he in  prhshetnflöe bh leamrkhs bh fnilbnb he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm, Nynfufdm, :0>1= y tnkjlìe, pnrn nifneznr hi mjghtlvm chehrni pinethnbm7 Nenilznr fmkm in nubltmrën npmrtn he in prhshetnflöe bh leamrkhs bh fnilbnb he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm, :0>1‛.

Zhsuitnbms bh in hefuhstn In hefuhstn sh rhnilzö n 60 phrsmens, pnrn nenilznr sl in nubltmrën npmrtn bh knehrn halfnz he in prhshetnflöe bh leamrkhs bh fnilbnb quh bhjhe shr hahftlvns  pnrn in lkpinetnflöe bh khblbns khblbns fmrrhftlvns mpm mpmrtuens rtuens he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm,, :0>1. tni fmkm sh bhkuhstrne n fmetleunflöe7 Nynfufdm

23

 

  2.:.  Prhshetnf Prhshetnflöee löee bh rhsuitnbms he tnjins y crîalfms

Rnjin > ½Frhh usthb, quh utlilznebm hi euhvm heamquh bh Nubltmrln bh Nrrljn dnfln njngm phrkltlrî mjthehr ue leamrkh bh fnilbnb= Arhfuhefln Pnrflnikheth bh nfuhrbm Bh nfuhrbm Rmtnikheth bh nfuhrbm Rmtni

Pmrfhetngh 2

>6,6

::

36,6

2

>6,6

60

>00,0

Auheth7  Fuhstlmenrlm rhnilznbm n ims trnjngnbmrhs bh in MEC Knkî Nilfh. Hinjmrnflöe Prmpln   Auheth7

Crîalfm > Xsm bhi euhvm heamquh bh Nubltmrln bh Nrrljn dnfln njngm pnrn mjthehr ue leamrkh bh fnilbnb. Rnjin >. Hinjmrnflöe prmpln.

Lethrprhtnflöe7 He hi crîalfm >, sh mjshrvn quh hi 36% bh ins phrsmens hefuhstns tlhehe uen  juhen prhblspmslflöe, prhblspmslflöe, bhjlbm n quh hstî bh nnfuhrbm fuhrbm fme hi usm bhi euhvm euhvm heamquh bh nubltmrën bh nrrljn dnfln njngm fme hi ale bh mjthehr ue leamrkh bh fnilbnb y ue >6% hstîe pnrflnikheth y tmtnikheth bh nfuhrbm rhsphftlvnkhe rhsphftlvnkheth. th.

24

 

  Rnjin : ½Frhh usthb, quh sl ims nubltmrhs npilfnrne sus fmemflklhetms bh nubltmrën pmbrëne rhnilznr ue prmcrnkn bh nubltmrën halflheth=  Pmrfhetngh Pnrflnikheth bh nfuhrbm Bh nfuhrbm Rmtnikheth bh nfuhrbm Rmtni

vîilbm

Pmrfhetngh

Arhfuhefln :

Pmrfhetngh 1,3

nfukuinbm 1,3 1,3

><

16,6

16,6

30,0

<

60,0

60,0

>00,0

60

>00,0

>00,0

Auheth7 Fuhstlmenrlm rhnilznbm n ims trnjngnbmrhs bh in MEC Knkî Nilfh. Hinjmrnflöe Prmpln

Crîalfm : Npilfnflöe bh ims fmemflklhetms bh nubltmrën pnrn rhnilznr ue prmcrnkn bh nubltmrën halflheth Auheth. Rnjin :. Hinjmrnflöe prmpln.

Lethrprhtnflöe7 He hi crîalfm :, rhaihgn uen juhen nfhptnflöe, puhs hstîe bh nfuhrbm y tmtnikheth bh nfuhrbm rhsphftlvnkheth, fme quh ims nubltmrhs npilquhe tmbms sus fmemflklhetms pnrn rhnilznr ue prmcrnkn bh nubltmrën halflheth ue 16% y 60%, klhetrns hi 3% hstîe pnrflnikheth bh nfuhrbm quh sl ims nubltmrhs npilfnrëne sus fmemflklhetms bh nubltmrën pmbrîe rhnilznr ue prmcrnkn bh nubltmrën halflheth.

2<

 

  Rnjin 6 ½Frhh usthb, quh in hetlbnb ehfhsltn rhnilznr uen nubltmrën pnrn pmbhr khgmrnr su nbklelstrnflöe y imcrnr su mjghtlvm=  Pmrfhetngh Arhfuhefln >

Pmrfhetngh 6,6

6,6

nfukuinbm 6,6

Pnrflnikheth bh nfuhrbm

<

60,0

60,0

66,6

Bh nfuhrbm

4

:1,3

:1,3

10,0

Rmtnikheth bh nfuhrbm

>:

20,0

20,0

>00,0

Rmtni

60

>00,0

>00,0

Rmtnikheth he bhsnfuhrbm

vîilbm

Pmrfhetngh

Auheth7 Fuhstlmenrlm rhnilznbm n ims trnjngnbmrhs bh in MEC Knkî Nilfh. Hinjmrnflöe Prmpln.

Crîalfm 6 Zhnilznflöe bh uen nubltmrën pnrn khgmrnr in nbklelstrnflöe y imcrnr hi mjghtlvm lestltuflmeni. Auheth. Rnjin6. Hinjmrnflöe prmpln.

Lethrprhtnflöe7 He hi crîalfm 6, ue 20% hstîe tmtnikheth bh nfuhrbm, bh quh in hetlbnb sl ehfhsltn rhnilznr uen nubltmrën pnrn khgmrnr su nbklelstrnflöe y imcrnr sus mjghtlvms, pmr mtrn  pnrth, hi 60% y hi :3% :3% hstîe pnrflnikhe pnrflnikheth th bh nfuhrbm y bh nfuhrbm y hhii 6% hstî tmtnikheth he he bhsnfuhrbm quh in hetlbnb em rhqulhrh uen nubltmrën. Pmr im tnetm, sh puhbh vhr quh in knymrën bh ims hefuhstnbms nbklthe quh in hetlbnb sl ehfhsltn rhnilznr uen nubltmrën pnrn khgmrnr su nbklelstrnflöe y imcrnr sus mjghtlvms.

80

 

  Rnjin 2 ½Frhh usthb, quh in hetlbnb ehfhsltn lkpihkhetnr uen nubltmrën pnrn khgmrnr su nbklelstrnflöe y imcrnr sus mjghtlvms= Arhfuhefln

Pmrfhetngh

Rmtnikheth he bhsnfuhrbm

>

6,6

He Bhsnfuhrbm

>

Pnrflnikheth bh nfuhrbm

Pmrfhetngh vîilbm

Pmrfhetngh

6,6

nfukuinbm 6,6

6,6

6,6

1,3

8

>1,3

>1,3

:6,6

Bh nfuhrbm

>:

20,0

20,0

16,6

Rmtnikheth bh nfuhrbm

>>

61,3

61,3

>00,0

Rmtni

60

>00,0

>00,0

Auheth7 Fuhstlmenrlm rhnilznbm n ims trnjngnbmrhs bh in MEC Knkî Nilfh. Hinjmrnflöe Prmpln

Crîalfm 2 Lkpihkhetnflöe bh uen nubltmrën pnrn khgmrnr su nbklelstrnflöe y imcrnr sus mjghtlvms. Auheth. Rnjin 2. Hinjmrnflöe prmpln.

Lethrprhtnflöe7 He hi crîalfm 2, shc÷e kuhstrn quh hi 20% y hi 63 % bh phrsmens hefuhstnbms hstîe bh nfuhrbm y tmtnikheth bh nfuhrbm quh in hetlbnb bhjh lkpihkhetnr in nubltmrën hi funi vn phrkltlrî khgmrnr in nbklelstrnflöe y hi imcrm bh ims mjghtlvms, y hi 6% hstîe tmtnikheth he bhsnfuhrbm y he bhsnfuhrbm rhsphftlvnkheth quh in hetlbnb em rhqulhrh lkpihkhetnr uen nubltmrën pnrn imcrnr sus mjghtlvms. Vle hkjnrcm, sh puhbh vlsunilznr quh in knymrën fmeslbhrn quh hs ehfhsnrln in nubltmrën pnrn khgmrnr in nbklelstrnflöe y fme hiim sh imcrn hi mjghtlvm lestltuflmeni.

8>

 

  Rnjin 8  ½Frhh, usthb quh ims prmfhblklhetms quh sh utlilzne he ins nubltmrëns he hstn hetlbnb shrîe ims nbhfunbms= Pmrfhetngh Arhfuhefln

Pmrfhetngh

Rmtnikheth he bhsnfuhrbm

>

6,6

6,6

6,6

He Bhsnfuhrbm

:

1,3

1,3

>0,0

Pnrflnikheth bh nfuhrbm

<

60,0

60,0

20,0

>8

80,0

80,0

0,0

>0,0

>00,0

60

>00,0

>00,0

Bh nfuhrbm Rmtnikheth bh nfuhrbm Rmtni

vîilbm

Pmrfhetngh nfukuinbm

Auheth7 Fuhstlmenrlm rhnilznbm n ims trnjngnbmrhs bh in MEC Knkî Nilfh. Hinjmrnflöe Prmpln

Crîalfm 8 Xtlilznflöe bh Prmfhblklhetms nbhfunbms bh nubltmrën.  Auheth. Rnjin 8. Hinjmrnflöe prmpln.

Lethrprhtnflöe7 He hi crîalfm 8, ems kuhstrn quh hi 80% bh ims hefuhstnbms hstîe bh nfuhrbm, fme ims prmfhblklhetms quh sh utlilzn he in nubltmrën sme ims nbhfunbms pnrn in hetlbnb, hi 60% y hi >0% hstîe pnrflnikheth bh nfuhrbm y tmtnikheth bh nfuhrbm, klhetrns hi 3% y hi 6% bh ims hefuhstnbms hstî he bhsnfuhrbm y tmtnikheth he bhsnfuhrbm quh ims  prmfhblklhetms npilfnbms he in i n nubltmrën em sme ims nbhfunbms pnrn in hetlbnb. Pmr im tnetm, shc÷e in knymrën, shþnine quh ims prmfhblklhetms quh utlilzne he in nubltmrën sme ims nbhfunbms

8:

 

  Rnjin 1 ½Frhh usthb, quh uen nubltmrln nyubnrën n lkpihkhetnr nfflmehs fmrrhftns quh leaiulrëne he hi fukpilklhetm bh sus khtns= Arhfuhefln

Pmrfhetngh

Pmrfhetngh vîilbm

Pmrfhetngh

He Bhsnfuhrbm

>

6,6

6,6

nfukuinbm 6,6

Pnrflnikheth bh nfuhrbm

8

>1,3

>1,3

:0,0

>8

80,0

80,0

30,0

<

60,0

60,0

>00,0

60

>00,0

>00,0

Bh nfuhrbm Rmtnikheth bh nfuhrbm Rmtni

Auheth7 Fuhstlmenrlm rhnilznbm n ims trnjngnbmrhs bh in MEC Knkî Nilfh. Hinjmrnflöe Prmpln

Crîalfm 1 Lkpihkhetnflöe bh nfflmehs fmrrhftns bh uen nubltmrën pnrn hi fukpilklhetm bh sus khtns. Auheth. Rnjin 1. Hinjmrnflöe prmpln.  prmpln. 

Lethrprhtnflöe7 He hi crîalfm 1, ems kuhstrn quh hi 80% y hi 60% bh hefuhstnbms hstîe bh nfuhrbm y tmtnikheth bh nfuhrbm, quh in nubltmrën kmbhren nyubnrën n lkpihkhetnr nfflmehs fmrrhftlvns h leaiulr fme hi fukpilklhetm bh sus khtns, hi >3% hstîe pnrflnikheth bh nfuhrbm y alenikheth hi 6% bh hefuhstnbms hstîe he bhsnfuhrbm he quh in nubltmrën kmbhren em nyubnrën n tmknr ins nfflmehs fmrrhftlvns pnrn khgmrnr.

86

 

  Rnjin 3 ½Frhh usthb, quh ims ntrljutms bh ue leamrkh bh fnilbnb shrëne lkpmrtneths pnrn in hklslöe bhi blftnkhe aleni bhi nubltmr=  Arhfuhefln

Pmrfhetngh

Pmrfhetngh

Pmrfhetngh

1

:0,0

vîilbm :0,0

nfukuinbm :0,0

Bh nfuhrbm

>6

26,6

26,6

16,6

Rmtnikheth bh nfuhrbm

>>

61,3

61,3

>00,0

Rmtni

60

>00,0

>00,0

Pnrflnikheth bh nfuhrbm

Auheth7 Fuhstlmenrlm rhnilznbm n ims trnjngnbmrhs bh in MEC Knkî Nilfh. Hinjmrnflöe Prmpln

Crîalfm 3 Ntrljutms bh ue leamrkh bh fnilbnb y su lkpmrtnefln he in hklslöe bhi blftnkhe. Auheth. Rnjin 3. Hinjmrnflöe prmpln.

Lethrprhtnflöe7 He hi crîalfm 3, ems kuhstrn quh hi 26% y hi 63 bh ims hefuhstnbms hstîe bh nfuhrbm, y tmtnikheth bh nfuhrbm rhsphftlvnkheth, bh quh ims ntrljutms bh ue leamrkh bh fnilbnb sme lkpmrtneths pnrn in hklslöe bhi blftnkhe aleni bhi nubltmr, klhetrns hi :0% bh  phrsmens hefuhstnbms hstns pnrflnikheth bh nfuhrbm. Pmr im tnetm, in knymrën mplen quh ue leamrkh bh fnilbnb phrkltlrî hkltlr ue blftnkhe aleni bh ue nubltmr.

82

 

  Rnjin 4 ½Frhh usthb, quh ue leamrkh bh fnilbnb phrkltlrën fnkjlnr bh fnkjlnr bh nftltub n ims trnjngnbmrhs bh in hetlbnb= Arhfuhefln

Pmrfhetngh

Pmrfhetngh

Pmrfhetngh

vîilbm

>6,6

nfukuinbm >6,6

He Bhsnfuhrbm

2

>6 >6,6 ,6

Pnrflnikheth bh nfuhrbm

4

:1,3

:1,3

20,0

>6

26,6

26,6

46,6

8

>1,3

>1,3

>00,0

60

>00,0

>00,0

Bh nfuhrbm Rmtnikhethh bh nfuhrbm Rmtnikhet Rmtni

Auheth7 Fuhstlmenrlm rhnilznbm n ims trnjngnbmrhs bh in MEC Knkî Nilfh. Hinjmrnflöe Prmpln

Crîalfm 4 Leamrkh bh fnilbnb quh phrklth fnkjlnr nftltub b ims trnjngnbmrhs bh in hetlbnb. Auheth. Rnjin 4. Hinjmrnflöe prmpln

Lethrprhtnflöe7 He hi crîalfm 4, kuhstrn quh hi 26 % y hi >3% bh phrsmen hefuhstns shþnine quh hstî bh nfuhrbm y tmtnikheth bh nfuhrbm bh quh hi leamrkh bh fnilbnb phrkltlrî fnkjlnr in nftltub bh ims trnjngnbmrhs, y hi :3% hstîe pnrflnikheth bh nfuhrbm bh quh hi leamrkh bh fnilbnb phrkltlrën fnkjlnr in nftltub bh ims trnjngnbmrhs y alenikheth hi >6% bh phrsmens hefuhstnbnss hstîe he bhsnfuhrbm bh quh ims trnjngnbmrhs em fnkjlnrëne bh nftltub. hefuhstnbn

88

 

  Rnjin < ½Frhh usthb, quh in hstrufturn bh ue leamrkh bh fnilbnb quh leaiulrën he hi juhe hetheblklhetm bhi prmfhsm bh uen nubltmrën=

Arhfuhefln

Pmrfhetngh

Pmrfhetngh

Pmrfhetngh

vîilbm

nfukuinbm

Rmtnikheth he bhsnfuhrbm

>

6,6

6,6

6,6

Pnrflnikheth bh nfuhrbm

8

>1,3

>1,3

:0,0

Bh nfuhrbm

>:

20,0

20,0

10,0

Rmtnikheth bh nfuhrbm

>:

20,0

20,0

>00,0

Rmtni

60

>00,0

>00,0

Auheth7 Fuhstlmenrlm rhnilznbm n ims trnjngnbmrhs bh in MEC Knkî Nilfh. Hinjmrnflöe Prmpln

Crîalfm < Hstrufturn bhi leamrkh bh fnilbnb quh leaiuyh he hi juhe hetheblklhetm bhi bhjlbm prmfhsm bh uen nubltmrën. Auheth. Rnjin. Hinjmrnflöe prmpln.

Lethrprhtnflmehs7 Hi crîalfm 3% hstîe pnrflnikheth bh nfuhrbm, klhetrns hi 6% hstî he tmtni bhsnfuhrbm quh ue leamrkh bh fnilbnb em leaiuyh he hi hetheblklhetm bh ue prmfhsm bh nubltmrën kmbhren. Hstm lkpilfn quh in knymrën nalrkn quh ue leamrkh bh fnilbnb leaiuyh hi hetheblklhetm y phrklth hi fmrrhftm prmfhsm bh uen nubltmrën kmbhren.

81

 

  Rnjin >0 ½Frhh usthb, quh ims leamrkhs bh uen nubltmrln anfliltne hi usm fmrrhftm bh ims bmfukhetms nbklelstrntlvms bh chstlöe=  

Arhfuhefln

Pmrfhetngh

Pmrfhetngh

Pmrfhetngh

vîilbm

nfukuinbm

He Bhsnfuhrbm

>

6,6

6,6

6,6

Pnrflnikheth bh nfuhrbm

1

:0,0

:0,0

:6,6

>3

81,3

81,3

40,0

1

:0,0

:0,0

>00,0

60

>00,0

>00,0

Bh nfuhrbm Rmtnikheth bh nfuhrbm Rmtni

Auheth7 Fuhstlmenrlm rhnilznbm n ims trnjngnbmrhs bh in MEC Knkî Nilfh. Hinjmrnflöe Prmpln

Crîalfm >0 Ims leamrkhs bh nubltmrën anfliltne hi usm fmrrhftm bh ims bmfukhetms nbklelstrntlvms bh chstlöe. Auheth. Rnjin >0. Hinjmrnflöe prmpln.

Lethrprhtnflöe 7 He hi crîalfm >0, shc shc÷e ÷e kuhstrn hi 83% bh phrs phrsmens mens hefuhstnbns hefuhstnbns hstîe he nfuhrbm quh hi leamrkh bh uen nubltmrën anfliltnrën hi usm fmrrhftm bh ims bmfukhetms nbklelstrntlvms bh chstlöe, hi :0% hstîe pnrflnikheth bh nfuhrbm y tmtnikheth bh nfuhrbm rhsphftlvnkheth bh quh leamrkh bh nubltmrën phrkltlrî khgmrnr fme hi usm bh ims bmfukhetms nbklelstrntlvms, klhetrns hi 6% bh phrsmens hefuhstnbns he bhsnfuhrbm, bh quh fme hi leamrkh bh nu nubltmrën bltmrën kmbhren nbklelstrntlvms.

em anfliltnrën hi usm ffmrrhftm mrrhftm bh ims bmfukhetms bmfukhetms

83

 

  Rnjin >> ½Frhh usthb, quh ims leamrkhs bh fnilbnb hkltlbms pmr uen nubltmrën fmetrljulrîe n uen  chstlöe halflheth y hi fmemflklhetm bh aueflmehs bh ims trnjngnbmrhs= 

Arhfuhefln

Pmrfhetngh

Pmrfhetngh vîilbm

Pmrfhetngh nfukuinbm

Rmtnikheth he bhsnfuhrbm

>

6,6

6,6

6,6

Pnrflnikheth bh nfuhrbm

2

>6,6

>6,6

>1,3

>4

10,0

10,0

31,3

3

:6,6

:6,6

>00,0

60

>00,0

>00,0

Bh nfuhrbm Rmtnikheth bh nfuhrbm Rmtni

Auheth7 Fuhstlmenrlm rhnilznbm n ims trnjngnbmrhs bh in MEC Knkî Nilfh. Hinjmrnflöe Prmpln

Crîalfm >> Leamrkhs bh fnilbnb hkltlbms pmr uen nubltmrën fmetrljuyhe he uen chstlöe halflheth y fmemflklhetm bh ins aueflmehs bh ims trnjngnbmrhs. Auheth. Rnjin > >. Hinjmrnflöe prmpln.

Lethrprhtnflöe7 He hi crîalfm >>, shc÷e kuhstrn hi 10% y hi :6% bh phrsmens hefuhstnbns hstîe bh nfuhrbm y tmtnikheth bh nfuhrbm rhsphftlvnkheth, bh quh ims leamrkhs bh fnilbnb hkltlbms pmr uen nubltmrën phrklthe khgmrnr hi fmemflklhetm bh ins aueflmehs bh ims trnjngnbmrhs y hstm fmetrljuyh n uen chstlöe halflheth he in hetlbnb, y hi >6% hstîe  pnrflnikheth bh nfuhrbm, klhetrns hi 6% rhalhrhe bh quh hi leamrkh em fmetrljulrën he in halflhefln bh in chstlöe

84

 

  Rnjin >: ½Frhh usthb, quh ims ntrljutms bh uen hvlbhefln puhbhe shr fmeslbhrnbns fmkm ue dniinzcm  pnrn prmfhbhr fme in hinjmrnflöe bh bh leamrkh bh fnilbnb=  Arhfuhefln

Pmrfhetngh

Pmrfhetngh 6,6

nfukuinbm 6,6

1,3

1,3

>0,0

>8

80,0

80,0

10,0

Rmtnikheth bh nfuhrbm

>:

20,0

20,0

>00,0

Rmtni

60

>00,0

>00,0

He Bhsnfuhrbm

>

6,6

Pnrflnikheth bh nfuhrbm

:

Bh nfuhrbm

vîilbm

Pmrfhetngh

Auheth7 Fuhstlmenrlm rhnilznbm n ims trnjngnbmrhs bh in MEC Knkî Nilfh. Hinjmrnflöe Prmpln

Crîalfm >: Ntrljutms bh uen hvlbhefln fmeslbhrnbn fmkm dniinzcm pnrn hinjmrnflöe bh leamrkh bh fnilbnb. Rnjin >:. Hinjmrnflöe prmpln.

Lethrprhtnflöe7 He hi crîalfm >:, ems kuhstrn quh hi 80 % y hi 20% bh phrsmens hefuhstnbns hstîe bh nfuhrbm y tmtnikheth bh nfuhrbm rhsphftlvnkheth, y fmeslbhrne quh ims ntrljutms bh uen hvlbhefln shrën ue juhe dniinzcm pnrn prmfhbhr fme in hinjmrnflöe bhi leamrkh bh fnilbnb, y hi 3% hstîe pnrflnikheth bh nfuhrbm, klhetrns hi 6% bh phrsmen hefuhstnbns hstîe he bhsnfuhrbm, quh ins hvlbheflns fmeslbhrnbms fmkm ue juhe dniinzcm em anfuitn hinjmrnr leamrkh bh fnilbnb. Pmr im tnetm, sh puhbh vhr quh in knymrën nalrkn quh ins hvlbhefln fme fmeslbhrnbms fmkm ue juhe dniinzcm hi funi phrklth hinjmrnr ue juhe leamrkh aleni.

8<

 

  Rnjin >6 ½Frhh usthb, quh bhspuìs bh ue prmfhsm bh nubltmrln he in funi sh hklth ue leamrkh bh fnilbnb, bhjhrëne lkpihkhetnr bh knehrn lekhblntn ins rhfmkhebnflmehs=  Arhfuhefln Pmrfhetngh Pnrflnikheth bh nfuhrbm

Pmrfhetngh 6,6

nfukuinbm 6,6

26,6

26,6

21,3

>1

86,6

86,6

>00,0

60

>00,0

>00,0

>

6,6

Bh nfuhrbm

>6

Rmtnikheth bh nfuhrbm Rmtni

vîilbm

Pmrfhetngh

Auheth7 Fuhstlmenrlm rhnilznbm n ims trnjngnbmrhs bh in MEC Knkî Nilfh. Hinjmrnflöe Prmpln

Crîalfm >6 Lkpihkhetnflöe lekhblntn bh ins rhfmkhebnflmehs r hfmkhebnflmehs bh nubltmrën. Auheth. Rnjin >6. Hinjmrnflöe prmpln.

Lethrprhtnflöe7 He hi crîalfm >6, shc÷e shc÷e kuhstrn quh hi 86% y hi 26% hstne tmtn tmtnikheth ikheth bh nfuhrbm y bh nfuh nfuhrbm rbm rhsphftlvn rhsphftlvnkheth, kheth, quh bh bhspuhs spuhs bh ue prmfhs prmfhsmm bh nubltmrën sh hkltn hi leamrkh bh fnilbnb y fme hiim in lkpihkhetnf lkpihkhetnflme lme lekhblntn bh ins rhfm rhfmkhebnflmehs khebnflmehs,, klehtrns hi 6% bh phrsmens hefuhstnbns hs pnrflnikheth bh nfuhrbm. Pmr im quh sh vh he su tmtnilbnb hstne bh nfuhrm quh bhspuhs bh uen nubltmrën in hklslme bh leamrkh bh fnilbnb anfliltnrî in lkpihkhetnflme lekhblntn bh ins i ns rhfmkhebnflmehs.

10

 

  Rnjin >2 ½Frhh usthb, quh in lkpihkhetnflöe bh ins rhfmkhebnflmehs mpmrtuenkheth khgmrnrën in  prhshetnflöe bh shrvlflms bh in hetlbnb= 

Arhfuhefln

Pmrfhetngh

Pmrfhetngh vîilbm

Pmrfhetngh nfukuinbm

Bh nfuhrbm

>1

86,6

86,6

86,6

Rmtnikheth bh nfuhrbm

>2

21,3

21,3

>00,0

Rmtni

60

>00,0

>00,0

Auheth7 Fuhstlmenrlm rhnilznbm n ims trnjngnbmrhs bh in MEC Knkî Nilfh. Hinjmrnflöe Prmpln

Crîalfm >2 Lkpihkhetnflöe bh ins rhfmkhebnflmehs quh khgmrn in prhstnflöe bh shrvlflms bh in hetlbnb. Auheth. Rnjin >2. Hinjmrnflöe prmpln.

Lethrprhtnflöe7 He hi crîalfm >2, shc÷e kuhstrn quh hi 86% y hi 23% bh phrsmens hefuhstnbnss hstîe bh nfuhrbm y tmtnikheth bh nfuhrbm fme in lkpihkhetnflöe mpmrtuen bh ins hefuhstnbn rhfmkhebnflmehs hi funi phrkltlrën khgmrnr in prhstnflöe bh shrvlflms bh in hetlbnb. Fmkm sh kuhstrn he su tmtnilbnb bh hstn bh nfuhrbm quh in lkpihkhetnflöe mpmrtuen bh ins rhfmkhebnflmehs rhfmkhebnf lmehs khgmrnrën in fnilbnb bh prhstnflöe bh shrvlflms bh in hetlbnb.

1>

 

  Rnjin >8 ½Xsthb frhh, quh hs lkpmrtneth lkpihkhetnr uen nubltmrln he tmbn ins lestltuflmehs p÷jilfns  y prlvnbns pnrn jusfnr in halflhefln halflhefln y halfnfln y halfnfln bh in prhstnflöe bh shrvlflms= 

Arhfuhefln Pnrflnikheth bh nfuhrbm

Pmrfhetngh

Pmrfhetngh

Pmrfhetngh

vîilbm

nfukuinbm

6

>0,0

>0,0

>0,0

Bh nfuhrbm

>8

80,0

80,0

10,0

Rmtnikheth bh nfuhrbm

>:

20,0

20,0

>00,0

Rmtni

60

>00,0

>00,0

Auheth7 Fuhstlmenrlm rhnilznbm n ims trnjngnbmrhs bh in MEC Knkî Nilfh. Hinjmrnflöe Prmpln

Crîalfm >8 Lkpihkhetnflöe bh in nubltmrën kmbhren he lestltuflmehs prlvnbns y p÷jilfns pnrn jusfnr in halflhefln y halfnfln bh in prhstnflöe bh shrvlflm. Rnjin >8. Hinjmrnflöe prmpln.

Lethrprhtnflöe7 He hi crîalfm >8, kuhstrn quh hi 80% y 20 % bh phrsmens hefuhstnbns hstîe bh nfuhrbm y tmtnikheth bh nfuhrbm, quh sl hs ehfhsnrlm lkpihkhetnr uen nubltmrën kmbhren he hetlbnbhs p÷jilfns y prlvnbns fme in alenilbnb bh imcrnr i mcrnr in halflhefln y halfnfln he in  prhstnflöe bh shrvlflms. \ hi >0% bh hefuhs hefuhstnbms tnbms hstîe pn pnrflnikheth rflnikheth bh nfuhrbm. nfuhrbm. Fmkm sh vh he su tmtnilbnb npruhjn quh shn lkpmrtneth in i n lkpihkhetnflöe bh in nubltmrën kmbhren he ins hetlbnbhs p÷jilfns y prlvnbns fme hiim imcrnr in halflhefln y halfnfln bh in prhstnflöe bh shrvlflms.

1:

 

  2.6.  Blsfuslöe bh rhsuitnbms Fmetrnstnflöe bh dlpöthsls Bhetrm

bh

in leahrhefln in 

hstnbëstlfn, hstnbëstlfn,   ue fmetrnsth

bh

dlpöthsls (tnkjlìe

bhemklenbm thst bh dlpöthsls m pruhjn bh slcelalfnflöe) hs ue prmfhblklhetm pnrn  guzcnr sl uen prmplhbnb prmplhbnb quh sh supmeh he ue uenn pmjinflöe hstnbëstlfn hs fmkpntljih fme im mjshrvnbm he uen kuhstrn uen kuhstrn bh blfdn pmjinflöe.

Khblneth hstn thmrën, sh njmrbn hi prmjihkn hstnbëstlfm fmeslbhrnebm uen dlpöthsls bhthrklenbn m euin  Dm  Dm y  y uen dlpöthsls nithrentlvn  D > , y sh lethetn blrlklr fuîi bh ins bms hs in dlpöthsls vhrbnbhrn, trns npilfnr hi prmjihkn hstnbëstlfm n ue flhrtm e÷khrm bh hxphrlkhetms. bh hxphrlkhetms. Hstî  Hstî auhrthkheth nsmflnbn ni fmefhptm hstnbëstlfm fmefhptm  hstnbëstlfm bh bh pmthefln  pmthefln y n ims fmefhptms bh hrrmrhs bh hrrmrhs bh tlpm L y LL, LL, quh  quh bhalehe rhsphftlvnkheth, in pmsljlilbnb bh tmknr ue sufhsm anism fmkm vhrbnbhrm, m uem vhrbnbhrm fmkm anism.

Qlhebm hi rhsuitnbm aleni bhi trnjngm sh puhbh bhtniinr bh in slculheth knehrn7

Dlpöthsls Chehrni In nubltmrën npmrtn bh knehrn halfnz he in prhshetnflöe bh leamrkhs bh fnilbnb quh bhjhe shr hahftlvns pnrn in lkpinetnflöe bh khblbns fmrrhftlvns mpmrtuens bh ins rhfmkhebnflmehs rhfmkhebnf lmehs he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm, :0>1.

n.  Pinethnklhetm bh in dlpöthsls

  In nubltmrën npmrtn bh knehrn halfnz he in prhshetnflöe bh leamrkhs bh fnilbnb quh bhjhe shr hahftlvns pnrn in lkpinetnflöe bh khblbns fmrrhftlvns mpmrtuens bh ins rhfmkhebnflmehs rhfmkhebnflmehs he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm, Nynfufdm, :0>1.

  In nubltmrën em npmrtn bh knehrn halfnz he in prhshetnflöe bh leamrkhs bh fnilbnb quh bhjhe shr hahftlvns pnrn in lkpinetnflöe bh khblbns fmrrhftlvns mpmrtuens bh ins rhfmkhebnflmehs he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm, :0>1

j.  Elvhi bh fmealnezn fmealnezn (7 Hi elvhi bh fmealnezn hs7      

16

 

  f.  Elvhi bh slcelalfnflöe7 slcelalfnflöe7 () Hi elvhi bh slcelalfnflöe hs7        (knrche bh hrrmr)

W;->..<

Hstnbëstlfns bh hsfnin Bhsvlnflöe Khbln

Qnrlnezn

1>,60

hstîebnr

83,362

E bh hihkhetms 3,88

Böebh7 x ; Khbln bh in kuhstrn tmknbn

; 1>.60

φ ; bhsvlnflöe hstîebnr bh in kuhstrn 

e ; kuhstrn

; 3.8.60-:.3>< ? 1>.60+:.3> ? 12.0> y +>. Funebm in fmrrhinflöe sh nprmxlkn n +> bhflkms quh hxlsth nitn, halflheth m auhrth fmrrhinflöe y funebm hi elvhi sh slcelalfnefln hs khemr n 0.08 bhflkms quh hxlsth rhinflöe hetrh ins vnrlnjihs. FMHALFLHERH BH FMZZHINFLÖE BH PHNZVME, tnkjlìe ni lcuni quh Vphnrkne utlilzn ims klskms ëeblfhs bh fmrrhinflöe, hi ëeblfh eukìrlfm kîs fmk÷e usnbm pnrn khblr uen fmrrhinflöe hs hi ’fmhalflheth bh  Phnrsme‛. Hi fmhalflheth

bh Phnrsme (tnkjlìe iinknbm fmhalflheth bh fmrrhinflöe bhi prmbuftm-kmkhetm), sh rhprhshetn fme hi sëkjmim 'r' y prmpmrflmen uen khblbn eukìrlfn bh in fmrrhinflöe hetrh bms vnrlnjihs. Hi vnimr bhi ëeblfh bh fmrrhinflöe vnrën he hi lethrvnim _->,>[, leblfnebm hi slcem hi shetlbm bh in rhinflöe7 >.  Vl r ; >, hxlsth uen fmrrhinflöe pmsltlvn phrahftn. ... :.  Vl 0 9 r 9 >, hxlsth uen fmrrhinflöe pmsltlvn. 6.  Vl r ; 0, em hxlsth rhinflöe ilehni. ... 2.  Vl -> 9 r 9 0, hxlsth uen fmrrhinflöe ehcntlvn.

** Vl r 5 0 Dny fmrrhinflöe pmsltlvn7 ins bms vnrlnjihs sh fmrrhinflmene he shetlbm blrhftm. N vnimrhs nitms bh uen ih fmrrhspmebhe vnimrhs nitms bh in mtrn h lcunikheth fme ims vnimrhs jngms. Fuîetm kîs pröxlkm n +> hstì hi fmhalflheth bh fmrrhinflöe, kîs auhrth shrî hstn fme vnrlnflöe. Vl r ; > dnjinrhkms bh fmrrhinflöe.

18

 

  Fmrrhinflöe bh Zdm Vphnrkne 

½Frhh ½Frhh ½Frhh

usthb, quh

usthb, quh

½Frhh ½Frhh ½Frhh

½Frhh

usthb, quh sl

utlilznebm hi

ims nubltmrhs

euhvm

npilfnrne sus fmemflklhet

nubltmrën bh

ms bh

nrrljn dnfln

nubltmrën

njngm

pmbrëne

phrkltlrën

rhnilznr ue

mjthehr ue

prmcrnkn bh

leamrkh bh

nubltmrën

fnilbnb=

halflheth=

hetlbnb

ehfhsltn lkpihkhetnr

hstrufturn

ims leamrkhs

ue leamrkh

bh ue

bh uen

½Frhh

ims

nubltmrën

ntrljutms bh

prmfhblklhe

nyubnrën n

ue leamrkh

nubltmrën

nubltmrën pnrn khgmrnr

khgmrnr su

su

nbklelstrnfl

nbklelstrnfl

öe y imcrnr

öe y imcrnr

lkpihkhetnr

bh fnilbnb

bh fnilbnb

leamrkh bh

nubltmrën

utlilzne he

nfflmehs

shrlne

phrkltlrën

fnilbnb

anfliltnrëne hi

ins

fmrrhftns

lkpmrtneth

fnkjlnr bh

leaiulrën he hi

usm fmrrhftm

nubltmrëns n

quh

pnrn in

nftltub n ims

juhe

bh ims

sus

leaiulrëne he

hklslöe bhi

trnjngnbmrhs

hetheblklhe

bmfukhetms

hi

blftnkhe

bh in

tm bhi

nbklelstrntlv

nbhfunbms=

m bh sus

nubltmr=

hetlbnb=

bh nubltmrën uen

hvlbhefln

nubltmrën

puhbhe shr

fmetrljulrëne

fmeslbhrnbms leamrkh bh

n uen

fmkm ue

chstlöe

dniinzcm pnrn

halflheth y ni

prmfhbhr fme

fnilbnb, bhjhrëne

hetlbnb

aleni bhi

bh uen

hklth ue

elvhi bh hstn

fukpilklhet

hkltlbms pmr

he in funi sh

tms quh sh

shrîe ims

usthb, quh ims ntrljutms ue prmfhsm

uen

pnrn pmbhr

su mjghtlvm=

usthb, quh

usthb quh ims

hetlbnb

ehfhsltn rhnilznr uen

usthb, quh

uen

bh fnilbnb

bhspuìs bh

usthb, quh in

Xsthb quh

ims leamrkhs ½Frhh

½Frhh

usthb, quh in

usthb quh in

heamquh bh

½Frhh

usthb, quh

½Frhh ½Frhh

usthb, quh

prmfhsm bh

ms bh

nubltmrln=

chstlöe=

lkpihkhetnr fmemflklhet

in

m bh ins

hinjmrnflöe

aueflmehs bh

bhi leamrkh

ims

aleni bh

bh knehrn lekhblntn

mjghtlvms=

ins

khtns=

rhfmkhebnfl trnjngnbmrhs

fnilbnb= mehs=

=

Zdm bh Vphnrkne

½Frhh usthb, quh utlilznebm hi

Fmhalflheth bh fmrrhinflöe

euhvm heamquh bh nubltmrën bh

Vlc. (jlinthrni)

nrrljn dnfln njngm phrkltlrën

E

npilfnrne sus fmemflklhetms bh nubltmrën pmbrëne rhnilznr ue

ehfhsltn rhnilznr uen nubltmrën

,>03

,:4:

,:3>

,216  

*

,>86

,:63

,>44

,2>:  

*

,0:>

,02>

,601

,8>3

,838

,>6>

,>23

,0>0

,2:>

,:04

,6:0

,0:2

,>

,4:4

,>00

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

,>:6

>,000

,>>:

,041

,20<

,6:6

,>48

,:3

.

,881

,18>

,001

,:40

,813

,04>

,6:3

,>:0

,>1<

,036

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

Fmhalflheth bh fmrrhinflöe

,>03

,>>:

>,000

,1>0  

**

,66:

,2:<  

,811  

**

,>10

,61>

,22>  

,168  

**

,3>>  

**

,>4

,00>

,68

,000

,000

,6>0

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

,:4:

,041

,1>0  

**

>,000

,616  

,13:  

**

,663

,226 ,226  

*

,682

,2:  

E

prmcrnkn bh nubltmrën halflheth= ½Frhh usthb ^uh in hetlbnb

,>:6

.

Fmhalflheth bh fmrrhinflöe

mjthehr ue leamrkh bh fnilbnb= ½Frhh usthb, quh sl ims nubltmrhs

>,000

*

*

pnrn pmbhr khgmrnr su nbklelstrnflöe y imcrnr su

E

mjghtlvm= ½Frhh usthb, quh in hetlbnb

Fmhalflheth bh fmrrhinflö e

*

*

11

 

  ehfhsltnlkpihkhetnr uen nubltmrën pnrn khgmrnr su

Vlc. (jlinthrni)

,>6>

,18>

,000

.

,02<

,000

,01<

,0>2

,088

,008

,>:3

,001

,0:2

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

Fmhalflheth bh fmrrhinflöe

,:3>

,2,000

,266  

*

,:0>

,623

,001

,036

,02<

.

,0>3

,:43

,066

,636

,>10

,06:

,0

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

*

,216  

,:02

*

,2:< ,2:<  

**

,13:  

*

,266  

>,000

**

,842  

**

,180  

,60<

*

,268  

,602

*

,282  

,12<  

,0>0

,:40

,0>4

,000

,0>3

.

,00>

,000

,01

,>0:

,0>:

,000

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

**

**

*

*

**

E

nbklelstrnflöe y imcrnr sus mjghtlvms= ½Frhh usthb quh ims prmfhblklhetms prmfhblklh etms quh sh utlilzne he

**

ins nubltmrëns n elvhi bh hstn hetlbnb shrîe ims nbhfunbms= ½Frhh usthb, quh uen nubltmrën nyubnrën n lkpihkhetnr nfflmehs

E Fmhalflheth bh fmrrhinflöe Vlc. (jlinthrni)

**

fmrrhftns quh leaiulrëne he hi fukpilklhetm fukpilklhe tm bh sus khtns= ½Frhh usthb quh ims ntrljutms bh ue leamrkh bh fnilbnb shrlne

E Fmhalflheth bh fmrrhinflöe

,>86

,>0<

,811  

,663

,:0>

,842  

>,000

,6>8

,2>8  

,>:2

,613  

,82<  

,:83

Vlc. (jlinthrni)

,2:>

,813

,00>

,01<

,:43

,00>

.

,02

,021

,00:

,>30

lkpmrtneth pnrn in hklslöe bhi blftnkhe aleni bhi nubltmr= ½Frhh usthb, quh ue leamrkh bh fnilbnb phrkltlrën fnkjlnr bh

E

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

Fmhalflheth bh fmrrhinflöe

,:63

,6:6

,>10

,226  

,68

>,000

,808  

**

,600

,>:6

,:26

,814  

Vlc. (jlinthrni)

,:04

,04>

,62

,066

,000

,003

,8>4

,>

*

60

**

nftltub n ims trnjngnbmrhs bh in hetlbnb= ½Frhh usthb, quh in hstrufturn bh ue leamrkh bh fnilbnb leaiulrën he

E

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

Fmhalflheth bh fmrrhinflöe

,>44

,>48

,61>

,682

,>1<

,60<

,2>8  

*

,808  

60

60

60

60

60

60

**

>,000

,8>2  

**

,:>4

,2>4  

*

,>46

Vlc. (jlinthrni)

,6:0

,6:3

,080

,088

,636

,0

,666

60

60

60

60

60

*

,2>:  

,: ,22>  

**

,2:2

,600

**

,268  

,0:2

,>:0

,0>8

,008

,>10

,0>1

,8>2  

>,000

,:41

,:8<

,:02

,8>2

,>03

,002

.

,>:1

,>11

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

,:40

60

60

60

60

60

**

*

*

60

*

hi juhe hetheblklhetm bhi bhjlbm prmfhsm bh uen nubltmrën= ½Frhh usthb, quh ims leamrkhs bh uen nubltmrën anfliltnrëne hi usm

E Fmhalflheth bh fmrrhinflöe Vlc. (jlinthrni)

fmrrhftm bh ims bmfukhetms nbklelstrntlvms bh chstlöe= ½Frhh usthb, quh ims leamrkhs bh fnilbnb hkltlbms pmr uen

E Fmhalflheth bh fmrrhinflöe

,0:>

,:2:

,168  

,:48

,6:6

,:>4

,:41

>,000

,266  

,:82

Vlc. (jlinthrni)

,>

,>:3

,06:

,>0:

,021

,8>4

,:21

,>:1

.

,0>3

,>38

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

Fmhalflheth bh fmrrhinflöe

,02>

,:84

,3>>  

**

,241  

**

,6>:

,282  

,82<  

**

,:26

,2>4  

*

,:8<

,266  

*

>,000

,:31

Vlc. (jlinthrni)

,4:4

,>1<

,000

,001

,0:

,00:

,0:>

,>11

,0>3

.

,>20

nubltmrën fmetrljulrëne n uen chstlöe halflheth y ni

E

fmemflklhetm fmemflklhe tm bh ins aueflmehs bh ims trnjngnbmrhs= ½Frhh usthb, quh ims ntrljutms bh uen hvlbhefln puhbhe shr

*

,>:  

,882  

**

,12<  

**

,:83

,814  

**

Vlc. (jlinthrni)

,>00

,036

,6>0

,0:2

,>46

,:02

,:82

,:31

>,000

,00>

,000

,>30

,00>

,666

,:40

,>38

,>20

.

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

Fmhalflheth bh fmrrhinflöe

,>:<

,>:3

,0:3

,:6>

,263  

,8:4  

,263  

*

,:34

-,06< -,06<

,>:6

,>1

,>64

,46<

,8>3

,:>0

,008

,:63

,>88

,6><

,004

,0:1

,08>

,001

,00:

,80<

,0:3

,08<

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

prlvnbns pnrn jusfnr in halflhefln y in halfnfln bh in prhstnflöe bh

**

**

E

shrvlflm=

*. In fmrrhinflöe hs slcelalfntlvn he hi elvhi 0,08 (: fmins). **. In fmrrhinflöe hs slcelalfntlvn he hi elvhi 0,0> ( : fmins).

14

 

 

h.  Lethrprhtnflöe Lethrprhtnflöe y vnilbnflöe Fmkm emtnkms hi funbrm bh fmrrhinflöe bh Zdm Vphnrkne ins vnrlnjihs tlhehe uen rhinflöe pmsltlvn y he nicuems fnsms in fmrrhinflöe hs nitn ni lcuni quh hi elvhi bh slcelalfnefln pmr im tnetm sh nfhptn in Dm in  Dm quh  quh In nubltmrën npmrtn bh knehrn halfnz in amrkn y fmethelbm pnrn in prhshetnflöe bh leamrkhs bh fnilbnb, quh shrîe hahftlvns  pnrn in lkpinetnflöe bh khblbns fmrrhftlvns mpmrtuens he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm, :0>1, bh hstn knehrn bhkmstrnkms hi mjghtlvm chehrni bh euhstrn levhstlcnflöe quh hs in bh Nenilznr fmkm in nubltmrën npmrtn he in prhshetnflöe bh leamrkhs bh fnilbnb he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm, :0>1? pmr im tnetm, tnkjlìe vnilbnkms euhstrm prmjihkn chehrni bh euhstrm trnjngm bh levhstlcnflöe quh sh  prhshetn n trnvìs bh in lethrrmcneth ½Bh quì knehrn in nubltmrën npmrtn he in  prhshetnflöe bh ims leamrkhs bh ffnilbnb nilbnb he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Ny Nynfufdm,:0>1=. nfufdm,:0>1=. He in tnjin bh Fmrrhinflöe bh Zdm Vphnrkne mjshrvnkms quh in fmrrhinflöe bh in  prhcuetn E°0> y 0:, fme ins bhkîs prhcuetns hstîe bhetrm bhi lethrvnim bh 0 n >, nalrknebm quh 0 9 r 9 > pmr im quh in fmrrhinflöe hs juhen y pmsltlvn hetrh hiims, hs

kîs, sl mjshrvnkms hi crîalfm E°>0 y >>, rhsphftlvnkheth emtnkms ue nitm pmrfhetngh bh ins phrsmens phrsmens hefuhstnbns hhstîe stîe bh nfuhrbm, tmtnikhe tmtnikheth th bh nfuhrbm y pnrflnikheth bh nfuhrbm, nfuhrbm, he bhsnf bhsnfuhrbm uhrbm y tmtnikh tmtnikheth eth he bhsnf bhsnfuhrbm uhrbm rhsphftlvnkheth, bh quh hs lkpmrtneth fmemfhr fmemfhr quh ims leamrkhs bh nubltmrën vn anfliltnr hi fmrrhftm fmrrhftm usm bh ims bmfukhetms bh chstlöe y ims leamrkhs bh fnilbn fnilbnbb hkltlbms pmr in nu nubltmrln bltmrln fmetrljuyh uen chstlöe halflheth, , blfdns prhcuetns ems iihvn n bhkmstrnr hi prlkhr mjghtlvm hsphfëalfm quh hs fmemfhr Nenilznr hi leamrkh bh in nubltmrën y su rhinflöe he in chstlöe he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm, :0>1? y bh hstn knehrn vnilbnkms hi  prlkhr prmjihkn hsphfëalfm hsphfëalfm pinethnbm pinethnbm he euhstrn levhstlcnflöe. He in tnjin bh Fmrrhinflöe bh Zdm Vphnrkne mjshrvnkms quh in fmrrhinflöe bh in  prhcuetn E°08, 0< y >:, fme ins bhkîs prhcuetns hstîe bhetrm bhi lethrvnim bh 0 n >, nalrknebm quh 0 9 r 9 > pmr im quh in fmrrhinflöe hs juhen, auhrth he nicuems fnsms y  pmsltlvn hetrh hiims, hs kîs, sl mjshrvnkms hi crîalfm E°08, 0< y >:, emtnkms quh ue nitm pmrfhetngh bh ins phrsmens hefuhstnbns hstîe bh nfuhrbm, tmtnikheth bh nfuhrbm,  pnrflnikheth, he bhsnfuhrbm y tmtnikheth he bhsnfuhrbm rhsphftlvnkheth, quh ims  prmfhblklhetms utlilznbms he in nubltmrln sme nbhfunbms pnrn in hetlbnb, in hstrufturn bhi leamrkh bh fnilbnb leaiuyh he hi hetheblklhetm bhi prmfhsm bh nubltmrën, y ims ntrljutms bh uen hvlbhefln puhbh shr fmeslbhrnbn fmkm dniinzcm pnrn prmfhbhr fme in hinjmrnflöe bh ue leamrkh bh fnilbnb. Blfdns prhcuetns ems iihvne n bhkmstrnr hi

1<

 

 

shcuebm mjghtlvm hsphfëalfm quh hs hghfutnr ims prmfhblklhetms bh in nubltmrën he ims leamrkhs bh fnilbnb he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm, :0>1? y bh hstn knehrn vnilbnkms hi shcuebm prmjihkn hsphfëalfm pinethnbm he euhstrn levhstlcnflöe. He in tnjin bh Fmrrhinflöe bh Zdm Vphnrkne mjshrvnkms quh in fmrrhinflöe bh in  prhcuetn E°01,>6 y >2 fme ins bhkîs prhcuetns hstîe bhetrm bhi lethrvnim bh 0 n >, nalrknebm quh 0 9 r 9 > pmr im quh in fmrrhinflöe hs juhen, auhrth he nicuems fnsms y  pmsltlvn hetrh hiims, hs kîs, sl mjshrvnkms hi crîalfm E°01,>6 y >2 emtnkms quh ue nitm pmrfhetngh pmrfhetngh bh ins ph phrsmens rsmens hhefuhstnbns efuhstnbns rh rhsphftlvnkheth sphftlvnkheth hstîe tmtnikheth bh nfuhrbm, nfuhrbm, pnrflnikheth bh nfuhrbm, he bhsfuhrbm, bh quh lkpihkhetnr nfflmehs fmrrhftlvns bh uen nubltmrln pnrn hi fukpilklhetm bh ins khtns, y quh bhspuìs bh ue prmfhsm bh nubltmrën y in hklslöe bh leamrkh bh fnilbnb y in lkpihkhetnflöe lekhblntn lekhblntn bh ins rh rhfmkhebnflöe fmkhebnflöe,, tnkjlìe in lkpihkhetnflöe lkpihkhetnflöe bh ins rhfmkhebnflmehs mpmrtuens khgmrnrën in prhstnflöe bh shrvlflms bh in hetlbnb, blfdns  prhcuetns ems iihvn n bhkmstrnr hi thrfhr mjghtlvm hsphfëalfm quh hs bhthrklenr fökm hi leamrkh bh nubltmrën hsphflalfn in lkpihkhetnflöe bh khblbns fmrrhftlvns he in

MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm, 0>1? y bh hstn knehrn vnilbnkms hi thrfhr prmjihkn hsphfëalfm pinethnbm he euhstrn levhstlcnflöe.

30

 

 

FMEFIXVLMEHV >.  Zhnilznebm hi neîilsls rhsphftlvm sh emtn quh ue nitm pmrfhetngh bh ins phrsmens hefuhstnbns hstîe bh nfuhrbm, hs lkpmrtneth utlilznr hi euhvm heamquh bh nubltmrën bh nrrljn dnfln njngm, puhs hstm vn phrkltlr n mjthehr ue leamrkh bh fnilbnb? y quh sl ims nubltmrhs npilfnrne sus fmemflklhetms bh nubltmrën pmbrëne rhnilznr ue prmcrnkn bh nubltmrën halflheth quh leaiuyh he in chstlöe hahftlvn he in MEC Knkn Nilfh. :.  Nbhkîs sh dn fmkprmj fmkprmjnbm nbm quh in knym knymrën rën bhi trnjngnbmr hstîe bh nfuhrbm nfuhrbm bh quh in hetlbnb ehfhsltn lkpihkhetnr uen nubltmrën pnrn khgmrnr su nbklelstrnflöe y imcrnr sus mjghtlvms lestltuflmenihs y quh ims prmfhblklhetms quh sh utlilzne he ins nubltmrëns y npilfnbns n elvhi bh hstn hetlbnb shrîe ims nbhfunbms pmr hghkpim pnrn mjthehr hvlbheflns sualflheths y fmkphtheths y smjrh tmbm hstn nubltmrën kmbhren nyubn n lkpihkhetnr nfflmehs fmrrhftns quh vne n leaiulr he hi fukpilklhetm bh sus khtns he in MEC Knkn Nilfh. 6.  Vh dn hvlbheflnbm ue nitm pmrfhetngh bh ins phrsmens hhefuhstnbns efuhstnbns hstîe bh nfuhrbm nfuhrbm bh

quh ims ntrljutms bh ue leamrkh bh fnilbnb sme lkpmrtneths pnrn in hklslöe bhi blftnkhe aleni bhi nubltmr y quh in hstrufturn bh ue leamrkh bh fnilbnb leaiulrën he hi juhe hetheblklhetm bhi bhjlbm prmfhsm bh uen nubltmrën kmbhren, nbhkîs quh ims ntrljutms bh uen hvlbhefln puhbhe shr fmes fmeslbhrnbms lbhrnbms fmkm ue juhe juhe dniinzcm pnrn prmfhbhr prmfhbhr fme in hinjmrnflöe bhi bhi leamrkh aleni bh fnilbnb bhspuìs bh rhnilznr rhnilznr hi prmfhsm bh nubltmrën he in funi sh hkltlbm hi leamrkh bh fnilbnb, sh bhjhe lkpihkhetnr ins rhfmkhebnflmehs lekhblntnkheth. Bh nfuhrbm n ins fmefiuslmehs prhfhbheths, sh iihcn n in fmefiuslöe chehrni quh in rhnilznflöe bh in nubltmrën npmrtn bh knehrn halfnz he in prhshetnflöe bh leamrkhs bh fnilbnb quh bhjhe shr hahftlvns pnrn in lkpinetnflöe bh khblbns fmrrhftlvns y mpmrtuens he in MEC Knkn Nilfh. fmkm sh bhkuhstrn he in thsls ’ Nubltmrën Lethren y chstlöe nbklelstrntlvn bh in Hkprhsn Frhblvnrcns Pufniipn. Phr÷., quh in rhinflöe hetrh ims prmfhsms bh Nubltmrën Lethren y in Chstlöe Nbklelstrntlvn hs rhinflöe blrhftn, puhs in rhnilznflöe bh uen nubltmrën nyubn n in chstlöe.

3>

 

 

ZHFMKHEBNFLMEHV >.  N in hetlbnb, y he hsphflni n ims trnjngnbmrhs tmkhe fmeflhefln quh in rhnilznflöe bh uen nubltmrën npilfnebm ue heamquh kmbhrem bh in nubltmrln bh nrrljn dnfln njngm vn n  phrkltlr rhnilznr ue leamrkh bh fnilbnb puhs npilfnebm ims prmfhblklhetms hsphflnihs, hi hahftm leaiulrî in chstlöe hahftlvn he in MEC Knkn Nilfh. :.  Hs lkpmrtneth quh ims trnjngnbmrhs bh in MEC Knkn Nilfh, hstì fmesflheth bh in lkpihkhetnflöe bh uen malflen bh nubltmrën fme in alenilbnb bh fmetrminr khgmr sus rhfursms aleneflhrms, y bh hstn knehrn khgmrnr su nbklelstrnflöe pnrn imcrnr sus mjghtlvms lestltuflmenihs. 6.  Vh rhfmklhebn utlilznr in euhvn hstrufturn bhi leamrkh bh nubltmrën, puhs hstnjihfh uen shrlh bh pnsms fme hi ale bh shn hvlbheflnbm y rhaihgnbm he in hklslöe aleni bhi leamrkh bh fnilbnb quh vn n nyubnr ni juhe hetheblklhetm bh in nubltmrën v bhspuìs bh dnjhr rhnilznbm tmbm hi prmfhsm bh in nubltmrën utlilznebm hi euhvm heamquh. Hs lkpmrtneth fmemfhr y hstnjihfhr fmkm pmiëtlfn ins nubltmrëns neunihs quh vne n

 phrkltlr dnfhr bh fmemflklhetm ni phrsmeni, n in nbklelstrnflöe fmkm hstî hefnklenebm in chstlöe, pnrn lkpihkhetnr ins rhfmkhebnflmehs quh vn n chehrnr ue amrkh bh fnilbnb. Hstns lkpihkhetnflmehs nyubnrîe n hstnjihfhr pmiëtlfns, emrkns y khgmrns he in chstlöe pnrn dnfhrins hahftlvns.

3:

 

 

ZHAHZHEFLNV JLJILMCZNALFNV NMJ (:0>8). Nubltmrhs.  Emrkns Lethrenflmenihs bh Nubltmrln. Nubltmrln. Zhfuphrnbm bh dttps7//nmjnubltmrhs.fmk/(ELN“s)/ 

Fnrrliim, P. (:00).  Leamrkh bh Nubltmrën he in Lbhetlalfnflöe bh Zhspmesnjlilbnbhs  Nbklelstrntlvns, Flvlihs y Phenihs Fmkm Lestrukhetm bh Fmetrmi he in Chstlöe P÷jilfn P÷jilfn.. (Rhsls Pmscrnbm) Xelvhrslbnb Enflmeni Knymr bh Vne Knrfms. Phr÷. Zhfuphrnbm bh7 dttp7//fyjhrthsls.ueksk.hbu.ph/jltstrhn dttp7//fyjhrthsls.ue ksk.hbu.ph/jltstrhnk/dnebih/fyjhrth k/dnebih/fyjhrthsls/6622/Fnrtmile]pf.p sls/6622/Fnrtmile]pf.pba=shquhefh ba=shquhefh; ; >&lsNiimwhb;y Fhrbn, D. (>006::]>3 leni/:0>006::]>30661/euhvm-leamrkh c/pba/:0>1/euhvm-leamrkh--

nubltmrln.pba Pniihrmin,

K.

(:0>2).  (:0>2). 

Nubltmrën  Nubltmrën 

Hbltmrlni

ZN-KN.

Zhfuphrnbm

bh7

dttps7//hjmmofhetrni.prmquhst.fmk/ilj/ubnaasp dttps7//hjmmofhetrn i.prmquhst.fmk/ilj/ubnaasp/bhtnli.nftlme=bmfL /bhtnli.nftlme=bmfLB;6::4312&qu B;6::4312&quhry;nubltmrën hry;nubltmrën #cmtm]tmf Zmgns, A. y Zhquhen, I. (:0>2). Vlsthkn bh Fmetrmi Lethrem pnrn in chstlöe Aleneflhrn  ‖ Fmetnjih Fmetnjih

bh ins MEC Bh In Zhclöe Gueëe. Pufniipn. Gueëe.  Pufniipn. Phr÷. (Rhsls Prhcrnbm). Xelvhrslbnb

P÷jilfm bhi Fhetrm. Zhfuphrnbm bh  bh dttp7//rhpmsltmrlm.upp.hbu.ph dttp7//rhpmsltmrlm.upp.hbu.ph/dnebih/XEFP/6:3>. /dnebih/XEFP/6:3>.pba pba Vnebmvni,

D.

(:0>:).

Mjghtm

bhi

Nubltmrln.

Zhfuphrnbm

bh 

dttps7//hs.sfrljb.fmk/bmfukhet/:18818 dttps7//hs.sfrljb.fmk/bm fukhet/:18818241/06/euhv dttps7//nsshts.opkc.fmk/fmethet/bnk/op kc/pba/:0>1/06/euhvm-leamrkh-nubltmrën.pba m-leamrkh-nubltmrën.pba

bh7

Vimssh, F. (>2. :0>2. Zhfuphrnbm bh dttp7//rhpmsltmrlm.uene.hbu.el/:304/ flhetëalfn.. Hbltmrlni Ilkusn bh FQ. Rnknym, K. (:006). Hi (:006).  Hi prmfhsm bh in Levhstlcnflöe flhetëalfn Crupm

Emrlhcn

Hbltmrs.

Jnibhrns.

Kìxlfm

BA.

Zhfuphrnbm

bh7

dttps7//fihn.hbu.kx/jljilmthfn/Rnkny dttps7//fihn.hbu.kx/jlj ilmthfn/Rnknym%:0Knrlm%:0%:0Hi%: m%:0Knrlm%:0%:0Hi%:0Prmfhsm%:0Bh 0Prmfhsm%:0Bh%:0In%:0L %:0In%:0L evhstlcnflme%:0Flhetlalfn.pba Rhiim, G. (:0>1). Nubltmrën (:0>1). Nubltmrën Lethren y chstlöe nbklelstrntlvn bh in Hkprhsn Frhblvnrcns.  Frhblvnrcns. 

Pufniipn. Phr÷. (Rhsls Prhcrnbm). Xelvhrslbnb prlvnbn bh Pufniipn. Zhfuphrnbm bh dttp7//rhpmsltmrlm.upp.hbu.ph/jltstrhnk/XPP/4/Rh dttp7//rhpmsltmrlm.upp.hbu .ph/jltstrhnk/XPP/4/Rhsls%:0guilm%:0Nijhr sls%:0guilm%:0Nijhrtm%:0Rhiim%:0%: tm%:0Rhiim%:0%: 0Fnrrnsfm.pba Rrugliim, S. (:0>1).  Nubltmrln bh Zhfursms Duknems y Imcrm bh Mjghtlvms bh in  Hkprhsn Lkprhetn Lkphtu Hbltmrlni V.Z.I. bhi blstrltm bh Fniihrën, Pufniipn :0>1.  Gmsì Fnknfdm,, :0>: Fnknfdm :0>:.. (Rhsls Prh Crnbm he in Xelvhrslbnb Prlvnbn bh Pufniipn. Zhfuphrnbm bh dttp7//www.rhpmsltmrlm.upp.hbu.ph/jltstrhnk/XPP//thslstrugliim.pba Qliinfmrtn, (:0>2). Leamrkh (:0>2). Leamrkh bh nubltmrën. nubltmrën. Zhvlstn Lethrenflmeni Ihcls Bh Fmetnjlilbnb y Nubltmrën

E°782,

Pàcs.

4::7

Zhfuphrnbm

bh

dttp7//ihcni,ihcls.fmk.fm/bmfukhetm=mjrn; dttp7//ihcni,ihcls.fmk.f m/bmfukhetm=mjrn;rfmetnbmr&bmf rfmetnbmr&bmfukhetm;rfmetnbmr]a ukhetm;rfmetnbmr]ahh1h::3::nn hh1h::3::nn00 :>hh0260n0>0>8>0:>h.   :>hh0260n0>0>8>0:>h. \nrnsfn, P. (:000). ’ Nubltmrln.

uebnkhetms fme ue heamquh kmbhrem‛. (:000). A uebnkhetms

Vhcuebn Hblflöe. Hbltmrlni7 Ilkn. Phr÷. \mf, G. (:001).  Hi Leamrkh hi Fmetnbmr P÷jilfm y Nubltmr he ue Rrnjngm bh  Prmfhblklhetm Prhvlnkheth he hi Îrhn bh Fuhetns pmr Fmjrnr (Filheths) bh uen Hkprhsn bh Vhrvlflms bh Lethreht . (Rhsls Prh crnbm) Xelvhrslbnb Vne Knrfms bh Cunthknin. Zhfuphrnbm bh7  dttp7//jljilmthfn.usnf bh7 dttp7//jljilmthfn.usnf.hbu.ct/thsls/06/06 .hbu.ct/thsls/06/06]>08>.pba. ]>08>.pba.  

32

 

  \znculrrh, ^. (:0>1).  (:0>1).  In Nubltmrën Aleneflhrn y su Leflbhefln he in Chstlöe bh ins hetlbnbhs quh rhvlvhe bmenflmehs bh mrcnelskms lethrenflmenihs :0>6-:0>2. Zhfuphrnbm :0>6-:0>2. Zhfuphrnbm bh dttp7//www.rhpmsltmrlmnfnbhklfm.uskp.h dttp7//www.rhpmsltmrlmnfnb hklfm.uskp.hbu.ph/jltstrhk/usuk/:216/hy bu.ph/jltstrhk/usuk/:216/hyznculrrh]qb.pba  znculrrh]qb.pba  

38

 

 

NEHTMV

31

 

  RËRXIM7 NXBLRMZËN \ IN PZHVHERNFLÖE BH LEAMZKHV BH FNILBNB HE IN MEC KNKN NILFH BH N\NFXFDM- :0>1   PZMJIHKNV 

MJGHRL MJG HRLQMV QMV

DLP RHVLV RHVLV 

QNZLNJIHV \ BLKHEVLMKHV 

KHRMBM KHR MBMIMC IMC N 

Chehrni7

Chehrni7

Chehrni7

QNZLNJIH

K RM RMBM BM BH LE LEQH QHVRL VRLCN CNFL FL E

½Bh quì knehrn in nubltmrën nubltmrën npmrtn he

Nenilznr fmkm in nubltmrën npmrtn he in

In nubltmrën npmrtn bh knehrn halfnz he in

LEBHPHEBLHERH

RLPM BH IN LEQHVRLCNFLÖE7

in prhshetnflöe bh leamrkhs bh fnilbnb

 prhshetnflöe bh leamrkhs leamrkhs bh fnilbnb he in MEC

 prhshetnflöe bh leamrkhs leamrkhs bh fnilbnb quh

T; Nubltmrën

he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm-

Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm- :0>1

bhjhe shr hahftlvns pnrn in lkpinetnflöe bh

:0>1=

Hsphfëalfms

khblbns fmrrhftlvns mpmrtuens mpmrtuens he in MEC

BLKHEVLMEHV

Bhsfrlptlvm

Hsphfëalfms

>.- Nenilznr hi leamrkh bh in nubltmrën y su rhinflöe

Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm- :0>1.

TL; tmkn bh bhflslmehs.

BLVHÞM BH IN LEQHVRLCNFLÖE7

>.- ½Bh quì kmbm hi leamrkh bh

he in chstlöe he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm-

Hsphfëalfms

T:;prmfhblklhetm T:;prmfhblk lhetm bh

Fmrrhinflmeni

nubltmrën sh rhinflmen he in chstlöe bh

:0>1.

>.- Ni nenilznr hi leamrkh bh in nubltmrën y su

nubltmrën

in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm-

rhinflöe he in chstlöe bh in MEC Knkn Nilfh Nilfh

T6;Leamrkh

:0>1=

bh Nynfufdm-:0>1, anvmrhfhrî anvmrhfhrî he in tmkn bh Böebh7

bhflslmehs bh in chstlöe. :. Hghfutnr ims prmfhblklhetms bh in nubltmrën he ims :. ½Bh quì knehrn sh hghfutne ims

leamrkhs bh fnilbnb he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh

:. Ni lelflnr in hghfuflöe bh ims

 prmfhblklhetms bh in nubltmrën he ims

Nynfufdm-:0>1.

 prmfhblklhetms bh bh nubltmrën he ims leamr leamrkhs khs

Npilfnbn  ELQHI BH BH LEQHVRLCNFLÖE LEQHVRLCNFLÖE77

QNZLNJIH

K7 shþmrhs shrvlbmrhs bh in MEC

BHPHEBLHERH

Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm. M>7 Nubltmrln

leamrkhs bh fnilbnb he in MEC Knkn

bh fnilbnb he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh

\; Prhshetnflöe bh

M:7 Leamrkhs bh fnilbnb

Nilfh bh Nynfufdm-:0> Nynfufdm-:0>1= 1=

Nynfufdm-:0>11 sh imcrnrî ue rhsuitnbm nfmrbh Nynfufdm-:0>

leamrkhs bh fnilbnb

Z7 Zhinflöe PMJINFLÖE \ KXHVRZN

n im pinelalfnbm. 6. Bhthrklenr fökm hi leamrkh bh nubltmrën

BLKHEVLMEHV

In pmjinflöe hstuvm fmkpuhstn pmr ims

6.- ½Fökm hi leamrkh bh nubltmrën

hsphflalfn in lkpihkhetnflöe bh khblbns

6. Hi leamrkh bh nubltmrën bhjh hsphflalfnr bh

\>;Chstlöe

shrvlbmrhs bh in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh

hsphflalfn in lkpihkhetnflöe bh

fmrrhftlvns he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm-

knehrn finrn, prhflsn y mpmrtuen pnrn in

\:;Hvlbhefln

Nynfufdm :0>1.

khblbns fmrrhftlvns he in MEC Knkn

:0>1.

lkpihkhetnflöe bh ins khblbns fmrrhftlvns y

\6;Khblbns fmrrhftlvns

Nilfh bh Nynfufdm-:0> Nynfufdm-:0>1= 1=

hi imcrm bh mjghtlvms bh in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm-:0>1. Nynfufdm-:0>1.

In kuhstrn auh prmjnilstlfms pmr fmevhelhefln

RÌFELFNV H LEVRZXKHERMV BH ZHFMIHFFLÖE BH BNRMV Rìfelfns bh Zhfmihfflöe bh Bntms7 -Mjshrvnflöe -Hefuhstn -Bmfukhetni

33

 

  Lestrukhetms bh Zhfmihfflöe bh Bntms -Cuën bh mjshrvnflöe -Fuhstlmenrlm -Alfdn jljilmcrîalfn PZMFHBLKLHERM BH ZHFMIHFFLÖE BH BNRMV RÌFELFNV BH PZMFHVNKLHERM \ NEÎILVLV BH BNRMV Hstnbëstlfn y hi prmcrnkn VPVV 

34

 

  Mphrnflmenilznflöe bh vnrlnjihs QNZLNJIHV 

FMEFHPRXNILWNFLME 

BLKHEVLMEHV 

FMEFHPRXNILWNFLME 

LEBLFNBMZHV 

îkjltms, hstm fme in alenilbnb bh rhemvnr bh

Nrrljn njngm

knehrn blahrheth. ’Hs

hi

slsthkîtlfm

hxnkhe

bh

 prmpln m bh thrfhrms. fme NXBLRMZLN

rhintlvn n ims hstnbms aleneflhrms sughtms n

Rmtnikheth he

leamrkh bh fnilbnb=

bhsnfuhrbm

8. ½Ims prmfhblklhetms quh sh utlilzne he ins nubltmrëns n elvhi bh hstn hetlbnb sme ims nbhfunbms= HEFXHVRN

auebnkhetnr uen mplelöe.

ims hstnbms aleneflhrms,

Hs ue bmfukhetm amrkni pmr khblm bhi funi

hi

hi Fmetnbmr P÷jilfm mtmrcn fmealnjlilbnb ni

in

mrcnelznflöe,

Prmfhblklhetms

alsfnilznflöe, bhi funi hi Fmetnbmr pmbrî

shcurlbnb rnzmenjih bh bh

nubltmrln bh nrrljn dnfln njngm phrkltlrën mjthehr ue

He bhsnfuhrbm

npilfne he uen levhstlcnflöe bh pnrtlbn Prmfhblklhetm   Prmfhblklhetm

in alenilbnb bh hkltlr uen

hetmrem

HVFNIN QNIMZNRLQN 

Hs ue fmeguetm bh tìfelfns y kìtmbms quh sh

uen

mrcnelznflöe, n phtlflöe

LEVRZXKHERM 

>. ½Frhh usthb, quh utlilznebm hi euhvm heamquh bh

Qlsunilznr ins blalfuitnbhs bhsbh blahrheths Heamquh

LRHKV 

Blftnkhe

 prmbuftm aleni he hsth fnsm hi leamrkh bh nubltmrën². Vme vnrlms blftîkhehs quh puhbh

Pnrflnikheth bh nfuhrbm Bh nfuhrbm

3. ½Frhh usthb quh ims ntrljutms bh ue leamrkh bh Ntrljutms

rhnilznr ue nubltmr bhetrm bh ue leamrkh bh

fnilbnb shrlne lkpmrtneth pnrn in hklslöe bhi blftnkhe

Rmtnikheth bh

aleni bhi nubltmr=

nfuhrbm

nubltmrën. Hsth fmefhptm levmiufrn uen shrlh bh nfflmehs quh sme pinelalfnbns, slsthkntlznbns fme hi ale bh jrlebnr hi shrvlflm fmkm hs he

Hs ue bmfukhetm, hs hi rhsuitnbm bh LEAMZKH   LEAMZKH BH FNILBNB   FNILBNB

trnjngm

tmbm hi

bh

rhnilznbm

nubltmrln y

fmethehr

bhjh

hsth fnsm bh ue jhehalflm smflni n ins fmkuelbnbhs y quh hstîe lekhrsms he hi Chstlöe

finrm

Fmemflklhetm

fukpilklhetm bh ims mjghtlvms bh in

nsphftms quh fmetrljuyne n in khgmrn bh in

Fnilbnb

Hvlbhefln

fmrrmjmrnr m fmetrnbhflr ins nalrknflmehs

He bhsnfuhrbm

fmemflklhetms bh nubltmrln pmbrëne rhnilznr ue  prmcrnkn bh nubltmrln nubltmrln halflheth= HEFXHVRN

Pnrflnikheth bh nfuhrbm

Nilfh= > ½Frhh usthb, quh ims leamrkhs bh fnilbnb hkltlbms Chstlöe

Ntrljutms

 prmfhsm bh uen nubltmrln= nubltmrln=

Rmtnikheth bh

>:. ½Frhh usthb, quh ims ntrljutms bh uen hvlbhefln

nfuhrbm  nfuhrbm 

 puhbhe shr fmeslbhrnbms fmkm ue juhe dniinzcm pnrn

3<

 

  quh fmetlheh ims hstnbms aleneflhrms y

 prmfhbhr fme in hinjmrnflöe bhi leamrkh aleni bh

nifneznr ins fmefiuslmehs he ins quh jnsn su

fnilbnb=

mplelöe. In hvlbhefln bh nubltmrën lefiuyh tnetm in leamrknflöe fmethelbn he ims rhclstrms fmetnjihs bh ims quh sh mjtlhehe ims hstnbms aleneflhrms y fmkm mtrn leamrknflöe

6. ½Frhh usthb ^uh in hetlbnb ehfhsltn rhnilznr uen Mjghtlvm

nubltmrën pnrn pmbhr khgmrnr su nbklelstrnflöe y imcrnr su mjghtlvm=

fmkm hs bh chstlöe. Vh mjtlheh blshþnebm y npilfnebm pruhjns bh nubltmrën.

2. ½Frhh usthb ^uh in hetlbnb ehfhsltn rhnilznr uen

Hs hi prmfhsm khblneth hi funi sh shihfflmen

nubltmrën pnrn pmbhr khgmrnr su nbklelstrnflöe y imcrnr

hstrnthclns bh smiuflöe bh fnsms m prmjihkns, Rmkn bh

thelhebm he fuhetn quh puhbhe shr

bhflslmehs

bhflslmehs bh tlpm, injmrni, hfmeöklfm,

su mjghtlvm= Halflhefln

>8.½Xsthb frhh, quh hs lkpmrtneth lkpihkhetnr uen nubltmrln he tmbm ins lestltuflmehs p÷jilfns y prlvnbns  pnrn jusfnr in halflhefln y in halfnfln bh in prhstnflöe bh

smflni y mtrms, he jhehalflm bh in hetlbnb shn  p÷jilfn m prlvnbn. prlvnbn.

shrvlflm

40

 

  Bmfukhetm bh nutmrlznflme neth in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm.

4>

 

  LEVRZXKHERMV BH ZHFMIHFFLÖE BH BNRMV Rëtuim7 Nubltmrln Nubltmrl n y in i n prhshetnflöe bh ims leamrkhs bh fnilbnb he in MEC Knkn Nilfh bh Nynfufdm, :0>1  Nutmrhs7 Jnfd. Aimr bh Knrën Fuhefn Pliih, Jnfd. Lvhtth Vhbnem Cnknrrn

Ihn bhthelbnkheth y knrquh fme ue nspn (T) in rhspuhstn quh fmrrhspmebn. Hs neöelkm. Kufdns crnflns pmr su fminjmrnflöe. HVRNV VME INV NIRHZENRLQNV7   Rmtnikheth Rmtnikhe th he bhsnfuhrbm bhsnfuhrbm > 

He bhsnfuhrbm : 

Pnrflnikheth bh nfuhrbm 6 

Bh nfuhrbm Rmtnikheth bh nfuhrbm 2  8 

PZHCXERNV  >

½Frhh usthb, quh utlilznebm hi euhvm heamquh bh nubltmrën bh nrrljn dnfln njngm phrkltlrën mjthehr ue ue

:

leamrkh bh fnilbnb= ½Frhh usthb, quh sl ims nubltmrhs npilfnrne sus fmemflklhetms bh nubltmrën pmbrëne rhnilznr ue

>  :  6  2  8 

6

½Frhh usthb quh in hetlbnb ehfhsltn rhnilznr uen nubltmrën pnrn pmbhr khgmrnr su nbklelstrnflöe y

2

imcrnr su mjghtlvm= Frhh usthb, ½quh in hetlbnb ehfhsltn lkpihkhetnr uen nubltmrën pnrn khgmrnr su nbklelstrnflöe y

8

imcrnr sus mjghtlvms= ½Frhh usthb, quh quh ims prmfhblklhetms quh sh sh utlilzne he ins nubltmrëns he hstn hetlbnb shrîe shrîe ims

1

½Frhh usthb, quh uen nubltmrën nyubnrën n lkpihkhetnr nfflmehs fmrrhftns quh leaiulrëne he hi

3

fukpilklhetm bh sus khtns= ½Frhh usthb quh ims ntrljutms ntrljutms bh ue leamrkh bh fnilbnb sh rl ne l kp mr t ne th pnrn in in hklslöe hklslöe bhi

4

blftnkhe aleni bhi nubltmr= ½Frhh usthb, quh ue leamrkh bh fnilbnb phrkltlrën fnkjlnr bh nftltub n ims trnjngnbmrhs bh hetlbnb=

<

½Frhh usthb, quh in hstrufturn bh ue leamrkh bh fnilbnb leaiulrën he hi juhe hetheblklhetm bhi prmfhsm

>0

bh uen nubltmrën= ½Frhh usthb, quh ims leamrkhs bh uen nubltmrën anfliltnrëne hi usm fmrrhftm bh ims bmfukhetms

>>

nbklelstrntlvms bh chstlöe= ½Frhh usthb, quh ims leamrkhs bh fnilbnb hkltlbms pmr uen nubltmrën fmetrljulrëne n uen chstlöe

>:

halflheth y hi fmemflklhetm bh aueflmehs bh ims trnjngnbmrhs= trnjngnbmrhs= ½Frhh usthb, quh ims ntrljutms bh uen hvlbhefln puhbhe shr fmeslbhrnbms fmkm ue dniinzcm pnrn

>6

 prmfhbhr fme in hinjmrnflöe bhi leamrkh bh fnilbnb= ½Frhh usthb, quh bhspuìs bh ue prmfhsm bh nubltmrën he in funi sh hklth ue leamrkh bh fnilbnb,

>2

bhjhrëne lkpihkhetnr bh knehrn lekhblntn ins rhfmkhebnflmehs= ½Frhh usthb, quh in lkpihkhetnflöe bh ins rhfmkhebnflmehs mpmrtuenkheth khgmrnrën he in

>8

 prhstnflöe bh shrvlflms shr vlflms bh in hetlbnb= ½Xsthb frhh, quh hs lkpmrtneth lkpihkhetnr uen nubltmrën kmbhren he tmbns ins lestltuflmehs  p÷jilfns y prlvnbn pnrn jusfnr in halflhefln y in i n halfnfln bh in prhstnflöe bh shrvlflm=

¡Kufdns crnflns pmr su fminjmrnflöe!

4:

 

 

46

 

 

42