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L^VIGC C^IGIHLK

C OCFDKC FC ]PC^V DFTMLVICH  HC  HC DH]IHC FC LVKDVI]OC HL D]MCKL VJD ]PC^V DFTMLVICH OCFDK CH VJD VDLMJIHG CA V^LME LHF AIDKF IH ]MJCCK DK OCFDKC FD ]PC^V DFTMLVICH DH KL DH]DÜLHRL FDK LVKDVI]OC DH KL D]MTDKL

Guy Gihmidhd*, ]lrl \udhzdr Olttjidsdh*

Plklvrls mjlvd2 Dfumlçíc Aïsiml. Dspcrtds. Ltkdtisoc.

^dsuoc2 Dstl pdsquisl tdvd mcoc cnbdtivc iopkdodhtlr c ]pcrt Dfumltich  hc  hc dhsihc fc ltkdtisoc hl dsmckl, l o fd mchjdmdr ls plrtimuklriflfds fdstd prcmdssc pcr odic fd uol pdsquisl-lçíc. Mjdgcu-sd l fuls mltdgcrils plrl l lprdsdhtlçíc fcs rdsuktlfcs2 (l) ]pcrt Dfumltich  d  d ls fiodhsôds fcs mchtdòfcs5 (n) lkuhcs mcoc mdhtrc fc prcmdssc fd dhsihc-lprdhfizlgdo. Fd acrol gdrlk, l iopkdodhtlçíc fc ocfdkc sd ocstrcu lfdqulfl à rdlkiflfd nrlsikdirl, do dspdmilk, pcr prcpimilr c mchjdmiodhtc fc ltkdtisoc do suls trâs fiodhsôds d pcr dstiouklr l lutchcoil dhtrd cs lkuhcs.

Edywcrfs2 Pjysimlk Dfumltich. ]pcrts. Vrlme lhf dkf.

Lnstrlmt2 Vjd lio ca tjis rdsdlrmj wls tc iopkdodht tjd ]pcrt Dfumltich ocfdk ch tjd tdlmjihg ca trlme lhf dkf ih smjcck lhf tc ehcw tjd plrtimuklritids ca tjlt prcmdss, usihg lmtich rdsdlrmj. Vwc mltdgcrids wdrd acuhf tc prdsdht tjd rdsukts2 (l) ]pcrt Dfumltich lhf tjd fiodhsichs ca mchtdht5 (n) stufdhts ls tjd mdhtdr ca tjd tdlmjihg-kdlrhihg prcmdss. Ih gdhdrlk, tjd iopkdodhtltich wls lpprcpriltd tc tjd Nrlzikilh rdlkity, plrtimuklrky acr prcvifihg ehcwkdfgd ch trlme lhf dkf ih tjd tjrdd fiodhsichs lhf dhmcurlgihg lutchcoy lochg stufdhts.

Plklnrls mklvd2 Dfumlmiýh Aïsiml. Fdpcrtds. Ltkdtisoc.

^dsuodh2  Dstl ihvdstiglmiýh tuvc mcoc cnbdtivc iopkdodhtlr dk ocfdkc fd ]pcrt Dfumltich   dh kl dhsdülhzl fdk ltkdtisoc dh kl dsmudkl, mch dk h fd mchcmdr kls plrtimuklriflfds fd dstd prcmdsc l trlvés fd uhl ihvdstiglmiýh-lmmiýh. Kkdglocs l fcs mltdgcrïls plrl kl prdsdhtlmiýh fd kcs rdsuktlfcs2 (l) ]pcrt Dfumltich y kls fiodhsichds fd kcs mchtdhifcs5 (n) kcs dstufilhtds mcoc mdhtrc fdk prcmdsc fd dhsdülhzl-lprdhfizlbd. Dh gdhdrlk, kl lpkimlmiýh fdk ocfdkc sd ocstrý lfdmulfl l kl rdlkiflf nrlsikdül, dh plrtimuklr pcr prcpimilr dk mchcmioidhtc fdk ltkdtisoc dh sus trds fiodhsichds y pcr dstiouklr kl lutchcoïl dhtrd kcs dstufilhtds.

Ocviodhtc, Pcrtc Lkdgrd, v. >=, h. >., p. 7>9-76>, lnr./buh. fd >00:-06->000075 QLKDHRTDKL, >0015 QLKDHRTDKL dt lk .,., >004), cu sdbl, c dhsihc mdhtrlfc hl témhiml, kioitlfc à fiodhsíc prcmdfiodhtlk (c ‛slndr alzdr‟ rdklmichlfc dstritlodhtd lcs ocviodhtcs), nlsdlfc hl rdpdtiçíc ocviodhtcs prcmds sc fd dhsihc-lprdhfizlgdo arlgodhtlfc (plrtihfc fls plrtdsfcs plrl c tcfc). d mco uo prcmdssc Doncrl dssd ocfdkc fd dhsihc sdbl nlstlhtd utikizlfc, l sul arlgikiflfd híc pcssinikitl lc lkuhc uol mcoprddhsíc gdrlk fc dspcrtd, cu sdbl, fc qud dstd sighiml plrl l scmidflfd, fd mcoc aci mchstruïfc cu rdssighimlfc mco c plsslr fc tdopc. Do sïhtdsd, c ocfdkc trlfimichlk híc pdroitd qud c lprdhfiz vdbl c dspcrtd mcoc m coc uo adhöodhc scmicmukturlk fl ltulkiflfd (GLKLVVI dt lk .,., >000009), mcoprddhfdhfc sul pkurlkiflfd fd sighimlfcs d olhiadstlçôds, fd acrol qud c lkuhc pcssl usuaruir d sd dhvckvdr mco dkd fl acrol mcoc fdsdblr hc auturc. É hdssd sdhtifc qud prcpcstls mcoc l fc ‛Ltkdtisoc sd lprdhfd hl dsmckl‟ (OLVVJID]DH, >004),jistýriml fc ‛dhacqud kufctémhimc‟ (QLKDHRTDKL, >001)P^LFC5 d fc dhsihc fc ltkdtisoc do uol pdrspdmtivl (OLVVJID]DH5 GIHMIDHD, >0007) nusmlo dsplçc hcs prcmdsscs pdflgýgimcs fdstl ocflkiflfd dspcrtivl. Lkéo fdssls prcpcstls pdflgýgimls dspdmïmls plrl c ltkdtisoc, mlnd fdstlmlr c ocfdkc fc ]pcrt Dfumltich   (]IDFDHVCP5 JL]VID5 OL^], >00.= Mchtdòfc fls lukls Plrl l mco iopkdodhtlçíc fdstl pdsquislacilukls. dklncrlfl uol uhiflfd sdis dhmchtrcs lukls fupkls, tctlkizlhfc Cs mchtdòfcs fdsslfifìtiml uhiflfdmchtdhfc fifìtiml acrlo crglhizlfcs tdhfc mcoc nlsd c ocfdkc fc ]pcrt Dfumltich (]IDFDHVCP5 JL]VID5 OL^], >0

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THIFLFD FIFÌVIML - LVKDVI]OC Fiodhsíc prcmdfiodhtlk Fiodhsíc Mchmditulk ----

Qivâhmil fls fiadrdhtds acrols fd mcrrifls.

Qivâhmil fc fdnltd fls situlçôds fcs vïfdcs5 Lprdsdhtlçíc fl jistýril pcr odic fd ‛oïoiml‟.

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Dxpkimlçôds scnrd l dstruturl fl ‛tdopcrlfl‟5 Fismussôds scnrd ls acrols fd fisputl do dspcrtds. Lspdmtcs jistýrimcs fls mcrrifls5 ^dgrls nìsimls5 Lprdsdhtlçíc fc hcod fcs ltkdtls qud irilo nltizlr cs grupcs. Lspdmtcs jistýrimcs d mukturlis fls mcrrifls (vïfdcs)5 Jistýril fcs ltkdtls.

Fiodhsíc Ltitufihlk Fismussíc scnrd c prihmïpic fc ‛dquikïnric‟ d igulkflfd hc dspcrtd5 Mchstruçíc fd uo mýfigc fd mchfutls. Vrlnlkjc do grupc5 ‛Lvlkilçíc fiìril‟ fc mcopcrtlodhtc. Vrlnlkjc do grupc5 Fismussíc d fdnltd scnrd alir pkly d fcpihg 5 ‛Lvlkilçíc fiìril‟ fc mcopcrtlodhtc). Mchtihul hl prýxiol pìgihl...

Ocviodhtc, Pcrtc Lkdgrd, v. >=, h. >., p. 7>9-76>, lnr./buh. fd >0...

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Qivâhmil fcs bcgcs d nrihmlfdirls scnrd ls mcrrifls5 Qivâhmil fls prcvls fd mcrrifls mrilfls pdkcs lkuhcs.

Mchjdmdr cs fiadrdhtds tipcs fd mcrrifls fc ltkdtisoc, ndo mcoc suls rdgrls d lkguols plrtimuklriflfds (vdkcmiflfd, odic-auhfc/auhfc, nlrrdirl d rdvdzlodhtc).

Qivâhmil fcs fiadrdhtds plpéis Mchjdmdr ls fiadrdhtds hl crglhizlçíc fd uol prcvl pcssinikiflfds fd ihtdrlgir mco fd mcrrifl (ltkdtl, ìrnitrc, bòri c ltkdtisoc (ltkdtl, ìrnitrc, bòri dspcrtivc, ioprdhsl). dspcrtivc, ioprdhsl).

Vrlnlkjc do grupc5 ‛Lvlkilçíc fiìril‟ fc mcopcrtlodhtc. Vrlnlkjc do grupc5 ‛Lvlkilçíc fiìril‟ fc mcopcrtlodhtc5

Mchstruçíc fccmýfigc fd mchfutl plrl adstivlk5 Mcopcsiçíc d crglhizlçíc fc  bòri dspcrtivc. Vrlnlkjc do grupc5 Qivâhmil fcs fiadrdhtds plpéis Mchjdmdr ls fiadrdhtds ‛Lvlkilçíc fiìril‟ fc hl crglhizlçíc fd uol prcvl pcssinikiflfds fd ihtdrlgir mco mcopcrtlodhtc. fd mcrrifl (ltkdtl, ìrnitrc, bòri c ltkdtisoc (ltkdtl, ìrnitrc, bòri Bòri dspcrtivc (lvlkilçíc fl dspcrtivc, ioprdhsl). dspcrtivc, ioprdhsl). mchfutl fcs mckdgls). Achtd2 Fcs lutcrds.

>.6 Lhìkisd fcs flfcs ls fls lukls (sdis dhmchtrcs),  dhmchtrcs),   acrlopcr lhlkislfcs rdgistrcs fc fiìric fd mlopc dCnsdrvlfls ls trlhsmriçôds rduhiôds mco c prcadsscr odic fl cs Lhìkisd fd Mchtdòfc fd Nlrfih (>0=, h. >., p. 7>9-76>, lnr./buh. fd >0000=, h. >., p. 7>9-76>, lnr./buh. fd >00)5 trltlr l fiodhsíc ltitufihlk ” ouitls vdzds fdixlfl fd klfc ” fd acrol trlhsvdrslk furlhtd tcfl l fismipkihl, dstiouklhfc c trlnlkjc do grupc, l sckuçíc fd mchitcs d c trltlodhtc pdflgýgimc fl mcopdtiçíc, lodhizlhfc l rivlkiflfd d alzdhfc scnrdsslir l sckiflridflfd.

=.> Lkuhcs mcoc mdhtrc fc prcmdssc fd dhsihc-lprdhfizlgdo dhsihc-lprdhfizlgdo C ocfdkc fc ]pcrt Dfumltich  sd  sd ocstrcu uol iopcrtlhtd adrrlodhtl plrl mckcmlr cs lkuhcs hc mdhtrc fc prcmdssc fd dhsihc-lprdhfizlgdo, acrçlhfc-cs l rdsckvdr prcnkdols, mchstruir sdus prýprics mchjdmiodhtcs d lprdhfdr l trlnlkjlr do grupc. C priodirc ocodhtc fd fdstlqud cmcrrdu furlhtd l dsmckjl fcs grupcs d l plrtir fc qudstichlodhtc fc pdsquislfcr scnrd c qud octivlvl uol fisputl. Cs lkuhcs lprdsdhtlrlo fivdrsls rdspcstls, fdsfd ls olis sihmdrls, mcoc ‛sdr mlopdíc‟ d ‛glhjlr‟, lté rdspcstls olis fipkcoìtimls, mcoc ‛plrtimiplr‟ d ‛mcopdtir‟. L fismussíc aci mchfuzifl lté qud cs lkuhcs mjdglssdo à igulkflfd, sdhfc, dhtíc, qudstichlfcs scnrd qulk sdril l odkjcr acrol plrl fivifir l turol fd acrol dquikinrlfl. Mcoc lhtds, cs lkuhcs lprdsdhtlrlo fivdrsls sugdstôds, mcoc2 ‛c prcadsscr dsmckjd cs grupcs‟ d ‛ir lté l qulfrl lpcstlr uol mcrrifl‟. Lc hlk, mlfl lkuhc dkdgdu uo mlpitíc (mckdgl fd slkl). ]codhtd uol odhihl aci vctlfl, fd ocfc qud, mchvdrslhfc mco cs lkuhcs, cptcu-sd pcr ihimilr l dsmckjl pcr gâhdrc, cu sdbl, uo odhihc tihjl qud dkdgdr uol odhihl d vimd-vdrsl, mjdglhfc-sd l uo dquikïnric dhtrd cs grupcs. L lrnitrlgdo aci cutrc pchtc lktc fl uhiflfd fifìtiml, do dspdmilk, pcrqud cs lkuhcs plrdmilo híc jlnitulfcs l mchtrcklrdo mdrtls situlçôds d l tcolrdo fdmisôds. Issc adz mco qud, huo priodirc ocodhtc, lqudkds qud híc dstlvlo ltulhfc mcoc ìrnitrcs rdmcrrdssdo lc prcadsscr plrl rdmklolr fcs ìrnitrcs d rdsckvdr cs mchitcs, tlis mcoc2 ‛U..._ prcadsscr, auklhc dhtrcu hl oihjl rlil d c ìrnitrc híc c pdhlkizcu‟. Hdstd sdhtifc, l ihtdrvdhçíc fc prcadsscr d pdsquislfcr do mchfuzir cs lkuhcs às suls prýprils rdspcstls aci iopcrtlhtd plrl dstiouklr vivâhmils fd lutchcoil. Lkéo fissc, cs lkuhcs qud dstlvlo hc plpdk fd ìrnitrcs fdixlrlo, ihimilkodhtd, fd olrmlr2 slïfls alksls, ihvlsíc fd rlil, dhtrd cutrls ltitufds prdvistls do rdgrl. Lc hlk acrlo dstiouklfcs l rddtir scnrd issc, pcr odic fd qudstôds mcoc2 ‛U..._ vcmâ viu lkguéo klrglr lhtds3 Pcr qud híc olrmcu l pdhlkiflfd3‟. Mco c plsslr fls lukls, cs lkuhcs mcodçlrlo l lssuoir rdspchslnikiflfds, tcrhlhfc-sd prctlgchistls hdstls auhçôds. C trlnlkjc do grupc aci cutrc pchtc iopcrtlhtd hl uhiflfd fifìtiml, fdochstrlhfc c qulhtc cs lkuhcs híc dstlvlo aloikilrizlfcs mco dssl fihîoiml. Do tcfls ls lukls, cs lkuhcs tivdrlo qud sd rduhir mco cs odsocs mckdgls, híc tlrflhfc plrl c surgiodhtc fd mchitcs, tlis mcoc2 ‛Prcadsscr, pcssc ouflr fd grupc3 Hihguéo alz hlfl‟. Dssds altcs dvifdhmilo l cpcrtuhiflfd gdrlfl pdkc ]pcrt Dfumltich   plrl c fdsdhvckviodhtc fd lkguhs vlkcrds, do dspdmilk, lqudkds kiglfcs às rdklçôds scmilis. Fd ocfc gdrlk, cs lkuhcs híc dstíc lmcstuolfcs lc trlnlkjc do grupc, sdhfc qud qulhfc surgd uo prcnkdol, prdadrdo augir l dhardhtì-kc. Hdstd mlsc, cs mchitcs trlhsacrolrlo-sd do cpcrtuhiflfds plrl kiflr mco ls fiadrdhçls d nusmlr sckuçôds. L prcpcstl fd olhutdhçíc fcs grupcs, do tcfls ls lukls fl uhiflfd fifìtiml, é uo fcs pchtcs pcsitivcs fdssl lncrflgdo, pcr pcssinikitlr l vivâhmil fd situlçôds mchitucsls, mcoc lpchtlfc pdkc prýpric prcadsscr2 U..._ Udssl gdrlçíc_ vli plrtimiplr fl sckuçíc fcs mchitcs... dkl tdo qud plrtimiplr, prl qulhfc dkl mjdglr hl vifl lfuktl, híc mlr dspdrlhfc cs cutrcs rdsckvdrdo Ocviodhtc, Pcrtc Lkdgrd, v. >=, h. >., p. 7>9-76>, lnr./buh. fd >0009) fdhd mcoc sdhtifc‟. Cu fd sdbl, qulhfc ls pdsscls lpdhls cndfdmdo l rdgrls/hcrols/kdis, híc ‛mukturl plsslofcpdkc prcmdssc mchsmidhtizlçíc fcs prihmïpics fl rdgrl, qud ls fdixl mco olis sdhtifc. Hc mlsc fc dxdopkc, cs lkuhcs fdvdrilo mcoprddhfdr d sd mchsmidhtizlr fl ihbustiçl fd sd klrglr lhtds cu à ardhtd fc lfvdrsìric d híc scodhtd fdixlr fd alzdr issc pcrqud jì uol rdgrl qud híc pdroitd qud issc cmcrrl. É ýnvic qud rdspditlr ls rdgrls é uol ltitufd iopcrtlhtd plrl qulkqudr miflfíc. Kcgc, issc fdvd sdr dhsihlfc do lukls fd Dfumlçíc Aïsiml. Pcréo, alzdr mco qud ls rdgrls tdhjlo sdhtifc plrl cs lkuhcs é tíc iopcrtlhtd qulhtc, fd ocfc qud alzdr mco qud dkds mrido suls prýprils rdgrls é uol dstrltégil iopcrtlhtd plrl flr sdhtifc às ltitufds d plrl fdsdhvckvdr l lutchcoil. Vlhtc é vdrflfd qud, mco c plsslr fls lukls, mcu dvifdhtd qud cs lkuhcs acrlo fdsdhvckvdhfc olis lutchcoil plrl mchfuzir l lrnitrlgdo, dxdrmitlr l kifdrlhçl hl auhçíc fd mlpitíc, crglhizlr c adstivlk d c Mcoitâ fd Alir pkly . Cs drrcs d alkjls acrlo rdmcrrdhtds, ols issc híc pcfd sdr dhtdhfifc mcoc uol alkjl hc dhsihc, bì qud dssds drrcs síc plrtd iopcrtlhtd fc prcmdssc fd lprdhfizlgdo. \ulhfc c prcadsscr lpdhls fiz lc lkuhc qud lqudkl mcrrifl fd rdvdzlodhtc híc pcfd lmchtdmdr pcrqud uo grupc pcssui qultrc mcrrdfcrds d c cutrc mihmc, cs lkuhcs pcfdo híc sd mchsmidhtizlr fl fiadrdhçl qud issc alz. Pcr cutrc klfc, qulhfc c prcadsscr fì lutchcoil lcs lkuhcs plrl sd ‛virlrdo sczihjcs‟ d dxpdriodhtlrdo c drrc, c prcmdssc pcfd alzdr olis sdhtifc. ]d, odsoc lssio, cs lkuhcs lihfl híc mcoprddhfdrdo c prcnkdol, c prcadsscr, pcr odic fd pdrguhtls, pcfd dstioukì-kcs l ifdhtimì-kc. Vlk prcmdssc, qud cpcrtuhizl lcs lkuhcs l vivâhmil fd ocodhtcs fd lutchcoil, é auhflodhtlk plrl l mchstruçíc fl ‛mukturl fc sdhtifc‟ (KL VLIKKD, >009) furlhtd ls lukls. Lpdslr fd híc sdr pcssïvdk lvlkilr dssd ‛lprdhfizlfc‟ pcr odic fd uo ihstruodhtc, dssl é uol dstrltégil qud fdvd sdr mchfuzifl do kchgc prlzc, mcoc cnsdrvlfc pdkc prýpric prcadsscr2 ‛Dkl auhmichl, ols dkl prdmisl sdr rdpdtifl vìrils vdzds, pcrqud, mcoc l gdhtd dstlvl mcodhtlhfc, c hcssc pcvc híc é dfumlfc, lplrdhtdodhtd, plrl rdsckvdr mchitcs cu plrl sckumichlr prcnkdols, cu plrl mchstruir situlçôds d ltitufds‟. Issc tlonéo pöfd sdr cnsdrvlfc hl pdsquisl fd Alrils, Jlstid d Odsquitl (>0=, h. >., p. 7>9-76>, lnr./buh. fd >0004, >0075 OLVVJID]DH5 GIHMIDHD, >00015 QLKDHRTDKL dt lk .,., >004). Lc hlk fl pdsquisl, aci pcssïvdk pdrmdndr qud, olis fc qud ‛mcpilr‟ d ‛mcklr‟ uo ocfdkc do rdlkiflfds fistihtls, é iopcrtlhtd rdpdhslr lkguhs lspdmtcs lqui ifdhtimlfcs, plrl qud sdbl pcssïvdk rddtir scnrd c dhsihc fl Dfumlçíc Aïsiml hc Nrlsik. ]íc dkds2 pklhdblodhtc prévic fd tcfl l uhiflfd fifìtiml5 sistdoltizlçíc fcs mchtdòfcs hls trâs fiodhsôds5 mckcmlçíc fc lkuhc hc mdhtrc fc prcmdssc fd lprdhfizlgdo, cpcrtuhizlhfc cpcrtuhizlhfc dxpdriâhmils fd lutchcoil5 mchstruçíc fls rdgrls pdkcs prýprics lkuhcs plrl qud pcsslo mcoprddhfâ-kls d rdspditì-kls5 pcssinikitlr l vivâhmil fd fiadrdhtds plpéis, alvcrdmdhfc l pkurlkiflfd fd pcssinikiflfds fd dhvckviodhtc mco c dspcrtd5 d, prihmiplkodhtd, alzdr mco qud cs lkuhcs lprdhflo l mchvivdr

7=9 Ocviodhtc, Pcrtc Lkdgrd, v. >=, h. >., p. 7>9-76>, lnr./buh. fd >00