Audiencias Virtuales

 

 

 

YJWßI@KEA IL@KVAYKABA NJ VJBJ_ZJ@A  ^YKIZBA@ UZWYJDL NJ OZU^KEKA 

WYLWZJU^A  «WYLEJNKDKJB^L JUWJEKA@ [ ßBKEL NJ AZNKJBEKAU VKY^ZA@JU [/L A NKU^ABEKA, NKU^ ABEKA, AW@KEAI@JU JB UK^ZAEKLBJU JS^YALYNKBAYKAU, NJ FZJY_A DA[LY, DA[LY, JSEJWEKLBA@JU [/L EA@ADK^LUAU½. 

IÁYIAYA HAIYKJ@A EËUAY UKJYL  Dahkstrana nj `a Ua`a Wl`ätkea Andkbkstratkva Andkbkstratkva  

Earaeas, airk` 9797  1

 

ÄBNKEJ

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KB^YLNZEEKÕB Wara rja`kzar `a prjsjbtj prlpujsta, sj njij elbsknjrar ub cjecl sleka` prjsjbtj j kbjspjranl, bl p`abkfkeanl y nj futurl kbekjrtl, eldl `l js `a sktuaekõb elbsjeujbtj elb `a aparkekõb nj` elrlbavkrus njbldkbanl ELVKN-1;. @a erksks ca sknl nj ta` dahbktun quj fuj nje`arana «pabnjdka½ plr `a Lrhabkzaekõb Dubnka` nj `a Ua`un (LDU) y ca eausanl ub kdpaetl a bkvj` p`abjtarkl, afjetabnl a tlnls `ls paäsjs, bl skjbnl Vjbjzuj`a uba jxejpekõb, li`khabnl a` hlikjrbl vjbjzl`abl a jojeutar aeeklbjs lrkjbtanas a elbtjbjr `a prlpahaekõb nj` patõhjbl, nj dabjra jfjetkva y lplrtuba.  J` kdpaetl nj `a pabnjdka ca a`tjranl prlfubnadjbtj j` njsjbvl`vkdkjbtl nj `a slekjnan baeklba` y dubnka`. @a vkna eltknkaba sj ca vkstl afjetana njsnj eua`qukjr pubtl nj vksta, jb nkvjrsas árjas, ta`js eldl `l slb? jnueatkva, `ailra`, skelsleka`, eldjreka` y duecas ltras árjas dás, euya afjetaekõb tlnaväa js prjdaturl plnjr jva`uar j va`uar..  Jb fjeca 15 nj darzl nj` prjsjbtj añl, j` Wrjsknjbtj nj `a Yjpÿi`kea Il`kvarkaba nj Vjbjzuj`a nketõ j` njerjtl B·. >1:;, suspjbnkjbnl `as aetkvknanjs jnueatkvas prjsjbeka`js, jb tlnls `ls p`abtj`js jnueatkvls j kbstktueklbjs nj jnueaekõb ubkvjrsktarka lfkeka`js y nj hjstkõb prkvana nj` paäs, a partkr nj` näa `ubjs 1: nj darzl nj 9797, a `ls fkbjs nj flrta`jejr `as djnknas nj prjvjbekõb y jvktar `a prlpahaekõb nj` elrlbavkrus ELVKN-1; jb j` paäs.  Jb `a dksda fjeca, tadikëb fuj pui`keanl j` njerjtl B·. >167, djnkabtj j` eua` sj nje`arõ j` Jstanl nj A`arda jb tlnl j` tjrrktlrkl baeklba`, nanas `as ekreubstabekas nj lrnjb sleka` quj plbjb hravjdjbtj jb rkjshl `a sa`un pÿi`kea y `a sjhurknan nj `ls ekunanabls y `as ekunanabas caiktabtjs nj `a Yjpÿi`kea Il`kvarkaba, a fkb quj j` Jojeutkvl Baeklba` anlptara djnknas urhjbtjs, jfjetkvas y bjejsarkas nj prltjeekõb, dktkhabnl y jrrankeabnl `ls rkjshls nj jpknjdka rj`aeklbanls elb j` ELVKN-1; y sus plski`js ejpas.  5

 

@a Oustkeka vjbjzl`aba, bl js uba jxejpekõb a jsta sktuaekõb y sk ikjb js ekjrtl quj parjekjra bl sjr sj r `a daylr prklrknan, j j`` njerjtl nj Jstanl nj A`arda ckzl tadikëb djbekõb jb `a nksplskekõb qukbta nj` rjfjrknl njerjtl, jspjeäfkeadjbtj j` Wrjsknjbtj nj `a Yjpui`kea, jxclrtõ a` ^rkiuba` Uuprjdl nj Oustkeka (^UO), a tldar `as prjvksklbjs blrdatkvas pjrtkbjbtjs quj pjrdktkjrab rjhu`ar `as nkstkbtas sktuaeklbjs rjsu`tabtjs nj `a ap`keaekõb nj `as djnknas nj rjstrkeekõb nj` trábsktl, suspjbskõb nj aetkvknanjs y sus jfjetls slirj `ls prlejsls ``jvanls a eail plr j` plnjr ounkeka` l slirj j` fubeklbadkjbtl nj `ls õrhabls õr habls quj `l kbtjhrab.   Wlr ta` dltkvl, `a Ua`a W`jba nj` ^UO, jb fjeca 97 nj darzl nj 9797, a travës nj `a rjsl`uekõb B·. 771-9797, jb j` jojrekekl nj sus atrkiueklbjs elbfjrknas jb j` artäeu`l 968 nj` Elbstktuekõb nj `a Yjpÿi`kea Il`kvarkaba nj Vjbjzuj`a (EYIV) y njdás `jyjs ap`keai`js, suspjbnkõ `ls `apsls jb tlnls `ls prlejnkdkjbtls, a fkb nj sa`vahuarnar j` njrjecl nj eana uba nj `as partjs.  Ankeklba`djbtj, tabtl `a Ua`a Elbstktueklba` eldl `a J`jetlra` pjrdabjejb nj huarnka= `ls trkiuba`js elb eldpjtjbeka jb datjrka pjba` dabtkjbjb `a elbtkbuknan nj` sjrvkekl a bkvj` baeklba`, sl`l para asubtls urhjbtjs= `ls/`as dahkstranls/as pjrdabjejb a `a nksplskekõb para dabtjbjr j` qulrud bjejsarkl, asä eldl jb datjrka nj adparls elbstktueklba`js sj elbsknjrab caik`ktanls tlnls `ls näas, jbtrj ltras djnknas.  Jb ta` sjbtknl, cay qukjbjs elbsknjrab quj `a oustkeka sj ca para`kzanl y cay qukjbjs afkrdab quj bl nj` tlnl. Wara sjr jquktatkvls/as, sjräa elbvjbkjbtj uikearsj jb ub pubtl kbtjrdjnkl. Uj eldprujia quj j` jstanl nj njrjecl jb uba baekõb eldl Vjbjzuj`a, prjsuplbj `a jxkstjbeka nj ub darel elbstktueklba`, asä eldl j` jojrekekl jfjetkvl nj` kdpjrkl nj `a @jy, jb j` eua` sj njij harabtkzar quj `a pli`aekõb pujna hlzar nj `ls njrjecls y harabtäas jstai`jeknls jb `a EYIV, punkjbnl prjsjbtarsj

>

 

sktuaeklbjs nj prjsubta vkl`aekõb nj a`hubls prkbekpkls, njrjecls y harabtäas

elbstktueklba`js. Wlr ltra partj, Vjbjzuj`a jstá pasabnl plr nkvjrsas ekreubstabekas jxtralrnkbarkas, quj afjetab jb hranl supjr`atkvl, `a sjhurknan j kbtjhrknan nj `a Baekõb y quj jb a`hÿb dldjbtl tadikëb plnräab listaeu`kzar jb eua`qukjr dldjbtl `a andkbkstraekõb nj oustkeka.  Jsta pabnjdka y ltrls cjecls quj adjbazab a bujstrl paäs, kbf`uyjb nj dabjra jxtralrnkbarka jb j` blrda` njsjbvl`vkdkjbtl nj `as aetkvknanjs nj `ls/as kbtjhrabtjs quj elbflrdab j` Ukstjda nj Oustkeka, qukjbjs bls cjdls vkstl jb `a bjejsknan nj kbtjrrudpkr bujstras aetkvknanjs nkarkas. @a pabnjdka nj` ELVKN-1;

vkjbj erjabnl sktuaeklbjs, bk vkvknas, bk aba`kzanas prjvkadjbtj, quj lrkjbtab a hjbjrar aprjbnkzaojs tabtl a bkvj` nj sus ekunanabls/as, sus kbstktueklbjs y nj `a slekjnan jb hjbjra`. @jeeklbjs kdprjvkstas y quj njijb abkdar uba prlfubna rjf`jxkõb slirj bujstrl skstjda nj andkbkstraekõb nj oustkeka, eldl vjrnanjrl sjrvkekl pÿi`kel, bls prjleupa a `ls/as prlfjsklba`js nj `a oustkeka. Js djbjstjr elbstatar quj aetua`djbtj BL sj jstáb njsarrl``abnl aetkvknanjs ounkeka`js prlpkas nj eana ubl nj `ls nkfjrjbtjs prlejsls jb `ls jxpjnkjbtjs, sa`vl jxejpeklbjs plr earáetjr nj urhjbeka. Zb hrab bÿdjrl nj `as sl`kektunjs, djnknas prlejsa`js jb eursl, bl cab plnknl sjhukr su eursl blrda`, jbtlrpjekjbnl j` jojrekekl ekjrtl nj `a oustkeka. Js plr ta` razõb quj js kdpjratkvl prlplbjr sl`ueklbjs a `l kbtjrbl quj pjrdktab dabtjbjr y prjsjrvar j` aeejsl jfjetkvl a `a oustkeka, eldl prkbekpkl iáskel nj` jstanl nj njrjecl, `lhrabnl anaptar j` aeeklbar nj` Wlnjr Ounkeka` a `a nkfäek` ekreubstabeka quj vkvj `a Baekõb, elbvkrtkëbnl`l jb autëbtkel ia`uartj nj `a paz y su slstjbkdkjbtl. @as aunkjbekas vkrtua`js y/l a nkstabeka, eldl sj jxp`kea dás anj`abtj, vjbnräab a nar rjspujsta a jstas ekreubstabekas, jb sktuaeklbjs jxtralrnkbarkas, jxejpeklba`js l ea`adktlsas, plr euabtl pjrdktkráb rja`kzar `as anjeuaeklbjs quj sjab elbvjbkjbtjs a` njsarrl``l kbtjhra` nj `a oustkeka vjbjzl`aba, elb `ls rjeursls :

 

aetua`djbtj nksplbki`js y `a jxp`ltaekõb nj pltjbeka`knanjs quj dkbkdkejb `as adjbazas l dktkhujb `ls rkjshls. 

@a rjf`jxkõb djbeklbana prjejnjbtjdjbtj, rjfjrjbtj a` kdpaetl nj `a pabnjdka y `a djolr dabjra nj hjstklbar`a, lrkjbta a p`abtjarsj ekjrtas kbtjrrlhabtjs, uba vjz supjrana `a jtapa dás erätkea y jxksta `a bjejsknan nj aprjekar prlspjetkvadjbtj, `l quj caya quj caejr para vl`vjr a plbjr jb dareca j` skstjda ounkeka`. Jb ta` sjbtknl, surhjb `as skhukjbtjs prjhubtas? ¼Quë pasls njijdls sjhukr< ¼Euá` va a sjr `a djolr dabjra nj rjaetkvar j` fubeklbadkjbtl nj `a aetkvknan ounkeka`< @l dás elbvjbkjbtj sjräa quj sj abtkekpjb y sj prjparjb `as djnknas elrrjsplbnkjbtjs.

 AB^JEJNJB^JU Js elbvjbkjbtj pubtua`kzar quj nkvjrsls paäsjs, elbsknjrabnl a`hubls nj cai`a ckspaba, ya cab kdp`jdjbtanl `a Oustkeka Vkrtua`, kbe`usl abtjs nj` surhkdkjbtl nj `a pabnjdka aslekana a` ELVKN -1;. A travës nj djnkls nj eldubkeaekõb sleka`, sj ca plnknl saijr quj jb j` añl 9716, `a

prlvkbeka

El`udika

nj

Irktábkea

jb Eabaná, kdp`jdjbtõ j` prkdjr trkiuba` eldp`jtadjbtj

ekvk`1  jb

`äbja y elb j``l kbkekõ uba bujva jra para `a andkbkstraekõb nj oustkeka. Jstj skstjda bl sl`l nketa njeksklbjs, skbl quj jnuea jb njrjecls, nkbadkza `as fasjs nj` prlejsl ounkeka`, casta `a fjeca ca prlejsanl dás nj eatlrej dk` eausas elb uba jfjetkvknan nj` 3:% y jb ub tkjdpl rëelrn nj sjsjbta näas, jb eldparaekõb 1

cttps?//www.se`.lrh/artke`js/583>-tcj-lb`kbj-oustkej-jxpjrkjbej-kb-irktkscel`udika    Yjvksanl jb?  jb? cttps?//www.se`.lrh/artke`js/583>-tcj-lb`kbj-oustkej-jxpjrkjbej-kb-irktkscel`udika

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elb `ls 16 djsjs quj `j tlda a uba Elrtj Lrnkbarka rjsl`vjr ub elbf`ketl jb nkecl paäs.  Ankeklba`djbtj,  Arhjbtkba9 ca jdprjbnknl pasls para andkbkstrar oustkeka elb rjeursls nkhkta`js y djeabksdls a nkstabeka, quj kbe`uyõ casta `a caik`ktaekõb

nj

pahls

j`jetrõbkels nj sjbtjbekas y clblrarkls para jvktar j` el`apsl fkbabekjrl

nj

ailhanls

y

njdabnabtjs.

Wlr su partj, jb Vjbjzuj`a, bl jxkstj uba blrdatkva ouränkea ÿbkea ap`keai`j para tlnas `as datjrkas quj rjhu`j jstj tkpl nj aunkjbekas, nksplbkjbnl sl`l nj a`hubls kbstrudjbtls nj rjekjbtj nata, ta`js eldl? @a rjsl`uekõb djnkabtj `a eua` sj erja j` Jxpjnkjbtj Ounkeka` J`jetrõbkel para `ls ^rkiuba`js elb eldpjtjbeka jb datjrka nj Nj`ktls nj Vkl`jbeka elbtra `as duojrjs y `ls nj` Ukstjda Wjba` nj Yjsplbsaik`knan nj` Anl`jsejbtj, asä eldl ltras rjsl`ueklbjs plr `as eua`js sj erjarlb y puskjrlb jb dareca `a Ahjbna ßbkea, Vknjl Elbfjrjbekas elb `ls

õrhabls nj prujias jb j` prlejsl pjba` , j` Kbvjbtarkl ßbkel nj Eausas  jb `ls ^rkiuba`js jb datjrka nj Nj`ktls nj Vkl`jbeka nj Hëbjrl, jbtrj ltras jxpjrkjbekas. Jb a`hubas ourksnkeeklbjs sj cab rja`kzanl aunkjbekas nj dabjra jxtralrnkbarka ap`keabnl `as njbldkbanas tjebl`lhäas nj `a kbflrdaekõb y `a eldubkeaekõb  (^KE) pjrl quj sj cab elbstktuknl jb cjecls aks`anls y skb ub

prlejnkdkjbtl jspjeäfkel ÿbkel y ubkflrdj a sjhukr= bl cay eujrpl blrdatkvl quj `as rjhu`j, slb ap`keanas iaol `a saba erktkea nj a`hubls/as oujejs/zas, skb quj jstl sj caya elbvjrtknl casta aclra jb uba pl`ätkea nj` Wlnjr Ounkeka`. Uj jstkda quj sjräa sudadjbtj elbvjbkjbtj quj j` Wlnjr Ounkeka` vjbjzl`abl sj kbtjhrj a

9 Yjvksanl

jb?  cttps?//www.tj`ad.eld.ar/bltas/97977>/>:553>-elb-njsafkls-a-elrtl-y-`arhl-p`azl-`ajb?  oustkeka-sj-anapta-a`-elrlbavkrus.ctd`    oustkeka-sj-anapta-a`-elrlbavkrus.ctd`

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`a vabhuarnka nj `ls paäsjs elb skstjdas nj andkbkstraekõb nj oustkeka a nkstabeka y sj elbvkjrta jb ub rjfjrjbtj elbtkbjbta`.  Wlr ltra partj, pujnl ektar j` njerjtl B·. 39: nj dayl 9777, rjfjrjbtj a` aeejsl y j` usl nj kbtjrbjt, eldl pl`ätkea prklrktarka para j` njsarrl``l eu`tura`, jelbõdkel, sleka` y pl`ätkel nj `a YIV, quj nje`ara j` aeejsl y j` usl nj kbtjrbjt eldl pl`ätkea prklrktarka para j` njsarrl``l eu`tura`, jelbõdkel, sleka` y pl`ätkel nj `a Yjpÿi`kea= tadikëb j` njerjtl B·. 5.5;7 nj` añl 977>, quj jstai`jej quj `a  Andkbkstraekõb Wÿi`kea Baeklba` jdp`jará prklrktarkadjbtj slftwarj `kirj jb sus skstjdas, prlyjetls y sjrvkekls kbflrdátkels, skjbnl jstls `ls kbstrudjbtls `jha`js bjejsarkls para j` slplrtj y j` kdpu`sl jb j` njsarrl``l nj jsta prlpujsta. Uuiskhukjbtjdjbtj, jb j` añl 9715, elb `a prldu`haekõb nj `a @jy nj

Kbflhlikjrbl,

sj

jstai`jej

eldl

pl`ätkea

nj`

Jstanl

vjbjzl`abl,

ltlrhar`j earáetjr nj kbtjrës pÿi`kel y jstratëhkel a` jdp`jl nj `as tjebl`lhäas nj kbflrdaekõb, jb jspjeka`, `as tjebl`lhäas nj kbflrdaekõb `kirjs (Art. >, @KBFHLI), caekjbnl ëbfasks jb favlrjejr `a partkekpaekõb y j` jojrekekl p`jbl nj` njrjecl nj slijrabäa, prldlvjr j` njsarrl``l nj `as tjebl`lhäas nj kbflrdaekõb `kirjs jb j` Jstanl, harabtkzar `a kbnjpjbnjbeka tjebl`õhkea, `a aprlpkaekõb sleka` nj` elblekdkjbtl= asä eldl `a sjhurknan y njfjbsa nj `a Baekõb. Eldl sj plnrá aprjekar, j` jojrekekl nj slijrabäa, kbnjpjbnjbeka, aprlpkaekõb nj` elblekdkjbtl, asä eldl sjhurknan y njfjbsa, slb tlnas árjas nj eldpjtjbeka prklrktarka nj` Jstanl, jb uba elbejpekõb adp`ka nj `a njfjbsa kbtjhra` nj `a Baekõb. Wlr ltrl `anl, `as sktuaeklbjs jxtralrnkbarkas, jxejpeklba`js l ea`adktlsas jstáb njfkbknas jb `a EYIV y njdás `jyjs, jspjeäfkeadjbtj j` artäeu`l 558, jstai`jej quj ta`js sktuaeklbjs sj rjfkjrjb a? « ...`as ekreubstabekas nj lrnjb sleka`, jelbõdkel, pl`ätkel, batura` l jel`õhkel, quj afjetjb hravjdjbtj `a sjhurknan nj `a Baekõb, nj `as kbstktueklbjs y nj `ls ekunanabls, a euyl rjspjetl rjsu`tab kbsufkekjbtjs `as faeu`tanjs nj `as eua`js sj nksplbjb para caejr frjbtj a ta`js cjecls...½,  asä dksdl, `a @jy Lrhábkea slirj `ls Jstanls nj Jxejpekõb,

jstai`jej tlnl j` jstadjbtl quj eatjhlrkza y njfkbj ta`js sktuaeklbjs. 

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Jstas sktuaeklbjs sj earaetjrkzab plr rjprjsjbtar jstanls nj a`arda, jstanl nj jdjrhjbeka jelbõdkea, jstanls nj elbdlekõb kbtjrklr y jstanl nj elbdlekõb jxtjrklr, skjbnl `ls jstanls nj a`arda aquj``ls quj sj prlnuejb plr eatástrlfjs, ea`adknanjs pÿi`keas u ltrls aelbtjekdkjbtls skdk`arjs, quj plbjb sjrkadjbtj jb pj`khrl `a sjhurknan nj `a Baekõb. J` jstanl nj jdjrhjbeka jelbõdkea, js aquj` quj susekta ekreubstabeka jxtralrnkbarka quj afjetjb hravjdjbtj `a vkna jelbõdkea nj `a Baekõb y plr ÿ`tkdl `ls jstanls nj elbdlekõb kbtjrklr y jstanl nj elbdlekõb jxtjrklr, prkdjrl euabnl cayab ekreubstabekas quj kdp`kqujb hrabnjs pjrturiaeklbjs nj` lrnjb pÿi`kel kbtjrbl y quj skhbkfkqujb ub bltlrkl l kbdkbjbtj pj`khrl para `a jstaik`knan kbstktueklba`, `a elbvkvjbeka ekunanaba, `a sjhurknan pÿi`kea, j` dabtjbkdkjbtl nj` lrnjb `kirj y njdlerátkel= l euabnl j` fubeklbadkjbtl nj `ls Wlnjrjs Wÿi`kels jstë kbtjrrudpknl, sjhubnl, tlnas aquj``as sktuaeklbjs quj kdp`kqujb uba adjbaza a `a Baekõb, `a kbtjhrknan nj` tjrrktlrkl l `a slijrabäa, jb j` darel nj ub elbf`ketl jxtjrbl.  @a sktuaekõb quj bls leupa aetua`djbtj sj tkpkfkea anjeuanadjbtj jb j` Jstanl nj A`arda, plr euabtl `a nje`aratlrka nj pabnjdka sj elbstktuyj jb uba ea`adknan pÿi`kea, sktuaekõb skb prjejnjbtjs rjekjbtjs y quj plbj jb pj`khrl `a sjhurknan nj `a Baekõb, afjeta j` tjoknl sleka` fubnadjbta`, asä `a prlnuetkvknan jelbõdkea y jb elbsjeujbeka `a aetkvknan eldjreka` y fkbabekjra, rjprjsjbtabnl jstl bl sl`l uba adjbaza para Vjbjzuj`a skbl para `a sjhurknan nj tlnas `as baeklbjs.   baeklbjs.

KB^JYYLHAB^JU  Abtj jstj tjda nj kdp`jdjbtar y erjar ub prlejnkdkjbtl ÿbkel y jspjeka`, nj aunkjbekas vkrtua`js y/l a nkstabeka, jb sktuaeklbjs jxtralrnkbarkas, nj fujrza daylr, jxejpeklba`js y/l ea`adktlsas, plnräab p`abtjarsj nkvjrsas kbtjrrlhabtjs, jbtrj j``as, `as skhukjbtjs? 

;

 

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¼@a suspjbskõb nj `ls `apsls prlejsa`js, rjprjsjbta uba para`kzaekõb nj `a  oustkeka, rjtarnl ounkeka` y/l njbjhaekõb nj oustkeka nj `a EYIV, qukjbjs bl cab plnknl eldubkearsj, qukjbjs bl cab sknl kbflrdanls/as, qukjbjs jbeujbtrjb djblseaianl su njiknl prlejsl, jb eua`qukjr jstanl y hranl nj` prlejsl, aub jstabnl suspjbnknls `ls `apsls nurabtj `a euarjbtjba= qukjbjs bl cab tjbknl aeejsl a `as prujias, a` jxpjnkjbtj, a nksplbjr nj` tkjdpl y nj `ls djnkls anjeuanls para jojrejr su njfjbsa, aub jb euarjbtjba. Askdksdl, qukjbjs bl pujnab jojrejr su njrjecl a sjr länls/as, aub jb euarjbtjba. (Wrjvka pjtkekõb y bjhanl j` njrjecl). Nj aeujrnl a` Art. :1 nj `a EYIV, qukjbjs bl pujnab caejr usl nj su njrjecl nj pjtkekõb y lplrtuba rjspujsta, elbstktuyjb ltrl supujstl nj vkl`aekõb nj njrjecl quj js kdpjratkvl harabtkzar.

@a andkbkstraekõb nj oustkeka njbtrl nj Vjbjzuj`a jb sktuaeklbjs jxtralrnkbarkas nj fujrza daylr, jxejpeklbjs y/l ea`adktlsas. e a`adktlsas.   Asä eldl jb Vjbjzuj`a ssj j jstá jb j` prlejsl nj kdp`jdjbtar nj dabjra jxtralrnkbarka, rjsplbsai`j y lplrtuba, tabtl `a jnueaekõb a nkstabeka eldl vkrtua`, y bujstrls ckols j ckoas sj jbeujbtrab njsnj sus clharjs rjekikjbnl e`asjs y `a jnueaekõb jb Vjbjzuj`a ca elbtkbuanl skb kbtjrrudpkrsj, `a andkbkstraekõb nj  oustkeka BL njijräa sjr `a jxejpekõb y j` Wlnjr Ounkeka` njijräa jstar jb elbnkeklbjs nj rjabunar`a, nj dabjra rápkna, jfkekjbtj y jfjetkva.  

19

 

Uk ikjb js ekjrtl quj slb skstjdas nkstkbtls, bl cay quj plbjrbls `kdktabtjs, y njijdls avabzar, plr `l djbls tldabnl `as prkdjras aeeklbjs quj elb``jvjb a` plnjr ounkeka` a pltjbeka`kzarsj y a kdp`jdjbtar nj uba vjz plr tlnas `a nkhkta`kzaekõb nj sus prlejsls.  Wlr ltra partj, cay rjhkstrl nj sktuaeklbjs prjvkas a `a prjsjbtj pabnjdka, jb `ls quj j` Wlnjr Ounkeka` ca vkstl `kdktanl su fubeklbadkjbtl? easls njiknls a `a erksks nj` sjetlr j`ëetrkel y j` aclrrl jbjrhëtkel baeklba`, asä eldl elb prli`jdas aslekanls a `ls skstjdas kbflrdátkels. Wlr j``l, y bl sl`l plr `a pabnjdka, j` Wlnjr Ounkeka` jstá li`khanl a harabtkzar su fubeklbadkjbtl iaol eua`qukjr sktuaekõb y asä irkbnar sjhurknan ouränkea y jvktar nk`aekõb nj `ls nkstkbtls prjejptls, harabtkzabnl skjdprj `a ej`jrknan y ltrls prjejptls elbtjbknls jb `a EYIV. 

WJYFK@ WJYFK @ JU^YA^ËHKEL NJ@ WYLI@ WYLI@JDA JDA J` sjetlr l árja Ounkeka`, quj js bujstrl pubtl nj nkseuskõb y abá`ksks, bl js djbls kdplrtabtj, pujstl quj js qukjb `j na elbstktueklba`knan y va`knjz a tlnas aquj``a aeeklbjs, njeksklbjs y djnknas tldanas plr j` Jojeutkvl Baeklba`.  Eana ubl nj jstls sjetlrjs y árjas cab sknl ailrnanls plr `as autlrknanjs eldpjtjbtjs elrrjsplbnkjbtjs nj dabjra pubtua`, js kdplrtabtj njstaear quj para j` jstanl vjbjzl`abl, bkbhuba árja njoa nj sjr kdplrtabtj para j` njsarrl``l kbtjhra` nj `a Baekõb.  @l quj elb``jva a elbsknjrar quj, njsnj j` Wlnjr Ounkeka` sj pujnj y sj njijb tldar djnknas quj jvktjb a futurl hravjs elbsjeujbekas, elbsjeu jbekas, js njekr, quj iaol uba hjstkõb nj rkjshl rjsplbsai`j sj pujna prjvjr ub abtjs, ub nurabtj y ub njspuës nj `a pabnjdka-euarjbtjba, eldl js j` prjsjbtj easl, y jb sktuaeklbjs jxtralrnkbarkas, nj fujrza daylr, jxejpeklba`js y/l ea`adktlsas. 

15

 

^a` y eldl jstá vkstl jb `as kbtjrrlhabtjs, jb `as jva`uaeklbjs quj caejb `ls lrhabksdls kbtjrbaeklba`js, y skjbnl quj Vjbjzuj`a jb `ls aetua`js dldjbtls sj jbeujbtra iaol `a dkrana nj `ls njdás paäsjs, `a vkl`aekõb nj prkbekpkls, njrjecls y harabtäas elbstktueklba`js, `a para`kzaekõb nj `a oustkeka, j` rjtarnl  ounkeka`, `a njbjhaekõb nj oustkeka, jbtrj ltras, rjsu`tab tjdas nj partkeu`ar kdplrtabeka para `a oustkeka vjbjzl`aba y sus rjprjsjbtabtjs.  A raäz nj jstj fjbõdjbl kbjspjranl js plski`j afkrdar quj eua`qukjr fa`jbeka j kbsufkekjbeka jxkstjbtj sj pujnj prjvjr y sj pujnj sl`ueklbar, njsnj `a hlijrbabza ounkeka` y nj jsta dabjra elbsl`knar ub jstanl sleka` njdlerátkel nj njrjecl y nj oustkeka, elbflrdj `l jstai`jej j` artäeu`l 9 nj `a EYIV.  Jb tlna jsta sktuaekõb `l kdplrtabtj js quj sj plnräab ap`kear nkvjrsas pl`ätkeas ounkeka`js, jfjetkvas y jfkekjbtjs quj harabtkejb a `ls/as oustkekai`js, prltjhkëbnl`ls sjhÿb j` liojtkvl nj` njerjtl nj Jstanl nj A`arda y tadikëb sj dabtjbhab kbeõ`udjs jb tlnl dldjbtl `ls prjejptls elbstktueklba`js a partkr nj uba elrrjeta y saba andkbkstraekõb nj oustkeka.  

WYLWZJU^A Abtjs nj prlfubnkzar jb `a prlpujsta, js kbtjrjsabtj tjbjr e`ara `a bjejsknan nj `ls prkbekpkls quj sjräab rjetlrjs nj jstj prlejnkdkjbtl jspjeka`? 1. Ej`jrknan ? @ls easls njijb rjsl`vjrsj dás rápknl. Nkstkbtls jstunkls

dujstrab quj `a `jbtktun elb `a quj sj tradktab `as eausas js j` prkbekpa` dltkvl plr j` quj `a ekunanabäa sj qujoa. (Yjtarnl ounkeka`, para`kzaekõb nj `a oustkeka y njbjhaekõ njbjhaekõbb nj oustkeka). 9. Lra`knan?   Dás aunkjbekas lra`js elbtra djbls papj`js. @a lra`knan

pjrdktj prjsekbnkr nj` jxpjnkjbtj trankeklba`, plr `l quj sj aej`jrab `ls tkjdpls. Anjdás, skhuj pjrdktkjbnl jbfrjbtar eara a eara a `as partjs elb 1>

 

j`/`a oujz/a, prlejnkdkjbtl quj ya sj jbeujbtra kbsjrtl jb bujstrl lrnjbadkjbtl ouränkel. 5. Wui`keknan?   @a slekjnan njij plnjr aeejnjr a `as aunkjbekas y

pui`keaeklbjs. >. Njsflrda`kzaekõb?   Djbls jxkhjbekas andkbkstratkvas y prlejsa`js, para

quj sj ahk`kejb `ls trádktjs, jvktabnl tjdas iurlerátkels kbbjejsarkls. Nj jspjeka` kdplrtabeka js nar`j p`jba y jfjetkva ap`keaekõb a `a @jy nj Ukdp`kfkeaekõb nj ^rádktjs Andkbkstratkv Andkbkstratkvls. ls. Jb razõb nj `l jxpujstl abtjrklrdjbtj, prlplbhl erjar ub  «Wrlejnkdkjbtl

Jspjeka` y ßbkel nj Aunkjbekas Vkrtua`js y/l a nkstabeka ap`keai`j jb sktuaeklbjs jxtralrnkbarkas, nj fujrza daylr, jxejpeklba`js y/l ea`adktlsas½, plr khua` para tlnas `as ourksnkeeklbjs sjhÿb `a datjrka, anaptabnl eana uba nj j``as, sjhÿb sja j` easl, tldabnl jb elbsknjraekõb `as nkvjrsas fasjs, jtapas, aunkjbekas, prlejnkdkjbtls sjhÿb j` lrnjbadkjbtl vjbjzl`abl vkhjbtj.  ^lnl j``l skb `a bjejsknan nj kdp`jdjbtaekõb nj skstjdas eldp`jols, bk nj prlejnkdkjbtls, p`abkfkeaeklbjs y askhbaeklbjs prjsupujstarkas jxtralrnkbarkas para su pujsta jb dareca. @a knja jb prkbekpkl js traiaoar njsnj `l quj caya y aclrrar rjeursls a` Jstanl vjbjzl`abl.  Wara jsta prlpujsta js bjejsarka `a erjaekõb, njsnj `a Ua`a W`jba nj` ^UO, nj uba eldkskõb elb `ls/as kbtjhrabtjs quj elbflrdadls j` Ukstjda nj Oustkeka nj aeujrnl elb j` artäeu`l 9:5 nj `a EYIV EYIV.. 

1:

 

OZU^KFKEAEKÕB Uj oustkfkea `a prjsjbtj prlpujsta para? 

1. Jvktar `a para`kzaekõb y rjtarnl nj `a oustkeka vjbjzl`aba.  9. Jvktar `a vkl`aekõb nj `ls prkbekpkls, njrjecls y harabtäas elbstktueklba`js, jspjeäfkeadjbtj `ls Njrjecls Cudabls, j` njiknl prlejsl y `a tutj`a  ounkeka` jfjetkva, jbtrj ltrls. 

5. Harabtkzar ub vjrnanjrl aeejsl a `a oustkeka.  >. @lhrar uba oustkeka jfjetkva y jfkeaz jb `ls prlejsls ounkeka`js.   :.  Aclrrar rjeursls a` Jstanl.   6.  Aetkvar a `ls/as fubeklbarkls/as quj elbflrdab j` skstjda nj oustkeka, a` sjrvkekl nj `as kbstktueklbjs, iaol `a prjdksa nj `a prltjeekõb y sjhurknan quj njij irkbnar `a andkbkstraekõb nj oustkeka.  8. Erjar bujvas elbnkeklbjs favlrai`js jfjetkvas y jfkeaejs para pltjbekar `a  oustkeka vjbjzl`aba, irkbnabnl sjhurknan ouränkea. 

3. Elanyuvar jb `a sjhurknan nj `a baekõb y j` njsarrl``l kbtjhra` nj `a dksda.   ;. Elbsl`knar j` jstanl sleka` njdlerátkel nj njrjecl y nj oustkeka prjvkstl jb j` artäeu`l 9 nj `a EYIV EYIV.. 

JUEJBAYKL J` jsejbarkl para `a prlpujsta jb sä, sj nkvknj jb jtapas abtj `as 

sktuaeklbjs jxtralrnkbarkas, nj fujrza daylr, jxejpeklba`js y/l ea`adktlsas,  js njekr, sj ap`kea j` Eke`l nj` Njsastrj elbejiknl para hjstklbjs nj rkjshl, e`askfkeanas asä? j` abtjs, j` nurabtj y j` njspuës nj` jvjbtl quj sj tratj nj ailrnar.  

AB^JU?  Jtapa prjvka a `a leurrjbeka nj sktuaeklbjs jxtralrnkbarkas, nj fujrza daylr,

jxejpeklba`js y/l ea`adktlsas.  16

 

W`abkfkeaekõb? Uj njij p`abkfkear para `a prjvjbekõb, p rjvjbekõb, `a dktkhaekõb, `a prjparaekõb y `a a`arda.   1. Wrjvjbekõb. 

a) Quj `a Ua`a W`jba nj` ^UO sldjta a aprliaekõb, `a erjaekõb nj uba Eldkskõb Kbtjrkbstktueklba`, Kbtjrkbstktueklba`, para j` dabjol nj `a pl`ätkea nksjñana para

`as

sktuaeklbjs

jxtralrnkbarkas,

nj

fujrza

daylr,

jxejpeklba`js y/l ea`adktlsas—.  ea`adktlsas—.  i) Bldiradkjbtl nj `ls/as kbtjhrabtjs.  e) Jfjetuar `a nkstrkiuekõb nj rjsplbsaik`knanjs prkbekpa`js njbtrl nj `ls/as dkjdirls nj `a Eldkskõb. 

n) J`ailraekõb y prjsjbtaekõb nj prlyjetls para `a ap`keaekõb nj bujvas pl`ätkeas ounkeka`js jfjetkvas y jfkeaejs jb jstls easls.  

j) Yjvkskõb, nkseuskõb, elrrjeekõb y aprliaekõb nj `ls prlyjetls plr partj nj `a autlrknan eldpjtjbtj. (Oubta Nkrjetkva, Ua`a W`jba nj` ^UO, ltrls.). 

f) Jojeuekõb nj `as blrdatkvas aprlianas quj elb``jvjb a prjparar tlnl `l bjejsarkl para j` dldjbtl para j` eua` fuj erjana `a eldkskõb y `a blrdatkva.  9. Dktkhaekõb. 

a) Jfjetuar rjubklbjs para j` jstunkl y jva`uaekõb nj `as nkvjrsas sktuaeklbjs elb tlnls/as `ls/`as rjsplbsai`js prkbekpa`js.

i) Nkstrkiuekõb nj rjsplbsaik`knanjs plr ourksnkeeklbjs sjhÿb `as datjrkas y njtjeekõb, jbudjraekõb, abá`ksks y jstunkl nj `ls prlejnkdkjbtls quj adjrktjb aunkjbekas jb eana uba nj j``as.  

e) Nksjñl nj` datjrka` nj eapaektaekõb para `ls/as fubeklbarkls/as rjsplbsai`js sjeubnarkls/as quj ankjstrarab a ltrls/as rjsplbsai`js a bkvj` baeklba`. 

n) Wrjsjbtaekõb

y/l

plstu`aekõb

nj

`kstanls

nj

rjsplbsai`js

sjeubnarkls/as a bkvj` baeklba` plr datjrka y eldpjtjbeka, plr partj nj `ls rjsplbsai`js prkbekpa`js nj eana árja. 18

 

j) Eapaektaekõb para fubeklbarkls/as rjsplbsai`js sjeubnarkls/as.  f)

Wlstu`aekõb y Bldiradkjbtl nj rjsplbsai`js a bkvj` baeklba`. 

h) Eapaektaekõb para ltrls/as fubeklbarkls/as rjsplbsai`js a bkvj` baeklba`.  5. Wrjparaekõb. 

a) Yja`kzaekõb nj sl`kektunjs a jbtjs y lrhabksdls para `a anqukskekõb nj `ls jqukpls bjejsarkls. 

i) Elbtkbuknan nj `a eapaektaekõb a bkvj` baeklba` y ankjstradkjbtl nj` pjrslba`. 

e) Nksjñl y rjhkstrl jb iasj nj natls nj` pjrslba` eapaektanl/a y bldiranl/a para j` ailrnaoj nj jstj tkpls nj sktuaeklbjs. 

n) Eua`qukjr aeekõb jbeadkbana a `a prjparaekõb para `as sktuaeklbjs jxtralrnkbarkas, nj fujrza daylr, jxejpeklba`js y/l ea`adktlsas, njsnj tlnl pubtl nj vksta.  >. A`jrta. 

a) Wrjsjbtaekõb y aprliaekõb abtj `a Ua`a W`jba nj `a rjsl`uekõb para pujsta jb dareca nj `a jojeuekõb nj `ls p`abjs para `as sktuaeklbjs rjfjrknas. 

i) Bltkfkeaekõb y pui`keaekõb nj `a pujsta jb dareca nj `a pl`ätkea ounkeka` jb eldjbtl. 

e)  Aetkvaekõb nj rjhkstranls/as para rja`kzar aunkjbekas vkrtua`js, bl prjsjbeka`js y/l a nkstabeka. 

n) Uj`jeekõb y/l rjhkstrl nj sl`kektunjs jb easls para aunkjbekas vkrtua`js, bl prjsjbeka`js y/l a nkstabeka.

NZYAB^J?  Jtapa quj sj aetkva jb j` njsarrl``l y leurrjbeka nj sktuaeklbjs

jxtralrnkbarkas, nj fujrza daylr, jxejpeklba`js y/l ea`adktlsas. 

13

 

@a rjspujsta jb jstj sjbtknl js plbjr jb dareca j` eujrpl blrdatkvl kbtjrbl erjanl para ta`js fkbjs. Ellrnkbar y supjrvksar `a elrrjeta jojeuekõb nj` dksdl.  Wara

quj

`as

sktuaeklbjs

jxtralrnkbarkas,

nj

fujrza

daylr,

jxejpeklba`js y/l ea`adktlsas,  l jstj jvjbtl prjsjbtj pabnjdka - euarjbtjba bl sj elbvkjrtab l tranuzeab jb para`kzaekõb, rjtarnl ounkeka`, jb vkl`aeklbjs nj prkbekpkls, njrjecls y harabtäas sj njijb tldar ub elboubtl nj aeeklbjs kbtjhranas, du`tksjetlrka`js, plr partj nj `ls/as kbtjhrabtjs nj` Ukstjda nj Oustkeka, para atjbnjr a `ls/as oustkekai`js y rjnuekr j` rjtarnl.   J` kdpaetl plsktkvl prkbekpa` sjräa jb `ls/as oustkekai`js, jb favlr nj `a ej`jrknan prlejsa`, jb `a harabtäa nj `ls prjejptls elbstktueklba`js, pltjbekaekõb y sjhurknan ouränkea nj `as kbstktueklbjs y nj `ls prlejsls ounkeka`js. 

NJUWZËU? Jtapa plstjrklr a `a leurrjbeka nj sktuaeklbjs jxtralrnkbarkas, nj fujrza

daylr,, jxejpeklba`js y/l ea`adktlsas.  daylr Jb euabtl a `a rjeupjraekõb, supjranas `as fasjs abtjrklrjs, sj vuj`vj a `a blrda`knan prjstabnl nj` sjrvkekl caiktua` nj andkbkstraekõb nj oustkeka, jb elbnkeklbjs blrda`js, tabtl jb sjnjs ounkeka`js eldl jb rjekbtls pjbktjbekarkls. Wlr jojdp`l? rja`kzabnl `as aunkjbekas prjvkstas, `ls tras`anls nj njtjbknls/as nj dabjra flrda` y rutkbarka. @a eldkskõb quj sj erjj jb ta` sjbtknl, sj prjpararäa para kdp`jdjbtar y/l ap`kear `a oustkeka vkrtua`, vkrtua`, eldl uba sl`uekõb a `a suspjbskõb tjdplra` nj `a oustkeka jb  sktuaeklbjs jxtralrnkbarkas, nj fujrza daylr, jxejpeklba`js y/l

ea`adktlsas,  y jb jstj tkjdpl nj pabnjdka.   Fkba`djbtj eldl ya sj ca nkecl sjräa erjana plr `a Ua`a W`jba nj` ^UO y jstaräa kbtjhrana plr ub/a Ellrnkbanlr/a, ub/a Dahkstranl/a nj eana Ua`a, j`/`a 1;

 

nkrjetlra/a nj `a Jseuj`a Baeklba` nj `a Dahkstratura, j`/`a nkrjetlra/a nj `a NJD y j`/`a Kbspjetlr Hjbjra` nj ^rkiuba`js, y plnrá tadikëb sjr elbflrdana plr ub/a rjprjsjbtabtj nj `ls njdás kbtjhrabtjs nj` skstjda nj oustkeka. @a Eldkskõb sj jbearharäa nj jstunkar tlna `a anaptaekõb nj jstj prlejsl a` lrnjbadkjbtl ouränkel vkhjbtj, prlplbjr abtj `a Ua`a W`jba nj` ^UO, tlnl aquj``l euabtl sja bjejsarkl para su djolr njsjbvl`vkdkjbtl, kdp`jdjbtar `as njeksklbjs anlptanas, ellrnkbar, supjrvksar, vj`ar plr `a jojeuekõb y `a pujsta jb dareca nj` prlejnkdkjbtl jspjeka` y ÿbkel nj aunkjbekas vkrtua`js y/l a nkstabeka, quj kbvl`uerj a `ls kbtjhrabtjs nj` skstjda nj oustkeka vjbjzl`abl, jb `as nkstkbtas  ourksnkeeklbjs sjhÿb `as datjrkas.  Jsta Eldkskõb njijrá erjar ub Kbvjbtarkl ßbkel nj Eausas  a sjr vkrtua`kzanas jb a`hubas nj sus partjs, elb a`eabej a bkvj` baeklba` y jojrejr `a njikna supjrvkskõb nj eana uba nj `as quj sj ``jvjb a eail iaol jstj prlejsl vkrtua`.  Uj njijräa ellrnkbar, tabtl elb j` Dkbkstjrkl nj` Wlnjr Wlpu`ar para `a Ekjbeka y ^jebl`lhäa eldl elb ltrls lrhabksdls, para jstai`jejr a`kabzas l sl`kektar `a njikna el`ailraekõb elb `as jdprjsas tj`jfõbkeas, tabtl jstata`js eldl prkvanas, y tldar djnknas quj asjhurjb a `a Eldkskõb, `a pujsta jb dareca nj jsta prlpujsta, a fkb quj prlvjab eldputanlras, tj`ëflbls kbtj`khjbtjs y jb`aejs nj vlz, vknjl y natls quj pjrdktab quj jb eana jstanl nj` tjrrktlrkl baeklba` a `ls/as kbtjhrabtjs nj` skstjda nj oustkeka pujnab elbtar elb `ls djnkls bjejsarkls para nar eudp`kdkjbtl a` prlejsl vkrtua` jb eldjbtl. Eana jqukpl njijräa elbtar elb ub rjhkstrl y ava` nj ejrtkfkeaekõb nj `a Eldkskõb, abtjs nj sjr pujsta jb práetkea, `a flrda sjrá nj`kdktana plr sus dkjdirls.

97

 

Uj prlplbj jb njfkbktkva `a erjaekõb nj uba blrdatkva ouränkea kbtjrba (ap`keana eldl pl`ätkea ounkeka`) quj pujna sjr ap`keana nj dabjra urhjbtj jb sktuaeklbjs jxtralrnkbarkas, nj fujrza daylr, jxejpeklba`js y/l ea`adktlsas.  

Uktuaeklbjs jb `as quj sjrá ap`keanl j` prlejnkdkjbtl jspjeka` y ÿbkel.   a) Jb easls quj bujstrl tjrrktlrkl fujsj leupanl pareka`djbtj plr fujrzas jbjdkhas. 

i) Jb

easl

nj

sktuaeklbjs

jxtralrnkbarkas,

nj

fujrza

daylr,

jxejpeklba`js y/l ea`adktlsas, (Wabnjdkas, euarjbtjbas y ltras sktuaeklbjs quj `kdktjb, kdpknab `a eltknkabknan). 

e) Jb easl nj tjrrjdltls, sktuaeklbjs prlpkas nj `a batura`jza.   n) Jb easl nj kbtjrrupeklbjs flrzanas nj` sudkbkstrl j`ëetrkel, aclrrl jbjrhëtkel, kbejbnkls kbubnaeklbjs, ltrls.  j) Jb eua`qukjr sktuaekõb bl prjvksta y quj rjqukjra nj aunkjbekas vkrtua`js y/l a nkstabeka. 

Wartkekpabtjs nj` Wrlejnkdkjbtl Jspjeka` y ßbkel nj Aunkjbekas Vkrtua`js y/l a nkstabeka ap`keai`j jb sktuaeklbjs jxtralrnkbarkas, nj fujrza daylr, jxejpeklba`js y/l ea`adktlsas.  Nj elbflrdknan elb `l jstai`jeknl jb j` Artäeu`l 9:5 nj `a EYIV, sjráb?   ^rkiuba` Uuprjdl nj Oustkeka 

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  Dkbkstjrkl Wÿi`kel 

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  Njfjbsa Wÿi`kea

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  Õrhabls nj Kbvjstkhaekõb pjba` 

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   Auxk`karjs y fubeklbarkls/as nj oustkeka 

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  Ukstjda pjbktjbekarkl 

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  Djnkls a`tjrbatkvls nj oustkeka 

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   Ailhanls/as. Ekunanabls/as 

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91

 

^adikëb njijräa kbe`ukrsj a `a Wrleuranuräa Hjbjra` nj `a Yjpÿi`kea, kdputanls/as, aeusanls/as, elbnjbanls/as, vketkda/as y tjrejrls/as . Eana ubl/a nj jstls/as kbtjhrabtjs njsnj sus kbstktueklbjs njijb jstar njiknadjbtj ankjstranl/as para ta` fkb. Jstj ankjstradkjbtl njij sjr elboubtl. Wara j``l sj nksjñará j` rjspjetkvl prlhrada, j` eua` elbskstkrá jb `ls plstu`anls iáskels nj jnueaekõb vkrtua` y/l nkstabeka y dabjol nj `as cjrradkjbtas fubnadjbta`, ap`keaeklbjs ÿtk`js jbtrj ltrls.  Uj nksplbnrá nj tj`ëflbls kbtj`khjbtjs l eldputanlras elb kbtjrbjt, euyls bÿdjrls, sjrka`js y dlnj`ls qujnaráb rjhkstranls jb j` aeta nj` prlejsl quj sj `jvabtj l sj cará elbstar lra`djbtj. Uj askhbará ub bÿdjrl para eana jxpjnkjbtj ya aikjrtl, quj vaya a sjr rja`kzanl elb Aunkjbekas Vkrtua`js, plr datjrka, nkstkbtl a` lrkhkba`djbtj askhbanl skb j`kdkbar`l. Eana aunkjbeka vkrtua` rja`kzana jb ub jxpjnkjbtj sj jbudjrará y sj ``jvará rjhkstrl nj eana uba, ya quj pujnjb sjr dás nj uba= nj ta` budjraekõb sj rjplrtará a` Kbvjbtarkl ßbkel nj Eausas Vkrtua`js, quj `l ``jvará eana datjrka plr jstanl y jb njfkbktkva `a Eldkskõb jb `as datjrkas rjspjetkvas. Jstas budjraeklbjs sj nkstkbhukráb plr eana jstanl nj` tjrrktlrkl baeklba`.  Erjar ub Kbvjbtarkl l Yjhkstrl ßbkel nj Jxpjnkjbtjs Vkrtua`js plr eana jstanl y plr datjrka, `ls eua`js kráb a uba iasj nj natls baeklba` ``jvana plr `a Eldkskõb. J` prlejsl vkrtua` plnrá sjr apj`ai`j abtj `as dksdas kbstabekas prjvkstas jb j` Wrlejnkdkjbtl. @a Eldkskõb vj`ará plr `a erjaekõb nj `ls prlejsls vkrtua`js, j kr nabnl rjspujstas a `as sktuaeklbjs quj plnräab surhkr surhkr.. Uj njijrá tjbjr prjsjbtj quj `a prjsjbtj prlpujsta bl prjtjbnj a`tjrar `a partj sustabtkva nj` njiknl prlejsl  skbl va nkrkhkna a anjeuar djnkls y prlejnkdkjbtls, jsjbeka`djbtj, jb `l rj`atkvl a `a partj anojtkva.   J` prlejsl vkrtua` plnrá sjr rjvksanl plr `a Kbstabeka Uupjrklr skhukjbtj.  

99

 

NKAHBÕU^KEL Zbl nj `ls aspjetls dás kdplrtabtjs nj tlnl abá`ksks jstratëhkel suplbj `a jxp`lraekõb nj` jbtlrbl kbtjrbl abtj `ls jsejbarkls flrdu`anls elb abtjrklrknan, eldl uba fujbtj para `a knjbtkfkeaekõb nj flrta`jzas y njik`knanjs. Ltrl nj `ls pubtls e`avjs a tratar, slb `as lplrtubknanjs y adjbazas prjsjbtjs jb j` jbtlrbl jxtjrbl, quj sj kbtjrprjtab eldl `as fujrzas e`avjs quj pujnjb favlrjejr l afjetar `a eapaeknan para litjbjr `ls liojtkvls p`abtjanls.  @ls darels elbejptua`js njnkeanls a `a pabnjdka nj` ELVKN-1; suhkjrjb quj eana vjz dás aetlrjs/as flrábjls jstáb jojeutabnl jstratjhkas quj sj elbstktuyjb jb lplrtubknanjs quj njijb sjr jva`uanas pjrdabjbtjdjbtj, plr partj nj `a Yjpÿi`kea Yjpÿi `kea Il`kvarkaba nj Vjbjzuj`a.  Jb jstj elbtjxtl, a`hubas nj `as arhudjbtaeklbjs jb euabtl a `ls kbelbvjbkjbtjs jb `a ap`keaekõb nj `a prlpujsta, sj rjfkjrjb a njik`knanjs jb euabtl a `a p`ataflrda kbflrdátkea, `a elbjetkvknan, j` sudkbkstrl elbtkbul nj` f`uknl j`ëetrkel, `a nksplbkik`knan prjsupujstarka, jbtrj ltras razlbjs, quj jb njta``j punkjrab sjr `as skhukjbtjs? 

  Nëfkekt nj rjeursls prjsupujstarkls para `a anqukskekõb nj bujvls

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jqukpls y dabtjbkdkjbtl nj `ls ya jxkstjbtjs.   jxpjr kjbeka jb j` dabjol nj `as ^KE, pl plrr   Fa`ta nj ankjstradkjbtl y nj jxpjrkjbeka

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partj nj `ls/as fubeklbarkls/as quj elbflrdab j` Wlnjr Ounkeka`, asä eldl nj `as cjrradkjbtas tjebl`õhkeas para `a kdp`abtaekõb nj` p`ab.  

  Iaoa dltkvaekõb, prlnuetl nj `a përnkna nj plnjr anquksktkvl njiknl

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a iaoa rjdubjraekõb quj ca sknl eausa n `a njva`uaekõb nj` il`ävar frjbtj a` nõ`ar, quj ca leasklbanl tadikëb `a njsjrekõb `ailra`, y jb fkb. `a sktuaekõb nj kbejrtknudirj quj jsta pabnjdka ca hjbjranl sleka` y jelbõdkeadjbtj, tabtl nj fubeklbarkls/as nj` Wlnjr Ounkeka` eldl nj `ls/as ailhanls/as jb jojrekekl, y tlna `a pli`aekõb jb hjbjra`. 

95

 

  Yjskstjbeka j kberjnu`knan quj pujna jxkstkr para elbejikr, ap`kear y

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jojeutar `a prlpujsta. 

  Nëfkekt nj datjrka` tjebl`õhkel jxkstjbtj, asä eldl `kdktaeklbjs jb j`

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aeejsl a` kbtjrbjt nj hrab partj nj` paäs. 

WYLBÕU^KEL Jstj apartanl vjrsa slirj aquj``ls plski`js j`jdjbtls quj punkjrab leurrkr elb `as jvknjbekas y j`jdjbtls quj prjejnjb. Jb prkdjr lrnjb js elbvjbkjbtj eldjbtar quj j` prlbõstkel js nj tkpl eua`ktatkvl, plr euabtl sj iasa jb `ls aspjetls atrkiuki`js a` skstjda ounkeka`, a `a kbfrajstruetura, a `a prlpujsta, a `ls/as lpjranlrjs/as nj oustkeka y a `ls/as `ls /as oustkekai`js. Eldl sjhubnl j`jdjbtl, bl js nj nkfäek` eldprjbskõb `as nkfkeu`tanjs quj jstadls jbfrjbtabnl eldl sjrjs cudabls y eldl prlfjsklba`js. Eldl sjrjs cudabls js uba sktuaekõb skb prjejnjbtjs, quj ``jba nj abhustka j kbejrtknudirj a `a daylräa nj `as pjrslbas. Jstl pujnj erjar njprjskõb, njsábkdl y njsapjhl a `as elsas quj abtjs eltknkabadjbtj caeäadls, y eldl prlfjsklba`js, jojrejr `as tarjas prlpkas nj `a aetkvknan, para `a quj bls prjparadls aeanëdkeadjbtj jb ub adikjbtj nkstkbtl a` aelstudiranl, `l eua` pujnj trajr eldl elbsjeujbeka `a njslrkjbtaekõb, rjskstjbeka y njsabkdl.  Jb ltrl lrnjb, `a fa`ta nj p`ataflrdas tjebl`õhkeas rliustas j kbnjpjbnkjbtjs, ub sjrvkekl nj kbtjrbjt anjeuanl, pjrdabjbtj, aikjrtl y hratuktl, asä eldl `a prjskõb pl`ätkea kbtjrba, `a fa`ta nj elbfkabza y budjrlsls easls quj atjbtab elbtra `a erjnkik`knan, pjrdktjb avkzlrar ub pablrada bl duy a`jbtanlr, bl tabtl plr `a ap`keaekõb nj `a prlpujsta skbl plr su a`eabej, skb elbtar `as kdp`keaeklbjs `jha`js jb euabtl a `a elbstktueklba`knan nj `a prlpujsta y j` dabjol nj `as prujias, `ls `apsls, jbtrj ltras partkeu`arknanjs nj earáetjr `jha`.  @a plskik`knan nj kdp`jdjbtar jsta prlpujsta a elrtl p`azl, elb ëxktl js rjdlta, a pjsar nj `ls jsfujrzls nj `as autlrknanjs= skb jdiarhl, jsta js uba erksks quj ``jhõ para qujnarsj plr duecl tkjdpl, sjhÿb vlejräa lfkeka` nj 9>

 

Lrhabkzaekõb Dubnka` nj `a Ua`un (LDU), plr `l quj nkecls jsfujrzls njijb jstar lrkjbtanls a kbblvar j kdp`jdjbtar tlnas aquj``as sl`ueklbjs ap`keai`js a` árja jb eldjbtl, tlna vjz, quj `l sj iusea js bl vu`bjrar njrjecls skbl prltjhjr`ls y harabtkzar`ls. Js `a fa`ta nj a`eabej `a quj atjbta elbtra j` njrjecl nj qukjbjs bl tkjbjb j` aeejsl, elbtra j` njrjecl nj qukjbjs kiab a kdpu`sar `a oustkeka y bl tkjbjb `ls trkiuba`js, fksea`äas y njfjbslräas, bk a `ls/as lpjranlrjs/as nj oustkeka a su nksplskekõb. Jsl js `l quj elbstktuyj uba adjbaza a` njsarrl``l kbtjhra` nj `a  oustkeka y va jb njtrkdjbtl nj tlnl `l quj sj caiäa p`abkfkeanl. ^ ^lnl lnl eadikl eldl ta`, kdp`kea quj `as pl`ätkeas ounkeka`js njijb eadikar jb `a nkrjeekõb quj djolr ijbjfkekj a `ls/as oustkekai`js, a` paäs y a sus caiktabtjs ca iktabtjs jb hjbjra`.  @a rjspujsta nj` hlikjrbl baeklba` y jb jspjeäfkel para jstj easl nj` Wlnjr Ounkeka`, vkjbj a elbstktukrsj jb ub j`jdjbtl pjrturianlr slirj j` fubeklbadkjbtl nj `ls trkiuba`js, fksea`äas, njfjbslräas y ltras lfkekbas nj `a  oustkeka. Jstj kdpaetl sjrá duy varkai`j y njpjbnj, jb prkdjr `uhar, nj `a eapaeknan para dabtjbjr aetkvas `as aetkvknanjs ounkeka`js y, jb sjhubnl `uhar, nj su slstjbkik`knan nj `as dksdas jb j` tkjdpl. Casta aclra sj ca `lhranl caejr frjbtj a `a erksks sabktarka, jvktabnl `a prlpahaekõb nj` vkrus, suspjbnkjbnl `ls `apsls y harabtkzabnl `a oustkeka pjba`. Elrrjsplbnj aclra aoustar y nleudjbtar `ls eadikls quj sj kbtrlnuzeab y sus kdpaetls= aprjbnjr nj `ls jrrlrjs y jsea`ar `a nkhkta`kzaekõb, `a ckirknaekõb y j` aprjbnkzaoj uikeul= asä eldl prldlvjr `a rjf`jxkõb kbtjrba slirj `a rjblvaekõb nj` dlnj`l nj jbsjñabza - aprjbnkzaoj.   Aclra ikjb, elbsknjrabnl quj ub prlbõstkel quj sj jstkdj ÿtk` njij elbnuekr a `a flrdaekõb nj jstratjhkas vá`knas, dj sjrvkrë nj `a datrkz nj abá`ksks NLFA5, nlbnj sj jbudjraráb jb flrda eatjhlrkzana, `ls faetlrjs quj elbf`uyjb jb `ls jsejbarkls p`abtjanls, elb j` liojtkvl nj litjbjr prlspjetkvadjbtj, 5

 (Aerõbkdl elrrjsplbnkjbtj a? njik`knanjs-lplrtubknanjs-flrta`jzas-adjbazas)  

9:

 

a`hubas njrkvaeklbjs quj pjrdktab aba`kzar jb flrda erätkea `a sktuaekõb. Uj prjsjbta nkeca datrkz elb j` ábkdl nj elbtrkiukr jb `a elbstrueekõb nj `as ckpõtjsks.  Jb jstj sjbtknl, js kdplrtabtj aeltar quj sj elbsknjra a `ls/as prlfjsklba`js nj `a oustkeka y `as sktuaeklbjs quj, jb tlrbl a j``ls/as, `js afjetab su njsjdpjñl l `j punkjrab afjetar. Caejr ub abá`ksks sl`l nj `l quj `j atañj eldl kbnkvknul punkjra rjsu`tar jseujtl l fa`tl nj prlfubnknan. @ls/as ailhanls/as y tlnl/a prlfjsklba` l bl, a` sjrvkek sjrvkekl l nj `a oustkeka,

para jstar a tlbl elb ``as as

jxkhjbekas nj `a prlpujsta, njijb bl sl`l jstar dltkvanls/as l ikjb rjdubjranls/as skbl elbtar elb `as cjrradkjbtas tjebl`õhkeas, pjnahõhkeas y nj ltra äbnl`j quj bl jstáb skjbnl prlvjänas jb flrda anjeuana y quj afjetab `a kdp`jdjbtaekõb nj `a prlpujsta.  

DA^YK_ NLFA ADJBA_AU). 

(NJIK@KNANJU,

LWLY^ZBKNANJU

FLY^A@J_AU

y

Faetlrjs Kbtjrbls?  FLY^A@J_AU (F)?  1. @a Elbstktuekõb, `as `jyjs y njdás kbstrudjbtls `jha`js nj `a Yjpÿi`kea.  9.  A`tl bkvj` nj elbsekjbeka nj `a pli`aekõb vjbjzl`aba.  5. Elbsjbsl jbtrj `ls jbtjs quj elbflrdab j` Ukstjda nj Oustkeka y lrhabksdls nj` Jstanl para `lhrar `a kdp`jdjbtaekõb nj `a prlpujsta.   >. Ukstjda Baeklba` nj Djnkls Wÿi`kels. 

:. Jxpjrkjbeka nj `a jnueaekõb vkrtua` jb tlnls `ls bkvj`js jnueatkvls nurabtj `a pabnjdka - euarjbtjba. 

6. Vl`ubtan j kbtjrës nj eapaektaekõb nj `a daylräa nj `ls/as fubeklbarkls/as.   8. @kijrtan nj prujias. 

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NJIK@KNANJU (N)?  1. Yjstrkeeklbjs jb j` aeejsl a sjrvkekl nj kbtjrbjt, su `jbtktun l earjbeka nj jstj. 

9. Jseasjz nj prlfjsklba`js prlfjslrjs/as ubkvjrsktarkls/as elb jxpjrkjbeka jb djtlnl`lhäas pjnahõhkeas l elb elblekdkjbtls sõ`knls jb ^KE.   5. Iaoa rjdubjraekõb elb rjspjetl a `as bjejsknanjs nj kbhrjsl nj `ls/as fubeklbarkls/as ounkeka`js. 

>. Njik`ktadkjbtl nj `a ea`knan nj `a oustkeka y bkvj`js nj elrrupekõb.   :. Fa`ta nj blrdatkva jstabnarkzana para `a ap`keaekõb nj `a prlpujsta, asä eldl nj cjrradkjbtas a utk`kzar. 

6.  Ausjbeka plr clras prl`lbhanas nj` sjrvkekl j`ëetrkel.  Faetlrjs Jxtjrbls?  LWLY^ZBKNANJU (L)?  1.  Anqukrkr bujvls dëtlnls nj aprjbnkzaoj y traiaol jb flrda iknkrjeeklba`, fubeklbarkls/as, lpjranlrjs/as nj `a oustkeka y oustkekai`js.  

9.  Adp`kfkeaekõb nj` ubkvjrsl nj prujias plr `a bjejsknan nj `a erjatkvknan para `a rjsl`uekõb nj prli`jdas. 

5. Wrlpkekar `a erjaekõb nj uba p`ataflrda, ubkvjrsa` nj oustkeka sjhura, trabsparjbtj, kbe`uyjbtj, nkbádkea y eldpjtktkva a travës nj `as djnknas nkhkta`js y prlpkas. 

>. Erjar prlhradas y da``as eurrkeu`arjs aelrnj a `a dlna`knan nj `ls avabejs eldputaeklba`js j kbflrdátkels quj pjrdktab `a pjrdabjbeka nj `a dlna`knan uba vjz supjrana `a pabnjdka. 

:. Wlskik`knan nj `a atraeekõb djnkabtj a`kabzas nj kbvjrsklbjs jxtrabojras elb trabsfjrjbeka nj tjebl`lhäa. 

6. Wrleurar djolra nj `as elbnkeklbjs sa`arka`js quj rkhjb `a rj`aekõb jstanl y prlfjsklba`js nj `a oustkeka. 

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ADJBA_AU (A)?  1. Kbtjrrupekõb nj `ls sjrvkekls nj kbtjrbjt y p`ataflrdas kbflrdátkeas.  9. Bjhaekõb nj prlvjjnlrjs jxtrabojrls para `a anqukskekõb nj cjrradkjbtas tjebl`õhkeas bjejsarkas para j` iujb fubeklbadkjbtl nj `as dksdas.  

5. I`lqujls tjebl`õhkels-  kbflrdátkels y nj `kejbekas kbtjrbaeklba`js para j` usl jb Vjbjzuj`a nj plrta`js eldl _lld y ltrls quj skrvjb nj djnkl para `a jojeuekõb nj rjubklbjs (aunkjbekas) väa jb `äbja. 

>. Uailtjl a `as ejbtra`js j`ëetrkeas hjbjranlras nj `ls eldp`jols cknrl y tjrdlj`ëetrkels, ejrjirls nj trabsdkskõb y nkstrkiuekõb nj jbjrhäa j`ëetrkea. 

:. Eadpañas nj njsaerjnktaekõb y erätkeas bjhatkvas nj `a prlpujsta quj plbjb jb nuna `a jfkekjbeka nj` skstjda nj oustkeka vjbjzl`abl.  

JU^YA^JHKAU FL?    Erjar djeabksdls kbblvanlrjs quj pjrdktab quj fubeklbarkls/as

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lpjranlrjs/as nj oustkeka, ailhanls/as sj aprlpkjb nj bujvas flrdas y dëtlnls nj aprjbnkzaoj y traiaol quj plr prlpka vl`ubtan `ls/as dksdls/as sjab eapaejs nj hjbjrar. 

   Aprlvjecar `a jxpjrkjbeka nj a`hubas kdplrtabtjs ubkvjrsknanjs nj` paäs

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jb datjrka vkrtua` para prlpkekar uba ela`kekõb quj pjrdkta `a anaptaekõb rápkna nj prlhradas y da``as eurrkeu`arjs.  

  Wlr djnkl nj jsta prlpujsta sj iusea j` ijbjfkekl, njsarrl``l nj` paäs y sus

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caiktabtjs, a` harabtkzar `ls prjejptls elbstktueklba`js elb `a elbtkbuknan nj `ls prlejsls ounkeka`js, asä eldl prleurar ub daylr ijbjfkekl rjdubjratkvl a `ls/as ailhanls/as `ktkhabtjs quj sj sudjb a jsta `ailr eldl pa`katkvl a `a fujrtj erksks jelbõdkea quj aqujoa a `a pli`aekõb.  

JU^YA^JHKAU NL?    Wrldlvjr y prleurar a`kabzas jstratëhkeas quj pjrdktab `a trabsfjrjbeka nj

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tjebl`lhäa para djolrar `a prjparaekõb aeanëdkea y tëebkea nj bujstrls/as

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prlfjsklba`js

y

quj

jstls/as

pujnab

eapaektar

a

bujstrls/as

fubeklbarkls/as jb j` usl nj `as cjrradkjbtas. 

   Aprlvjecar `a apjrtura a` elblekdkjbtl y `a erjatkvknan para nltar a `a

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 oustkeka nj dás y djolrjs práetkeas quj rjnubnjb jb j` aprjbnkzaoj plr väas nkstkbtas a `as nj` plsktkvksdl. 

   Atjbnjr nj dabjra prjfjrjbtj a `ls fubeklbarkls/as kbtjhrabtjs nj` plnjr

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 ounkeka`, para atjbnjr sus bjejsknanjs jb flrdas slekljelbõdkeas quj pjrdktab andkbkstrar jb djolr flrda su rjdubjraekõb.  

JU^YA^JHKAU FA?    Erjar eadpañas jnueaeklba`js j kbflrdatkvas elb a`eabej baeklba`, elb j`

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liojtl nj elbtrarrjstar `ls jfjetls nj `a hujrra pskel`õhkea jb elbtra nj `a prlpujsta. 

  Iusear a`kabzas kbstktueklbjs pÿi`keas y prkvanas para caejr usl nj `as

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p`ataflrdas ya prlianas y nj a`eabej baeklba`. 

  Kbstrukr a travës nj `ls Lrhabksdls nj Ujhurknan Ekunanaba, `a vkhk`abeka

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pjrdabjbtj y euknl nj kbsta`aeklbjs djnu`arjs para j` fubeklbadkjbtl nj `a prlpujsta. 

JU^YA^JHKAU NA?    Wrleurar bujvas a`kabzas elb paäsjs a`kanls para `a kbvjrskõb jb datjrka

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tjebl`õhkea l `a anqukskekõb nj tjebl`lhäa adkhai`j elb `a jxkstjbtj jb `a kbfrajstruetura baeklba`. 

  Yja`kzar ub kbvjbtarkl nj tjebl`lhäas nksplbki`js bl njpjbnkjbtjs y nj`

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eapkta` cudabl quj `a lpjra elb j` fkb nj erjar uba rjspujsta lfjbskva elb `ls rjeursls nksplbki`js. 

CKWÕ^JUKU J` elbtjxtl njserktl parjej kbnkear quj `a vuj`ta a `a «blrda`knan½ tkjbnj a prl`lharsj nj dabjra kbnjfkbkna, aubquj ya sj avkzlra uba plski`j f`jxkik`kzaekõb 9;

 

nj `a euarjbtjba y jxkstj `a tjbnjbeka dubnka` nj apjrturar, nj dabjra elbtrl`ana, a`hubls sjetlrjs. @a oustkeka js ubl nj j``ls.   @a jnueaekõb y bujvas flrdas nj traiaoar djnkanas plr `as ^KE sj elbstktuyjb jb dás quj uba bjejsknan dldjbtábja para caejr frjbtj a `a sktuaekõb nj `a pabnjdka, js skb `uhar a nunas `a flrda jb quj sj kdpartkrá j` elblekdkjbtl y sj traiaoará nj aquä jb anj`abtj, skb fjeca ekjrta nj jxpkraekõb.    A` rjspjetl, punkjrab hjbjrarsj, njsnj ya, rjspujstas quj pjrdktab a `as kbstabekas ounkeka`js elb rj`atkvl tkjdpl, eaptar, dltkvar y eapaektar njiknadjbtj a` pjrslba` jxkstjbtj, a fkb nj harabtkzar uba p`abtk``a nj pjrslba` quj jbfrjbtj nj dabjra skstjdátkea y lrnjbana `ls rjtls quj suplbj jsta plskik`knan.   A` dksdl tkjdpl, js bjejsarkl prleurar `a anjeuaekõb nj `ls prlejsls, `a fkoaekõb nj aunkjbekas, quj pjrdktab kbkekar jb `a dlna`knan jb `äbja, skb `ls trlpkjzls nj `a kdprlvksaekõb, elb rjspjetl a `as partjs pjrdktkr`js elblejr elb ekjrta sjhurknan eldl sjráb ouzhanls/as iaol jsta dlna`knan, asä eldl, nksjñar y lrhabkzar jb flrda jstabnarkzana `a blrdatkva, djnkls y flrdas nj `a ap`keaekõb nj `a prlpujsta nj «Oustkeka Vkrtua`½.  Vkrtua`½.  J` prjsupujstl nj kbhrjsls y hastls nj `a baekõb njijrá elbtjbjr `as partknas prjsupujstarkas quj pjrdktab j` fkbabekadkjbtl nj `as anjeuaeklbjs a quj caya `uhar jb `as nkstkbtas ubkvjrsknanjs, quj kbe`uyj, anjdás nj `a kbvjrskõb a bkvj` baeklba` nj` djolradkjbtl nj `ls sjrvkekls nj kbtjrbjt, iabna abeca y p`ataflrdas tjebl`õhkeas anjeuanas, `a rjdubjraekõb jspjeka` y prlhradas nj eapaektaekõb bjejsarkls para j` `lhrl nj` liojtkvl fubnadjbta` quj js uba jnueaekõb nj ea`knan y skb nkserkdkbaekõb, elbsknjrabnl quj `a rj`aekõb njij vjrsj njsnj j` pubtl nj vksta nj` rjeursl cudabl y su ekreubstabeka. ^lnl `l abtjrklr, pjrdktkräa a``abar j` eadkbl caeka uba oustkeka nj ea`knan j kbe`uskva, elb tjbnjbeka a djolrar j` a`eabej a tlnls `ls sjetlrjs quj a` dldjbtl sj jbeujbtrab njsprlvkstls nj plskik`knanjs nj aeejnjr eldp`jtadjbtj a` p`ab kdp`jdjbtanl plr j` Jojeutkvl Baeklba`, dkbkdkzabnl `a adjbaza a` njsarrl``l 57

 

kbtjhra` nj `a baekõb y caekjbnl nj jstj uba vjrnanjra rjvl`uekõb elbsl`knabnl asä ub jstanl sleka` njdlerátkel nj njrjecl y nj oustkeka.  

ELBUKNJYAEKLBJU [ YJELDJBNAEKLBJU Jb j` prjsjbtj apartj sj prjtjbnj pubtua`kzar aquj``ls `kbjadkjbtls quj pjrdktab a` dás a`tl bkvj` jb `a tlda nj njeksklbjs, nar`j lpjratkvknan a `ls liojtkvls baeklba`js jb ub jsejbarkl anvjrsl eldl js j` jstunkanl. Jb j` easl nj `a oustkeka vjbjzl`aba, `ls rjtls bl slb djblrjs, ya quj jb j` sjbl nj jsta elbf`uyj `a prjparaekõb nj prlfjsklba`js jb uba bujva árja, vkta` para j` njsarrl``l kbtjhra` nj `a baekõb, eldl `l js j` avabej jb tjebl`lhäas nj `a kbflrdaekõb y `a eldubkeaekõb.  Jb jstj lrnjb nj knjas, dj pjrdktl apubtar a `a bjejsknan nj erjar djeabksdls kbblvanlrjs quj pjrdktab quj fubeklbarkls/as, lpjranlrjs/as nj `a  oustkeka y `as partjs oustkekai`js sj aprlpkjb nj bujvas flrdas y dëtlnls nj aprjbnkzaoj y nj traiaol, quj plr prlpka vl`ubtan `ls/as dksdls/as sjab eapaejs nj hjbjrar, para caejr`j frjbtj a `as anvjrsknanjs jb flrda f`jxki`j, pjrl elb `ls hranls nj jxkhjbekas quj bl vu`bjrjb `a ea`knan y j` a`eabej `ls liojtkvls trazanls para eana ourksnkeekõb sjhÿb `a datjrka, para `l eua` njijráb va`jrsj nj flrta`jzas eldl j` skstjda baeklba` nj djnkls pÿi`kels. @a apjrtura a` elblekdkjbtl y `a erjatkvknan para nltar a `a oustkeka nj bujvas y djolrjs práetkeas quj rjnubnjb jb `a ej`jrknan prlejsa` plr väas nkstkbtas a `as ya jbsayanas jb `a flrda trankeklba` nj kdpartkr oustkeka.    Askdksdl, js prlpkekl aprlvjecar jsta elyubtura para quj `a vkrtua`knan trasekjbna `as frlbtjras nj `as sa`as nj aunkjbekas, plr j` ikjb nj `a oustkeka, nj patrka y sus ekunanabls/as.  Wlr ltrl `anl, pjbsar jb `as plskik`knanjs nj pjrdktkr `a trabsfjrjbeka nj tjebl`lhäa para djolrar `a prjparaekõb aeanëdkea y tëebkea nj bujstrls/as prlfjsklba`js y quj jstls/as pujnab eapaektar a ltrls/as jb j` usl nj `as 51

 

cjrradkjbtas, jstai`jekjbnl bujvas aslekaeklbjs elb paäsjs a`kanls para `a kbvjrskõb jb datjrka tjebl`õhkea l `a anqukskekõb nj tjebl`lhäa adkhai`j elb `a jxkstjbtj jb `a kbfrajstruetura baeklba`, para jstl, js vkta`, rja`kzar ub kbvjbtarkl nj tjebl`lhäas nksplbki`js bl njpjbnkjbtjs y nj` eapkta` cudabl quj `a lpjra elb j` fkb nj erjar uba rjspujsta lfjbskva elb `ls rjeursls nksplbki`js.  

ELBE@ZUKLBJU ^lnl `l abtjrklr, bls ``jva a `a elbe`uskõb quj tabtl `a nkhkta`kzaekõb nj `a  oustkeka, asä eldl `a erjaekõb j kdp`jdjbtaekõb nj` elbejptl nj «Oustkeka vkrtua`½ jb Vjbjzuj`a js uba bjejsknan urhjbtj, plr `a sjhurknan nj `a baekõb y j` njsarrl``l kbtjhra`, anjdás nj dabtjbjrsj a `a vabhuarnka nj `ls prlejsls frjbtj a `ls aetua`js elbf`ketls. 

@a aetua` sktuaekõb nj elbfkbadkjbtl jstá plbkjbnl nj dabkfkjstl quj j` skstjda ounkeka` eldp`jtj `a trabskekõb nkhkta` y quj `as fõrdu`as nj tj`jtraiaol pujnab njsarrl``arsj skb prli`jdas jb tlnl j` tjrrktlrkl baeklba` plr khua`. Yjelrnjdls quj jsta fõrdu`a sj pujnj nar skb prli`jdas jb Vjbjzuj`a, tldabnl jxpjrkjbekas nj` njrjecl eldparanl y quj jsta pa`aira «tj`jtraiaol½ cly plr cly, bl bls sujbj jxtraña. Bltai`j ap`keaekõb slb `as njbldkbanas ^KE quj j` skstjda ounkeka` nj dabjra urhjbtj njij afrlbtar `a rjvl`uekõb tjebl`õhkea quj skhbkfkeab para aprlvjecar, nj djolr dabjra y elb daylr utk`knan, `as vjbtaoas quj `as dksdas `j lfrjejb. Elbsjeujbeka nj j``l, js quj cly jb näa jb nkvjrsls paäsjs sj hraiab `as vksktas y nje`araeklbjs, jxkstjb skstjdas para tjstkfkear plr vknjlelbfjrjbeka, skb bjejsknan nj njsp`azarsj a `a `lea`knan nlbnj rankquj j` Ouzhanl y `ls ^rkiuba`js, sj eldubkeab jbtrj j``ls plr Kbtjrbjt, aiabnlbabnl prlhrjskvadjbtj `ls prkdktkvls djnkls nj eldubkeaekõb väa va`koa= tlnl `l eua` ca elbtrkiuknl a quj, a `a par quj sj elbskhuj uba daylr fkaik`knan nj` datjrka` datjrka` prliatlrkl, sj nksdkbuya

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pau`atkbadjbtj j` vl`udjb nj papj` quj atkilrra nj jxpjnkjbtjs bujstrls Ouzhanls. Yjsu`taräa fubnadjbta` `a kdp`abtaekõb nj aunkjbekas vkrtua`js, jb iasj a` prlyjetl pk`ltl nj ltrls paäsjs eldl Yjkbl Zbknl, Jstlbka, Ea`kflrbka, l Eckba. Djrjej caejr `a djbekõb a `a lira nj Ykecarn Uussmkbn slirj `a oustkeka vkrtua` l `as jxpjrkjbekas nj `ls ^rkiuba`js nj Jstlbka. Jb j``ls, jb iasj a` oukekl jb `äbja, sj ej`jira j` oukekl plr vknjl jb `äbja, `as partjs slb eapaejs nj prldlvjr prujias, asä eldl jojrejr `a rëp`kea y elbtra rëp`kea. ^lnl j` prlejsl sj hraia a travës nj` rjelblekdkjbtl nj vlz, y njspuës nj `a aunkjbeka, `as partjs pujnjb jseabjar ub eõnkhl QY para erjar fkrdas j`jetrõbkeas nj `a trabserkpekõb nj` oukekl y njdás utk`knanjs. Cly näa tlnls `ls ádiktls jstáb skjbnl nkhkta`kzanls, dás aub abtj jsta pabnjdka quj bls li`kha a tldar bujvas djnknas nj prltjeekõb nj `a pli`aekõb, quj sjhurl sjráb nkhkta`js y nj jsta dabjra irkbnar sjhurknan ouränkea a `a pli`aekõb.  Jstj skstjda nj eldubkeaekõb rjjdp`azará, jb hrab djnkna, `a kbtjraeekõb pjrslba` (eara a eara) jb `a sa`a nj aunkjbeka y/l jb `as lfkekbas nj trkiuba`js, pjrl `a oustkeka njij `lhrar su fkb y bl njij njtjbjrsj. @lhrar j` jquk`kirkl jbtrj `ls/as kbtjhrabtjs nj` skstjda nj oustkeka y `as partjs sjrá j` ëxktl nj` prlhrada, pujs kdp`kea `a elbfkabza y jfkekjbeka plr partj nj `ls/as andkbkstranlrjs/as nj oustkeka y `ls/as oustkekai`js y jb njfkbktkva nj` Jstanl y sus kbstktueklbjs, ya quj jstará nj plr djnkl `a elbfkabza, `a ëtkea jb `as aetuaeklbjs, jb `a vjraeknan nj qukjbjs partkekpab nj jstj prlejsl y clbjstknan nj qukjbjs kbtjraetÿjb. Js kdplrtabtj kdp`jdjbtar y njsarrl``ar j` usl nj `as ^KE, ya quj jstá njdlstranl quj pujnjb sjr nj dueca ayuna jb `a ej`jrknan nj `ls prlejsls 55

 

 ounkeka`js, js j s ub uba a lplrtubknan l plrtubknan nj ap`kear `a kbtj`khjbeka a artkfkeka` rtkfkeka` y `a prltjeekõb nj natls, a travës nj `ls nkfjrjbtjs djeabksdls `jha`js quj ya jxkstjb jb Vjbjzuj`a, hraekas a` hrab a`eabej quj tkjbj bujstra Elbstktuekõb.    A raäz nj `a kdp`jdjbtaekõb nj jstj tkpl nj aunkjbekas y `as d dlnkfkeaeklbjs lnkfkeaeklbjs anojtkvas a quj caya `uhar, plnráb surhkr kbe`usl bujvas flrdas nj nj`ktls y sabeklbjs quj njijráb sjr partj nj ltrl eujrpl blrdatkvl, pjrl jb prkbekpkl js kdplrtabtj quj sj ``jhuj a jsta práetkea y sj caha eldÿb, a` pubtl nj sjr ap`keanl sjhÿb `l njtjrdkbj su jfjetkvknan jb sktuaeklbjs rutkbarkas y eldubjs nj` näa a näa ounkeka`.

Jsta pabnjdka njijrá airkr `a djbtj nj tlnls/as, y li`khará a sa`kr nj sus iuriuoas l zlbas nj elbflrt a duecls/as, jseëptkels/as, a `ls rjtls trabsflrdanlrjs nj `a oustkeka. Qukzás vkvkr nj jsta dabjra bls cará pjbsar jb `as njik`knanjs nj bujstra oustkeka, pjbsar adp`kadjbtj, y rldpjr iarrjras, skb djrda nj `as harabtäas nj` jstanl nj njrjecl. J` njsafäl jstá p`abtjanl, j``l kdpaeta bjejsarkadjbtj jb bujstrls traiaols nj` näa a näa. Jstadls trabsktabnl aetua`djbtj plr uba jtapa quj caej ubls nkjz añls sj vjäa `joaba, js njekr, eadika j` parankhda nj caejr oustkeka eldl `l vjdls jb jstj dldjbtl. ^a` eldl jb `a aetua`knan, jb j` skh`l VK NE, uba pabnjdka azltõ a `a cudabknan, `a njbldkbana p`aha nj Oustkbkabl, `a eua` jxtjrdkbõ a uba prlplrekõb elbsknjrai`j nj `a pli`aekõb nj `a ëplea y nj euyls jfjetls prjeksadjbtj sj `lhrõ rjeupjrar Oustkbkabl,  j` njbldkbanl jdpjranlr saikl, euyl `jhanl elbstktuyj fubnadjbtl nj` Njrjecl Yldabl. Njeäa Oustkbkabl quj pjrpjtua tua vl`ubtan nj tratar nj caejr `as elsas ikjb (…) « oustkeka js `a elbstabtj y pjrpj

plr `l tabtl, njijdls tjbjr `a vl`ubtan nj nar a eana qukjb jsj njrjecl½. J` njrjecl bl baekõ jb tkjdpls nj eldputanlras, bk nj kbtjrbjt, pjrl j` abcj`l  oustkbkabl 

nj elbtkbuar irkbnabnl jsj njrjecl, jspjeka`djbtj a `ls dás

njsprltjhknls, skhuj tjbkjbnl jspjeka` vkhjbeka. Wlr ta` razõb y elb j` pjsl nj `a rjsplbsaik`knan abtj `a ckstlrka, rjsu`ta kdpjratkvl kbblvar. 5>

 

H@LUAYKL NJ ^ËYDKBLU AZNKJBEKAU VKY^ZA@JU [/L A NKU^ABEKA? Uj jbtkjbnj plr aunkjbeka a nkstabeka y/l a nkstabeka a` dëtlnl nj eldubkeaekõb quj sj njsarrl``a nj dabjra pareka` l tlta`djbtj djnkana plr j` usl nj `as ^jebl`lhäas nj `a Kbflrdaekõb y Eldubkeaekõb (^KE), elb j` jsqujda iknkrjeeklba` jbtrj eua`qukjra nj `ls/as kbtjhrabtjs nj` skstjda nj oustkeka y `as partjs.

EA@ADK^LUA? @a njfkbkekõb nj ea`adktlsl caej rjfjrjbeka a aquj``l quj hjbjra ea`adknan, sja `a pjrslba l j`jdjbtl quj eausa njshraekas, njsnkecas, kbflrtubkls, jstrahls, eatástrlfj l quj js prlpkl nj j``as.  

EAUL FLY^ZK^L?  Ekreubstabeka bl jspjrana, kdprjvkstl a quj bl js plski`j rjskstkr eldl ub baufrahkl, ub tjrrjdltl l elbnkeklbjs skdk`arjs. NKHK^A@? Jb j` elbtjxtl nj skstjdas, sj kbtjrprjta eldl `a aeekõb nj erjar,

prjsjbtar, trabsplrtar l a`daejbar kbflrdaekõb djnkabtj `a eldikbaekõb nj ikts.   JSEJWEKLBA@? Quj sj aparta nj `l lrnkbarkl, a`hl quj suejnj jb raras lplrtubknanjs.   lplrtubknanjs.

FZJY_A DA[LY? Js tlnl cjecl l ekreubstabeka quj bl sj punl prjvjr y tadplel jvktar jvktar.. 

UK^ZAEKLBJU JS^YALYNKBAYKAU?  Quj sj sa`j nj `l lrnkbarkl l blrda`. Jojdp`ls? Zba adjbaza tjrrlrksta l eua`qukjr ltrl tkpl nj sktuaekõb jb nlbnj sj vja

kbvl`uerana

vkl`jbeka,

sjráb

kbtjrprjtanas

eldl

ekreubstabekas

jxtralrnkbarkas.

^KE? aerõbkdl jdp`janl  para skhbkfkear `a jxprjskõb rjfjrkna a tjebl`lhäas nj `a kbflrdaekõb y eldubkeaekõb.

J` tërdkbl tërdkbl tj`jdátkea sj jdp`j jdp`ja a jb j` dksd dksdl l

sjbtknl.  5:

 

VKY^ZA@?  A`hl quj tkjbj jxkstjbeka aparjbtj, bl rja` y skb jdiarhl prlnuej jfjetls.   jfjetls.

XJIKBAY? Bjl`lhksdl quj skhbkfkea `a rja`kzaekõb nj sjdkbarkls jdp`jabnl djnkls nkhkta`js. Jb nkeca nkbádkea nj hrupls, hjbjra`djbtj jxplbjb varkls jxpjrtls a travës nj a`hÿb djnkl nkhkta`, kdp`keabnl kbtjraeekõb, js njekr, a `ls eua`js js plski`j caejr`js prjhubtas y litjbjr sus rjspujstas. Duy jdp`janl aetua`djbtj a travës nj` eaba`js nj pui`keaekõb nj elbtjbknls aunklvksua`js.

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